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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
| x | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2010
OR
| ¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from to
333-126751
(Commission File Number)
LAZARD GROUP LLC
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
| Delaware | 51-0278097 | |
| (State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation | (I.R.S. Employer Identification No.) | |
| or Organization) |
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York, NY 10020
(Address of principal executive offices)
Registrant’s telephone number: (212) 632-6000
| Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None | ||
| Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None | ||
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ¨ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. x
| Large accelerated filer ¨ | Accelerated filer ¨ | |
| Non-accelerated filer x | Smaller reporting company ¨ |
Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x
As of June 30, 2010, none of the Registrant’s common membership interests were held by non-affiliates. As of June 30, 2010, LAZ-MD Holdings LLC held 13,874,679 common memberships interests of the Registrant, representing 11.0% of the Registrant’s then outstanding common membership interests. As of January 31, 2011, LAZ-MD Holdings LLC held 7,633,593 common membership interests, or 6.0% of the Registrant’s then outstanding common membership interests. If LAZ-MD Holdings LLC is not deemed an “affiliate” of the Registrant, then as of June 30, 2010 there would have been 13,874,679 outstanding common membership interests of the Registrant held by non-affiliates, with a market value of $370,592,676 (assuming each common membership interest has a value equivalent to one share of Lazard Ltd Class A common stock and based on a closing price per share of $26.71 of Lazard Ltd Class A common stock on June 30, 2010).
As of January 31, 2011, in addition to profit participation interests, there were 127,331,529 common membership interests and two managing member interests outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
None
Table of Contents
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2010
INDEX
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When we use the terms “Lazard Group”, “Lazard”, “we”, “us”, “our”, and “the Company”, we mean Lazard Group LLC, a Delaware limited liability company that is the current holding company for the subsidiaries that conduct our businesses. Lazard Ltd is a Bermuda exempt company whose shares of Class A common stock (the “Class A common stock”) are publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the Symbol “LAZ”. Lazard Ltd’s subsidiaries include Lazard Group and their respective subsidiaries. Lazard Ltd has no material operating assets other than indirect ownership as of December 31, 2010 of approximately 94.0% of the common membership interests in Lazard Group. Lazard Ltd controls Lazard Group through two of its indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries who are co-managing members of Lazard Group.
Lazard Group has two primary holders of its common membership interests: Lazard Ltd and LAZ-MD Holdings LLC (“LAZ-MD Holdings”), a holding company that is owned by Lazard Group’s current and former managing directors. The Lazard Group common membership interests held by LAZ-MD Holdings are effectively exchangeable over time on a one-for-one basis with Lazard Ltd for shares of Lazard Ltd’s Class A common stock. In addition, Lazard Group has granted profit participation interests in Lazard Group to certain of its managing directors in connection with the recapitalization of Lazard Group at the time of Lazard Ltd’s equity public offering. The profit participation interests are discretionary profits interests that are intended to enable Lazard Group to compensate its managing directors in a manner consistent with historical practices.
| Item 1. | Business |
We are one of the world’s preeminent financial advisory and asset management firms and have long specialized in crafting solutions to the complex financial and strategic challenges of our clients. We serve a diverse set of clients around the world, including corporations, partnerships, institutions, governments and high-net worth individuals. The first Lazard partnership was established in 1848. Over time we have extended our activities beyond our roots in New York, Paris and London. We currently operate from 41 cities in key business and financial centers across 26 countries throughout Europe, North America, Asia, Australia, the Middle East and Central and South America.
The Separation and Recapitalization
On May 10, 2005, Lazard Ltd completed the equity public offering (the “equity public offering”) of its Class A common stock, the public offering of equity security units of Lazard Ltd, the private placements under an investment agreement with IXIS Corporate & Investment Bank (“IXIS” or, following its merger with and into its parent, “Natixis”) and the private offering of the 7.125% senior notes due 2015 of Lazard Group, primarily to recapitalize Lazard Group. We refer to these financing transactions and the recapitalization, collectively, as the “recapitalization.” As part of the recapitalization, Lazard Group used the net proceeds from the financing transactions primarily to redeem the outstanding Lazard Group membership interests of certain of its historical partners.
