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EX-12.1 - EX-12.1 - Lazard Group LLC | d94944dex121.htm |
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EX-31.1 - EX-31.1 - Lazard Group LLC | d94944dex311.htm |
EX-32.1 - EX-32.1 - Lazard Group LLC | d94944dex321.htm |
EX-31.2 - EX-31.2 - Lazard Group LLC | d94944dex312.htm |
EX-21.1 - EX-21.1 - Lazard Group LLC | d94944dex211.htm |
EX-23.1 - EX-23.1 - Lazard Group LLC | d94944dex231.htm |
Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015
OR
¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from to
333-126751
(Commission File Number)
LAZARD GROUP LLC
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware |
51-0278097 | |
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |
or Organization) |
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York, NY 10112
(Address of principal executive offices)
Registrants telephone number: (212) 632-6000
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None | ||
Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None |
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the Registrants knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer, and smaller reporting company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer ¨ | Accelerated filer ¨ | |
Non-accelerated filer x | Smaller reporting company ¨ |
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
As of June 30, 2015, none of the Registrants common membership interests were held by non-affiliates.
As of January 29, 2016, in addition to profit participation interests, there were two managing member interests outstanding.
The Registrant meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction (I)(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-K and is therefore filing this Form with the reduced disclosure format by omitting the information called for by the following items of Form 10-K: Item 10, Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance; Item 11, Executive Compensation; Item 12, Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters; and Item 13, Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
None.
Table of Contents
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015
INDEX
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When we use the terms Lazard Group, Lazard, we, us, our and the Company, we mean Lazard Group LLC, a Delaware limited liability company that is the current holding company for the subsidiaries that conduct our businesses. Lazard Ltd is a Bermuda exempt company whose shares of Class A common stock (the Class A common stock) are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol LAZ. Lazard Ltds subsidiaries include Lazard Group and their respective subsidiaries. Lazard Ltds primary operating asset is its indirect ownership as of December 31, 2015 of all of the common membership interests in Lazard Group. Lazard Ltd controls Lazard Group through two of its indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries that are co-managing members of Lazard Group.
Lazard Group has granted profit participation interests in Lazard Group to certain of its managing directors. The profit participation interests are discretionary profits interests that are intended to enable Lazard Group to compensate its managing directors in a manner consistent with historical practices.
Item 1. | Business |
Lazard is one of the worlds preeminent financial advisory and asset management firms. We have long specialized in crafting solutions to the complex financial and strategic challenges of a diverse set of clients around the world, including corporations, governments, institutions, partnerships and individuals. Founded in 1848 in New Orleans, we currently operate from 43 cities in key business and financial centers across 27 countries throughout North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and Central and South America.
Principal Business Lines
We focus primarily on two business segments: Financial Advisory and Asset Management. We believe that the mix of our activities across business segments, geographic regions, industries and investment strategies helps to diversify and stabilize our revenue stream.
Financial Advisory
Our Financial Advisory business offers corporate, partnership, institutional, government, sovereign and individual clients across the globe a wide array of financial advisory services regarding mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and other strategic matters, restructurings, capital structure, capital raising, corporate preparedness and various other financial matters. We focus on solving our clients most complex issues, providing advice to key decision-makers, senior management, boards of directors and business owners, as well as governments and governmental agencies, in transactions that typically are of significant strategic and financial importance to them.
We continue to build our Financial Advisory business by fostering long-term, senior level relationships with existing and new clients as their independent advisor on strategic transactions and other matters. We seek to build and sustain long-term relationships with our clients rather than focusing simply on individual transactions, a practice that we believe enhances our access to senior management of major corporations and institutions around the world. We emphasize providing clients with senior level focus during all phases of transaction analysis and execution.
While we strive to earn repeat business from our clients, we operate in a highly competitive environment in which there are no long-term contracted sources of revenue. Each revenue-generating engagement is separately negotiated and awarded. To develop new client relationships, and to develop new engagements from historical client relationships, we maintain an active dialogue with a large number of clients and potential clients, as well as with their financial and legal advisors, on an ongoing basis. We have gained a significant number of new clients each year through our business development initiatives, through recruiting additional senior investment banking professionals who bring with them client relationships and through referrals from directors, attorneys and other third parties with whom we have relationships. At the same time, we lose clients each year as a result of the sale or merger of a client, a change in a clients senior management, competition from other investment banks and other causes.
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For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our Financial Advisory segment net revenue totaled $1.280 billion, $1.207 billion and $981 million, respectively, accounting for approximately 54%, 53% and 49%, respectively, of our consolidated net revenue for such years. We earned $1 million or more from 268 clients, 281 clients and 235 clients for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the ten largest fee paying clients constituted approximately 17%, 15% and 19%, respectively, of our Financial Advisory segment net revenue, with no client individually contributing more than 10% of segment net revenue during any of these years. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our Financial Advisory segment reported operating income of $274 million, $229 million and $21 million, respectively. Operating income in 2013 included charges of $47 million associated with the cost saving initiatives (as described in Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements) announced by the Company in October 2012. Excluding the impact of such charges, our Financial Advisory segment had operating income of $68 million in the year ended December 31, 2013. At December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our Financial Advisory segment had total assets of $763 million, $786 million and $715 million, respectively.
We believe that we have been pioneers in offering financial advisory services on an international basis, with the establishment of our New York, Paris and London offices dating back to the nineteenth century. We maintain a major local presence in the United States (U.S.), the United Kingdom (the U.K.) and France, including a network of regional branch offices in the U.S., as well as a presence in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the Middle East Region.
In addition to seeking business centered in the regions described above, we historically have focused in particular on advising clients with respect to cross-border transactions. We believe that we are particularly well known for our legacy of offering broad teams of professionals who are indigenous to their respective regions, who have long-term client relationships, capabilities and know-how in their respective regions, and who will coordinate with our professionals who have global sector expertise. We also believe that this positioning affords us insight around the globe into key industry, economic, governmental and regulatory issues and developments, which we can bring to bear on behalf of our clients.
Our Financial Advisory business has made certain business acquisitions and entered into other strategic business relationships. For example, in 2012, we integrated our Brazilian operations based in São Paulo, and established a Lazard Africa initiative to leverage our sovereign and corporate expertise in this rapidly growing region, for our clients in both developed and developing countries. In addition, in 2014, we acquired certain securities sales and trading assets that facilitate the execution of exchange offers and other transactions related to financial advice provided by our Capital Advisory and Convertible Securities practice groups, and we took other steps that have enabled us to act as an underwriter in public offerings and other distributions of securities in order to buttress our Financial Advisory business. In 2015, we established a Lazard Central and Eastern Europe initiative to provide financial advisory services to businesses and governments in the region, as well as to our clients outside the region that are active in the region.
Services Offered
We advise clients on a wide range of strategic and financial issues. When we advise clients on the potential acquisition of another company, business or certain assets, our services include evaluating potential acquisition targets, providing valuation analyses, evaluating and proposing financial and structural alternatives, and rendering, if appropriate, fairness opinions. We also may advise as to the timing, financing and pricing of a proposed acquisition and assist in negotiating and closing the acquisition. In addition, we may assist in executing an acquisition by acting as a dealer-manager in transactions structured as a tender or exchange offer.
When we advise clients that are contemplating the sale of certain businesses, assets or an entire company, our services include advising on the sale process for the situation, providing valuation analyses, assisting in preparing an offering circular or other appropriate sale materials and rendering, if appropriate, fairness opinions. We also identify and contact selected qualified acquirors and assist in negotiating and closing the proposed sale. As appropriate, we also advise our clients regarding potential financial and strategic alternatives to a sale, including recapitalizations, spin-offs, carve-outs and split-offs. We frequently provide advice with respect to the structure, timing and pricing of these alternatives.
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For companies in financial distress, our services may include reviewing and analyzing the business, operations, properties, financial condition and prospects of the company, evaluating debt capacity, assisting in the determination of an appropriate capital structure and evaluating financial and strategic alternatives. If appropriate, we may provide financial advice and assistance in developing and seeking approval of a restructuring or reorganization plan, which may include a plan of reorganization under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code or other similar court administered processes in non-U.S. jurisdictions. In such cases, we may assist in certain aspects of the implementation of such a plan, including advising and assisting in structuring and effecting the financial aspects of a sale or recapitalization, structuring new securities, exchange offers, other consideration or other inducements to be offered or issued, as well as assisting and participating in negotiations with affected entities or groups.
When we assist clients in connection with their capital structure, we typically review and analyze structural alternatives, assist in long-term capital planning and advise and assist with respect to rating agency discussions and relationships, among other things.
When we assist clients in connection with corporate preparedness matters, our services may include reviewing and analyzing the business and financial condition of the company and assisting in the evaluation of defense measures and strategic alternatives potentially available to the company.
When we assist clients in raising private or public market financing, our services include assisting clients in connection with securing, refinancing or restructuring bank loans or other debt, including convertible securities, originating and executing, or participating in, public underwritings and private placements of equity, debt and convertible securities and originating and executing private placements of partnership and similar interests in alternative investment funds such as leveraged buyout, mezzanine or real estate focused funds.
We are at the forefront of providing independent advice to governments and governmental agencies challenged by the current economic environment. Lazards Sovereign Advisory Group has advised a number of countries and institutions with respect to sovereign debt and other financial matters.
Staffing
We staff each of our assignments with a team of quality professionals who have appropriate product and industry expertise. We pride ourselves on, and we believe we differentiate ourselves from our competitors by, being able to offer a high level of attention from senior personnel to our clients and organizing ourselves in such a way that managing directors who are responsible for securing and maintaining client relationships also actively participate in providing related advice and services. Our managing directors have significant experience, and many of them are able to use this experience to advise on M&A, financings, restructurings, capital structure, corporate preparedness and other transactions or financial matters, depending on our clients needs. Many of our managing directors and senior employees come from diverse backgrounds, such as senior executive positions at corporations and in government, law and strategic consulting, which we believe enhances our ability to offer sophisticated advice and customized solutions to our clients. As of December 31, 2015, our Financial Advisory segment had 139 managing directors and 768 other professionals (which includes directors, vice presidents, associates and analysts).
Industries Served
We seek to offer our services across most major industry groups, including, in many cases, sub-industry specialties. Managing directors and professionals in our Mergers and Acquisitions practice are organized to provide advice in the following major industry practice areas:
| consumer; |
| financial institutions; |
| health care and life sciences; |
| industrial; |
| power and energy/infrastructure; |
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| real estate; and |
| technology, media and telecommunications. |
These groups are managed locally in each relevant geographic region and are coordinated globally, which allows us to bring local industry-specific knowledge to bear on behalf of our clients on a global basis. We believe that this enhances the scope and the quality of the advice that we can offer, which improves our ability to market our capabilities to clients.
In addition to our Mergers and Acquisitions and Restructuring practices, we also maintain specialties in the following distinct practice areas within our Financial Advisory business:
| government and sovereign advisory; |
| capital structure and debt advisory; |
| corporate preparedness and defense advisory; |
| fund raising for alternative investment funds; and |
| corporate finance and other services, including private placements, underwritten offerings related to our Financial Advisory business and transactions involving the exchange or issuance of convertible securities. |
We endeavor to coordinate the activities of the professionals in these areas with our Mergers and Acquisitions industry specialists in order to offer clients customized teams of cross-functional expertise spanning both industry and practice area expertise.
Strategy
Our focus in our Financial Advisory business is on:
| investing in our intellectual capital through senior professionals who we believe have strong client relationships and industry expertise; |
| increasing our contacts with existing clients to further enhance our long-term relationships and our efforts in developing new client relationships; |
| developing new client relationships; |
| expanding the breadth and depth of our industry expertise and selectively adding or reinforcing practice areas, such as our Capital Structure Advisory, Corporate Preparedness and Sovereign Advisory groups; |
| coordinating our industry specialty activities on a global basis and increasing the integration of our industry experts in Mergers and Acquisitions with our other professionals; |
| selectively bolstering our existing presence in certain local markets; |
| broadening our geographic presence by adding new offices, including, since the beginning of 2009, offices in Australia (Perth) and the Middle East Region, as well as integrating our Brazilian operations based in São Paulo and establishing the Lazard Africa and Lazard Central and Eastern Europe initiatives; and |
| deploying our intellectual capital, strong client relationships and other assets to generate new revenue streams, including, for example, revenue that may be generated by acting as an underwriter in public offerings and other distributions of securities related to the activities of our Financial Advisory business. |
In addition to the investments made as part of this strategy, we believe that our Financial Advisory business may benefit from external market factors, including:
| demand for independent, unbiased financial advice; |
| debt reduction, recapitalization and related activities that are occurring in developed and emerging markets; |
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| relatively low interest rates and high corporate cash balances in the current macroeconomic environment; and |
| favorable levels of cross-border M&A and large capitalization M&A, two of our areas of historical specialization. |
Going forward, our strategic emphasis in our Financial Advisory business is to leverage the investments we have made to grow our business and drive our productivity. We continue to seek to opportunistically attract outstanding individuals to our business. We routinely reassess our strategic position and may in the future seek opportunities to further enhance our competitive position.
Asset Management
Our Asset Management business offers a broad range of global investment solutions and investment management services in equity and fixed income strategies, alternative investments and private equity funds to corporations, public funds, sovereign entities, endowments and foundations, labor funds, financial intermediaries and private clients. Our goal in our Asset Management business is to produce superior risk-adjusted investment returns and provide customized investment solutions for our clients. Many of our equity investment strategies share an investment philosophy that centers on fundamental security selection with a focus on analyzing, among other things, a companys financial position, outlook, opportunities and risks, together with its valuation.
As of December 31, 2015, total assets under management (AUM) were $186 billion, of which approximately 81% was invested in equities, 16% in fixed income, 2% in alternative investments and 1% in private equity funds. As of the same date, within the equity asset class, approximately 35% of our AUM was invested in multi-regional (i.e., non-U.S. and regional non-U.S.) investment strategies, 24% in emerging markets strategies, 21% in global investment strategies and 20% in local investment strategies. Within the fixed income asset class, approximately 47% of our AUM was invested in emerging markets strategies, 26% in multi-regional (i.e., non-U.S. and regional non-U.S.) investment strategies, 14% in global investment strategies and 13% in local investment strategies. Our top ten clients accounted for 21%, 24% and 24% of our total AUM at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, with no client individually contributing more than 10% of our Asset Management segment net revenue during any of the respective years. Approximately 89% of our AUM as of December 31, 2015 was managed on behalf of institutional clients, including corporations, labor unions, public pension funds, insurance companies and banks, and through sub-advisory relationships, mutual fund sponsors, broker-dealers and registered advisors, and approximately 11% of our AUM was managed on behalf of individual client relationships, which are principally with family offices and high-net worth individuals.
The charts below illustrate the mix of our AUM as of December 31, 2015, measured by broad product strategy and by office location.
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For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our Asset Management segment net revenue totaled $1.111 billion, $1.135 billion and $1.039 billion, respectively, accounting for approximately 47%, 49% and 52%, respectively, of our consolidated net revenue for such years. For the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our Asset Management segment reported operating income of $374 million, $385 million and $335 million, respectively. Operating income in 2013 included charges of $0.2 million associated with the cost saving initiatives announced by the Company in October 2012, and a charge of $12 million relating to private equity incentive compensation (as described in Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations). Excluding the impact of such charges, our Asset Management segment had operating income of $347 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. At December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, our Asset Management segment had total assets of $640 million, $588 million and $612 million, respectively.
LAM and LFG
Our largest Asset Management businesses are Lazard Asset Management LLC and its subsidiaries (LAM), with offices in New York, Boston, Chicago, Dubai, Dublin, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hong Kong, London, Manama, Milan, Montreal, San Francisco, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto and Zurich (aggregating approximately $168 billion in total AUM as of December 31, 2015), and Lazard Frères Gestion SAS (LFG), with offices in Paris, Bordeaux, Brussels, Lyon and Nantes (aggregating approximately $17 billion in total AUM as of December 31, 2015). These operations, with 90 managing directors and 392 professionals as of December 31, 2015, provide our Asset Management business with both a global presence and a local identity.
Primary distinguishing features of these operations include:
| a global footprint with global research, global mandates and global clients; |
| a broad-based team of investment professionals, including focused, in-house investment analysts across all products and platforms, many of whom have substantial industry or sector specific expertise; and |
| world-wide brand recognition and multi-channel distribution capabilities. |
Our Investment Philosophy, Process and Research. Our investment philosophy is generally based upon a fundamental security selection approach to investing. Across many of our products, we apply three key principles to investment portfolios:
| select securities, not markets; |
| evaluate a companys financial position, outlook, opportunities and risks, together with its valuation; and |
| manage risk. |
In searching for equity investment opportunities, many of our investment professionals follow an investment process that incorporates several interconnected components that may include:
| analytical analysis and screening; |
| accounting analysis; |
| fundamental analysis; |
| security selection and portfolio construction; and |
| risk management. |
In our Asset Management business, we conduct investment research on a global basis to develop market, industry and company specific insights and evaluate investment opportunities. Our global equity analysts, located in our worldwide offices, are organized around six global industry sectors:
| consumer goods; |
| financial services; |
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| health care; |
| industrials; |
| power and energy; and |
| technology, media and telecommunications. |
Investment Strategies. Our Asset Management business provides equity, fixed income, cash management and alternative investment strategies to our clients, paying close attention to our clients varying and expanding investment needs. We offer the following product platform of investment strategies:
Global |
Multi-Regional |
Local |
Emerging Markets | |||||
Equity |
Global Large Capitalization Small Capitalization Thematic Convertibles Listed Infrastructure Quantitative Trend Real Estate Multi Strategies Managed Volatility
Global Ex Global Ex-U.K. Global Ex-Japan Global Ex-Australia |
Pan-European Large Capitalization Small Capitalization Quantitative
Eurozone Large Capitalization Small Capitalization
Continental European Small Cap Multi Cap Eurozone Euro-Trend (Thematic)
Asian Asia Ex-Japan Quantitative
Europe, Australasia and Far East Large Capitalization Small Capitalization Multi-Capitalization Quantitative Real Estate |
U.S. Large Capitalization Mid Capitalization Small/Mid Capitalization Small Capitalization Multi-Capitalization Real Estate
Other U.K. (Large Capitalization) U.K. (Small Capitalization) U.K. Quantitative Australia France (Large Capitalization) France (Small Capitalization) Japan Korea |
Global Large Capitalization Small Capitalization Quantitative Multi Strategies Managed Volatility
Latin America Latin America
Middle East North Africa Middle East North Africa | ||||
Fixed Income and Cash Management | Global Core Fixed Income High Yield Short Duration |
Pan-European Core Fixed Income High Yield Cash Management Duration Overlay
Eurozone Fixed Income Cash Management Corporate Bonds |
U.S. Core Fixed Income High Yield Short Duration Municipals Cash Management
Non-U.S. U.K. Fixed Income |
Global Emerging Debt Emerging Corporates | ||||
Alternative |
Global Fund of Hedge Funds Fund of Closed-End Funds Convertible Long/Short Equity Arbitrage/Relative Value Multi Asset |
European Long/Short Equity |
U.S. U.S. (Long/Short)
Non-U.S. Japan (Long/Short) |
Global Emerging Income Emerging Debt |
In addition to the primary investment strategies listed above, we also provide locally customized investment solutions to our clients. In many cases, we also offer both diversified and more concentrated versions of our products. These products are generally offered on a separate account basis, as well as through pooled vehicles.
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Distribution. We distribute our products through a broad array of marketing channels on a global basis. LAMs marketing, sales and client service efforts are organized through a global market delivery and service network, with distribution professionals located in cities including New York, Boston, Chicago, Dubai, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Hong Kong, London, Manama, Milan, Montreal, San Francisco, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto and Zurich. We have developed a well-established presence in the institutional asset management arena, managing assets for corporations, labor unions, sovereign wealth funds and public pension funds around the world. In addition, we manage assets for insurance companies, savings and trust banks, endowments, foundations and charities.
We also have become a leading firm in managing mutual funds and separately managed accounts for many of the worlds largest broker-dealers, insurance companies, registered advisors and other financial intermediaries.
LFG markets and distributes its products through sales professionals based in France and Belgium, who directly target both individual and institutional investors.
Strategy
Our strategic plan in our Asset Management business is to focus on delivering superior investment performance and client service and broadening our product offerings and distribution in selected areas in order to continue to drive improved business results. Over the past several years, in an effort to improve our Asset Management business operations and expand our Asset Management business, we have:
| focused on enhancing our investment performance; |
| improved our investment management platform by adding a number of senior investment professionals (including portfolio managers and analysts); |
| continued to strengthen our marketing and consultant relations capabilities, including by expanding our marketing resources; |
| expanded our product platform, including through the addition of long/short equity strategies and an equity team focused on Middle East and North African markets; and |
| continued to expand the geographic reach of our Asset Management business, including through opening offices in Dubai, Singapore and Dublin. |
We believe that our Asset Management business has long maintained an outstanding team of portfolio managers and global research analysts. We intend to maintain and supplement our intellectual capital to achieve our goals. We routinely reassess our strategic position and may in the future seek acquisitions or other transactions, including the opportunistic hiring of new employees, in order to further enhance our competitive position. We also believe that our specific investment strategies, global reach, unique brand identity and access to multiple distribution channels may allow us to expand into new investment products, strategies and geographic locations. In addition, we may expand our participation in alternative investment activities through investments in new and successor funds, and through organic growth, acquisitions or otherwise. We may also continue to expand our geographic reach.
Alternative Investments
Since 2005, we have been engaged in selected alternative investments and private equity activities. In 2009, we established a private equity business with The Edgewater Funds (Edgewater), a Chicago-based private equity firm, through the acquisition of Edgewaters management vehicles. As of December 31, 2015, Edgewater had approximately $1 billion of AUM and unfunded fee-earning commitments.
Historically, Lazard also has made selected investments with its own capital, often alongside capital of qualified institutional and individual investors in connection with Lazards selected alternative investments and
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private equity activities. These investments typically have been organized in funds that make substantial or controlling investments in private or public companies, generally through privately negotiated transactions and with a view to divest within two to seven years. While potentially risky and frequently illiquid, such investments, when successful, can yield investors substantial returns on capital and generate attractive management and performance fees for the sponsor of such funds.
Employees
We believe that our people are our most important asset, and it is their reputation, talent, integrity and dedication that underpin our success. As of December 31, 2015, we employed 2,610 people, which included 139 managing directors and 768 other professionals in our Financial Advisory segment and 90 managing directors and 405 other professionals in our Asset Management segment. We strive to maintain a work environment that fosters professionalism, excellence, diversity and cooperation among our employees worldwide. We generally utilize an evaluation process at the end of each year to measure performance, determine compensation and provide guidance on opportunities for improved performance. Generally, our employees are not subject to any collective bargaining agreements, except that our employees in certain of our offices, including France and Italy, are covered by national, industry-wide collective bargaining agreements. We believe that we have good relations with our employees.
Competition
The financial services industry, and all of the businesses in which we compete, are intensely competitive, and we expect them to remain so. Our competitors are other investment banking and financial advisory firms, broker-dealers, commercial and universal banks, insurance companies, investment management firms, hedge fund management firms, alternative investment firms and other financial institutions. We compete with some of them globally and with others on a regional, product or niche basis. We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including quality of people, transaction execution skills, investment track record, quality of client service, individual and institutional client relationships, absence of conflicts, range and price of products and services, innovation, brand recognition and business reputation.
While our competitors vary by country in our Financial Advisory business, we believe our primary competitors in securing engagements are Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Barclays, Centerview Partners LLC, Citigroup, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Evercore Partners, Goldman Sachs, Greenhill, JPMorgan Chase, Morgan Stanley, Rothschild and UBS. In our Restructuring practice, we believe our primary competitors are Centerview Partners, Evercore Partners, Houlihan Lokey, PJT Partners, Moelis & Company and Rothschild.
We believe that our primary global competitors in our Asset Management business include, in the case of LAM, Aberdeen, Schroders, Alliance Bernstein, Capital Management & Research, Fidelity, Franklin Templeton, Invesco, JP Morgan Asset Management, Lord Abbett, MFS, Neuberger Berman and, in the case of LFG, private banks with offices in France as well as large institutional banks and fund managers. We face competition in private equity both in the pursuit of outside investors for our private equity funds and the acquisition of investments in attractive portfolio companies. We compete with hundreds of other funds, many of which are subsidiaries of, or otherwise affiliated with, large financial service providers.
Competition is also intense in each of our businesses for the attraction and retention of qualified employees, and we compete, among other factors, on the level and nature of compensation and equity-based incentives for key employees. Our ability to continue to compete effectively in our businesses will depend upon our ability to attract new employees and retain and motivate our existing employees, in each case, at appropriate compensation levels.
Many of our competitors are large, consolidated financial institutions that have the ability to offer a wider range of products than we offer, including loans, deposit taking, insurance and brokerage services. Many of these firms also offer more extensive asset management and investment banking services, which may enhance their competitive
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position. They also may have the ability to support investment banking and securities products with commercial banking, insurance and other financial services revenue in an effort to gain market share, which could result in pricing pressure in our businesses. At the same time, demand for independent financial advice has increased and has created opportunities for new entrants, including a number of boutique financial advisory firms. These boutique firms frequently compete, among other factors, on the basis of their independent financial advice, and their activities also could result in pricing and other competitive pressure in our businesses.
Regulation
Our businesses, as well as the financial services industry generally, are subject to extensive regulation throughout the world. As a matter of public policy, regulatory bodies are charged with safeguarding the integrity of the securities and other financial markets and with protecting the interests of customers participating in those markets, not with protecting the interests of our stockholders or creditors. Many of our affiliates that participate in securities markets are subject to comprehensive regulations that include some form of minimum capital retention requirements and customer protection rules. In the U.S., certain of our subsidiaries are subject to such regulations promulgated by the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC), and/or the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). Standards, requirements and rules implemented throughout the European Union are broadly comparable in scope and purpose to the regulatory capital and customer protection requirements imposed under the SEC and FINRA rules. European Union directives also permit local regulation in each jurisdiction, including those in which we operate, to be more restrictive than the requirements of such European Union-wide directives. These sometimes burdensome local requirements can result in certain competitive disadvantages to us.
In the U.S., the SEC is the federal agency responsible for the administration of the federal securities laws. FINRA is a voluntary, self-regulatory body composed of members, such as our broker-dealer subsidiaries, that have agreed to abide by FINRAs rules and regulations. The SEC, FINRA and other U.S. and non-U.S. regulatory organizations may examine the activities of, and may expel, fine and otherwise discipline us and our employees. The laws, rules and regulations comprising this framework of regulation and the interpretation and enforcement of existing laws, rules and regulations are constantly changing. The effect of any such changes cannot be predicted and may impact the manner of operation and profitability of our businesses.
Our principal U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary, Lazard Frères & Co. LLC (LFNY), through which we conduct most of our U.S. Financial Advisory business, is currently registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and FINRA, and as a broker-dealer in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. As such, LFNY is subject to regulations governing most aspects of the securities business, including minimum capital retention requirements, record-keeping and reporting procedures, relationships with customers, experience and training requirements for certain employees, and business procedures with firms that are not members of certain regulatory bodies. In addition, LFNY is a member organization of the New York Stock Exchange LLC and the NYSE MKT LLC and is subject to various rules and regulations that have been promulgated by these securities exchanges. Lazard Asset Management Securities LLC, a subsidiary of LAM, is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and FINRA and in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Lazard Middle Market LLC, a subsidiary of Goldsmith, Agio, Helms & Lynner, LLC (GAHL), is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and FINRA, and as a broker-dealer in various U.S. states and territories.
Our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries, including LFNY, are subject to the SECs uniform net capital rule, Rule 15c3-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), and the net capital rules of FINRA, which may limit our ability to make withdrawals of capital from our broker-dealer subsidiaries. The uniform net capital rule sets the minimum level of net capital a broker-dealer must maintain and also requires that a portion of its assets be relatively liquid. FINRA may prohibit a member firm from expanding its business or paying cash dividends if it would result in net capital falling below FINRAs requirements. In addition, our broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to certain notification requirements related to withdrawals of excess net capital. Our broker-dealer subsidiaries are also subject to regulations, including the USA PATRIOT
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Act of 2001, which impose obligations regarding the prevention and detection of money-laundering activities, including the establishment of customer due diligence and other compliance policies and procedures. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in monetary, regulatory and, in certain cases, criminal penalties.
Certain U.K. subsidiaries of Lazard Group, including Lazard & Co., Limited (LCL), Lazard Fund Managers Limited and Lazard Asset Management Limited, which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this Form 10-K) as the U.K. subsidiaries, are authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (the FCA), and are subject to various rules and regulations made by the FCA under the authorities conferred upon it by the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, as amended by the Financial Services Act 2012. LCL has obtained the appropriate European investment services rights to provide cross-border services into a number of other members of the European Economic Area.
We also have other subsidiaries that are registered as broker-dealers (or have similar non-U.S. registration) in various jurisdictions.
Certain of our Asset Management subsidiaries are registered as investment advisors with the SEC. As a registered investment advisor, each is subject to the requirements of the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the Investment Advisers Act), and the SECs regulations thereunder. Such requirements relate to, among other things, the relationship between an advisor and its advisory clients, as well as general anti-fraud prohibitions. LAM serves as an advisor to several mutual funds which are registered under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the Investment Company Act). The Investment Company Act regulates, among other things, the relationship between a mutual fund and its investment advisor (and other service providers) and prohibits or severely restricts principal transactions between an advisor and its advisory clients, imposes record-keeping and reporting requirements, disclosure requirements, limitations on trades where a single broker acts as the agent for both the buyer and seller, and limitations on affiliated transactions and joint transactions. Lazard Asset Management Securities LLC, a subsidiary of LAM, serves as an underwriter or distributor for mutual funds and hedge funds managed by LAM, and as an introducing broker to Pershing LLC for unmanaged accounts of LAMs private clients.
Compagnie Financière Lazard Frères SAS (CFLF), our French subsidiary under which asset management and commercial banking activities are carried out in France, is subject to regulation by the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution (ACPR) for its banking activities conducted through our Paris-based banking subsidiary, Lazard Frères Banque SA (LFB). The investment services activities of the Paris group, exercised through LFB and other subsidiaries of CFLF, primarily LFG (asset management), also are subject to regulation and supervision by the Autorité des Marchés Financiers. In addition, pursuant to the consolidated supervision rules in the European Union, LFB, in particular, as a French credit institution, is required to be supervised by a regulatory body, either in the U.S. or in the European Union. In 2013, the Company and the ACPR agreed on terms for the consolidated supervision of LFB and certain other non-Financial Advisory European subsidiaries of the Company (referred to herein, on a combined basis, as the combined European regulated group) under such rules. Under this supervision, the combined European regulated group is required to comply with minimum requirements for regulatory net capital to be reported on a quarterly basis and satisfy periodic financial and other reporting obligations. Additionally, the combined European regulated group, together with our European Financial Advisory entities, is required to perform an annual risk assessment and provide certain other information on a periodic basis, including financial reports and information relating to financial performance, balance sheet data and capital structure.
As a result of certain changes effected by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the Dodd-Frank Act) related to the regulation of over-the-counter swaps and other derivative instruments, LAM and certain of its subsidiaries have registered with the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission (the CFTC) and the National Futures Association (the NFA), and are subject to certain aspects of the U.S. Commodity Exchange Act and the regulations thereunder, and to the rules of the NFA. The CFTC and the NFA
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have authority over the laws, rules and regulations related to commodities (including the over-the-counter swaps and derivatives markets), and regulate our relationship with clients who trade in these instruments. The U.S. Commodity Exchange Act and the regulations thereunder also impose additional record-keeping and reporting requirements and disclosure requirements on LAM and its subsidiaries.
In addition, the Japanese Ministry of Finance and the Financial Supervisory Agency, the Korean Financial Supervisory Commission, the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong, the Monetary Authority of Singapore, the Australian Securities & Investments Commission, the Dubai Financial Services Authority and German banking authorities, among others, regulate relevant operating subsidiaries of the Company and also have capital standards and other requirements comparable to the rules of the SEC. Our business is also subject to regulation by other non-U.S. governmental and regulatory bodies and self-regulatory authorities in other countries where we operate.
Regulators are empowered to conduct periodic examinations and initiate administrative proceedings that can result, among other things, in censure, fine, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or the suspension or expulsion or other disciplining of a broker-dealer or investment advisor or its directors, officers or employees.
We are also subject to various anti-bribery, anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing laws, rules and regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate. The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, for example, generally prohibits offering, promising or giving, or authorizing others to give, anything of value, either directly or indirectly, to a non-U.S. government official in order to influence official action or otherwise gain an unfair business advantage, such as to obtain or retain business. In addition, we are required to comply with economic sanctions and embargo programs administered by the U.S. Treasurys Office of Foreign Assets Control and by similar governmental agencies and other authorities worldwide. Violations of any of these laws, rules, regulations and programs can give rise to administrative, civil or criminal penalties.
The U.S. and other governments and institutions have taken actions, and may continue to take further actions, that affect the global financial markets. Such further actions could include expanding current or enacting new standards, requirements and rules that may be applicable to us and our subsidiaries. The effect of any such expanded or new standards, requirements and rules is uncertain and could have adverse consequences to our business and results of operations. See Item 1A, Risk FactorsOther Business RisksExtensive regulation of our businesses limits our activities and results in ongoing exposure to the potential for significant penalties, including fines or limitations on our ability to conduct our businesses.
Executive Officers of the Registrant
Set forth below are the name, age, present title, principal occupation and certain biographical information for each of our executive officers as of February 19, 2016, all of whom have been appointed by, and serve at the pleasure of, our board of directors.
Kenneth M. Jacobs, 57
Mr. Jacobs has served as Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of Lazard Ltd and Lazard Group since November 2009. Mr. Jacobs has served as a Managing Director of Lazard since 1991 and had been a Deputy Chairman of Lazard from January 2002 until November 2009. Mr. Jacobs also served as Chief Executive Officer of Lazard North America from January 2002 until November 2009. Mr. Jacobs initially joined Lazard in 1988. Mr. Jacobs is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago and the Brookings Institution.
Matthieu Bucaille, 56
Mr. Bucaille has served as Chief Financial Officer of Lazard Ltd and Lazard Group since April 2011. Mr. Bucaille has served as a Managing Director of Lazard since 1998 and served as the Deputy Chief Executive Officer of LFB in Paris from October 2009 until December 2011. Mr. Bucaille joined Lazard in 1989 from the First Boston Corporation in New York.
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Ashish Bhutani, 55
Mr. Bhutani has served as a member of the Board of Directors of Lazard Ltd and Lazard Group since March 2010. Mr. Bhutani is a Vice Chairman and a Managing Director of Lazard and has been the Chief Executive Officer of LAM since March 2004. Mr. Bhutani previously served as Head of New Products and Strategic Planning for LAM from June 2003 to March 2004. Prior to joining Lazard, he was Co-Chief Executive Officer, North America, of Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein from 2001 to the end of 2002, and was a member of its Global Corporate and Markets Board, and a member of its Global Executive Committee. Mr. Bhutani worked at Wasserstein Perella Group (the predecessor to Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein) from 1989 to 2001, serving as Deputy Chairman of Wasserstein Perella Group and Chief Executive Officer of Wasserstein Perella Securities from 1994 to 2001. Mr. Bhutani began his career at Salomon Brothers in 1985, where he was a Vice President in Fixed Income. Mr. Bhutani is a member of the Board of Directors of four registered investment companies, which are part of the Lazard fund complex.
Scott D. Hoffman, 53
Mr. Hoffman has served as General Counsel of Lazard Ltd since May 2005. Mr. Hoffman has served as a Managing Director of Lazard since January 1999 and General Counsel of Lazard Group since January 2001. Mr. Hoffman previously served as Vice President and Assistant General Counsel from February 1994 to December 1997 and as a Director from January 1998 to December 1998. Prior to joining Lazard, Mr. Hoffman was an attorney at Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP. Mr. Hoffman is a member of the Board of Trustees of the New York University School of Law.
Alexander F. Stern, 49
Mr. Stern has served as Chief Operating Officer of Lazard Ltd and Lazard Group since November 2008. Mr. Stern has served as a Managing Director of Lazard since January 2002, as Chief Executive Officer, Financial Advisory, since April 2015, and as Global Head of Strategy since February 2006. Mr. Stern previously served as a Vice President in Lazards Financial Advisory business from January 1998 to December 2000 and as a Director from January 2001 to December 2001. Mr. Stern initially joined Lazard in 1994 and previously held various positions with Patricof & Co. Ventures and IBM.
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Where You Can Find Additional Information
Lazard Group files current, annual and quarterly reports and other information required by the Exchange Act with the SEC. You may read and copy any document the Company files at the SECs public reference room located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, U.S.A. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. The Companys SEC filings are also available to the public from the SECs internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of these reports and other information can also be inspected at the offices of the New York Stock Exchange, Inc., 20 Broad Street, New York, New York 10005, U.S.A.
Our public website is http://www.lazard.com and the investor relations SEC filings section of our public website is located at http://www.lazard.com/InvestorRelations/SEC-Filings.aspx. We will make available free of charge, on or through the investor relations section of our website, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Also posted on our website, and available in print upon request of any Lazard Ltd shareholder to the Investor Relations Department, are charters for Lazard Ltds Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating & Governance Committee. Copies of these charters and Lazard Ltds Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics governing our directors, officers and employees are also posted on the investor relations section of our website in the corporate governance subsection.
ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS |
You should carefully consider the following risks and all of the other information set forth in this Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. The following risks comprise the material risks of which we are aware. If any of the events or developments described below actually occurred, our business, financial condition or results of operations would likely suffer.
Difficult market conditions can adversely affect our business in many ways, including by reducing the volume of transactions involving our Financial Advisory business and reducing the value or performance of the assets we manage in our Asset Management business, which, in each case, could materially reduce our revenue or income and adversely affect our financial position.
As a financial services firm, our businesses are materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and economic conditions throughout the world. Unfavorable economic and market conditions can adversely affect our financial performance in both the Financial Advisory and Asset Management businesses. The future market and economic climate may deteriorate because of many factors, such as a general slowing of economic growth globally or regionally, periods of volatility in securities markets, volatility and tightening of liquidity in credit markets, volatility or significant realignments in currency markets, increases in interest rates, inflation, corporate or sovereign defaults, natural disasters, terrorism or political uncertainty.
In recent years, regional and global capital markets and economies have experienced periods of significant disruption and volatility. If these conditions continue or if current conditions materially worsen, our business may be adversely affected, which may have a material impact on our business and results of operations.
For example, revenue generated by our Financial Advisory business is directly related to the volume and value of the transactions in which we are involved. During periods of unfavorable market or economic conditions, the volume and value of M&A transactions may decrease, thereby reducing the demand for our Financial Advisory services and increasing price competition among financial services companies seeking such engagements. Our results of operations would be adversely affected by any such reduction in the volume or value
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of M&A transactions. In addition, our profitability would be adversely affected due to our fixed costs and the possibility that we would be unable to reduce our variable costs without reducing revenue or within a timeframe sufficient to offset any decreases in revenue relating to changes in market and economic conditions.
Within our Financial Advisory business, we have typically seen that, during periods of economic strength and growth, our Mergers and Acquisitions practice historically has been more active and our Restructuring practice has been less active. Conversely, during periods of economic weakness and contraction, we typically have seen that our Restructuring practice has been more active and our Mergers and Acquisitions practice has been less active. As a result, revenue from our Restructuring practice has tended to correlate negatively to our revenue from our Mergers and Acquisitions practice over the course of business cycles. These trends are cyclical in nature and subject to periodic reversal. However, these trends do not cancel out the impact of economic conditions in our Financial Advisory business, which may be adversely affected by a downturn in economic conditions leading to decreased Mergers and Acquisitions practice activity, notwithstanding improvements in our Restructuring practice. Moreover, revenue improvements in our Mergers and Acquisitions practice in strong economic conditions could be offset in whole or in part by any related revenue declines in our Restructuring practice. While we generally have experienced a counter-cyclical relationship between our Mergers and Acquisitions practice and our Restructuring practice, this relationship may not continue in the future, and there is no certainty that strength in one practice will offset weakness in the other.
Our Asset Management business also would be expected to generate lower revenue in a market or general economic downturn. Under our Asset Management businesss arrangements, investment advisory fees we receive typically are based on the market value of AUM. Accordingly, a decline in the prices of securities, or in specific geographic markets or sectors that constitute a significant portion of our AUM (e.g., our emerging markets strategies), would be expected to cause our revenue and income to decline by causing:
| the value of our AUM to decrease, which would result in lower investment advisory fees; |
| some of our clients to withdraw funds from our Asset Management business due to the uncertainty or volatility in the market, or in favor of investments they perceive as offering greater opportunity or lower risk, which would also result in lower investment advisory fees; |
| some of our clients or prospective clients to hesitate in allocating assets to our Asset Management business due to the uncertainty or volatility in the market, which would also result in lower investment advisory fees; or |
| negative absolute performance returns for some accounts which have performance-based incentive fees, which would result in a reduction of revenue from such fees. |
If our Asset Management revenue declines without a commensurate reduction in our expenses, our net income would be reduced. In addition, in the event of a market or general economic downturn, our alternative investment and private equity practices also may be impacted by a difficult fund raising environment and reduced exit opportunities in which to realize the value of their investments. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may also affect the levels of our AUM and our investment advisory fees. See Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could reduce our members equity and net income or negatively impact the portfolios of our Asset Management clients and may affect the levels of our AUM below.
Due to the nature of our business, financial results could differ significantly from period to period, which may make it difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly basis.
We experience significant fluctuations in quarterly revenue and profits. These fluctuations generally can be attributed to the fact that we earn a substantial portion of our Financial Advisory revenue upon the successful completion of a transaction or a restructuring, the timing of which is uncertain and is not subject to our control. As a result, our Financial Advisory business is highly dependent on market conditions and the decisions and actions of our clients, interested third parties and governmental authorities. For example, a client or counterparty
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could delay or terminate an acquisition transaction because of a failure to agree upon final terms, failure to obtain necessary regulatory consents or board of directors, or acquirers or stockholder approval, failure to secure necessary financing, adverse market conditions or because the sellers business is experiencing unexpected operating or financial problems. Anticipated bidders for assets of a client during a restructuring transaction may not materialize or our client may not be able to restructure its operations or indebtedness, for example, due to a failure to reach agreement with its principal creditors. In addition, a bankruptcy court may deny our right to collect a success or completion fee. In these circumstances, other than in engagements where we receive monthly retainers, we often do not receive any advisory fees other than the reimbursement of certain expenses despite the fact that we devote resources to these transactions. Accordingly, the failure of one or more transactions to close either as anticipated or at all could cause significant fluctuations in quarterly revenue and profits and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For more information, see Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
In addition, our Asset Management revenue is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in our AUM. Asset Management fees are predominantly based on average AUM as of the end of a quarter or month. As a result, a reduction in AUM at the end of a quarter or month (as a result of market depreciation, withdrawals, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates or otherwise) will result in a decrease in management fees. Similarly, timing of flows, contributions and withdrawals are often out of our control and may be inconsistent from quarter to quarter. Incentive fees are driven by investment performance (either absolute performance or relative to an established benchmark), which is directly impacted by market movements, and may therefore fluctuate from period to period.
As a result of quarterly fluctuations, it may be difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly basis.
Our ability to retain our managing directors and other key professional employees is critical to the success of our business, including maintaining compensation levels at an appropriate level of costs, and failure to do so may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.
Our people are our most important asset. We must retain the services of our managing directors and other key professional employees, and strategically recruit and hire new talented employees, to obtain and successfully execute the Financial Advisory and Asset Management engagements that generate substantially all our revenue.
In general, our industry continues to experience change and be subject to significant competitive pressures with respect to the retention of top talent, which makes it more difficult for us to retain professionals. Loss of key employees may occur due to perceived opportunity for promotion, compensation levels, work environment or other individual reasons, some of which may be beyond our control. If any of our managing directors and other key professional employees were to retire, join an existing competitor, form a competing company or otherwise leave us, some of our clients could eventually choose to use the services of that competitor or some other competitor instead of our services. In any such event, our investment banking fees, asset management fees or AUM could decline. The employment arrangements, non-competition agreements and retention agreements we have or will enter into with our managing directors and other key professional employees may not sufficiently prevent our managing directors and other key professional employees from resigning from practice or competing against us. In addition, these arrangements and agreements have a limited duration and expire after a certain period of time. We continue to be subject to intense competition in the financial services industry regarding the recruitment and retention of key professionals, and have experienced departures from and added to our professional ranks as a result.
Certain changes to our employee compensation arrangements may result in increased compensation and benefits expense. In addition, any changes to the mix of cash and deferred incentive compensation granted to our employees may affect certain financial measures applicable to our business, including ratios of compensation and benefits expense to revenue, and may result in increased levels of Lazard Ltds Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share (Class A common stock) issued to our employees upon vesting of restricted stock units
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(RSUs), performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs) or restricted stock awards in a particular year. Our compensation levels, results of operations and financial position may be significantly affected by many factors, including general economic and market conditions, our operating and financial performance, staffing levels and competitive pay conditions.