On May 10, 2005, Lazard Group also transferred its capital markets business, which consisted of equity, fixed income and convertibles sales and trading, broking, research and underwriting services, and fund management activities outside of France as well as other specified non-operating assets and liabilities, to LFCM Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (“LFCM Holdings”). We refer to these businesses, assets and liabilities as the “separated businesses” and these transfers collectively as the “separation.”
Principal Business Lines
We focus primarily on two business segments - Financial Advisory and Asset Management. We believe that the mix of our activities across business segments, geographic regions, industries and investment strategies helps to diversify and stabilize our revenue stream.
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Financial Advisory
We offer corporate, partnership, institutional, government, sovereign and individual clients across the globe a wide array of financial advisory services regarding mergers and acquisitions (“M&A”) and other strategic matters, restructurings, capital structure, capital raising and various other corporate finance matters. We focus on solving our clients’ most complex problems, providing advice to senior management, boards of directors and business owners of prominent companies and institutions in transactions that typically are of significant strategic and financial importance to them.
We continue to build our Financial Advisory business by fostering long-term, senior level relationships with existing and new clients as their independent advisor on strategic transactions. We seek to build and sustain long-term relationships with our clients rather than focusing simply on individual transactions, a practice that we believe enhances our access to senior management of major corporations and institutions around the world. We emphasize providing clients with senior level focus during all phases of transaction execution.
While we strive to earn repeat business from our clients, we operate in a highly competitive environment in which there are no long-term contracted sources of revenue. Each revenue-generating engagement is separately negotiated and awarded. To develop new client relationships, and to develop new engagements from historical client relationships, we maintain an active dialogue with a large number of clients and potential clients, as well as with their financial and legal advisors, on an ongoing basis. We have gained a significant number of new clients each year through our business development initiatives, through recruiting additional senior investment banking professionals who bring with them client relationships and through referrals from directors, attorneys and other third parties with whom we have relationships. At the same time, we lose clients each year as a result of the sale or merger of a client, a change in a client’s senior management, competition from other investment banks and other causes.
For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, the Financial Advisory segment net revenue totaled $1.120 billion, $987 million and $1.023 billion, respectively, accounting for approximately 59%, 65% and 66%, respectively, of our consolidated net revenue for such years. We earned $1 million or more from 255 clients, 257 clients and 220 clients for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, the ten largest fee paying clients constituted approximately 16%, 17% and 20% of our Financial Advisory segment net revenue, respectively, with no client individually having constituted more than 10% of segment net revenue during any of these years. For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, the Financial Advisory segment reported operating income (loss) of $169 million, $(12) million and $226 million, respectively. Operating income in 2010 and 2009 included charges of approximately $20 million and $49 million, respectively, representing the portion of special items (as described in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 22 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements) that are applicable to the Financial Advisory segment. Excluding the impact of such special items, our Financial Advisory segment had operating income of $189 million, $37 million and $226 million in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. At December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, the Financial Advisory segment had total assets of $799 million, $707 million and $739 million, respectively.
We believe that we have been pioneers in offering financial advisory services on an international basis, with the establishment of our New York, Paris and London offices dating back to the nineteenth century. We maintain a major local presence in the U.S., the United Kingdom (the “U.K.”) and France, including a network of regional branch offices in the U.S. and France, as well a presence in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dubai, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Panama, Peru, Singapore, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Uruguay and mainland China.