The financial services industry, and all of the businesses in which we compete, are intensely competitive.
The financial services industry is intensely competitive, and we expect it to remain so. We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including the quality of our advice, our employees and transaction execution, the range and price of our products and services, our innovation and our reputation. We have experienced intense fee competition in some of our businesses in recent years, and we believe that we may experience pricing pressures in these and other areas in the future as some of our competitors seek to obtain increased market share by reducing fees.
A number of factors increase the competitive risks of our Financial Advisory and Asset Management businesses:
| there are relatively few barriers to entry impeding the launch of new asset management and financial advisory firms, including a relatively low cost of entering these businesses, and the successful efforts of new entrants into our lines of business, including major banks and other financial institutions, have resulted in increased competition; |
| other industry participants will from time to time seek to recruit our employees away from us in order to compete in our lines of business; and |
| certain of our Financial Advisory practices and Asset Management products are newly established and relatively small. |
In addition, many of our competitors have the ability to offer a wide range of products, from loans, deposit-taking and insurance to brokerage, asset management and investment banking services, which may enhance their competitive position. They may also have the ability to support investment banking, including financial advisory services, with commercial banking, insurance and other financial services in an effort to gain market share, which could result in pricing pressure in our businesses.
Competitive pressure could adversely affect our ability to attract new or retain existing clients, make successful investments, retain our people or maintain AUM, any of which would adversely affect our revenue and earnings.
A substantial portion of our revenue is derived from Financial Advisory fees, which are not long-term contracted sources of revenue and are subject to intense competition, and declines in our Financial Advisory engagements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.
We historically have earned a substantial portion of our revenue from advisory fees paid to us by our Financial Advisory clients, which usually are payable upon the successful completion of a particular transaction or restructuring. For example, for the year ended December 31, 2015, Financial Advisory services accounted for approximately 54% of our consolidated net revenue. We expect that we will continue to rely on Financial Advisory fees for a substantial portion of our revenue for the foreseeable future, and a decline in our advisory engagements or the market for advisory services would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we operate in a highly competitive environment where typically there are no long-term contracted sources of revenue. Each revenue-generating engagement typically is separately awarded and negotiated. Furthermore, many businesses do not routinely engage in transactions requiring our services and, as a
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consequence, our fee paying engagements with many clients are not likely to be predictable. We also lose clients each year, including as a result of the sale or merger of a client, a change in a clients senior management and competition from other financial advisors and financial institutions. As a result, our engagements with clients are constantly changing and our Financial Advisory fees could decline quickly due to the factors discussed above.
If the number of debt defaults, bankruptcies or other factors affecting demand for our Restructuring services declines, our Restructuring revenue could suffer.
We provide various restructuring and restructuring-related advice to companies in financial distress or to their creditors or other stakeholders. Historically, the fees from restructuring related services have been a significant part of our Financial Advisory revenue, although the aggregate value of debt defaults has recently been low, consistent with the last several years. A number of factors could affect demand for these advisory services, including improving general economic conditions, the availability and cost of debt and equity financing and changes to laws, rules and regulations, including those that protect creditors, and the deregulation or privatization of particular industries.
Potential underwriting and trading activities may expose us to risk.
In 2014, we took steps that have enabled us to act as an underwriter in public offerings and other distributions of securities in order to buttress our Financial Advisory business. If we act as an underwriter, we may incur losses and be subject to reputational harm to the extent that, for any reason, we are unable to sell securities we purchased as an underwriter at the anticipated price levels. In addition, if we act as an underwriter, we may also be subject to liability for material misstatements or omissions in prospectuses and other offering documents relating to offerings we underwrite. In such cases, any indemnification provisions in the applicable underwriting agreement may not be available to us or may not be sufficient to protect us against losses arising from such liability. Operational risk in connection with any offering we underwrite could arise in the form of errors, deficiencies or noncompliance and also could expose us to risk. In addition, through indemnification provisions in our agreement with our clearing organization, customer trading and other activities may expose us to off-balance sheet credit risk. Securities may have to be purchased or sold at prevailing market prices in the event a customer fails to settle a trade on its original terms. We seek to manage the risks associated with underwriting and customer trading activities through screening, internal review and trading procedures and processes, but such procedures and processes may not be effective in all cases.
Our investment style in our Asset Management business, including the mix of asset classes and investment strategies comprising our AUM, may underperform other investment approaches, which may result in significant client or asset departures, or a reduction in AUM.
Even when securities prices are rising generally, performance can be affected by investment style and mix of asset classes. For example, many of the equity investment strategies in our Asset Management business share a common investment orientation towards relative value investing. We believe this style tends to outperform the market in some market environments and underperform it in others. In particular, a prolonged growth environment may cause some of our investment strategies to go out of favor with some clients, advisors, consultants or third-party intermediaries. In addition, all of our investment strategies are actively managed strategies which seek to outperform relative to a benchmark or generate an absolute return. Trends toward passively managed investment strategies may adversely affect demand for our strategies or result in fee pressure on our business overall. In combination with poor performance relative to peers, changes in personnel, extensive periods in particular market environments or other difficulties, the underperformance of our investment style may result in significant client or asset departures or a reduction in AUM.
We could lose clients and suffer a decline in our Asset Management revenue and earnings if the investments we choose in our Asset Management business perform poorly, regardless of overall trends in the prices of securities.
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Investment performance affects our AUM relating to existing clients and is one of the most important factors in retaining clients and competing for new Asset Management business. Poor investment performance could impair our revenue and growth because:
| existing clients might withdraw funds from our Asset Management business in favor of better performing products, which would result in lower investment advisory fees; |
| our incentive fees, which provide us with a set percentage of returns on some alternative investment and private equity funds and other accounts, would decline; |
| third-party financial intermediaries, rating services, advisors or consultants may rate our products poorly, which may result in client withdrawals and reduced asset flows; or |
| firms with which we have strategic alliances may terminate such relationships with us, and future strategic alliances may be unavailable. |
Over certain time periods, we may have a higher concentration of assets in certain strategies. To the extent that this is the case, underperformance, changes in investment personnel or other changes in these strategies may result in a withdrawal of assets. If a significant amount of clients withdraw from these strategies for any reason, our revenues would decline and our operating results would be adversely affected.
Because many of our Asset Management clients can remove the assets we manage on short notice, we may experience unexpected declines in revenue and profitability.
Our investment advisory contracts are generally terminable upon very short notice. Institutional and individual clients, and firms with which we have strategic alliances, can terminate their relationship with us, reduce the aggregate amount of AUM or shift their funds to other types of accounts with different rate structures for a number of reasons, including investment performance, departures from or changes to the teams that manage our investment products, or changes in prevailing interest rates and financial market performance. Poor performance relative to other investment management firms tends to result in decreased investments in our investment products, increased redemptions of our investment products, and the loss of institutional or individual accounts or strategic alliances. In addition, the ability to terminate relationships may allow clients to renegotiate for lower fees paid for asset management services.
In addition, in the U.S., as required by the Investment Company Act, each of our investment advisory contracts with the mutual funds we advise or subadvise automatically terminates upon its assignment. Each of our other investment advisory contracts subject to the provisions of the Investment Advisers Act provide, as required by the Investment Advisers Act, that the contract may not be assigned without the consent of the customer. A sale of a sufficiently large block of shares of our voting securities or other transactions could be deemed an assignment in certain circumstances. An assignment, actual or constructive, would trigger these termination provisions and could adversely affect our ability to continue managing client accounts.
Access to clients through intermediaries is important to our Asset Management business, and reductions in referrals from such intermediaries or poor reviews of our products or our organization by such intermediaries could materially reduce our revenue and impair our ability to attract new clients.
Our ability to market our Asset Management services relies in part on receiving mandates from the client base of national and regional securities firms, banks, insurance companies, defined contribution plan administrators, investment consultants and other intermediaries. To an increasing extent, our Asset Management business uses referrals from accountants, lawyers, financial planners and other professional advisors. The inability to have this access could materially adversely affect our Asset Management business. In addition, many of these intermediaries review and evaluate our products and our organization. Poor reviews or evaluations of either the particular product or of us may result in client withdrawals or an inability to attract new assets through such intermediaries.
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Our Asset Management business relies on non-affiliated third-party service providers.
Our Asset Management business has entered into service agreements with third-party service providers for client order management and the execution and settlement of client securities transactions. This business faces the risk of operational failure of any of our clearing agents, the exchanges, clearing houses or other intermediaries we use to facilitate our securities transactions. We oversee and manage these relationships. Poor oversight and control or inferior performance or service on the part of the service provider could result in loss of customers and violations of applicable rules and regulations. Any such failure could adversely affect our ability to effect transactions and to manage our exposure to risk.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could reduce our members equity and net income or negatively impact the portfolios of our Asset Management clients and may affect the levels of our AUM.
We are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currencies, including through advisory fees paid to our Financial Advisory business and management fees paid to our Asset Management business. Our financial statements are denominated in U.S. Dollars and, for the year ended December 31, 2015, we received approximately 40% of our consolidated net revenue in other currencies, predominantly in euros, British pounds and Australian dollars. In addition, we pay a significant amount of our expenses in such other currencies. The exchange rates of these currencies versus the U.S. Dollar affects the carrying value of our assets and liabilities as well as our revenues, expenses and net income. We do not generally hedge such foreign currency exchange rate exposure arising in our subsidiaries outside of the U.S. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may also make period to period comparisons of our results of operations difficult.
Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates also can impact the portfolios of our Asset Management clients. Client portfolios are invested in securities across the globe, although most portfolios are funded in a single base currency. Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations can adversely impact investment performance for a clients portfolio and also may affect the levels of our AUM. As our AUM include significant assets that are denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, an increase in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to non-U.S. currencies, with all other factors held constant, generally would result in a decrease in the dollar value of our AUM, which, in turn, would result in lower U.S. Dollar-denominated revenue in our Asset Management business. As of December 31, 2015, AUM with foreign currency exposure represented approximately 72% of our total AUM.
See Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the impact on members equity from currency translation adjustments and Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the impact on operating results from currency transaction adjustments.
Our results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the fair value of positions held in our investment portfolios.
We invest capital in various types of equity and debt securities in order to seed LAM equity, debt and alternative investment funds, and for general corporate purposes. Such investments are subject to market fluctuations due to changes in the market prices of securities, interest rates or other market factors, such as liquidity. While we may seek to hedge the market risk for some of these investments, an effective hedge may not be available, and if available, may not be fully effective. These investments are adjusted for accounting purposes to fair value at the end of each quarter regardless of our intended holding period, with any related gains or losses reflected in our results of operations, and therefore may increase the volatility of our earnings, even though such gains or losses may not be realized.
We have investments, primarily through our private equity businesses, in relatively high-risk, illiquid assets, and we may lose some or all of the principal amount of these investments or fail to realize any profits from these investments for a considerable period of time.
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We have made, and in the future may make, principal investments in public or private companies or in alternative investments (including private equity funds) established by us, and we continue to hold principal investments directly or through funds managed by certain affiliates of Lazard, including Edgewater, as well as third parties. Making principal investments is risky, and we may lose some or all of the principal amount of our investments. Certain of these types of investments may be in relatively high-risk, illiquid assets. Because it may take several years before attractive alternative investment opportunities are identified, some or all of the capital committed by us to these funds is likely to be invested in government securities, other short-term, highly rated debt securities and money market funds that traditionally have offered investors relatively lower returns. In addition, these investments may be adjusted for accounting purposes to fair value at the end of each quarter, and any related gains or losses would affect our results of operations, even though such fair value fluctuations may have no cash impact, which could increase the volatility of our earnings. It takes a substantial period of time to identify attractive alternative investment opportunities, to raise all the funds needed to make an investment and then to realize the cash value of an investment through resale. Even if an alternative investment proves to be profitable, it may be several years or longer before any profits can be realized in cash or other proceeds.
Our revenue from our private equity business is derived primarily from management fees, which are calculated as a percentage of committed capital or invested capital depending on the stage of each respective fund. Transaction and advisory fees are also earned. Incentive fees are earned if investments are profitable over a specified threshold. Our ability to form new alternative investment funds is subject to a number of uncertainties, including past performance of our funds, market or economic conditions, competition from other fund managers and the ability to negotiate terms with major investors.
Extensive regulation of our businesses limits our activities and results in ongoing exposure to the potential for significant penalties, including fines or limitations on our ability to conduct our businesses.
The financial services industry is subject to extensive regulation. We are subject to regulation by governmental and self-regulatory organizations in the jurisdictions in which we operate around the world. Many of these regulators, including U.S. and non-U.S. government agencies and self-regulatory organizations, as well as state securities commissions in the U.S., are empowered to conduct administrative proceedings that can result in censure, fine, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or the suspension or expulsion of a broker-dealer from registration or membership. The requirements imposed by our regulators are designed to ensure the integrity of the financial markets and to protect customers and other third parties who deal with us and are not designed to protect our stockholders. Consequently, these regulations often serve to limit our activities, including through net capital, customer protection and market conduct requirements.
We face the risk of significant intervention by regulatory authorities, including extended investigation and surveillance activity, adoption of costly or restrictive new regulations and judicial or administrative proceedings that may result in substantial penalties. Among other things, we could be fined or be prohibited from engaging in some of our business activities. In addition, the regulatory environment in which we operate is subject to modifications and further regulation. New laws or regulations or changes in the enforcement of existing laws or regulations applicable to us and our clients also may adversely affect our business, and our ability to function in this environment will depend on our ability to constantly monitor and react to these changes.
The U.S. and other governments and institutions have taken actions, and may continue to take further actions, in response to disruption and volatility in the global financial markets. Such further actions could include expanding current or enacting new standards, requirements and rules that may be applicable to us and our subsidiaries. The effect of any such expanded or new standards, requirements and rules is uncertain and could have adverse consequences to our business and results of operations. For example, in July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act was signed into law, bringing sweeping changes in the regulation of financial institutions. It will take several years for all of the rules under the Dodd-Frank Act to be written and become effective, and the final scope and interpretations of those rules, and their impact on our business, will not be fully known for some time, but could have implications for the manner in which we conduct our business and, consequently, its profitability. While we
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continue to examine the potential impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulations, as well as new regulations that may become applicable to us in the U.S. and in the European Union (see BusinessRegulation), we are not able to predict the ultimate effect on us. In addition, several states and municipalities in the United States have adopted pay-to-play rules, which could limit our ability to charge fees in connection with certain of our Private Fund Advisory engagements, and could therefore affect the profitability of that portion of our business.
The regulatory environment in which our clients operate may also impact our business. For example, changes in antitrust laws or the enforcement of antitrust laws could affect the level of M&A activity and changes in state laws may limit investment activities of state pension plans.
For asset management businesses in general, there have been a number of highly publicized cases involving fraud or other misconduct by employees of asset management firms, as well as industry-wide regulatory inquiries. These cases and inquiries have resulted in increased scrutiny in the industry and may result in new rules and regulations for mutual funds, hedge funds, private equity funds and their investment managers. This regulatory scrutiny and these rulemaking initiatives may result in an increase in operational and compliance costs or the risk of assessment of significant fines or penalties against our Asset Management business, and may otherwise limit our ability to engage in certain activities.
Specific regulatory changes also may have a direct impact on the revenue of our Asset Management business. In addition to regulatory scrutiny and potential fines and sanctions, regulators continue to examine different aspects of the asset management industry. For example, the use of soft dollars, where a portion of commissions paid to broker-dealers in connection with the execution of trades also pays for research and other services provided to advisors, has been reexamined by different regulatory bodies and may in the future be limited or modified. Although a substantial portion of the research relied on by our Asset Management business in the investment decision-making process is generated internally by our investment analysts, external research, including external research paid for with soft dollars, is important to the process. This external research generally is used for information gathering or verification purposes, and includes broker-provided research, as well as third-party provided databases and research services. For the year ended December 31, 2015, our Asset Management business obtained research and other services through third-party soft dollar arrangements, the total cost of which we estimate to be approximately $24 million. If the use of soft dollars were to be limited, we would have to bear some of these costs. In addition, new regulations regarding the management of hedge funds, UCITs funds and the use of certain investment products may impact our Asset Management business and result in increased costs. For example, many regulators around the world adopted disclosure and reporting requirements relating to the hedge fund businesses or other businesses, and changes to the laws, rules and regulations in the U.S. related to the over-the-counter swaps and derivatives markets require additional registration, recordkeeping and reporting obligations.
Legislators and regulators around the world continue to explore changes to, and additional oversight of, the financial industry generally. The impact of the potential changes on us are uncertain and may result in an increase in costs or a reduction of revenue associated with our businesses.
See BusinessRegulation for a further discussion of the regulatory environment in which we conduct our businesses.
The financial services industry faces substantial litigation and regulatory risks, and we may face damage to our professional reputation and legal liability if our services are not regarded as satisfactory or if conflicts of interest should arise.
As a financial services firm, we depend to a large extent on our relationships with our clients and our reputation for integrity and high-caliber professional services to attract and retain clients. As a result, if a client is not satisfied with our services, such dissatisfaction may be more damaging to our business than to other types of
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businesses. Moreover, our role as advisor to our clients on important transactions involves complex analysis and the exercise of professional judgment, including, if appropriate, rendering fairness opinions in connection with mergers and other transactions. Our role as advisor to our sovereign and government clients in particular may occasionally result in increased publicity of our involvement with, and our advice to, such clients.
In recent years, the volume of claims and amount of damages claimed in litigation and regulatory proceedings against financial advisors has been increasing. The activities of our Financial Advisory business may subject us to the risk of significant legal actions by our clients and third parties, including our clients stockholders, under securities or other laws. Such legal actions may include allegations relating to aiding and abetting breaches of fiduciary duties and to materially false or misleading statements made in connection with securities and other transactions. We may also be exposed to potential liability for the fairness opinions and other advice provided to participants in corporate transactions. In our Asset Management business, we make investment decisions on behalf of our clients which could result in substantial losses. Many of our business activities may subject us to the risk of legal actions alleging negligence, misconduct, breach of fiduciary duty or breach of contract.
We increasingly confront actual and potential conflicts of interest relating to our Financial Advisory business, as well as to the fact that we have both a Financial Advisory business and an Asset Management business. It is possible that actual, potential or perceived conflicts of interest could give rise to client dissatisfaction, litigation or regulatory enforcement actions. Appropriately identifying and managing actual or perceived conflicts of interest is complex and difficult, and our reputation could be damaged if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with one or more potential or actual conflicts of interest. We have adopted various policies, controls and procedures to address or limit actual or perceived conflicts of interest. However, these policies, controls and procedures may not be adhered to by our employees or be effective in reducing the applicable risks. Any failure of, or failure to adhere to, these policies, controls and procedures may result in regulatory sanctions or client litigation.
Our Financial Advisory engagements typically include broad indemnities from our clients and provisions designed to limit our exposure to legal claims relating to our services, but these provisions may not protect us or may not be available or adhered to in all cases. We also are subject to claims arising from disputes with employees for alleged wrongful termination, discrimination or harassment, among other things. These risks often may be difficult to assess or quantify, and their existence and magnitude often remain unknown for substantial periods of time. As a result, we may incur significant legal expenses in defending against litigation. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against us could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us, which could seriously harm our business.
Employee misconduct, which is difficult to detect and deter, could harm us by impairing our ability to attract and retain clients and subjecting us to significant legal liability and reputational harm.
There have been a number of highly publicized cases involving fraud or other misconduct by employees in the financial services industry generally, and we run the risk that employee misconduct could occur in our business as well. For example, misconduct by employees could involve the improper use or disclosure of confidential information, which could result in legal action, regulatory sanctions and reputational or financial harm. Our Financial Advisory business often requires that we deal with client confidences of great significance to our clients, improper use of which may harm our clients or our relationships with our clients. Any breach of our clients confidences as a result of employee misconduct may adversely affect our reputation, impair our ability to attract and retain Financial Advisory clients and subject us to liability. Similarly, in our Asset Management business, we have authority over client assets, and we may, from time to time, have custody of such assets. In addition, we often have discretion to trade client assets on the clients behalf and must do so acting in the best interests of the client. As a result, we are subject to a number of obligations and standards, and the violation of those obligations or standards may adversely affect our clients and us. It is difficult to detect and deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases.
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In recent years, the U.S. Department of Justice and the SEC have also devoted greater resources to the enforcement of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. In addition, the United Kingdom and other jurisdictions have expanded the reach of their anti-bribery laws. While we have developed and implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with anti-bribery and other laws, such policies and procedures may not be effective in all instances to prevent violations. Any determination that we have violated these laws could subject us to, among other things, civil and criminal penalties, material fines, profit disgorgement, injunction against future conduct, securities litigation and reputational damage, any one of which could adversely affect our business, financial position and results of operations.
A failure in or breach of our information systems or infrastructure, or those of third parties with which we do business, including as a result of cyber attacks, could disrupt our businesses, lead to reputational harm and legal liability or otherwise impact our ability to operate our business.
Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage and transmission of confidential and other information involving our computer systems, hardware, software and networks, which we refer to as information systems, and involving the information systems of third parties with which we do business. Such information systems, which frequently include cloud-based networks and services, may be subject to unauthorized access, computer viruses or other malicious code or other events that could have a security impact, and there can be no assurance that we will not suffer material losses relating to cyber attacks on, or other security breaches involving, our information systems, despite taking protective measures to prevent such breaches. The increased use of mobile technologies can heighten these and other operational risks. If a successful cyber attack or other security breach were to occur, our confidential or proprietary information, or the confidential or proprietary information of our clients or their counterparties, that is stored in, or transmitted through, such information systems could be compromised or misappropriated. Any such cyber attack or other security breach, or any disruption of or failure in the physical or logical infrastructure or operating systems that support such information systems or our businesses, could significantly impact our ability to operate our businesses and could result in reputational damage, legal liability, the loss of clients or business opportunities and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us. As cyber threats continue to evolve, we may also be required to expend additional resources on information security and compliance costs in order to continue to modify or enhance our protective measures or to investigate and remediate any information security vulnerabilities or other exposures.
Other operational risks may disrupt our businesses, result in regulatory action against us or limit our growth.
Our business is highly dependent on communications and information systems, including those of our vendors. Any failure or interruption of these systems, whether caused by fire, other natural disaster, power or telecommunications failure, act of terrorism or war or otherwise, could materially adversely affect our business. Although back-up systems are in place, our back-up procedures and capabilities in the event of a failure or interruption may not be adequate.
Particularly in our Asset Management business, we rely heavily on our financial, accounting, trading, compliance and other data processing systems, and those of our third party vendors or service providers who support these functions. We expect that we will need to review whether to continue to upgrade and expand the capabilities of these systems in the future to avoid disruption of, or constraints on, our operations. However, if any of these systems do not operate properly or are disabled, including for reasons beyond our control, we could suffer financial loss, a disruption of our businesses, liability to clients, regulatory intervention or reputational damage. The inability of our systems (or those of our vendors or service providers) to accommodate an increasing volume of transactions also could constrain our ability to expand our businesses. In addition, errors resulting from these issues or from human error when conducting a trade or other transaction could expose us to significant risk.