Over the past several years, our Financial Advisory segment has made several business acquisitions and entered into certain other business relationships. On August 13, 2007, we acquired all of the outstanding ownership interests of Goldsmith, Agio, Helms & Lynner, LLC (“GAHL”), a Minneapolis-based investment bank specializing
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in financial advisory services to mid-sized private companies. On July 31, 2007, Lazard Ltd acquired all of the outstanding shares of Carnegie, Wylie & Company (Holdings) PTY LTD (“CWC”), an Australia-based financial advisory firm, and concurrently sold such investment to Lazard Group. Furthermore, on June 19, 2007, we entered into a joint cooperation agreement with Raiffeisen Investment AG (“Raiffeisen”) for merger and acquisition advisory services in Russia and the Central and Eastern European (the “CEE”) region. This cooperation agreement is currently in the process of being renewed. The cooperation between us and Raiffeisen, one of the CEE region’s top M&A advisors, provides domestic, international and cross-border expertise within Russia and the CEE region. In addition, on January 31, 2008, we acquired a 50% interest in Merchant Bankers Asociados (“MBA”), an Argentina-based financial advisory services firm with offices across Central and South America and the parent company of MBA Banco de Inversiones. In February 2009, we entered into a strategic alliance with a financial advisory firm in Mexico to provide global M&A advisory services for clients, both inside and outside of Mexico, who are seeking to acquire or sell assets in Mexico or have interests in other financial transactions with companies in Mexico, and to provide restructuring advisory services to clients in Mexico.
In addition to seeking business centered in the locations referred to above, we historically have focused in particular on advising clients with respect to cross-border transactions. We believe that we are particularly well known for our legacy of offering broad teams of professionals who are indigenous to their respective regions and who have long-term client relationships, capabilities and know-how in their respective regions, who will coordinate with our professionals with global sector expertise. We also believe that this positioning affords us insight around the globe into key industry, economic, government and regulatory issues and developments, which we can bring to bear on behalf of our clients.
Services Offered
We advise clients on a wide range of strategic and financial issues. When we advise clients on the potential acquisition of another company, business or certain assets, our services include evaluating potential acquisition targets, providing valuation analyses, evaluating and proposing financial and strategic alternatives and rendering, if appropriate, fairness opinions. We also may advise as to the timing, structure, financing and pricing of a proposed acquisition and assist in negotiating and closing the acquisition. In addition, we may assist in executing an acquisition by acting as a dealer-manager in transactions structured as a tender or exchange offer.
When we advise clients that are contemplating the sale of certain businesses, assets or their entire company, our services include advising on the appropriate sales process for the situation, valuation issues, assisting in preparing an offering circular or other appropriate sales materials and rendering, if appropriate, fairness opinions. We also identify and contact selected qualified acquirors and assist in negotiating and closing the proposed sale. As appropriate, we also advise our clients regarding financial and strategic alternatives to a sale including recapitalizations, spin-offs, carve-outs, split-offs and tracking stocks. Our advice includes recommendations with respect to the structure, timing and pricing of these alternatives.
For companies in financial distress, our services may include reviewing and analyzing the business, operations, properties, financial condition and prospects of the company, evaluating debt capacity, assisting in the determination of an appropriate capital structure and evaluating and recommending financial and strategic alternatives, including providing advice on dividend policy. If appropriate, we may provide financial advice and assistance in developing and seeking approval of a restructuring or reorganization plan, which may include a plan of reorganization under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code or other similar court administered processes in non-U.S. jurisdictions. In such cases, we may assist in all aspects of the implementation of such a plan, including advising and assisting in structuring and effecting the financial aspects of a sale or recapitalization, structuring new securities, exchange offers, other considerations or other inducements to be offered or issued, as well as assisting and participating in negotiations with affected entities or groups.
When we assist clients in raising private or public market financing, our services include originating and executing private placements of equity, debt and related securities, assisting clients in connection with securing, refinancing or restructuring bank loans, originating public underwritings of equity, debt and convertible securities and
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originating and executing private placements of partnership and similar interests in alternative investment funds such as leveraged buyout, mezzanine or real estate focused funds. In addition, we may advise on capital structure and assist in long-range capital planning and rating agency relationships.
Since the beginning of the financial crisis that began in mid-2007, we have been at the forefront of providing independent advice to governments and governmental agencies challenged by the current troubled environment. Lazard’s Sovereign Advisory Group is also highly active, advising a number of countries with respect to sovereign debt.
In connection with the separation, we entered into a business alliance agreement dated as of May 10, 2005 by and among Lazard Group, LAZ-MD Holdings and LFCM Holdings (the “business alliance agreement”), pursuant to which a subsidiary of LFCM Holdings generally underwrites and distributes U.S. securities offerings originated by our Financial Advisory business in a manner intended to be similar to our practice prior to the separation, with revenue from such offerings generally continuing to be divided evenly between Lazard Group and LFCM Holdings.
Staffing
We staff our assignments with a team of quality professionals who have appropriate product and industry expertise. We pride ourselves on, and we believe we differentiate ourselves from our competitors by, being able to offer a high level of attention from senior personnel to our clients and organizing ourselves in such a way that managing directors who are responsible for securing and maintaining client relationships also actively participate in providing related transaction execution services. Our managing directors have significant experience, and many of them are able to use this experience to advise on both M&A and restructuring transactions, depending on our clients’ needs. Many of our managing directors and senior advisors come from diverse backgrounds, such as senior executive positions at corporations and in government, law and strategic consulting, which we believe enhances our ability to offer sophisticated advice and customized solutions to our clients. As of December 31, 2010, our Financial Advisory segment had 129 managing directors, 673 other professionals (which includes directors, vice presidents, associates and analysts) and 222 support staff personnel.
Industries Served
We seek to offer our services across most major industry groups, including, in many cases, sub-industry specialties. Our Mergers and Acquisitions managing directors and professionals are organized to provide advice in the following major industry practice areas:
| • | consumer, |
| • | financial institutions, |
| • | financial sponsors, |
| • | healthcare and life sciences, |
| • | industrial, |
| • | power and energy/infrastructure, |
| • | real estate, and |
| • | technology, media and telecommunications. |
These groups are managed locally in each relevant geographic region and are coordinated globally, which allows us to bring local industry-specific knowledge to bear on behalf of our clients on a global basis. We believe that this enhances the quality of the advice that we can offer, which improves our ability to market our capabilities to clients.
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In addition to our Mergers and Acquisitions and Restructuring practices, we also maintain specialties in the following distinct practice areas within our Financial Advisory segment:
| • | government advisory, |
| • | capital structure and debt advisory, |
| • | fund raising for alternative investment funds, |
| • | private investment in public equities, or “PIPES”, and |
| • | corporate finance and other advisory services, including convertible exchange transactions, Registered Direct offerings and private placements. |
We endeavor to coordinate the activities of the professionals in these areas with our Mergers and Acquisitions industry specialists in order to offer clients customized teams of cross-functional expertise spanning both industry and practice area expertise.
Strategy
Our focus in our Financial Advisory business is on:
| • | making a significant investment in our intellectual capital with the addition of senior professionals who we believe have strong client relationships and industry expertise, |
| • | increasing our contacts with existing clients to further enhance our long-term relationships and our efforts in developing new client relationships, |
| • | expanding the breadth and depth of our industry expertise and selectively adding new practice areas, such as our capital structure advisory effort to help corporations and governments in addressing the significant deleveraging that is occurring in the developed markets, |
| • | coordinating our industry specialty activities on a global basis and increasing the integration of our industry experts in mergers and acquisitions with our Restructuring and Capital Markets professionals, and |
| • | broadening our geographic presence by adding new offices, including, since the beginning of 2007, offices in Australia (Melbourne and Perth), Switzerland (Zurich) and United Arab Emirates (Dubai City), as well as new regional offices in the U.S. (Boston, Minneapolis, Charlotte and Washington DC), acquiring a 50% interest in a financial advisory firm with offices in Central and South America (Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Peru and Uruguay) and entering into a joint cooperation agreement in Eastern Europe and Russia, as well as a strategic alliance with a financial advisory firm in Mexico. |
In addition to the investments made as part of this strategy, we believe that the following external market factors may enable our Financial Advisory business to benefit by:
| • | increasing demand for independent, unbiased financial advice, and |
| • | a potential increase in cross-border M&A and large capitalization M&A, two of our areas of historical specialization. |
Going forward, our strategic emphasis in our Financial Advisory business is to leverage the investments we have made in recent years to grow our business and drive our productivity. We continue to seek to opportunistically attract outstanding individuals to our business. We routinely reassess our strategic position and may in the future seek opportunities to further enhance our competitive position. In this regard, since 2007, as described above, we broadened our geographic footprint through acquisitions, investments and alliances.