In addition, if we were to experience a local or regional disaster or other business continuity problem, such as a pandemic or other man-made or natural disaster, our continued success will depend, in part, on the
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availability of our personnel and office facilities and the proper functioning of our computer, telecommunications, transaction processing and other related systems and operations, as well as those of third parties on whom we rely. Such events could lead us to experience operational challenges, and our inability to successfully recover could materially disrupt our businesses and cause material financial loss, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.
For additional information regarding operational risks with respect to our businesses, see Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsOperational Risk below.
The soundness of third parties, including our clients, as well as financial, governmental and other institutions, could adversely affect us.
We have exposure to many different industries, institutions, products and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds and other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us, if any, cannot be fully realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the loan or derivative exposure due to us.
Failure to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could materially adversely affect our business.
We have documented and tested our internal control procedures in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and a report by our independent auditors regarding our internal control over financial reporting. We are in compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as of December 31, 2015. However, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Failure to maintain an effective internal control environment could materially adversely affect our business.
We may pursue acquisitions, joint ventures, cooperation agreements or other growth or geographic expansion strategies that may result in additional risks and uncertainties in our business and could present unforeseen integration obstacles or costs.
We routinely assess our strategic position and may in the future seek acquisitions or other transactions or growth strategies to further enhance our competitive position. We have in the past pursued joint ventures and other transactions aimed at expanding the geography and scope of our operations. For example, during 2009, we established a private equity business with Edgewater. During 2011, we added a global real estate investment team. During 2012, we integrated our Brazilian operations based in São Paulo. During 2014, we acquired certain convertible securities sales and trading assets and we opened an asset management office in Dubai. We expect to continue to explore acquisitions, growth strategies and partnership or strategic alliance opportunities that we believe to be attractive.
Acquisitions, growth strategies and joint ventures involve a number of risks and present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including potential disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of management, difficulty with integrating personnel and financial and other systems, hiring additional management and other critical personnel and increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations.
To the extent that we pursue business opportunities outside of the United States, including through acquisitions, joint ventures or other geographic expansion of our existing businesses, we may become subject to
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political, economic, legal, operational, regulatory and other risks that are inherent in operating in a foreign country, including risks of potential price, capital and currency exchange controls, licensing requirements and other regulatory restrictions, as well as the risk of hostile actions against or affecting our business or people. Our ability to remain in compliance with local laws in a particular foreign jurisdiction could adversely affect our businesses and our reputation.
In addition, our clients may react unfavorably to our acquisition, growth and joint venture strategies, we may not realize any anticipated benefits from such strategies, we may be exposed to additional liabilities of any acquired business or joint venture, we may be exposed to litigation in connection with an acquisition or joint venture transaction, and we may not be able to renew on similar terms (or at all) previously successful joint ventures or similar arrangements, any of which could materially adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.
An inability to access the debt and equity capital markets as a result of our debt obligations, credit ratings or other factors could impair our liquidity, increase our borrowing costs or otherwise adversely affect our competitive position or results of operations.
As of December 31, 2015, Lazard Group and its subsidiaries had approximately $1.0 billion in debt (including capital lease obligations) outstanding, of which $98 million, $500 million and $400 million relate to Lazard Group senior notes that mature in 2017, 2020 and 2025, respectively. This debt has certain mandated payment obligations, which may constrain our ability to operate our business. If we decide to redeem or retire this debt before maturity, we may be required to pay a significant premium to do so, which may adversely impact our earnings and affect our financial position. In addition, in the future we may need to incur debt or issue equity in order to fund our working capital requirements or refinance existing indebtedness, as well as to make acquisitions and other investments. The amount of our debt obligations may impair our ability to raise debt or issue equity for financing purposes. Our access to funds also may be impaired if regulatory authorities take significant action against us, or if we discover that any of our employees had engaged in serious unauthorized or illegal activity. In addition, our borrowing costs and our access to the debt capital markets depend significantly on our credit ratings. These ratings are assigned by rating agencies, which may reduce or withdraw their ratings or place us on credit watch with negative implications at any time.
Lazard Group is a holding company and therefore depends on its subsidiaries to make distributions to Lazard Group to enable it to service its obligations under its indebtedness.
Lazard Group depends on its subsidiaries, which conduct the operations of its businesses, for distributions, dividends and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet its financial obligations, including payments of principal and interest on its indebtedness. However, none of Lazard Groups subsidiaries is obligated to make funds available to it for servicing such financial obligations. The earnings from, or other available assets of, Lazard Groups subsidiaries may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable Lazard Group to make payments with respect to its financial obligations when such payments are due. In addition, even if such earnings were sufficient, the agreements governing the current and future obligations of Lazard Groups subsidiaries, regulatory requirements with respect to our broker-dealer and other regulated subsidiaries, foreign exchange controls and a variety of other factors may impede our subsidiaries ability to provide Lazard Group with sufficient dividends, distributions or loans to fund its financial obligations, when due.
Tax authorities may challenge our tax computations and classifications, our transfer pricing methods, and our application of related policies and methods.
Our tax returns are subject to audit by federal, local and foreign tax authorities. These authorities may successfully challenge certain tax positions or deductions taken by our subsidiaries. For example, tax authorities may contest intercompany allocations of fee income, management charges or interest charges among affiliates in different tax jurisdictions. While we believe that we have provided the appropriate required reserves (see Note 2
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of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements), it is possible that a tax authority may disagree with all, or a portion, of the tax benefits claimed. If a tax authority were to successfully challenge our positions, it could result in significant additional tax costs.
Outcome of future U.S. tax legislation is unknown at the present time.
On February 9, 2016, the Executive Branch submitted its 2017 budget proposals to Congress. The 2017 budget submission included several items that could generate additional tax revenue, including proposals to limit the deduction of certain related party interest and interest attributable to certain classes of foreign source income.
We are currently unable to predict the ultimate outcome of any of these actual or potential proposals. If they are enacted, however, some of these proposals may increase Lazards effective tax rate during future periods.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We have made statements under the captions Business, Risk Factors, Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and in other sections of this Form 10-K that are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as may, might, will, should, could, would, expect, plan, anticipate, believe, estimate, predict, potential, target, goal or continue, and the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements, which are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us, may include projections of our future financial performance based on our growth strategies, business plans and initiatives and anticipated trends in our business. These statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and projections about future events. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, the numerous risks and uncertainties outlined in Risk Factors, including the following:
| a decline in general economic conditions or global or regional financial markets; |
| A decline in our revenues, for example due to a decline in overall M&A activity, our share of the M&A market or our AUM; |
| losses caused by financial or other problems experienced by third parties; |
| losses due to unidentified or unanticipated risks; |
| a lack of liquidity, i.e., ready access to funds, for use in our businesses; and |
| competitive pressure on our businesses and on our ability to retain and attract employees at current compensation levels. |
These risks and uncertainties are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Form 10-K describe additional factors that could adversely affect our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for our management to predict all risks and uncertainties, nor can management assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We are under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this Form 10-K to conform our prior statements to actual results or revised expectations and we do not intend to do so.
Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:
| financial goals, including the ratio of awarded compensation and benefits expense to operating revenue; |
| ability to deploy surplus cash through dividends, share repurchases and debt repurchases; |
| possible or assumed future results of operations and operating cash flows; |
| strategies and investment policies; |
| financing plans and the availability of short-term borrowing; |
| competitive position; |
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| future acquisitions, including the consideration to be paid and the timing of consummation; |
| potential growth opportunities available to our businesses; |
| recruitment and retention of our managing directors and employees; |
| potential levels of compensation expense and non-compensation expense; |
| potential operating performance, achievements, productivity improvements, efficiency and cost reduction efforts; |
| likelihood of success and impact of litigation; |
| expected tax rates, including effective tax rates; |
| changes in interest and tax rates; |
| availability of certain tax benefits, including certain potential deductions; |
| potential impact of certain events or circumstances on our financial statements; |
| changes in foreign currency exchange rates; |
| expectations with respect to the economy, the securities markets, the market for mergers, acquisitions and strategic advisory and restructuring activity, the market for asset management activity and other macroeconomic and industry trends; |
| effects of competition on our business; and |
| impact of future legislation and regulation on our business. |
The Company is committed to providing timely and accurate information to the investing public, consistent with our legal and regulatory obligations. To that end, the Company uses its websites to convey information about our businesses, including the anticipated release of quarterly financial results, quarterly financial, statistical and business-related information, and the posting of updates of AUM in various mutual funds, hedge funds and other investment products managed by LAM and LFG. Investors can link to Lazard Ltd, Lazard Group and their operating company websites through http://www.lazard.com. Our websites and the information contained therein or connected thereto shall not be deemed to be incorporated into this Form 10-K.
Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments |
There are no unresolved written comments that were received from the SEC staff 180 days or more before December 31, 2015 relating to our periodic or current reports under the Exchange Act.
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Item 2. | Properties |
The following table lists the properties used for the entire Lazard organization as of December 31, 2015. As a general matter, one or both of our Financial Advisory and Asset Management segments (as well as our Corporate segment) uses the following properties. Our London and other offices sublease 71,207 and 21,000 square feet, respectively, to third parties. We remain fully liable for the subleased space to the extent that the subtenants fail to perform their obligations under the subleases for any reason.
Location |
Square Footage |
Offices | ||
New York City |
413,375 square feet of leased space |
Principal office located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza | ||
Other North America |
163,601 square feet of leased space |
Boston, Charlotte, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis and San Francisco | ||
Paris |
151,310 square feet of owned and leased space |
Principal office located at 121 Boulevard Haussmann | ||
London |
142,371 square feet of leased space |
Principal office located at 50 Stratton Street | ||
Other Europe |
107,709 square feet of leased space |
Amsterdam, Bordeaux, Brussels, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Lyon, Madrid, Milan, Nantes, Stockholm and Zurich | ||
Asia, Australia and |
89,826 square feet of leased space |
Beijing, Dubai, Hong Kong, Manama, Melbourne, Mumbai, Perth, Riyadh, So Paulo, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney and Tokyo |
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings |
The Company is involved from time to time in judicial, regulatory and arbitration proceedings and inquiries concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of our businesses, including proceedings initiated by former employees alleging wrongful termination. The Company reviews such matters on a case-by-case basis and establishes any required accrual if a loss is probable and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company experiences significant variation in its revenue and earnings on a quarterly basis. Accordingly, the results of any pending matter or matters could be significant when compared to the Companys earnings in any particular fiscal quarter. The Company believes, however, based on currently available information, that the results of any pending matters, in the aggregate, will not have a material effect on its business or financial condition.
Item 4. | Mine Safety Disclosures |
Not applicable.
Item 5. | Market for Registrants Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |
As of December 31, 2015, all of our common membership interests were held by whollyowned subsidiaries of Lazard Ltd. Our co-managing member interests were held by two indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries of Lazard Ltd and our profit participation interests were held by various managing directors. There are no public trading markets for any of these interests.
Pursuant to provisions of its Amended and Restated Operating Agreement, Lazard Group allocates and distributes to its members a substantial portion of its distributable profits in installments, as soon as practicable
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after the end of each fiscal year. Such installment distributions usually begin in February. Such distributions represent amounts necessary to fund (i) any dividends Lazard Ltd may declare on its Class A common stock and (ii) tax distributions in respect of income taxes that Lazard Ltds subsidiaries incur and, until May 2014, that the members of LAZ-MD Holdings incurred as a result of holding Lazard Group common membership interests. During the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, Lazard Group distributed approximately $129.8 million, $146.2 million and $121.6 million, respectively, to the subsidiaries of Lazard Ltd. Also, during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, Lazard Group distributed approximately $0.2 million and $0.9 million, respectively, to LAZ-MD Holdings. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, Lazard Group made tax distributions of approximately $175.9 million and $3.0 million, respectively, including approximately $174.3 million and $2.9 million, respectively, paid to subsidiaries of Lazard Ltd, and approximately $1.6 million and $0.1 million, respectively, paid to LAZ-MD Holdings.
Item 6. | Selected Financial Data |
The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial data for the Company for all years presented.
The consolidated statements of financial condition and operations data as of and for each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2015 have been derived from Lazard Groups consolidated financial statements. The audited consolidated statements of financial condition as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and audited consolidated statements of operations for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2015 are included in this Form 10-K. The audited consolidated statements of financial condition as of December 31, 2013, 2012 and 2011, and the audited consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2011, are not included in this Form 10-K. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.
The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and the Companys consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
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Selected Consolidated Financial Data
As Of Or For The Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) |
||||||||||||||||||||
Consolidated Statements of Operations Data |
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Net Revenue: |
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Financial Advisory (a) |
$ | 1,279,628 | $ | 1,206,734 | $ | 980,577 | $ | 1,049,090 | 992,107 | |||||||||||
Asset Management (b) |
1,111,105 | 1,134,595 | 1,039,130 | 896,260 | 897,401 | |||||||||||||||
Corporate (c) |
(40,457 | ) | (40,593 | ) | (35,633 | ) | (37,220 | ) | (55,947 | ) | ||||||||||
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Net Revenue |
2,350,276 | 2,300,736 | 1,984,074 | 1,908,130 | 1,833,561 | |||||||||||||||
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Compensation and Benefits (d) |
1,319,620 | 1,313,550 | 1,278,479 | 1,351,076 | 1,168,909 | |||||||||||||||
Other Operating Expenses (e) |
499,811 | 446,211 | 486,586 | 435,461 | 422,861 | |||||||||||||||
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Total Operating Expenses |
1,819,431 | 1,759,761 | 1,765,065 | 1,786,537 | 1,591,770 | |||||||||||||||
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Operating Income |
$ | 530,845 | $ | 540,975 | $ | 219,009 | $ | 121,593 | $ | 241,791 | ||||||||||
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Net Income |
$ | 449,297 | $ | 463,160 | $ | 186,767 | $ | 90,971 | $ | 214,383 | ||||||||||
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Net Income Attributable to Lazard Group |
$ | 442,738 | $ | 457,004 | $ | 183,063 | $ | 87,609 | $ | 210,705 | ||||||||||
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Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Data |
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Total Assets |
$ | 3,398,046 | $ | 3,170,680 | $ | 3,093,988 | $ | 3,048,380 | $ | 3,037,453 | ||||||||||
Total Debt (f) |
$ | 1,007,378 | $ | 1,060,365 | $ | 1,064,184 | $ | 1,094,713 | $ | 1,096,934 | ||||||||||
Total Lazard Group Members Equity |
$ | 649,759 | $ | 431,546 | $ | 469,472 | $ | 453,179 | $ | 614,344 | ||||||||||
Total Members Equity |
$ | 702,900 | $ | 494,139 | $ | 536,126 | $ | 529,087 | $ | 718,267 | ||||||||||
Other Data |
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Assets Under Management: |
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As of December 31 |
$ | 186,380,000 | $ | 197,103,000 | $ | 186,924,000 | $ | 167,060,000 | $ | 141,039,000 | ||||||||||
Average During Year |
$ | 195,987,000 | $ | 196,037,000 | $ | 173,702,000 | $ | 155,549,000 | $ | 152,072,000 | ||||||||||
Total Headcount, As of December 31 |
2,610 | 2,523 | 2,403 | 2,513 | 2,511 | |||||||||||||||
Notes (in thousands of dollars):
(a) Financial Advisory net revenue consists of the following: |
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For The Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||||||||||||
M&A and Other Advisory |
$ | 1,104,146 | $ | 1,010,830 | $ | 768,790 | $ | 792,928 | $ | 700,539 | ||||||||||
Capital Raising |
69,631 | 81,143 | 78,916 | 73,403 | 93,825 | |||||||||||||||
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Total Strategic Advisory |
1,173,777 | 1,091,973 | 847,706 | 866,331 | 794,364 | |||||||||||||||
Restructuring |
105,851 | 114,761 | 132,871 | 182,759 | 197,743 | |||||||||||||||
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Financial Advisory Net Revenue |
$ | 1,279,628 | $ | 1,206,734 | $ | 980,577 | $ | 1,049,090 | $ | 992,107 | ||||||||||
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(b) Asset Management net revenue consists of the following: |
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For The Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | ||||||||||||||||
Management Fees |
$ | 1,000,018 | $ | 1,018,772 | $ | 903,956 | $ | 806,044 | $ | 818,038 | ||||||||||
Incentive Fees |
25,075 | 51,866 | 78,342 | 43,661 | 26,245 | |||||||||||||||
Other Income |
86,012 | 63,957 | 56,832 | 46,555 | 53,118 | |||||||||||||||
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Asset Management Net Revenue |
$ | 1,111,105 | $ | 1,134,595 | $ | 1,039,130 | $ | 896,260 | $ | 897,401 | ||||||||||
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(c) | Corporate includes interest expense (net of interest income), investment income (losses) from certain investments and net revenue earned by LFB through its commercial banking operations. |
(d) | Includes (i) in 2013, charges of $51,399 relating to the acceleration of unrecognized amortization expense pertaining to previously granted deferred incentive compensation, severance and benefit payments and other compensation-related costs, all relating to the cost saving initiatives announced by the Company in October 2012, and $12,203 related to incentive compensation expense related to private equity transactions for which revenue may be recognized in the future and (ii) in 2012, charges of $21,754 recorded in the first quarter pertaining to severance costs and benefit payments associated with staff reductions, including the acceleration of unrecognized amortization expense of deferred incentive compensation previously granted to individuals being terminated, and $99,987 recorded in the fourth quarter relating to the acceleration of unrecognized amortization expense pertaining to previously granted deferred incentive compensation, severance and benefit payments and other compensation-related costs relating to the cost saving initiatives announced by the Company in October 2012. |
(e) | Includes (i) in 2015, $60,219 relating to the redemption of a significant portion of the Companys 6.85% senior notes maturing on June 15, 2017, (ii) in 2013, $13,304 relating to the cost saving initiatives announced by the Company in October 2012 and $54,087 related to the refinancing of the 7.125% senior notes maturing on May 15, 2015; and (iii) in 2012, non-compensation costs of $2,905 recorded in the first quarter associated with staff reductions and $2,589 recorded in the fourth quarter relating to the cost saving initiatives announced by the Company in October 2012. |
(f) | Represents the aggregate amount reflected in the Companys consolidated statements of financial condition relating to senior debt and capital lease obligations. |
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Item 7. | Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Lazard Groups consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this Form 10-K). This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events may differ significantly from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those set forth in the sections entitled Risk Factors and Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements and elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Business Summary
Lazard is one of the worlds preeminent financial advisory and asset management firms. We have long specialized in crafting solutions to the complex financial and strategic challenges of a diverse set of clients around the world, including corporations, governments, institutions, partnerships and individuals. Founded in 1848 in New Orleans, we currently operate from 43 cities in key business and financial centers across 27 countries throughout North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, the Middle East, and Central and South America.
Our primary business purpose is to serve our clients. Our deep roots in business centers around the world form a global network of relationships with key decision-makers in corporations, governments and investing institutions. This network is both a competitive strength and a powerful resource for Lazard and our clients. As a firm that competes on the quality of our advice, we have two fundamental assets: our people and our reputation.
We operate in cyclical businesses across multiple geographies, industries and asset classes. In recent years, we have expanded our geographic reach, bolstered our industry expertise and continued to build in growth areas. Companies, government bodies and investors seek independent advice with a geographic perspective, deep understanding of capital structure, informed research and knowledge of global economic conditions. We believe that our business model as an independent advisor will continue to create opportunities for us to attract new clients and key personnel.
Our principal sources of revenue are derived from activities in the following business segments:
| Financial Advisory, which offers corporate, partnership, institutional, government, sovereign and individual clients across the globe a wide array of financial advisory services regarding mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and other strategic matters, restructurings, capital structure, capital raising, corporate preparedness and various other financial matters, and |
| Asset Management, which offers a broad range of global investment solutions and investment management services in equity and fixed income strategies, alternative investments and private equity funds to corporations, public funds, sovereign entities, endowments and foundations, labor funds, financial intermediaries and private clients. |
In addition, we record selected other activities in our Corporate segment, including management of cash, investments, deferred tax assets, outstanding indebtedness and assets and liabilities associated with Lazard Groups Paris-based subsidiary, Lazard Frères Banque SA (LFB).
LFB, as a registered bank, is engaged primarily in commercial and private banking services for clients and funds managed by Lazard Frères Gestion SAS (LFG) and other clients, investment banking activities, including participation in underwritten offerings of securities in France, and asset-liability management.
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Our consolidated net revenue was derived from the following segments:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
Financial Advisory |
54 | % | 53 | % | 49 | % | ||||||
Asset Management |
47 | 49 | 52 | |||||||||
Corporate |
(1 | ) | (2 | ) | (1 | ) | ||||||
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Total |
100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | ||||||
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We also invest our own capital from time to time, generally alongside capital of qualified institutional and individual investors in alternative investments or private equity investments, and, since 2005, we have engaged in a number of alternative investments and private equity activities, including, historically, investments through (i) the Edgewater Funds (Edgewater), our Chicago-based private equity firm (see Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements), (ii) a mezzanine fund, which invests in mezzanine debt of a diversified selection of small-to mid-cap European companies and (iii) a fund targeting significant noncontrolling-stake investments in established private companies. We also make investments to seed our Asset Management strategies.
Business Environment and Outlook
Economic and global financial market conditions can materially affect our financial performance. As described above, our principal sources of revenue are derived from activities in our Financial Advisory and Asset Management business segments. As our Financial Advisory revenues are primarily dependent on the successful completion of merger, acquisition, restructuring, capital raising or similar transactions, and our Asset Management revenues are primarily driven by the levels of assets under management (AUM), weak economic and global financial market conditions can result in a challenging business environment for M&A and capital-raising activity as well as our Asset Management business, but may provide opportunities for our restructuring business.
Equity market indices for developed markets at December 31, 2015 were mixed, with European indices generally increasing and U.S. indices generally decreasing, as compared to such indices at December 31, 2014. Emerging markets equity indices at December 31, 2015 decreased as compared to December 31, 2014. In the global M&A markets during 2015, the value of all completed M&A transactions increased as compared to the same period in the prior year, as did the subset of such transactions involving values greater than $500 million. During the same time, the value of all announced M&A transactions, including the subset of such transactions involving values greater than $500 million, also increased, reflecting an active global M&A environment. While the value of completed and announced transactions increased as compared to the prior period, the number of completed and announced transactions (excluding the subset of completed and announced transactions involving values greater than $500 million) decreased. During 2015, global restructuring activity remained low, consistent with the last several years.