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Relationship with Natixis
Lazard Group and Natixis have in place a cooperation arrangement to place and underwrite securities in the French capital markets under a common brand, currently “Lazard-Natixis,” and cooperate in their respective origination, syndication, placement and other activities, whose term continues through July 8, 2012. This arrangement primarily covers French listed companies included in the Société des Bourses Francaises (“SBF”) 120 Index and initial public offerings with an expected resulting market capitalization of at least €500 million.
Asset Management
Our Asset Management business provides investment management and advisory services to institutional clients, financial intermediaries, private clients and investment vehicles around the world. Our goal in our Asset Management business is to produce superior risk-adjusted investment returns and provide investment solutions customized for our clients. Many of our equity investment strategies share an investment philosophy that centers on fundamental security selection with a focus on the trade-off between a company’s valuation and its financial productivity.
As of December 31, 2010, total assets under management (“AUM”) were $155.3 billion, of which approximately 85% was invested in equities, 11% in fixed income, 3% in alternative investments, and 1% in private equity funds. As of the same date, approximately 30% of our AUM was invested in international (i.e., non-U.S. and regional non-U.S.) investment strategies, 50% was invested in global investment strategies and 20% was invested in U.S. investment strategies, and our top ten clients accounted for 22% of our total AUM. Approximately 90% of our AUM as of that date was managed on behalf of institutional clients, including corporations, labor unions, public pension funds, insurance companies and banks, and through sub-advisory relationships, mutual fund sponsors, broker-dealers and registered advisors, and approximately 10% of our AUM as of December 31, 2010 was managed on behalf of individual client relationships, which are principally with family offices and high-net worth individuals.
The charts below illustrate the mix of our AUM as of December 31, 2010, measured by broad product strategy and by office location.
For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, our Asset Management segment net revenue totaled $850 million, $602 million and $615 million, respectively, accounting for approximately 45%, 39% and 39%, respectively, of our consolidated net revenue for such years. For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, Asset Management reported operating income (loss) of $265 million, $97 million and $(63) million, respectively. Operating income (loss) in 2010, 2009 and 2008 included charges of $3 million, $8 million and approximately $197 million, respectively, representing the portion of the special items (as described in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Note 22 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements) that are applicable to the Asset Management segment. Excluding the impact of such special items, our Asset Management segment had operating income of $268 million, $105 million and $134 million in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. At December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, our Asset Management segment had total assets of $687 million, $703 million and $420 million, respectively.
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LAM and LFG
Our largest Asset Management subsidiaries are Lazard Asset Management LLC and its subsidiaries (“LAM”), with offices in New York, San Francisco, Boston, Chicago, Toronto, Montreal, London, Milan, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Tokyo, Hong Kong, Sydney, Seoul and Bahrain (aggregating approximately $140.6 billion in total AUM as of December 31, 2010), and Lazard Frères Gestion SAS (“LFG”), with offices in Paris and Brussels (aggregating approximately $13.5 billion in total AUM as of December 31, 2010). These operations, with 630 employees as of December 31, 2010, provide our business with both a global presence and a local identity.