Entering 2016, volatile market conditions continue. However, corporate cash balances remain high, and interest rates remain low for companies with strong credit ratings. Although market volatility may continue and may affect our business in 2016, the longer-term trends appear to remain favorable for both of our businesses.
Our outlook with respect to our Financial Advisory and Asset Management businesses is described below.
| Financial Advisory The fundamentals for continued M&A activity appear to remain in place. Demand continues for expert, independent strategic advice that can be levered across geographies and our range of advisory capabilities. The global scale and breadth of our Financial Advisory business allows us to advise on large, complex cross-border transactions across a variety of industries. In addition, we believe our businesses throughout the emerging markets, Japan and Australia position us for growth in these markets, while enhancing our relationships with, and the services that we can provide to, clients in other economies. |
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| Asset Management In the short to intermediate term, we expect most investor demand will come from defined benefit and defined contribution plans in the developed economies because of their sheer scope and size. Over the longer term, we expect an increasing share of our AUM to come from the developing economies in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East, as their retirement systems evolve and individual wealth is increasingly deployed in the financial markets. Our global footprint is already well established in the developed economies and we expect our business in the developing economies will continue to expand. Given our globally diversified platform and our ability to provide investment solutions for a global mix of clients, we believe we are positioned to benefit from growth that may occur in the asset management industry. In recent years, we have expanded the global footprint of our Asset Management business by opening offices in Singapore, Dubai and Dublin. We are continually developing and seeding new investment strategies that extend our existing platforms. Recent examples of growth initiatives include the following investment strategies: U.S. Long/Short Equity, European Long/Short Equity, Quantitative Equity and Middle East North African Equities. |
We operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge continuously, and it is not possible for our management to predict all risks and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all potentially applicable factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. See Item 1A, Risk Factors in this Form 10-K. Furthermore, net income and revenue in any period may not be indicative of full-year results or the results of any other period and may vary significantly from year to year and quarter to quarter.
Overall, we continue to focus on the development of our business, including the generation of stable revenue growth, earnings growth and member returns, the prudent management of our costs and expenses, the efficient use of our assets and the return of equity to our members.
Certain data with respect to our Financial Advisory and Asset Management businesses is included below.
Financial Advisory
As reflected in the following table, which sets forth global M&A industry statistics, the value of all completed transactions, including completed transactions with values greater than $500 million, increased in 2015 as compared to 2014, while the number of all completed transactions, excluding completed transactions with values greater than $500 million, decreased over the same period. With respect to announced M&A transactions, the value of all transactions including announced transactions with values greater than $500 million, increased in 2015 as compared to 2014, while the number of all announced transactions decreased over the same period.
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | % Incr / (Decr) |
||||||||||
($ in billions) |
||||||||||||
Completed M&A Transactions: |
||||||||||||
All deals: |
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Value |
$ | 3,917 | $ | 3,042 | 29 | % | ||||||
Number |
37,182 | 40,663 | (9 | )% | ||||||||
Deals Greater than $500 million: |
||||||||||||
Value |
3,053 | 2,165 | 41 | % | ||||||||
Number |
1,174 | 1,094 | 7 | % | ||||||||
Announced M&A Transactions: |
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All deals: |
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Value |
$ | 5,045 | $ | 3,666 | 38 | % | ||||||
Number |
39,465 | 41,246 | (4 | )% | ||||||||
Deals Greater than $500 million: |
||||||||||||
Value |
4,057 | 2,750 | 48 | % | ||||||||
Number |
1,344 | 1,185 | 13 | % |
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Source: | Dealogic as of January 8, 2016. |
Global restructuring activity during 2015, as measured by the number of corporate defaults, increased as compared to 2014. However, the aggregate value of debt defaults remained low, consistent with the last several years. The number of defaulting issuers increased to 108 in 2015, according to Moodys Investors Service, Inc., as compared to 54 in 2014.
Asset Management
The percentage change in major equity market indices at December 31, 2015, as compared to such indices at December 31, 2014, and at December 31, 2014, as compared to such indices at December 31, 2013, is shown in the table below.
Percentage Changes December 31, |
||||||||
2015 vs. 2014 | 2014 vs. 2013 | |||||||
MSCI World Index |
(3 | )% | 3 | % | ||||
Euro Stoxx |
4 | % | 1 | % | ||||
MSCI Emerging Market |
(17 | )% | (5 | )% | ||||
S&P 500 |
(1 | )% | 11 | % |
The fees that we receive for providing investment management and advisory services are primarily driven by the level of AUM and the nature of the AUM product mix. Accordingly, market movements, foreign currency exchange rate volatility and changes in our AUM product mix will impact the level of revenues we receive from our Asset Management business when comparing periodic results. A substantial portion of our AUM is invested in equities. Movements in AUM during the period generally reflect the changes in equity market indices. Our AUM at December 31, 2015 decreased 5% versus AUM at December 31, 2014, primarily due to adverse foreign exchange movements, partially offset by net inflows and market appreciation. Average AUM for 2015 was substantially unchanged as compared to average AUM in 2014.
Cost Saving Initiatives
In October 2012, we announced certain cost saving initiatives in order to reduce our compensation and non-compensation cost base. Expenses associated with implementation of the cost saving initiatives were completed in the second quarter of 2013 and were reflected in our financial results. These implementation expenses were approximately $64 million in 2013.
The cost saving initiatives were intended to improve our profitability with minimal impact on revenue growth, while allowing us to continue to invest in our business. The initiatives included: streamlining our corporate structure and consolidating support functions; realigning our investments into areas with potential for the greatest long-term return; the settlement of certain contractual obligations; reducing occupancy costs; and creating greater flexibility to retain and attract the best people and invest in new growth areas. The full impact of the savings resulting from the cost saving initiatives was reflected in our 2014 results.
See Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Financial Statement Overview
Net Revenue
The majority of Lazards Financial Advisory net revenue historically has been earned from the successful completion of M&A transactions, strategic advisory matters, restructuring and capital structure advisory services, capital raising and similar transactions. The main drivers of Financial Advisory net revenue are overall M&A activity,
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the level of corporate debt defaults and the environment for capital raising activities, particularly in the industries and geographic markets in which Lazard focuses. In some client engagements, often those involving financially distressed companies, revenue is earned in the form of retainers and similar fees that are contractually agreed upon with each client for each assignment and are not necessarily linked to the completion of a transaction. In addition, Lazard also earns fees from providing strategic advice to clients, with such fees not being dependent on a specific transaction, and may also earn fees in connection with public and private securities offerings. Significant fluctuations in Financial Advisory net revenue can occur over the course of any given year, because a significant portion of such net revenue is earned upon the successful completion of a transaction, restructuring or capital raising activity, the timing of which is uncertain and is not subject to Lazards control.
Lazards Asset Management segment principally includes Lazard Asset Management LLC (together with its subsidiaries, LAM), LFG and Edgewater. Asset Management net revenue is derived from fees for investment management and advisory services provided to clients. As noted above, the main driver of Asset Management net revenue is the level and product mix of AUM, which is generally influenced by the performance of the global equity markets and, to a lesser extent, fixed income markets as well as Lazards investment performance, which impacts its ability to successfully attract and retain assets. As a result, fluctuations (including timing thereof) in financial markets and client asset inflows and outflows have a direct effect on Asset Management net revenue and operating income. Asset Management fees are generally based on the level of AUM measured daily, monthly or quarterly, and an increase or reduction in AUM, due to market price fluctuations, currency fluctuations, changes in product mix, or net client asset flows will result in a corresponding increase or decrease in management fees. The majority of our investment advisory contracts are generally terminable at any time or on notice of 30 days or less. Institutional and individual clients, and firms with which we have strategic alliances, can terminate their relationship with us, reduce the aggregate amount of AUM or shift their funds to other types of accounts with different rate structures for a number of reasons, including investment performance, changes in prevailing interest rates and financial market performance. In addition, as Lazards AUM includes significant amounts of assets that are denominated in currencies other than U.S. Dollars, changes in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to foreign currencies will impact the value of Lazards AUM. Fees vary with the type of assets managed and the vehicle in which they are managed, with higher fees earned on equity assets and alternative investment funds, such as hedge funds and private equity funds, and lower fees earned on fixed income and cash management products.
The Company earns performance-based incentive fees on various investment products, including traditional products and alternative investment funds, such as hedge funds and private equity funds.
For hedge funds, incentive fees are calculated based on a specified percentage of a funds net appreciation, in some cases in excess of established benchmarks or thresholds. The Company records incentive fees on traditional products and hedge funds at the end of the relevant performance measurement period, when potential uncertainties regarding the ultimate realizable amounts have been determined. The incentive fee measurement period is generally an annual period (unless an account terminates or a redemption occurs during the year). The incentive fees received at the end of the measurement period are not subject to reversal or payback. Incentive fees on hedge funds are often subject to loss carryforward provisions in which losses incurred by the hedge funds in any year are applied against certain gains realized by the hedge funds in future periods before any incentive fees can be earned.
For private equity funds, incentive fees may be earned in the form of a carried interest if profits arising from realized investments exceed a specified threshold. Typically, such carried interest is ultimately calculated on a whole-fund basis and, therefore, clawback of carried interest during the life of the fund can occur. As a result, incentive fees earned on our private equity funds are not recognized until potential uncertainties regarding the ultimate realizable amounts have been determined, including any potential for clawback.
Corporate segment net revenue consists primarily of investment gains and losses on the Companys seed investments related to our Asset Management business, principal investments in private equity funds and equity method investments, net of hedging activities, as well as gains and losses on investments held in
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connection with Lazard Fund Interests (LFI) and interest income and interest expense. Corporate net revenue also can fluctuate due to changes in the fair value of investments classified as trading, as well as due to changes in interest and currency exchange rates and in the levels of cash, investments and indebtedness.
Although Corporate segment net revenue during 2015 represented (1)% of Lazards net revenue, total assets in the Corporate segment represented 59% of Lazards consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2015, which are attributable to cash and cash equivalents, investments in debt and equity securities, interests in alternative investment, debt, equity and private equity funds, deferred tax assets and certain assets associated with LFB.
Operating Expenses
The majority of Lazards operating expenses relate to compensation and benefits for managing directors and employees. Our compensation and benefits expense includes (i) salaries and benefits, (ii) amortization of the relevant portion of previously granted deferred incentive compensation awards, including (a) share-based incentive compensation under the Lazard Ltd 2008 Incentive Compensation Plan (the 2008 Plan) and the Lazard Ltd 2005 Equity Incentive Plan (the 2005 Plan), which expired in the second quarter of 2015, and (b) LFI and other similar deferred compensation arrangements (see Note 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements), (iii) a provision for discretionary or guaranteed cash bonuses and profit pools and (iv) when applicable, severance payments. Compensation expense in any given period is dependent on many factors, including general economic and market conditions, our actual and forecasted operating and financial performance, staffing levels, estimated forfeiture rates, competitive pay conditions and the nature of revenues earned, as well as the mix between current and deferred compensation.
We believe that awarded compensation and benefits expense and the ratio of awarded compensation and benefits expense to operating revenue, both non-U.S. GAAP measures, are the most appropriate measures to assess the annual cost of compensation and provide the most meaningful basis for comparison of compensation and benefits expense between present, historical and future years. Awarded compensation and benefits expense for a given year is calculated using adjusted compensation and benefits expense, also a non-U.S. GAAP measure, as modified by the following items:
| We deduct amortization expense recorded for accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP) purposes in the fiscal year associated with deferred incentive compensation awards; |
| We add incentive compensation with respect to the fiscal year, which is comprised of: |
(i) | the deferred incentive compensation awards granted in the year-end compensation process with respect to the fiscal year (e.g. deferred incentive compensation awards granted in 2016 related to the 2015 year-end compensation process), including PRSU awards (based on the target payout level); |
(ii) | the portion of investments in people (e.g. sign-on bonuses or retention awards) and other special deferred incentive compensation awards that is applicable to the fiscal year the award becomes effective; and |
(iii) | amounts in excess of the target payout level for PRSU awards at the end of their respective performance periods; and |
| We reduce the amounts in (i), (ii) and (iii) above by an estimate of future forfeitures with respect to such awards; and |
| We adjust for year-end foreign exchange fluctuations. |
We also use adjusted compensation and benefits expense and the ratio of adjusted compensation and benefits expense to operating revenue, both non-U.S. GAAP measures, for comparison of compensation and
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benefits expense between periods. For the reconciliations and calculations with respect to adjusted compensation and benefits expense and awarded compensation and benefits expense and related ratios to operating revenue, see the table under Consolidated Results of Operations below.
Compensation and benefits expense is the largest component of our operating expenses. Our goal is for annual awarded compensation and benefits expense to rise at a slower rate than operating revenue growth, and if operating revenue declines, awarded compensation and benefits expense should also decline. In addition, we seek to maintain discipline with respect to the rate at which we award deferred compensation. We believe that over the cycle we can attain a ratio of awarded compensation and benefits expense to operating revenue in the mid-to-high-50s percentage range, which compares to 55.8% for the year ended December 31, 2015. While we have implemented initiatives that we believe will assist us in attaining a ratio within this range, there can be no guarantee that such a ratio will be attained or that our policies or initiatives will not change in the future. We may benefit from pressure on compensation costs within the financial services industry in future periods; however, increased competition for senior professionals, changes in the macroeconomic environment or the financial markets generally, lower operating revenue resulting from, for example, a decrease in M&A activity, our share of the M&A market or our AUM levels, changes in the mix of revenues from our businesses or various other factors could prevent us from attaining this goal.
Our operating expenses also include non-compensation expense, which includes costs for occupancy and equipment, marketing and business development, technology and information services, professional services, fund administration and outsourced services and other expenses. In 2015, non-compensation expense also included the expenses related to the redemption of a significant portion of the Companys 6.85% senior notes due 2017 (the 2017 Notes) (see Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). In 2013, non-compensation expense also included the implementation of the cost saving initiatives and expenses related to the refinancing of the 7.125% senior notes due 2015 (the 2015 Notes) and the issuance of $500 million of 4.25% senior notes maturing in 2020 (the 2020 Notes) (see Notes 11 and 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements).
We believe that adjusted non-compensation expense, a non-U.S. GAAP measure, provides a more meaningful basis for assessing our operating results. For calculations with respect to adjusted non-compensation expense, see the table under Consolidated Results of Operations below.
Our operating expenses also include the amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions. For all periods, the amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions pertains primarily to the acquisition of Edgewater.
Provision for Income Taxes
Lazard Group primarily operates in the U.S. as a limited liability company that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, Lazard Groups income pertaining to the limited liability company is not subject to U.S. federal income tax because taxes associated with such income represent obligations of the individual partners. Outside the U.S., Lazard Group operates principally through subsidiary corporations that are subject to local income taxes in foreign jurisdictions. Lazard Group is also subject to Unincorporated Business Tax (UBT) attributable to its operations apportioned to New York City (see Note 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests primarily consist of amounts related to Edgewaters management vehicles that the Company is deemed to control but not own. See Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the Companys noncontrolling interests.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
Lazards consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. Dollars. Many of our non-U.S. subsidiaries have a functional currency (i.e., the currency in which operational activities are primarily conducted) that is other than the U.S. Dollar, generally the currency of the country in which the subsidiaries are domiciled. Such subsidiaries assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. Dollars using exchange rates as of the respective balance sheet date, while revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the respective periods based on the daily closing exchange rates. Adjustments that result from translating amounts from a subsidiarys functional currency are reported as a component of members equity. Foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses on transactions in non-functional currencies are included in the consolidated statements of operations.
A portion of our net revenue is derived from transactions that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Since the middle of 2014, the value of the U.S. dollar has strengthened against many other major currencies. As a result, net revenue for the year ended December 31, 2015 was negatively impacted in comparison to the prior year period. The majority of the negative impact was offset by the positive impact of the exchange rate movements on our operating expenses denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. Selected financial data from the Companys reported consolidated results of operations is set forth below, followed by a more detailed discussion of both the consolidated and business segment results.
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in thousands) |
||||||||||||
Net Revenue |
$ | 2,350,276 | $ | 2,300,736 | $ | 1,984,074 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Operating Expenses: |
||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
1,319,620 | 1,313,550 | 1,278,479 | |||||||||
Non-compensation |
493,990 | 439,824 | 476,472 | |||||||||
Amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions |
5,821 | 6,387 | 10,114 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Total operating expenses |
1,819,431 | 1,759,761 | 1,765,065 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Operating Income |
530,845 | 540,975 | 219,009 | |||||||||
Provision for income taxes |
81,548 | 77,815 | 32,242 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Net Income |
449,297 | 463,160 | 186,767 | |||||||||
Less Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests |
6,559 | 6,156 | 3,704 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Net Income Attributable to Lazard Group |
$ | 442,738 | $ | 457,004 | $ | 183,063 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Operating Income as a % of net revenue |
22.6 | % | 23.5 | % | 11.0 | % | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
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Table of Contents
The tables below describe the components of operating revenue, adjusted and awarded compensation and benefits expense, adjusted non-compensation expense, earnings from operations and related key ratios, which are non-U.S. GAAP measures used by the Company to manage its business. We believe such non-U.S. GAAP measures provide the most meaningful basis for comparison between present, historical and future periods, as described above.
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in thousands) |
||||||||||||
Operating Revenue: |
||||||||||||
Net revenue |
$ | 2,350,276 | $ | 2,300,736 | $ | 1,984,074 | ||||||
Adjustments: |
||||||||||||
Interest expense (a) |
54,218 | 67,687 | 85,806 | |||||||||
Revenue related to noncontrolling interests (b) |
(15,592 | ) | (14,956 | ) | (15,115 | ) | ||||||
Private equity revenue adjustment (c) |
(12,203 | ) | | | ||||||||
(Gains) losses on investments pertaining to LFI (d) |
3,827 | (7,326 | ) | (14,099 | ) | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Operating revenue |
$ | 2,380,526 | $ | 2,346,141 | $ | 2,040,666 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
(a) | Interest expense (excluding interest expense incurred by LFB) is added back in determining operating revenue because such expense relates to corporate financing activities and is not considered to be a cost directly related to the revenue of our business. |
(b) | Revenue related to the consolidation of noncontrolling interests is excluded from operating revenue because the Company has no economic interest in such amount. |
(c) | The Company disposed of its private equity business in Australia in the second quarter of 2015 in a transaction with the management team of the disposed business. Revenue of $24,388 relating to the disposal of the business (which primarily represents the realization of carried interest at fair value) is adjusted for the recognition of an obligation of $12,203 with the management of the disposed business, which obligation was previously recognized for U.S. GAAP. |
(d) | Represents changes in the fair value of investments held in connection with LFI and other similar deferred compensation arrangements for which a corresponding equal amount is excluded from compensation and benefits expense. |
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Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in thousands) |
||||||||||||
Compensation and Benefits Expense: |
||||||||||||
Total compensation and benefits expense |
$ | 1,319,620 | $ | 1,313,550 | $ | 1,278,479 | ||||||
Adjustments: |
||||||||||||
Cost saving initiatives (a) |
| | (51,399 | ) | ||||||||
Noncontrolling interests (b) |
(4,776 | ) | (4,567 | ) | (4,232 | ) | ||||||
Private equity incentive compensation (c) |
| | |
(12,203 |
) | |||||||
(Charges) credits pertaining to LFI (d) |
3,827 | (7,326 | ) | (14,099 | ) | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Adjusted compensation and benefits expense |
1,318,671 | 1,301,657 | 1,196,546 | |||||||||
Deduct amortization of deferred incentive compensation awards |
(320,751 | ) | (299,230 | ) | (297,607 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Total adjusted cash compensation and benefits expense (e) |
997,920 | 1,002,427 | 898,939 | |||||||||
Add: |
||||||||||||
Year-end deferred incentive compensation awards (f) |
336,086 | 325,210 | 291,007 | |||||||||
Sign-on and other special incentive awards (g) |
26,398 | 14,248 | 22,107 | |||||||||
Deduct adjustment for estimated forfeitures (h) |
(27,186 | ) | (25,459 | ) | (27,270 | ) | ||||||
Other adjustments (i) |
(4,232 | ) | (11,172 | ) | 1,908 | |||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Awarded compensation and benefits expense |
$ | 1,328,986 | $ | 1,305,254 | $ | 1,186,691 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Adjusted compensation and benefits expense, |
55.4 | % | 55.5 | % | 58.6 | % | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Awarded compensation and benefits expense, |
55.8 | % | 55.6 | % | 58.2 | % | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
(a) | Represents expenses related to the cost saving initiatives for (i) severance costs and benefit payments; (ii) the acceleration of unrecognized amortization expense of deferred incentive compensation previously granted to individuals whose employment with Lazard has been terminated; and (iii) the settlement of certain contractual obligations. |
(b) | Expenses related to the consolidation of noncontrolling interests are excluded because Lazard has no economic interest in such amounts. |
(c) | Incentive compensation expense pertaining to private equity transactions for which revenue may be recognized in the future is excluded in order to more closely align the timing of the recognition of such expense to the timing of the recognition of the related revenue. |
(d) | Represents changes in fair value of the compensation liability recorded in connection with LFI and other similar deferred incentive compensation awards for which a corresponding equal amount is excluded from operating revenue. |
(e) | Includes base salaries and benefits of $583,951, $569,540 and $530,399 for 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and cash incentive compensation of $413,948, $432,887 and $368,540 for the respective years. |
(f) | Deferred incentive compensation awards applicable to the relevant year-end compensation process (e.g. deferred incentive compensation awards granted in 2016, 2015 and 2014 related to the 2015, 2014 and 2013 year-end compensation processes, respectively). |
(g) | Represents deferred incentive compensation awards that are granted outside the year-end compensation process, and includes grants to new hires, retention awards and performance units earned under PRSU grants. |
(h) | An estimate, based on historical experience and future expectations, for future forfeitures of the deferred portion of such awards in order to present awarded compensation and benefits expense on a similar basis to that under U.S. GAAP, which also considers estimated forfeitures. |
(i) | Represents an adjustment to the year-end foreign exchange spot rate from the full year average rate for year-end incentive compensation awards. |
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Table of Contents
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in thousands) |
||||||||||||
Adjusted Non-Compensation Expense: |
||||||||||||
Total non-compensation expense |
$493,990 | $439,824 | $476,472 | |||||||||
Adjustments: |
||||||||||||
Noncontrolling interests (a) |
(1,490 | ) | (1,913 | ) | (1,993 | ) | ||||||
Charges pertaining to senior debt refinancing (b) |
(60,219 | ) | | (54,087 | ) | |||||||
Other charges |
(355 | ) | | | ||||||||
Cost saving initiatives (c) |
| | (13,304 | ) | ||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Adjusted non-compensation expense |
$431,926 | $437,911 | $407,088 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Adjusted non-compensation expense, as a % of operating revenue |
18.1% | 18.7% | 19.9% | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
(a) | Expenses related to the consolidation of noncontrolling interests are excluded because the Company has no economic interest in such amounts. |
(b) | Charges pertaining to (i) the redemption of a significant portion of the Companys 2017 Notes in 2015 and (ii) the refinancing of the 2015 Notes and the issuance of the 2020 Notes in 2013 are excluded because of the non-operating nature of such transactions. See Liquidity and Capital ResourcesFinancing Activities. |
(c) | Represents expenses related to the cost saving initiatives for occupancy cost reduction and other non-compensation related costs. |
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in thousands) |
||||||||||||
Earnings From Operations: |
||||||||||||
Operating revenue |
$ | 2,380,526 | $ | 2,346,141 | $ | 2,040,666 | ||||||
Deduct: |
||||||||||||
Adjusted compensation and benefits expense |
(1,318,671 | ) | (1,301,657 | ) | (1,196,546 | ) | ||||||
Adjusted non-compensation expense |
(431,926 | ) | (437,911 | ) | (407,088 | ) | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Earnings from operations |
$ | 629,929 | $ | 606,573 | $ | 437,032 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Earnings from operations, as a % of operating revenue |
26.5 | % | 25.9 | % | 21.4 | % | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
Headcount information is set forth below:
As Of December 31, | |||||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | |||||||||||||
Headcount: |
|||||||||||||||
Managing Directors: |
|||||||||||||||
Financial Advisory |
139 | 139 | 132 | ||||||||||||
Asset Management |
90 | 81 | 72 | ||||||||||||
Corporate |
18 | 16 | 15 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
Total Managing Directors |
247 | 236 | 219 | ||||||||||||
Other Employees: |
|||||||||||||||
Business segment professionals |
1,173 | 1,139 | 1,077 | ||||||||||||
All other professionals and support staff |
1,190 | 1,148 | 1,107 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||||||||
Total |
2,610 | 2,523 | 2,403 | ||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
43
Table of Contents
Operating Results
Year Ended December 31, 2015 versus December 31, 2014
The Company reported net income attributable to Lazard Group of $443 million, as compared to net income of $457 million in 2014. The changes in the Companys operating results during these years are described below.
Net revenue increased $50 million, or 2%, with operating revenue increasing $34 million, or 1%, as compared to 2014. Fee revenue from investment banking and other advisory activities increased $75 million, or 6%, primarily due to increases in M&A and Other Advisory fees. The increase in M&A and Other Advisory fee revenue was primarily due to an increase in the average transaction fee with respect to completed transactions involving fees greater than $1 million as compared to 2014. Asset management fees, including incentive fees, decreased $44 million, or 4%, as compared to 2014, due to a decrease in management fees from slightly lower average AUM, a slight change in the mix of assets and a decrease in incentive fees relating to traditional investment products. In the aggregate, interest income, other revenue and interest expense increased $19 million as compared to 2014, primarily due to a $24 million gain on the disposal of the Companys Australian private equity business (which primarily related to the realization of carried interest at fair value), partially offset by lower investment gains from LFI. Interest expense was lower due to the refinancing of the 2017 Notes.
Compensation and benefits expense increased $6 million as compared to 2014, primarily driven by an increase in operating revenue.
Adjusted compensation and benefits expense (which excludes certain items and which we believe allows for improved comparability between years, as described above) was $1.319 billion, an increase of $17 million, or 1%, as compared to $1.302 billion in 2014. The ratio of adjusted compensation and benefits expense to operating revenue was 55.4% for the 2015 period, as compared to 55.5% for the 2014 period. Awarded compensation and benefits expense in 2015 was $1.329 billion, an increase of $24 million, or 2%, when compared to $1.305 billion in 2014. The ratio of awarded compensation and benefits expense to operating revenue was 55.8% for 2015 as compared to 55.6 for the 2014 period. The year-end deferred incentive compensation awarded for 2015 was $336 million, representing an $11 million, or 3%, increase compared to 2014. As described above, when analyzing compensation and benefits expense on a full-year basis, we believe that awarded compensation and benefits expense provides the most meaningful basis for comparison of compensation and benefits expense between present, historical and future years.
Non-compensation expense increased $54 million, or 12%, as compared to 2014, primarily due to a charge of $60 million related to the redemption of a significant portion of the Companys 2017 Notes. Adjusted non-compensation expense, which excludes such charge, as well as non-compensation costs relating to noncontrolling interests, decreased $6 million, or 1%, as compared to 2014. The ratio of adjusted non-compensation expense to operating revenue was 18.1%, as compared to 18.7% in 2014.
Amortization of intangible assets remained substantially unchanged as compared to 2014.
Operating income, which included the charge relating to the redemption of a significant portion of the Companys 2017 Notes decreased $10 million, or 2%, as compared to 2014.
Earnings from operations, which exclude the charge related to the redemption of a significant portion of the Companys 2017 Notes increased $23 million, or 4%, as compared to 2014, and, as a percentage of operating revenue, was 26.5%, as compared to 25.9% in 2014.
The provision for income taxes reflects an effective tax rate of 15.4%, as compared to 14.4% for 2014. The increase in the effective tax rate in 2015 as compared to 2014 primarily reflects the change in the geographic mix of earnings. See Note 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Table of Contents
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests remained substantially unchanged as compared to 2014.
Year Ended December 31, 2014 versus December 31, 2013
The Company reported net income attributable to Lazard Group of $457 million, as compared to net income of $183 million in 2013. The changes in the Companys operating results during these years are described below.
Net revenue increased $317 million, or 16%, with operating revenue increasing $305 million, or 15%, as compared to 2013. Fee revenue from investment banking and other advisory activities increased $229 million, or 24%, primarily due to increases in M&A and Other Advisory fees. The increase in M&A and Other Advisory fee revenue was primarily due to an increase in the number of, and average transaction fee with respect to, completed transactions involving fees greater than $1 million as compared to 2013. Asset management fees, including incentive fees, increased $86 million, or 9%, principally reflecting a $22 billion, or 13%, increase in average AUM as compared to 2013. In the aggregate, interest income, other revenue and interest expense increased $2 million, or 10%, as compared to 2013.
Compensation and benefits expense increased $35 million, or 3%, as compared to 2013 (which included a $51 million charge related to the cost saving initiatives and a $12 million charge related to private equity incentive compensation), primarily driven by an increase in discretionary compensation associated with increased operating revenue.
Adjusted compensation and benefits expense (which excludes certain items and which we believe allows for improved comparability between years, as described above) was $1.302 billion, an increase of $105 million, or 9%, as compared to $1.197 billion in 2013, primarily driven by an increase in discretionary compensation associated with increased operating revenue. The ratio of adjusted compensation and benefits expense to operating revenue was 55.5% for 2014, as compared to 58.6% for 2013. Awarded compensation and benefits expense in 2014 was $1.305 billion, an increase of $119 million, or 10%, when compared to $1.187 billion in 2013. The ratio of awarded compensation and benefits expense to operating revenue was 55.6% for 2014, as compared to 58.2% for 2013. The year-end deferred incentive compensation awarded for 2014 was $325 million, representing a $34 million, or 12%, increase compared to 2013. As described above, when analyzing compensation and benefits expense on a full-year basis, we believe that awarded compensation and benefits expense provides the most meaningful basis for comparison of compensation and benefits expense between present, historical and future years.
Non-compensation expense decreased $37 million, or 8%, as compared to 2013 (which included a charge of $13 million related to the cost saving initiatives and $54 million related to the financing of the 2015 Notes and the issuance of the 2020 Notes). When excluding such charges, as well as non-compensation costs relating to noncontrolling interests, adjusted non-compensation expense increased $31 million, or 8%, as compared to 2013, primarily reflecting increased business activity, investment in our businesses and the net impact of various one-time items recorded in 2014 and in 2013. The ratio of adjusted non-compensation expense to operating revenue was 18.7%, as compared to 19.9% in 2013.
Amortization of intangible assets decreased $4 million as compared to 2013.
Operating income increased $321 million as compared to 2013 (which included charges relating to the cost saving initiatives, private equity incentive compensation and the refinancing of the 2015 Notes of $64 million, $12 million and $54 million, respectively).
Earnings from operations increased $170 million, or 39%, as compared to 2013, and, as a percentage of operating revenue, was 25.9%, as compared to 21.4% in 2013.
The provision for income taxes reflects an effective tax rate of 14.4%, as compared to 14.7% for 2013. The decrease in the effective tax rate primarily reflects the change in the geographic mix of earnings (see Note 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
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Table of Contents
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests increased $2 million as compared to 2013.
Business Segments
The following is a discussion of net revenue and operating income for the Companys segments: Financial Advisory, Asset Management and Corporate. Each segments operating expenses include (i) compensation and benefits expenses that are incurred directly in support of the segment and (ii) other operating expenses, which include directly incurred expenses for occupancy and equipment, marketing and business development, technology and information services, professional services, fund administration and outsourcing, and indirect support costs (including compensation and benefits expense and other operating expenses related thereto) for administrative services. Such administrative services include, but are not limited to, accounting, tax, human resources, legal, information technology, facilities management and senior management activities. Such support costs are allocated to the relevant segments based on various statistical drivers such as revenue, headcount, square footage and other factors.
Financial Advisory
The following tables summarize the reported operating results attributable to the Financial Advisory segment:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in thousands) |
||||||||||||
M&A and Other Advisory |
$ | 1,104,146 | $ | 1,010,830 | $ | 768,790 | ||||||
Capital Raising |
69,631 | 81,143 | 78,916 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Total Strategic Advisory |
1,173,777 | 1,091,973 | 847,706 | |||||||||
Restructuring |
105,851 | 114,761 | 132,871 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Net Revenue |
1,279,628 | 1,206,734 | 980,577 | |||||||||
Operating Expenses (a) |
1,005,837 | 977,681 | 959,668 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Operating Income |
$ | 273,791 | $ | 229,053 | $ | 20,909 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Operating Income, as a % of net revenue |
21.4 | % | 19.0 | % | 2.1 | % | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
(a) | In 2013, includes $47,779 associated with the implementation of the cost saving initiatives. |
Net revenue trends in Financial Advisory for M&A and Other Advisory and Restructuring are generally correlated to the level of completed industry-wide M&A transactions and restructuring transactions occurring subsequent to corporate debt defaults, respectively. However, deviations from this relationship can occur in any given year for a number of reasons. For instance, our results can diverge from industry-wide activity where there are material variances from the level of industry-wide M&A activity in a particular market where Lazard has significant market share, or regarding the relative number of our advisory engagements with respect to larger-sized transactions, and where we are involved in non-public or sovereign advisory assignments. For example, our M&A and Other Advisory revenue, which includes Sovereign and Capital Structure Advisory revenue, increased 7% in 2015 as compared to 2014. In contrast, the industry statistics for global M&A transactions described above reflect a 29% increase in the value, and a 9% decrease in the number, of all completed transactions in 2015 as compared to 2014. For M&A deals with values greater than $500 million, the value and number of completed transactions in 2015 increased 41% and 7%, respectively, as compared to 2014.
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Table of Contents
Certain Lazard fee and transaction statistics are set forth below:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
Lazard Statistics: |
||||||||||||
Number of clients with fees greater than $1 million: |
||||||||||||
Total Financial Advisory |
268 | 281 | 235 | |||||||||
M&A and Other Advisory |
223 | 228 | 180 | |||||||||
Percentage of total Financial Advisory net revenue from top 10 clients (a) |
17 | % | 15 | % | 19 | % | ||||||
Number of M&A transactions completed with values greater than $500 million (b) |
81 | 88 | 75 |
(a) | No individual client constituted more than 10% of our Financial Advisory segment net revenue in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 or 2013. |
(b) | Source: Dealogic as of January 8, 2016. |
The geographical distribution of Financial Advisory net revenue is set forth below in percentage terms and is based on the Lazard offices that generate Financial Advisory net revenue, which are located in the U.S., Europe (primarily in the U.K., France, Italy, Spain and Germany) and the rest of the world (primarily in Australia) and therefore may not be reflective of the geography in which the clients are located.
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
United States |
54 | % | 54 | % | 61 | % | ||||||
Europe |
38 | 39 | 34 | |||||||||
Rest of World |
8 | 7 | 5 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Total |
100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Companys managing directors and many of its professionals have significant experience, and many of them are able to use this experience to advise on M&A, strategic advisory matters and restructuring transactions, depending on clients needs. This flexibility allows Lazard to better match its professionals with the counter-cyclical business cycles of mergers and acquisitions and restructurings. While Lazard measures revenue by practice area, Lazard does not separately measure the costs or profitability of M&A services as compared to restructuring services. Accordingly, Lazard measures performance in its Financial Advisory segment based on overall segment operating revenue and operating income margins.
Financial Advisory Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2015 versus December 31, 2014
Financial Advisory net revenue increased $73 million, or 6%, as compared to 2014. Total Strategic Advisory net revenue, representing fees from our M&A and Other Advisory and Capital Raising businesses, increased $82 million, or 7%, and Restructuring revenue decreased $9 million, or 8%, as compared to 2014.
M&A and Other Advisory revenue increased $93 million, or 9%, while Capital Raising revenue decreased $12 million, or 14%, as compared to 2014. The increase in M&A and Other Advisory revenue was primarily due to an increase in the average transaction fee with respect to completed transactions involving fees greater than $1 million as compared to 2014. Our major clients, which in the aggregate represented a significant portion of our M&A and Other Advisory revenue in 2015, included AT&T, D.E. Master Blenders 1753, General Electric Company, GlaxoSmithKline, Heinz, Pfizer, Reynolds American, RockTenn, Rockwood, Toll Holdings, UCB and Ukraine Ministry of Finance.
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Table of Contents
Restructuring revenue in 2015 was generally in line with the continued industry-wide low level of corporate restructuring activity. Our major clients, which in the aggregate represented a significant portion of our Restructuring revenue in 2015, included Chassix, Dendreon, Hercules Offshore, Millennium Health and RadioShack.
Operating expenses increased $28 million, or 3%, as compared to 2014, primarily due to an increase in compensation and benefits expense.
Financial Advisory operating income was $274 million, an increase of $45 million, or 20%, as compared to operating income of $229 million in 2014 and, as a percentage of net revenue, was 21.4%, as compared to 19.0% in 2014.
Year Ended December 31, 2014 versus December 31, 2013
Total Strategic Advisory net revenue, representing fees from our M&A and Other Advisory and Capital Raising businesses, increased $244 million, or 29%, and Restructuring revenue decreased $18 million, or 14%, as compared to 2013.
M&A and Other Advisory revenue increased $242 million, or 31%, while Capital Raising revenue increased by $2 million, or 3%, as compared to 2013. The increase in M&A and Other Advisory revenue was primarily due to an increase in the number of, and average transaction fee with respect to, completed transactions involving fees greater than $1 million as compared to 2013. Our major clients, which in the aggregate represented a significant portion of our M&A and Other Advisory revenue in 2014, included Alliance Bank, Burger King, Cadence Pharmaceuticals, Google, Leap Wireless International, LOreal, Rockwood, Shire, TIAA-CREF and Vivendi.
The decrease in Restructuring revenue in 2014 was generally in line with the continued industry-wide low level of corporate restructuring activity. Our major clients, which in the aggregate represented a significant portion of our Restructuring revenue for the 2014 period, included Associated Wholesalers, Cengage Learning, Official Committee of Retirees of the City of Detroit, USEC and Vivarte.
Operating expenses increased $18 million, or 2%, as compared to 2013 (which included a $47 million charge related to the cost saving initiatives). Excluding such charge, operating expenses increased $65 million, or 7%, primarily due to an increase in (i) compensation and benefits expense related to an increase in discretionary compensation associated with increased operating revenue and (ii) an increase in non-compensation expense reflecting increased business activity.
Financial Advisory operating income was $229 million, an increase of $208 million as compared to operating income of $21 million in 2013 (which included the impact of the $47 million charge related to the cost saving initiatives) and, as a percentage of net revenue, was 19.0%, as compared to 2.1% in 2013, or 7% of net revenue in 2013 excluding such charges.
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Table of Contents
Asset Management
The following table shows the composition of AUM for the Asset Management segment (see Item 1. BusinessPrincipal Business LinesAsset ManagementInvestment Strategies):
As of December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in millions) |
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AUM by Asset Class: |
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Equity: |
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Emerging Markets |
$ | 36,203 | $ | 48,459 | $ | 47,450 | ||||||
Global |
31,407 | 33,982 | 35,521 | |||||||||
Local |
31,354 | 31,684 | 31,232 | |||||||||
Multi-Regional |
52,531 | 46,787 | 39,859 | |||||||||
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Total Equity |
151,495 | 160,912 | 154,062 | |||||||||
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Fixed Income: |
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Emerging Markets |
14,378 | 14,227 | 9,048 | |||||||||
Global |
4,132 | 3,771 | 3,164 | |||||||||
Local |
|
3,899 |
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3,676 | 3,507 | |||||||
Multi-Regional |
7,978 | 9,436 | 11,155 | |||||||||
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Total Fixed Income |
30,387 | 31,110 | 26,874 | |||||||||
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Alternative Investments |
3,297 | 3,799 | 4,690 | |||||||||
Private Equity |
858 | 1,091 | 1,151 | |||||||||
Cash Management |
343 | 191 | 147 | |||||||||
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Total AUM |
$ | 186,380 | $ | 197,103 | $ | 186,924 | ||||||
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Total AUM at December 31, 2015 was $186 billion, a decrease of $11 billion, or 5%, as compared to total AUM of $197 billion at December 31, 2014, primarily due to adverse foreign exchange movements, partially offset by net inflows and market appreciation. Average AUM for the year ended December 31, 2015 was substantially unchanged as compared to 2014.
As of December 31, 2015, approximately 89% of our AUM was managed on behalf of institutional clients, including corporations, labor unions, public pension funds, insurance companies and banks, and through sub-advisory relationships, mutual fund sponsors, broker-dealers and registered advisors, compared to approximately 90% as of December 31, 2014, and, as of December 31, 2015, approximately 11% of our AUM was managed on behalf of individual client relationships, which are principally with family offices and individuals, compared to approximately 10% at December 31, 2014.
As of December 31, 2015, AUM with foreign currency exposure represented approximately 72% of our total AUM, as compared to 73% at December 31, 2014. AUM with foreign currency exposure generally declines in value with the strengthening of the U.S. Dollar and increases in value as the U.S. Dollar weakens, with all other factors held constant.
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The following is a summary of changes in AUM by asset class for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013:
Year Ended December 31, 2015 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AUM Beginning Balance |
Inflows | Outflows | Net Flows |
Market Value Appreciation/ (Depreciation) |
Foreign Exchange Appreciation/ (Depreciation) |
AUM Ending Balance |
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($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity |
$ | 160,912 | $ | 30,261 | $ | (31,660 | ) | $ | (1,399 | ) | $ | 1,051 | $ | (9,069 | ) | $ | 151,495 | |||||||||||
Fixed Income |
31,110 | 8,929 | (6,139 | ) | 2,790 | (606 | ) | (2,907 | ) | 30,387 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other |
5,081 | 1,480 | (1,965 | ) | (485 | ) | 29 | (127 | ) | 4,498 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Total |
$ | 197,103 | $ | 40,670 | $ | (39,764 | ) | $ | 906 | $ | 474 | $ | (12,103 | ) | $ | 186,380 | ||||||||||||
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Inflows in the Equity asset class were primarily attributable to the Multi-Regional and Global equity platforms, and inflows in the Fixed Income asset class were primarily attributable to the Emerging Markets and Multi-Regional platforms. Outflows in the Equity asset class were primarily attributable to the Emerging Markets and Global equity platforms, and outflows in the Fixed Income asset class were primarily attributable to the Emerging Markets and Multi-Regional platforms.
Year Ended December 31, 2014 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AUM Beginning Balance |
Inflows | Outflows | Net Flows |
Market Value Appreciation/ (Depreciation) |
Foreign Exchange Appreciation/ (Depreciation) |
AUM Ending Balance |
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($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity |
$ | 154,062 | $ | 31,067 | $ | (25,419 | ) | $ | 5,648 | $ | 10,465 | $ | (9,263 | ) | $ | 160,912 | ||||||||||||
Fixed Income |
26,874 | 10,535 | (4,184 | ) | 6,351 | 824 | (2,939 | ) | 31,110 | |||||||||||||||||||
Other |
5,988 | 1,126 | (1,850 | ) | (724 | ) | 57 | (240 | ) | 5,081 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Total |
$ | 186,924 | $ | 42,728 | $ | (31,453 | ) | $ | 11,275 | $ | 11,346 | $ | (12,442 | ) | $ | 197,103 | ||||||||||||
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Year Ended December 31, 2013 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
AUM Beginning Balance |
Inflows | Outflows | Net Flows |
Market Value Appreciation/ (Depreciation) |
Foreign Exchange Appreciation/ (Depreciation) |
AUM Ending Balance |
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($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Equity |
$ | 138,171 | $ | 26,518 | $ | (31,597 | ) | $ | (5,079 | ) | $ | 25,495 | $ | (4,525 | ) | $ | 154,062 | |||||||||||
Fixed Income |
22,718 | 6,725 | (3,318 | ) | 3,407 | 389 | 360 | 26,874 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other |
6,171 | 1,063 | (1,325 | ) | (262 | ) | 270 | (191 | ) | 5,988 | ||||||||||||||||||
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Total |
$ | 167,060 | $ | 34,306 | $ | (36,240 | ) | $ | (1,934 | ) | $ | 26,154 | $ | (4,356 | ) | $ | 186,924 | |||||||||||
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As of February 17, 2016, AUM was $177.4 billion, a $9.0 billion decrease since December 31, 2015. The decrease in AUM was due to market depreciation of $10.2 billion, partially offset by net inflows of $0.7 billion and foreign exchange appreciation of $0.5 billion.
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Average AUM for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 for each significant asset class is set forth below. Average AUM generally represents the average of the monthly ending AUM balances for the period.