Primary distinguishing features of these operations include:
| • | a global footprint with global research, global mandates and global clients, |
| • | a broad-based team of approximately 250 investment professionals at December 31, 2010: LAM had approximately 215 investment professionals, including approximately 95 focused, in-house, investment analysts across all products and platforms, many of whom have substantial industry or sector specific expertise, and LFG had approximately 35 investment professionals, including research analysts, |
| • | a security selection-based investment philosophy applied across products, and |
| • | world-wide brand recognition and multi-channel distribution capabilities. |
Our Investment Philosophy, Process and Research. Our investment philosophy is generally based upon a fundamental security selection approach to investing. Across many of our products, we apply three key principles to investment portfolios:
| • | select securities, not markets, |
| • | evaluate the trade-off between returns and valuations, and |
| • | manage risk. |
In searching for equity investment opportunities, many of our investment professionals follow an investment process that incorporates several interconnected components that may include:
| • | analytical framework analysis and screening, |
| • | accounting validation, |
| • | fundamental analysis, |
| • | security selection and portfolio construction, and |
| • | risk management. |
At LAM, we conduct investment research on a global basis to develop market, industry and company specific insights and evaluate investment opportunities. The LAM global equity analysts, located in our worldwide offices, are organized around six global industry sectors:
| • | consumer goods, |
| • | financial services, |
| • | health care, |
| • | industrials, |
| • | power, and |
| • | technology, media and telecommunications. |
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Investment Strategies. Our Asset Management business provides equity, fixed income, cash management and alternative investment strategies to our clients, paying close attention to our clients’ varying and expanding investment needs. We offer the following product platform of investment strategies:
| Global |
Regional |
Domestic | ||||
| Equities |
Global Large Capitalization Small Capitalization Emerging Markets Thematic Convertibles* Listed Infrastructure Quantitative
EAFE (Non-U.S.) Large Capitalization Small Capitalization Multi-Capitalization Quantitative
Global Ex Global Ex-U.K. Global Ex-Japan Global Ex-Australia |
Pan-European Large Capitalization Small Capitalization Quantitative
Eurozone Large Capitalization** Small Capitalization**
Continental European Small Cap Multi Cap Eurozone (i.e., Euro Bloc) Euro-Trend (Thematic) |
U.S. Large Capitalization** Mid Capitalization Small/Mid Capitalization Multi-Capitalization
Other U.K. (Large Capitalization) U.K. (Small Capitalization) U.K. Quantitative Australia France (Large Capitalization)* France (Small Capitalization)* Japan** Korea | |||
| Fixed Income and Cash Management | Global Core Fixed Income High Yield Short Duration Emerging Markets |
Pan-European Core Fixed Income High Yield Cash Management* Duration Overlay
Eurozone Fixed Income** Cash Management* Corporate Bonds** |
U.S. Core Fixed Income High Yield Short Duration Municipals Cash Management*
Non-U.S. U.K. Fixed Income | |||
| Alternative |
Global Fund of Hedge Funds Fund of Closed-End Funds Convertible Arbitrage/Relative Value Emerging Income |
Regional European Explorer Japan (Long/Short) |
||||
All of the above strategies are offered by LAM, except for those denoted by *, which are offered exclusively by LFG. Investment strategies offered by both LAM and LFG are denoted by **.
In addition to the primary investment strategies listed above, we also provide locally customized investment solutions to our clients. In many cases, we also offer both diversified and more concentrated versions of our products. These products are generally offered on a separate account basis, as well as through pooled vehicles.
Distribution. We distribute our products through a broad array of marketing channels on a global basis. LAM’s marketing, sales and client service efforts are organized through a global market delivery and service network, with distribution professionals located in cities including New York, San Francisco, London, Milan, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Tokyo, Sydney, Hong Kong, Bahrain and Seoul. We have developed a well-established presence in the institutional asset management arena, managing money for corporations, labor unions, sovereign wealth funds and public pension funds around the world. In addition, we manage assets for insurance companies, savings and trust banks, endowments, foundations and charities.