Years Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in millions) |
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Average AUM by Asset Class: |
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Equity |
$ | 159,216 | $ | 160,455 | $ | 143,923 | ||||||
Fixed Income |
32,137 | 29,843 | 23,850 | |||||||||
Alternative Investments |
3,547 | 4,408 | 4,569 | |||||||||
Private Equity |
934 | 1,130 | 1,232 | |||||||||
Cash Management |
153 | 201 | 128 | |||||||||
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Total Average AUM |
$ | 195,987 | $ | 196,037 | $ | 173,702 | ||||||
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The following table summarizes the reported operating results attributable to the Asset Management segment:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in thousands) |
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Revenue: |
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Management Fees |
$ | 1,000,018 | $ | 1,018,772 | $ | 903,956 | ||||||
Incentive Fees |
25,075 | 51,866 | 78,342 | |||||||||
Other Income |
86,012 | 63,957 | 56,832 | |||||||||
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Net Revenue |
1,111,105 | 1,134,595 | 1,039,130 | |||||||||
Operating Expenses |
736,798 | 749,345 | 704,045 | |||||||||
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Operating Income |
$ | 374,307 | $ | 385,250 | $ | 335,085 | ||||||
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Operating Income, as a % of net revenue |
33.7 | % | 34.0 | % | 32.2 | % | ||||||
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Our top ten clients accounted for 21%, 24% and 24% of our total AUM at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and no individual client constituted more than 10% of our Asset Management segment net revenue during any of the respective years.
The geographical distribution of Asset Management net revenue is set forth below in percentage terms, and is based on the Lazard offices that manage and distribute the respective AUM amounts. Such geographical distribution may not be reflective of the geography of the investment products or clients.
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
United States |
59 | % | 62 | % | 62 | % | ||||||
Europe |
29 | 29 | 28 | |||||||||
Rest of World |
12 | 9 | 10 | |||||||||
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Total |
100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | ||||||
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Table of Contents
Asset Management Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2015 versus December 31, 2014
Asset Management net revenue decreased $23 million, or 2%, as compared to 2014. Management fees decreased $19 million, or 2%, as compared to 2014, primarily due to slightly lower average AUM and a slight change in the mix of assets. Incentive fees decreased $27 million, or 52%, as compared to 2014, primarily due to incentive fees related to traditional investment products. Other revenue increased $22 million, or 34%, as compared to 2014, primarily due to a $24 million gain on disposal of the Companys Australian private equity business (which related primarily to the realization of carried interest at fair value).
Operating expenses decreased $13 million, or 2%, as compared to 2014, primarily due to decreases in (i) compensation and benefits expense related to a decrease in discretionary compensation and (ii) non-compensation expense related to fund administration and outsourced services.
Asset Management operating income was $374 million, a decrease of $11 million as compared to operating income of $385 million in 2014 and, as a percentage of net revenue, was 33.7%, as compared to 34.0% in 2014.
Year Ended December 31, 2014 versus December 31, 2013
Asset Management net revenue increased $95 million, or 9%, as compared to 2013. Management fees increased $115 million, or 13%, as compared to 2013, reflecting a $22 billion, or 13%, increase in average AUM. Incentive fees decreased $26 million, or 34%, as compared to 2013, primarily due to fees related to alternative investment products. Other revenue increased $7 million, or 13%, as compared to 2013, primarily due to higher transaction-based commission revenue as a result of increased market activity and custody fees and transaction fees related to our private equity business.
Operating expenses increased $45 million, or 6%, as compared to 2013, primarily due to increases in (i) compensation and benefits expense related to an increase in discretionary compensation associated with increased operating revenue and (ii) non-compensation expense related to increased business activity and AUM.
Asset Management operating income was $385 million, an increase of $50 million, or 15%, as compared to operating income of $335 million in 2013 (which included the impact of the $0.2 million charge related to the cost saving initiatives and the $12 million charge pertaining to private equity compensation) and, as a percentage of net revenue, was 34.0%, as compared to 32.2% in 2013.
Corporate
The following table summarizes the reported operating results attributable to the Corporate segment:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in thousands) |
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Interest Income |
$ | 3,530 | $ | 9,702 | $ | 9,550 | ||||||
Interest Expense |
(54,695 | ) | (68,200 | ) | (87,031 | ) | ||||||
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Net Interest (Expense) |
(51,165 | ) | (58,498 | ) | (77,481 | ) | ||||||
Other Revenue |
10,708 | 17,905 | 41,848 | |||||||||
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Net Revenue (Expense) |
(40,457 | ) | (40,593 | ) | (35,633 | ) | ||||||
Operating Expenses (a) |
76,796 | 32,735 | 101,352 | |||||||||
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Operating Loss |
$ | (117,253 | ) | $ | (73,328 | ) | $ | (136,985 | ) | |||
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(a) | Includes, (i) in 2015, (a) $60,219 relating to the redemption of a significant portion of the Companys 2017 Notes and (ii) in 2013, (a) $16,689 associated with the implementation of the cost saving initiatives and (b) $54,087 relating to the refinancing of the 2015 Notes and the issuance of the 2020 Notes. |
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Corporate Results of Operations
Year Ended December 31, 2015 versus December 31, 2014
Net interest expense decreased $7 million, or 13%, as compared to 2014, primarily due to the redemption of $450 million of the 2017 Notes and the issuance of $400 million aggregate principal amount of 3.75% senior notes due 2025 (the 2025 Notes).
Other revenue decreased $7 million, or 40%, as compared to 2014, primarily due to investment losses recorded in connection with LFI.
Operating expenses increased $44 million as compared to 2014, including in 2015, a charge of $60 million related to the redemption of a significant portion of the Companys 2017 Notes. Excluding the impact of such charges, operating expenses decreased $16 million, or 49%, compared to 2014, primarily due to decreased compensation and benefits expense.
Year Ended December 31, 2014 versus December 31, 2013
Net interest expense decreased $19 million, or 25%, as compared to 2013, primarily due to the refinancing of the 2015 Notes.
Other revenue decreased $24 million, or 57%, as compared to 2013, primarily due to lower investment gains recorded in connection with LFI and other investments.
Operating expenses decreased $69 million, or 68%, as compared to 2013 (which included charges of $17 million associated with the cost saving initiatives and $54 million related to the refinancing of the 2015 Notes). Excluding the impact of such charges, operating expenses increased $2 million compared to 2013. The increase was primarily related to the net impact of various one-time items recorded in 2014 and 2013.
Cash Flows
The Companys cash flows are influenced primarily by the timing of the receipt of Financial Advisory and Asset Management fees, the timing of distributions to members, payments of incentive compensation to managing directors and employees and purchases of Class A common stock. Cash flows also were affected in 2015, by the redemption of $450 million of the 2017 Notes and the issuance of the 2025 Notes and, in 2013, by the refinancing of the 2015 Notes and the issuance of the 2020 Notes. M&A and Other Advisory and Asset Management fees are generally collected within 60 days of billing, while Restructuring fee collections may extend beyond 60 days, particularly those that involve bankruptcies with court-ordered holdbacks. Fees from our Private Fund Advisory activities are generally collected over a four-year period from billing and typically include an interest component.
The Company makes cash payments for, or in respect of, a significant portion of its incentive compensation during the first three months of each calendar year with respect to the prior years results. In addition, during 2014 and 2013, the Company made cash payments, including severance payments, associated with the cost saving initiatives (see Cost Saving Initiatives above and Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements).
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Summary of Cash Flows:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in millions) |
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Cash Provided By (Used In): |
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Operating activities: |
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Net income |
$ | 449.3 | $ | 463.2 | $ | 186.8 | ||||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities (a) |
391.3 | 348.6 | 401.6 | |||||||||
Other operating activities (b) |
(71.7 | ) | (89.4 | ) | (60.7 | ) | ||||||
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Net cash provided by operating activities |
768.9 | 722.4 | 527.7 | |||||||||
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Investing activities |
(26.0 | ) | (20.1 | ) | (54.5 | ) | ||||||
Financing activities (c) |
(585.3 | ) | (561.9 | ) | (492.6 | ) | ||||||
Effect of exchange rate changes |
(49.0 | ) | (55.5 | ) | 6.2 | |||||||
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Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents |
108.6 | 84.9 | (13.2 | ) | ||||||||
Cash and Cash Equivalents: |
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Beginning of Year |
917.2 | 832.3 | 845.5 | |||||||||
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End of Year |
$ | 1,025.8 | $ | 917.2 | $ | 832.3 | ||||||
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(a) | Consists of the following: |
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
($ in millions) |
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Depreciation and amortization of property |
$ | 32.8 | $ | 34.5 | $ | 34.8 | ||||||
Amortization of deferred expenses, stock units and interest |
319.8 | 295.0 | 309.2 | |||||||||
Deferred tax provision (benefit) |
(2.9 | ) | 12.7 | (3.3 | ) | |||||||
Amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions |
5.8 | 6.4 | 10.1 | |||||||||
Loss on extinguishment of debt |
60.2 | | 50.8 | |||||||||
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries |
(24.4 | ) | | | ||||||||
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Total |
$ | 391.3 | $ | 348.6 | $ | 401.6 | ||||||
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(b) | Includes net changes in operating assets and liabilities. |
(c) | Consists primarily of purchases of shares of Class A common stock, tax withholdings related to the settlement of vested restricted stock units (RSUs), vested restricted stock awards and vested performance-based restricted stock units (PRSUs), and distributions to members and noncontrolling interest holders, activity relating to borrowings, including, in 2015, the redemption of a majority of the Companys 2017 Notes and issuance of the 2025 Notes and, in 2013, the refinancing of the 2015 Notes and issuance of the 2020 Notes. |
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Companys liquidity and capital resources are derived from operating activities, financing activities and equity offerings.
Operating Activities
Net revenue, operating income and cash receipts fluctuate significantly between periods. In the case of Financial Advisory, fee receipts are generally dependent upon the successful completion of client transactions, the occurrence and timing of which is irregular and not subject to Lazards control.
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Liquidity is significantly impacted by cash payments for, or in respect of, incentive compensation, a significant portion of which are made during the first three months of the year. As a consequence, cash on hand generally declines in the beginning of the year and gradually builds over the remainder of the year. We also pay certain tax advances during the year on behalf of our managing directors, which serve to reduce their respective incentive compensation payments. We expect this seasonal pattern of cash flow to continue.
Lazards consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. Dollars. Many of Lazards non-U.S. subsidiaries have a functional currency (i.e., the currency in which operational activities are primarily conducted) that is other than the U.S. Dollar, generally the currency of the country in which such subsidiaries are domiciled. Such subsidiaries assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. Dollars at the respective balance sheet date exchange rates, while revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the year based on the daily closing exchange rates. Adjustments that result from translating amounts from a subsidiarys functional currency are reported as a component of members equity. Foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses on transactions in non-functional currencies are included on the consolidated statements of operations.
We regularly monitor our liquidity position, including cash levels, credit lines, principal investment commitments, interest and principal payments on debt, capital expenditures, purchases of shares of Lazard Ltd Class A common stock and matters relating to liquidity and to compliance with regulatory net capital requirements. At December 31, 2015, Lazard Group had approximately $1.0 billion of cash, with such amount including approximately $512 million held at Lazards operations outside the U.S. Since Lazard provides for U.S. income taxes on substantially all of its unrepatriated foreign earnings, we expect that no material amount of additional U.S. income taxes would be recognized upon receipt of dividends or distributions of such earnings from our foreign operations.
We maintain lines of credit in excess of anticipated liquidity requirements. As of December 31, 2015, Lazard had approximately $235 million in unused lines of credit available to it, including a $150 million, five-year, senior revolving credit facility with a group of lenders that expires in September 2020 (the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) (see Financing Activities below) and unused lines of credit available to LFB of approximately $27 million (at December 31, 2015 exchange rates) and Edgewater of $55 million. In addition, LFB has access to the Eurosystem Covered Bond Purchase Program of the Banque de France.
The Amended and Restated Credit Agreement contains customary terms and conditions, including limitations on consolidations, mergers, indebtedness and certain payments, as well as financial condition covenants relating to leverage and interest coverage ratios. Lazard Groups obligations under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement may be accelerated upon customary events of default, including non-payment of principal or interest, breaches of covenants, cross-defaults to other material debt, a change in control and specified bankruptcy events.
Financing Activities
The table below sets forth our corporate indebtedness as of December 31, 2015 and 2014. The agreements with respect to this indebtedness are discussed in more detail in our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Maturity Date |
As of December 31, | Increase (Decrease) |
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2015 | 2014 | |||||||||||||||
($ in millions) |
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Senior Debt: |
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6.85% |
2017 | $ | 98.4 | $ | 548.4 | $ | (450.0 | ) | ||||||||
4.25% |
2020 | 500.0 | 500.0 | | ||||||||||||
3.75% |
2025 | 400.0 | | 400.0 | ||||||||||||
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Total Senior Debt |
$ | 998.4 | $ | 1,048.4 | $ | (50.0 | ) | |||||||||
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During February 2015, Lazard Group completed an offering of the 2025 Notes. Lazard Group used the net proceeds of the 2025 Notes, together with cash on hand, to redeem or otherwise retire $450 million of the 2017 Notes, which, including the recognition of unamortized issuance costs, resulted in a loss on debt extinguishment in connection with the redemption of such 2017 Notes of approximately $60 million.
Lazards annual cash flow generated from operations historically has been sufficient to enable it to meet its annual obligations. We believe that our cash flows from operating activities, along with the use of our credit lines as needed, should be sufficient for us to fund our current obligations for the next 12 months.
As long as the lenders commitments remain in effect, any loan pursuant to the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement remains outstanding and unpaid or any other amount is due to the lending bank group, the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement includes financial covenants that require that Lazard Group not permit (i) its Consolidated Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) for the 12-month period ending on the last day of any fiscal quarter to be greater than 3.25 to 1.00 or (ii) its Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement) for the 12-month period ending on the last day of any fiscal quarter to be less than 3.00 to 1.00. For the 12-month period ended December 31, 2015, Lazard Group was in compliance with such ratios, with its Consolidated Leverage Ratio being 1.10 to 1.00 and its Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio being 21.03 to 1.00. In any event, no amounts were outstanding under the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement as of December 31, 2015.
In addition, the Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, indenture and supplemental indentures relating to Lazard Groups senior notes contain certain other covenants (none of which relate to financial condition), events of default and other customary provisions. At December 31, 2015, the Company was in compliance with all of these provisions. We may, to the extent required and subject to restrictions contained in our financing arrangements, use other financing sources, which may cause us to be subject to additional restrictions or covenants.
See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding senior debt.
Members Equity
At December 31, 2015, total members equity was $703 million, as compared to $494 million and $536 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, including $650 million, $432 million and $469 million attributable to Lazard Group on the respective dates. The net activity in members equity during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 is reflected in the table below:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||
2015 | 2014 | |||||||
($ in millions) |
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Members EquityBeginning of Year |
$ | 494 | $ | 536 | ||||
Increase (decrease) due to: |
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Net income |
449 | 463 | ||||||
Other comprehensive loss |
(26 | ) | (61 | ) | ||||
Amortization of share-based incentive compensation |
227 | 206 | ||||||
Purchase of Lazard Ltd Class A common stock |
(216 | ) | (232 | ) | ||||
Settlement of share-based incentive compensation, net of related tax benefit of $13 million and $5 million for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively(a) |
(107 | ) | (81 | ) | ||||
Distributions to members and noncontrolling interests, net |
(146 | ) | (333 | ) | ||||
Contribution from member |
30 | | ||||||
Othernet |
(2 | ) | (4 | ) | ||||
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Members EquityEnd of Year |
$ | 703 | $ | 494 | ||||
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(a) | The tax withholding portion of share-based compensation is settled in cash, not shares. |
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The Board of Directors of Lazard has issued a series of authorizations to repurchase Lazard Ltd Class A common stock, which help offset the dilutive effect of our share-based incentive compensation plans. During a given year Lazard intends to repurchase at least as many shares as it expects to ultimately issue pursuant to such compensation plans in respect of year-end incentive compensation attributable to the prior year. The rate at which Lazard purchases shares in connection with this annual objective may vary from quarter to quarter due to a variety of factors. Purchases with respect to such program are set forth in the table below:
Number of Shares |
Average Price Per Share |
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Years Ended December 31: |
||||||||
2013 |
3,488,101 | $ | 37.98 | |||||
2014 |
4,114,206 | $ | 46.83 | |||||
2015 |
3,438,789 | $ | 50.24 |
As of December 31, 2015, a total of $106 million of share repurchase authorization remained available under Lazard Ltds share repurchase program, which will expire on December 31, 2016.
In addition, on January 27, 2016, the Board of Directors of Lazard authorized the repurchase of up to $200 million of additional shares of Lazard Ltds Class A common stock, which authorization will expire on December 31, 2017.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, Lazard Ltd had in place trading plans under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, pursuant to which it effected stock repurchases in the open market.
The Company plans to continue to deploy excess cash and may do so in a variety of ways, which may include repurchasing outstanding shares of Lazard Ltd Class A common stock, distributions to members and noncontrolling interest holders and repurchasing its outstanding debt.
See Notes 13 and 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding Lazards members equity and incentive plans, respectively.
Regulatory Capital
We actively monitor our regulatory capital base. Our principal subsidiaries are subject to regulatory requirements in their respective jurisdictions to ensure their general financial soundness and liquidity, which require, among other things, that we comply with certain minimum capital requirements, record-keeping, reporting procedures, relationships with customers, experience and training requirements for employees and certain other requirements and procedures. These regulatory requirements may restrict the flow of funds to and from affiliates. See Note 19 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. These regulations differ in the U.S., the U.K., France and other countries in which we operate. Our capital structure is designed to provide each of our subsidiaries with capital and liquidity consistent with its business and regulatory requirements. For a discussion of regulations relating to us, see Item 1, BusinessRegulation included in this Form 10-K and Note 19 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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Contractual Obligations
The following table sets forth information relating to Lazards contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015:
Contractual Obligations Payment Due by Period | ||||||||||||||||||||
Total | Less than 1 Year |
1-3 Years | 3-5 Years | More than 5 Years |
||||||||||||||||
($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Senior Debt (including interest) (a) |
$ | 1,256,497 | $ | 42,987 | $ | 174,218 | $ | 572,500 | $ | 466,792 | ||||||||||
Operating Leases (exclusive of $63,843 of committed sublease income) |
869,908 | 77,651 | 141,002 | 123,257 | 527,998 | |||||||||||||||
Capital Leases (including interest) |
9,632 | 2,060 | 7,546 | 26 | | |||||||||||||||
Investment Capital Funding Commitments (b) |
10,242 | 10,242 | | | | |||||||||||||||
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|
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Total (c) |
$ | 2,146,279 | $ | 132,940 | $ | 322,766 | $ | 695,783 | $ | 994,790 | ||||||||||
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(a) | See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |
(b) | Unfunded commitments to private equity investments consolidated but not owned by Lazard of $5,501 are excluded. Such commitments are required to be funded by capital contributions from noncontrolling interest holders. See Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. These amounts are generally due on demand and therefore are presented in the less than 1 year category. |
(c) | The table above excludes contingent obligations, as well as any possible payments for uncertain tax positions, given the inability to estimate the possible amounts and timing of any such payments. See Notes 12, 14, 15 and 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements regarding information in connection with commitments, incentive plans, employee benefit plans and income taxes, respectively. |
Effect of Inflation
We do not believe inflation will significantly affect our compensation costs as they are substantially variable in nature. However, the rate of inflation may affect certain of our other expenses, such as information technology and occupancy costs. To the extent inflation results in rising interest rates and has other effects upon the securities markets or general macroeconomic conditions, it may adversely affect our financial position and results of operations by reducing AUM, net revenue or otherwise. See Item 1A, Risk FactorsOther Business RisksDifficult market conditions can adversely affect our business in many ways, including by reducing the volume of the transactions involving our Financial Advisory business and reducing the value or performance of the assets we manage in our Asset Management business, which, in each case, could materially reduce our revenue or income and adversely affect our financial position.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Managements discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of Lazards consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, Lazard evaluates its estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, income taxes, investing activities and goodwill. Lazard bases these estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments, including judgments regarding the carrying values of assets and liabilities, that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Lazard believes that the critical accounting policies set forth below comprise the most significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements.
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Revenue Recognition
Lazard generates substantially all of its net revenue from providing Financial Advisory and Asset Management services to clients. Lazard recognizes revenue when the following criteria are met:
| there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement with a client; |
| the agreed-upon services have been provided; |
| fees are fixed or determinable; and |
| collection is probable. |
The Company earns performance-based incentive fees on various investment products, including traditional products and alternative investment funds such as hedge funds and private equity funds. See Financial Statement Overview for a description of our revenue recognition policies on such fees.
If, in Lazards judgment, collection of a fee is not probable, Lazard will not recognize revenue until the uncertainty is removed. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts to provide coverage for estimated losses from our receivables. We determine the adequacy of the allowance by estimating the probability of loss based on our analysis of the clients creditworthiness and specifically reserve against exposures where we determine the receivables are impaired, which may include situations where a fee is in dispute or litigation has commenced.
With respect to fees receivable from Financial Advisory activities, such receivables are generally deemed past due when they are outstanding 60 days from the date of invoice. However, some Financial Advisory transactions include specific contractual payment terms that may vary from one month to four years (as is the case for our Private Fund Advisory fees) following the invoice date or may be subject to court approval (as is the case with restructuring assignments that include bankruptcy proceedings). In such cases, receivables are deemed past due when payment is not received by the agreed-upon contractual date or the court approval date, respectively. Financial Advisory fee receivables past due in excess of 180 days are fully provided for unless there is evidence that the balance is collectible. Asset Management fees are deemed past due and fully provided for when such receivables are outstanding 12 months after the invoice date. Notwithstanding our policy for receivables past due, we specifically reserve against exposures relating to Financial Advisory and Asset Management fees where we determine receivables are impaired.
Income Taxes
As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we estimate our income taxes for each of our tax-paying entities in its respective jurisdictions. In addition to estimating actual current tax liabilities for these jurisdictions, we also must account for the tax effects of differences between the financial reporting and tax reporting of items, such as basis adjustments, compensation and benefits expense, and depreciation and amortization. Differences which are temporary in nature result in deferred tax assets and liabilities. Significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, our deferred tax assets and liabilities, any valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax assets and our unrecognized tax benefits.
We recognize a deferred tax asset if it is more likely than not (defined as a likelihood of greater than 50%) that a tax benefit will be accepted by a taxing authority. The measurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities is based upon currently enacted tax rates in the applicable jurisdictions. At December 31, 2015, on a consolidated basis, we recorded gross deferred tax assets of approximately $170 million with such amount partially offset by a valuation allowance of approximately $89 million.
Subsequent to the initial recognition of deferred tax assets, we also must continually assess the likelihood that such deferred tax assets will be realized. If we determine that we may not fully derive the benefit from a deferred tax asset, we consider whether it would be appropriate to apply a valuation allowance against the
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applicable deferred tax asset, taking into account all available information. The ultimate realization of a deferred tax asset for a particular entity depends, among other things, on the generation of taxable income by such entity in the applicable jurisdiction.