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We also have become a leading firm in third-party distribution, managing mutual funds and separately managed accounts for many of the world’s largest broker-dealers, insurance companies, registered advisors and other financial intermediaries. In the area of wealth management, we cater to family offices and private clients.
LFG markets and distributes its products through 22 sales professionals based in France, who directly target both individual and institutional investors.
In June 2009, the Company formed a new wealth management subsidiary, Lazard Wealth Management LLC (“Lazard Wealth Management”). Lazard Wealth Management provides customized investment management and financial planning services to high net worth investors in the U.S. Lazard Wealth Management works with investors to construct, implement and monitor an asset allocation strategy designed to meet the individual client’s investment objectives, integrating tax planning, estate planning, philanthropic interests and legacy planning with investment and risk management services. Lazard Wealth Management is registered as an investment adviser with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). As of December 31, 2010, Lazard Wealth Management had 20 employees.
Strategy
Our strategic plan in our Asset Management business is to focus on delivering superior investment performance and client service and broadening our product offerings and distribution in selected areas in order to continue to drive improved business results. Over the past several years, in an effort to improve LAM’s operations and expand our business, we have:
| • | focused on enhancing our investment performance, |
| • | improved our investment management platform by adding a number of senior investment professionals (including portfolio managers and analysts), |
| • | continued to strengthen our marketing and consultant relations capabilities, |
| • | expanded our product platform, including the addition of a new emerging markets debt team, and |
| • | continued to expand LAM’s geographic reach, including through opening offices in Hong Kong and Bahrain. |
We believe that our Asset Management business has long maintained an outstanding team of portfolio managers and global research analysts. We intend to maintain and supplement our intellectual capital to achieve our goals. We routinely reassess our strategic position and may in the future seek acquisitions or other transactions, including the opportunistic hiring of new employees, in order to further enhance our competitive position. We also believe that our specific investment strategies, global reach, unique brand identity and access to multiple distribution channels may allow us to expand into new investment products, strategies and geographic locations. In addition, we plan to expand our participation in alternative investment activities through investments in new and successor funds, and are considering expanding the services we offer to high-net worth individuals, through organic growth, acquisitions or otherwise.
Alternative Investments
Lazard has a long history of making investments with its own capital, often alongside capital of qualified institutional and individual investors. These activities typically are organized in funds that make substantial or controlling investments in private or public companies, generally through privately negotiated transactions and with a view to divestment within two to seven years. While potentially risky and frequently illiquid, such investments, when successful, can yield investors substantial returns on capital and generate attractive management and performance fees for the sponsor of such funds.
As a part of the separation in 2005, we transferred to LFCM Holdings all of our alternative investment activities at that time, except for Fonds Partenaires Gestion SA (“FPG”), our private equity business in France,
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which, until September 30, 2009, was a subsidiary of our Paris-based banking affiliate, Lazard Frères Banque SA (“LFB”). We also transferred to LFCM Holdings certain principal investments by Lazard Group in the funds managed by the separated businesses. Effective September 30, 2009, the Company sold FPG.
LFCM Holdings operates the alternative investment business (including private equity activities) transferred to it in the separation. Consistent with our intent to support the development of the alternative investment business, including investing capital in funds managed or formed by Lazard Alternative Investments Holdings LLC (“LAI”), a subsidiary of LFCM Holdings, and in order to benefit from what we believe to be the potential of this business, we are entitled to receive from LFCM Holdings all or a portion of the payments from the incentive distributions attributable to these funds (net of compensation payable to investment professionals who manage these funds) pursuant to the business alliance agreement. In addition, pursuant to the business alliance agreement, we retained an option to acquire the North American and European fund management activities of LAI and have the right to participate in the oversight of LFCM Holdings’ funds and consent to certain actions. On December 15, 2009, Lazard Group exercised its option to acquire the European fund management activities of LAI. The remaining option to purchase the North American fund management activities is currently exercisable at any time prior to May 10, 2014 (see Note 20 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). We will continue to abide by our obligations with respect to transferred funds. From time to time, we have considered exercising the option with respect to the remaining activities in North America.