We consider multiple possible sources of taxable income when assessing a valuation allowance against a deferred tax asset, including:
| future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences; |
| future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards; |
| taxable income in prior carryback years; and |
| tax-planning strategies. |
The assessment regarding whether a valuation allowance is required or should be adjusted also considers all available information, including the following:
| nature, frequency, magnitude and duration of any past losses and current operating results; |
| duration of statutory carryforward periods; |
| historical experience with tax attributes expiring unused; and |
| near-term and medium-term financial outlook. |
The weight we give to any particular item is, in part, dependent upon the degree to which it can be objectively verified. We give greater weight to the recent results of operations of a relevant entity. Pre-tax operating losses on a three year cumulative basis or lack of sustainable profitability are considered objectively verifiable evidence and will generally outweigh a projection of future taxable income.
Certain of our tax-paying entities have individually experienced losses on a cumulative three year basis. In addition, one of our tax paying entities has recorded a valuation allowance on all of its deferred tax assets due to the combined effect of operating losses in certain subsidiaries of that entity as well as foreign taxes that together substantially offset any U.S. tax liability. Taking into account all available information, we cannot determine that it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will be realized. Considering the recent operating results of such entities, we have recorded valuation allowances on our deferred tax assets of $89 million as of December 31, 2015.
If any significant valuation allowance reduction were to occur, for subsequent annual periods, we expect that, our effective tax rate, with all other factors being held constant, would increase and could be significantly higher than our effective tax rate in the period preceding the period of the reduction in the valuation allowance. In such a situation, with all other factors being held constant, an increase in our effective tax rate as a result of the reduction in the valuation allowance would not impact the amount of cash income taxes we would pay to taxing authorities.
We record tax positions taken or expected to be taken in a tax return based upon our estimates regarding the amount that is more likely than not to be realized or paid, including in connection with the resolution of any related appeals or other legal processes. Accordingly, we recognize liabilities for certain unrecognized tax benefits based on the amounts that are more likely than not to be settled with the relevant taxing authority. Such liabilities are evaluated periodically as new information becomes available and any changes in the amounts of such liabilities are recorded as adjustments to income tax expense. Liabilities for unrecognized tax benefits involve significant judgment and the ultimate resolution of such matters may be materially different from our estimates.
In addition to the discussion above regarding deferred tax assets and associated valuation allowances, as well as unrecognized tax benefit liability estimates, other factors affect our provision for income taxes, including changes in the geographic mix of our business, the level of our annual pre-tax income, transfer pricing and intercompany transactions.
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See Item 1A, Risk Factors and Note 17 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to income taxes.
Investments
Investments consist primarily of interest-bearing deposits, debt and equity securities, interests in alternative investment, debt, equity and private equity funds and investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting.
These investments, with the exception of interest-bearing deposits and equity method investments, are carried at fair value on the consolidated statements of financial condition, and any increases or decreases in the fair value of these investments are reflected in earnings. The fair value of investments is generally based upon market prices or the net asset value (NAV) or its equivalent for investments in funds. See Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the measurement of the fair value of investments.
Lazard is subject to market and credit risk on investments held. As such, gains and losses on investment positions held, which arise from sales or changes in the fair value of the investments, are not predictable and can cause periodic fluctuations in net income.
Data relating to investments is set forth below:
December 31, | ||||||||
2015 | 2014 | |||||||
($ in thousands) |
||||||||
Seed investments by asset class: |
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Equities (a) |
$ | 85,419 | $ | 121,611 | ||||
Fixed income |
4,220 | 15,602 | ||||||
Alternative investments |
56,505 | 26,374 | ||||||
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Total seed investments |
146,144 | 163,587 | ||||||
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Other investments owned: |
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Private equity (b) |
83,729 | 108,049 | ||||||
Interest-bearing deposits (c) |
54,885 | 84,575 | ||||||
Fixed income and other |
21,872 | 25,629 | ||||||
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Total other investments owned |
160,486 | 218,253 | ||||||
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|||||
Subtotal |
306,630 | 381,840 | ||||||
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Add: |
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Equity method (d) |
8,917 | 7,776 | ||||||
Private equity consolidated, not owned (e) |
16,490 | 6,421 | ||||||
LFI (f) |
198,675 | 213,189 | ||||||
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Total investments |
$ | 530,712 | $ | 609,226 | ||||
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(a) | At December 31, 2015 and 2014, seed investments in directly owned equity securities were invested as follows: |
December 31, | ||||||||
2015 | 2014 | |||||||
Percentage invested in: |
||||||||
Financials |
33 | % | 33 | % | ||||
Consumer |
30 | 27 | ||||||
Industrial |
13 | 12 | ||||||
Technology |
|
9 |
|
10 | ||||
Energy |
|
3 |
|
5 | ||||
Other |
12 | 13 | ||||||
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Total |
100 | % | 100 | % | ||||
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(b) | Private equity investments include investments related to certain legacy businesses and co-investments in private equity funds managed by our Asset Management business. Co-investments owned were $30 million and $25 million as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. |
(c) | Short to medium term interest rates generally turned negative in Europe during 2014 and remain very low in many other countries and regions throughout the world. In the normal course of asset and liability management activities, the Company attempts to minimize negative interest rates on its cash investments. Interest-bearing deposits generally provide positive yields when held to maturity, while also generally allowing immediate penalty-free withdrawal at any time (with less or no interest earned in such case). |
(d) | Represents investments accounted for under the equity method of accounting. |
(e) | Represents private equity investments that are consolidated but owned by noncontrolling interests, and therefore do not subject the Company to market or credit risk. The applicable noncontrolling interests are presented within members equity on the consolidated statements of financial condition. |
(f) | Composed of investments held in connection with LFI and other similar deferred compensation arrangements. The market risk associated with such investments is equally offset by the market risk associated with the derivative liability with respect to awards expected to vest. The Company is subject to market risk associated with any portion of such investments that employees may forfeit. See Risk ManagementRisks Related to Derivatives for risk management information relating to derivatives. |
At December 31, 2015 and 2014, total investments with a fair value of $467 million and $517 million, respectively, included $1 million and $1 million, respectively, or less than 1%, respectively, of investments that were classified as Level 3 investments and $123 million and $149 million, respectively, or 26% and 29%, respectively, of investments that were classified using NAV or its equivalent as a practical expedient. See Notes 5 and 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding investments measured at fair value, including the levels of fair value within which such measurements of fair value fall.
As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company held seed investments of approximately $146 million and $164 million, respectively. Seed investments held in entities in which the Company maintained a controlling interest were $49 million in eleven entities as of December 31, 2015, as compared to $42 million in seven entities as of December 31, 2014.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company did not consolidate or deconsolidate any seed investment entities. As such, 100% of the recorded balance of seed investments as of December 31, 2015 represented the Companys economic interest in the seed investments. See Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities below for more information on the Companys policy regarding the consolidation of seed investment entities.
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For additional information regarding risks associated with our investments, see Risk ManagementInvestments below as well as Item 1A, Risk FactorsOther Business RisksOur results of operations may be affected by fluctuations in the fair value of positions held in our investment portfolios.
Assets Under Management
AUM primarily consists of debt and equity instruments, which have a value that is readily available based on either prices quoted on a recognized exchange or prices provided by external pricing services.
Prices of equity and debt securities and other instruments that comprise our AUM are provided by well-recognized, independent, third-party vendors. Such third-party vendors rely on prices provided by external pricing services which are obtained from recognized exchanges or markets, or, for certain fixed income securities, from an evaluated bid or other similarly sourced price.
Either directly, or through our third-party vendors, we perform a variety of regular due diligence procedures on our pricing service providers. Those procedures include oversight by our internal operations group, review of the pricing service providers internal control frameworks, review of the pricing service providers valuation methodologies, reconciliation to client custodial account values and comparison of significant pricing differences.
Goodwill
In accordance with current accounting guidance, goodwill has an indefinite life and is tested for impairment annually, as of November 1, or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. The Company performs a qualitative evaluation about whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount in lieu of actually calculating the fair value of the reporting unit. See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding goodwill.
Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lazard Group and entities in which it has a controlling interest. Lazard determines whether it has a controlling interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity (VOE) or a variable interest entity (VIE) under U.S. GAAP.
| Voting Interest Entities. VOEs are entities in which (i) the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance itself independently and (ii) the equity holders have the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make decisions about the entitys activities. Lazard is required to consolidate a VOE if it either holds a majority of the voting interest in such entity or is the general partner in such entity and the third-party investors do not have the right to replace the general partner. |
| Variable Interest Entities. VIEs are entities that lack one or more of the characteristics of a VOE. If Lazard has a variable interest, or a combination of variable interests, in a VIE, it is required to analyze whether it needs to consolidate such VIE. Lazard is required to consolidate a VIE if, through our variable interests, we absorb a majority of the expected losses, expected residual returns, or both, of such entity. |
Lazards involvement with various entities that are VOEs or VIEs primarily arises from investment management contracts with fund entities in our Asset Management business. Lazard is not required to consolidate such entities because, with the exception of certain seed investments, as discussed below, we do not hold more than an inconsequential equity interest in such entities and we do not hold other variable interests (including our investment management agreements, which do not meet the definition of variable interests) in such entities.
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Lazard makes seed investments in certain entities that are considered VOEs and often require consolidation as a result of our investment. The impact of seed investment entities that require consolidation on the consolidated financial statements, including any consolidation or deconsolidation of such entities, is not material to our financial statements. Our exposure to loss from entities in which we have made seed investments is limited to the extent of our investment in, or investment commitment to, such entities. See Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesInvestments above for more information regarding our investments.
Generally, when the Company initially invests to seed an investment entity, the Company is the majority owner of the entity. Our majority ownership in seed investment entities represents a controlling interest, except when we are the general partner in such entities and the third-party investors have the right to replace the general partner. To the extent material, we consolidate seed investment entities in which we own a controlling interest, and we would deconsolidate any such entity when we no longer have a controlling interest in such entity.
Risk Management
Investments
The Company has investments in a variety of asset classes, primarily debt and equity securities, and interests in alternative investments, debt, equity and private equity funds. The Company makes investments primarily to seed strategies in our Asset Management business or to reduce exposure arising from LFI and other similar deferred compensation arrangements. The Company measures its net economic exposure to market and other risks arising from investments that it owns, excluding (i) investments held in connection with LFI and other similar deferred compensation arrangements, (ii) investments in funds owned entirely by the noncontrolling interest holders of certain acquired entities and (iii) interest-bearing deposits over 90 days that allow daily withdrawals without principal penalties.
Risk sensitivities include the effects of economic hedging. For equity market price risk, investment portfolios and their corresponding hedges are beta-adjusted to the All-Country World equity index. Fair value and sensitivity measurements presented herein are based on various portfolio exposures at a particular point in time and may not be representative of future results. Risk exposures may change as a result of ongoing portfolio activities and changing market conditions, among other things.
Equity Market Price RiskAt December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Companys exposure to equity market price risk in its investment portfolio, which primarily relates to investments in equity securities, equity funds and hedge funds, was approximately $129 million and $131 million, respectively. The Company hedges market exposure arising from a significant portion of our equity investment portfolios by entering into total return swaps. The Company estimates that a hypothetical 10% adverse change in market prices would result in a net decrease of approximately $1.8 million and $2.0 million in the carrying value of such investments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, including the effect of the hedging transactions.
Interest Rate/Credit Spread RiskAt December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Companys exposure to interest rate and credit spread risk in its investment portfolio related to investments in debt securities or funds which invest primarily in debt securities was $38 million and $43 million, respectively. The Company hedges market exposure arising from a portion of our debt investment portfolios by entering into total return swaps. The Company estimates that a hypothetical 100 basis point adverse change in interest rates or credit spreads would result in a decrease of approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million in the carrying value of such investments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, including the effect of the hedging transactions.
Foreign Exchange Rate RiskAt December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Companys exposure to foreign exchange rate risk in its investment portfolio, which primarily relates to investments in foreign currency denominated equity and debt securities, was $64 million and $68 million, respectively. A significant portion of the Companys foreign currency exposure related to our equity and debt investment portfolios is hedged through the aforementioned total
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return swaps. The Company estimates that a 10% adverse change in foreign exchange rates versus the U.S. dollar would result in a decrease of approximately $1.0 million and $0.6 million in the carrying value of such investments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, including the effect of the hedging transactions.
Private EquityThe Company invests in private equity primarily as a part of its co-investment activities and in connection with certain legacy businesses. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Companys exposure to changes in fair value of such investments was approximately $84 million and $108 million, respectively. The Company estimates that a hypothetical 10% adverse change in fair value would result in a decrease of approximately $8.4 million and $10.8 million in the carrying value of such investments as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
Risks Related to Receivables
We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts to provide coverage for probable losses from our receivables. We determine the adequacy of the allowance by estimating the probability of loss based on our analysis of the clients creditworthiness, among other things, and specifically provide for exposures where we determine the receivables are impaired. At December 31, 2015, total receivables amounted to $606 million, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $13 million. As of that date, Financial Advisory and Asset Management fees, Lazard Ltd subsidaries and customers and other receivables comprised 70%, 18% and 12% of total receivables, respectively. At December 31, 2014, total receivables amounted to $558 million, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $24 million. As of that date, Financial Advisory and Asset Management fees, and customer receivables comprised 87% and 13% of total receivables, respectively. At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company had receivables past due or deemed uncollectible of approximately $20 million and $25 million, respectively. See also Critical Accounting Policies and EstimatesRevenue Recognition above and Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding receivables.
LFB engages in lending activities, including commitments to extend credit (primarily for clients of LFG). At December 31, 2015 and 2014, customer receivables included $38 million and $35 million of LFB loans, respectively, with such loans being fully collateralized and closely monitored for counterparty creditworthiness.
Credit Concentrations
To reduce the exposure to concentrations of credit, the Company monitors large exposures to individual counterparties.
Risks Related to Derivatives
Lazard enters into forward foreign currency exchange contracts and interest rate swaps to hedge exposures to currency exchange rates and interest rates and uses total return swap contracts on various equity and debt indices to hedge a portion of its market exposure with respect to certain seed investments related to our Asset Management business. Derivative contracts are recorded at fair value. Derivative assets amounted to $1 million and $2 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and derivative liabilities, excluding the derivative liability arising from the Companys obligation pertaining to LFI and other similar deferred compensation arrangements, amounted to $2 million and $0.8 million at such respective dates.
The Company also records derivative liabilities relating to its obligations pertaining to LFI awards and other similar deferred compensation arrangements, the fair value of which is based on the value of the underlying investments, adjusted for estimated forfeitures. Changes in the fair value of the derivative liabilities are equally offset by the changes in the fair value of investments which are expected to be delivered upon settlement of LFI awards. Derivative liabilities relating to LFI amounted to $194 million and $207 million at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
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Risks Related to Cash and Cash Equivalents and Corporate Indebtedness
A significant portion of the Companys indebtedness has fixed interest rates, while its cash and cash equivalents generally have market interest rates. Based on account balances as of December 31, 2015, Lazard estimates that its annual operating income relating to cash and cash equivalents would increase by approximately $10 million in the event interest rates were to increase by 1% and decrease by approximately $10 million if rates were to decrease by 1%.
As of December 31, 2015, the Companys cash and cash equivalents totaled approximately $1.0 billion. Substantially all of the Companys cash and cash equivalents were invested in (i) highly liquid institutional money market funds (a significant majority of which were invested solely in U.S. Government or agency money market funds), (ii) in short-term interest bearing and non-interest bearing accounts at a number of leading banks throughout the world, and (iii) in short-term certificates of deposit from such banks. Cash and cash equivalents are constantly monitored. On a regular basis, management reviews its investment profile as well as the credit profile of its list of depositor banks in order to adjust any deposit or investment thresholds as necessary.
Operational Risk
Operational risk is inherent in all our business and may, for example, manifest itself in the form of errors, breaches in the system of internal controls, employee misconduct, business interruptions, fraud, including fraud perpetrated by third parties, or legal actions due to operating deficiencies or noncompliance. The Company maintains a framework including policies and a system of internal controls designed to monitor and manage operational risk and provide management with timely and accurate information. Management within each of the operating companies is primarily responsible for its operational risk programs. The Company has in place business continuity and disaster recovery programs that manage its capabilities to provide services in the case of a disruption. We purchase insurance policies designed to help protect the Company against accidental loss and losses that may significantly affect our financial objectives, personnel, property or our ability to continue to meet our responsibilities to our various stakeholder groups. See Item 1A, Risk Factors above for more information regarding operational risk in our business.
Recent Accounting Developments
For a discussion of recently issued accounting developments and their impact or potential impact on Lazards consolidated financial statements, see Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |
Risk Management
Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk are included under the caption Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsRisk Management.
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Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements | Page | |||
Managements Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting |
68 | |||
69-70 | ||||
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 |
71 | |||
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 |
73 | |||
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 |
74 | |||
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 |
75 | |||
76 | ||||
79 | ||||
124 | ||||
Financial Statement Schedules |
||||
Schedule ICondensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Only) |
||||
Condensed Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 |
F-2 | |||
Condensed Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 |
F-3 | |||
Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 |
F-4 | |||
Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 |
F-5 | |||
F-6 |
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MANAGEMENTS REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management of Lazard Group LLC and its subsidiaries (the Company) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Companys principal executive and principal financial officers to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Companys consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
| pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; |
| provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Companys management and directors; and |
| provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements. |
Management assessed the effectiveness of the Companys internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on managements assessment and those criteria, management concluded that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The Companys independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, audited the Companys internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, as stated in their report which appears under Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Members of Lazard Group LLC:
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Lazard Group LLC and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Companys management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Managements Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Companys internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A companys internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the companys principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the companys board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A companys internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the companys assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as listed in the Index at Item 8 as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015 of the Company, and our report dated February 25, 2016, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
New York, New York
February 25, 2016
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Members of Lazard Group LLC:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Lazard Group LLC and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, cash flows, and changes in members equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 8. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Lazard Group LLC and subsidiaries at December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Companys internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on the criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 25, 2016, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Companys internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
New York, New York
February 25, 2016
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
DECEMBER 31, 2015 AND 2014
(dollars in thousands)
December 31, | ||||||||
2015 | 2014 | |||||||
ASSETS |
||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents | $ | 1,025,844 | $ | 917,212 | ||||
Deposits with banks and short-term investments | 389,861 | 207,760 | ||||||
Cash deposited with clearing organizations and other segregated cash | 34,948 | 43,290 | ||||||
Receivables (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $12,882 and $23,540 at |
||||||||
Fees |
423,817 | 483,681 | ||||||
Customers and other |
73,396 | 73,915 | ||||||
Lazard Ltd subsidiaries |
108,817 | 332 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
606,030 | 557,928 | |||||||
Investments |
530,712 | 609,226 | ||||||
Property (net of accumulated amortization and depreciation of $265,505 and $256,285 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively) |
207,165 | 222,569 | ||||||
Goodwill and other intangible assets (net of accumulated amortization of $57,561 and $51,754 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively) |
326,976 | 347,438 | ||||||
Deferred tax assets |
52,695 | 59,041 | ||||||
Other assets | 223,815 | 206,216 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
Total Assets |
$ | 3,398,046 | $ | 3,170,680 | ||||
|
|
|
|
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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LAZARD GROUP LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
DECEMBER 31, 2015 AND 2014
(dollars in thousands)
December 31, | ||||||||
2015 | 2014 | |||||||
LIABILITIES AND MEMBERS EQUITY |
||||||||
Liabilities: |
||||||||
Deposits and other customer payables |
$ | 506,665 | $ | 316,602 | ||||
Accrued compensation and benefits |
570,409 | 606,290 | ||||||
Senior debt |
998,350 | 1,048,350 | ||||||
Payable to Lazard Ltd subsidiaries |
104,893 | 155,742 | ||||||
Deferred tax liabilities |
11,104 | 15,080 | ||||||
Capital lease obligations |
9,028 | 12,015 | ||||||
Other liabilities |
494,697 | 522,462 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
Total Liabilities |
2,695,146 | 2,676,541 | ||||||
Commitments and contingencies |
||||||||
MEMBERS EQUITY |
||||||||
Members equity (net of 3,322,385 and 5,663,243 shares of Lazard Ltd Class A common stock, at a cost of $161,288 and $246,032 at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively |
839,517 | 594,834 | ||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax |
(189,758 | ) | (163,288 | ) | ||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
Total Lazard Group LLC Members Equity |
649,759 | 431,546 | ||||||
Noncontrolling interests |
53,141 | 62,593 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
Total Members Equity |
702,900 | 494,139 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|||||
Total Liabilities and Members Equity |
$ | 3,398,046 | $ | 3,170,680 | ||||
|
|
|
|
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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LAZARD GROUP LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013
(dollars in thousands)
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
REVENUE |
||||||||||||
Investment banking and other advisory fees |
$ | 1,276,096 | $ | 1,201,424 | $ | 972,533 | ||||||
Asset management fees |
1,036,821 | 1,080,842 | 994,707 | |||||||||
Interest income |
5,661 | 11,108 | 11,076 | |||||||||
Other |
86,583 | 75,567 | 92,797 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Total revenue |
2,405,161 | 2,368,941 | 2,071,113 | |||||||||
Interest expense |
54,885 | 68,205 | 87,039 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Net revenue |
2,350,276 | 2,300,736 | 1,984,074 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
OPERATING EXPENSES |
||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
1,319,620 | 1,313,550 | 1,278,479 | |||||||||
Occupancy and equipment |
109,841 | 111,522 | 122,899 | |||||||||
Marketing and business development |
81,541 | 88,029 | 84,213 | |||||||||
Technology and information services |
95,526 | 91,119 | 89,288 | |||||||||
Professional services |
46,796 | 44,495 | 40,660 | |||||||||
Fund administration and outsourced services |
61,363 | 65,457 | 59,298 | |||||||||
Amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions |
5,821 | 6,387 | 10,114 | |||||||||
Other |
98,923 | 39,202 | 80,114 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
Total operating expenses |
1,819,431 | 1,759,761 | 1,765,065 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
OPERATING INCOME |
530,845 | 540,975 | 219,009 | |||||||||
Provision for income taxes |
81,548 | 77,815 | 32,242 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
NET INCOME |
449,297 | 463,160 | 186,767 | |||||||||
LESS - NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO NONCONTROLLING INTERESTS |
6,559 | 6,156 | 3,704 | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO LAZARD GROUP LLC |
$ | 442,738 | $ | 457,004 | $ | 183,063 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
See notes to consolidated financial statements.
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LAZARD GROUP LLC
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015, 2014 AND 2013
(dollars in thousands)
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2015 | 2014 | 2013 | ||||||||||
NET INCOME |
$ | 449,297 | $ | 463,160 | $ | 186,767 | ||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS), NET OF TAX: |
||||||||||||
Currency translation adjustments |
(44,062 | ) | (43,861 |