Since 2005, consistent with our obligations to LFCM Holdings, we have engaged in a number of alternative investments and private equity activities. In February 2009 the business alliance agreement was amended to remove certain restrictions on the Company engaging in private equity businesses in North America and to reduce the price of our option to acquire the fund management activities of LAI in North America. We continue to explore and discuss opportunities to expand the scope of our alternative investment and private equity activities in Europe, the U.S. and elsewhere. These opportunities could include internal growth of new funds and direct investments by us, partnerships or strategic relationships, investments with third parties or acquisitions of existing funds or management companies. In that regard, on July 15, 2009, the Company established a private equity business with The Edgewater Funds (“Edgewater”), a Chicago-based private equity firm, through the acquisition of Edgewater’s management vehicles. The acquisition was structured as a purchase by Lazard of interests in a holding company that owns interests in the general partner and management company entities of the current Edgewater private equity funds (the “Edgewater Acquisition”) (see Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). As of December 31, 2010, Edgewater, with 18 employees, had approximately $1.0 billion of AUM and unfunded fee-earning commitments. Also, consistent with our obligations to LFCM Holdings, we may explore discrete capital markets opportunities. See Notes 14 and 20 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding alternative investments, including certain matters with respect to Corporate Partners II Limited (“CP II MgmtCo.”).
CWC operates our private equity business in Australia, which, as of December 31, 2010, had 8 employees and approximately $200 million of private equity AUM.
Employees
We believe that our people are our most important asset, and it is their reputation, talent, integrity and dedication that underpin our success. As of December 31, 2010, we employed 2,332 people, which included 129 managing directors and 673 other professionals in our Financial Advisory segment and 64 managing directors and 315 other professionals in our Asset Management segment. We strive to maintain a work environment that fosters professionalism, excellence, diversity and cooperation among our employees worldwide. We generally utilize an evaluation process at the end of each year to measure performance, determine compensation and provide guidance on opportunities for improved performance. Generally, our employees are not subject to any collective bargaining agreements, except that our employees in certain of our European offices, including France and Italy, are covered by national, industry-wide collective bargaining agreements. We believe that we have good relations with our employees.
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Competition
The financial services industry, and all of the businesses in which we compete, are intensely competitive, and we expect them to remain so. Our competitors are other investment banking and financial advisory firms, broker-dealers, commercial and “universal” banks, insurance companies, investment management firms, hedge fund management firms, alternative investment firms and other financial institutions. We compete with some of our competitors globally and with others on a regional, product or niche basis. We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including quality of people, transaction execution skills, investment track record, quality of client service, individual and institutional client relationships, absence of conflicts, range of products and services, innovation, brand recognition and business reputation.
While our competitors vary by country in our Mergers and Acquisitions practice, we believe our primary competitors in securing M&A advisory engagements are Bank of America, Barclays, Citigroup, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank AG, Goldman Sachs & Co., JPMorgan Chase, Mediobanca, Morgan Stanley, Rothschild and UBS. In our Restructuring practice, our primary competitors are The Blackstone Group, Evercore Partners, Greenhill & Co., Houlihan Lokey, Moelis & Company and Rothschild.
We believe that our primary global competitors in our Asset Management business include, in the case of LAM, Alliance Bernstein, Brandes Investment Partners, Capital Management & Research, Fidelity, Invesco, Lord Abbett, Aberdeen and Schroders and, in the case of LFG, private banks with offices in France as well as large institutional banks and fund managers. We face competition in private equity both in the pursuit of outside investors for our private equity funds and the acquisition of investments in attractive portfolio companies. We compete with hundreds of other funds, many of which are subsidiaries of or otherwise affiliated with large financial service providers.
Competition is also intense in each of our businesses for the attraction and retention of qualified employees, and we compete on the level and nature of compensation and equity-based incentives for key employees. Our ability to continue to compete effectively in our businesses will depend upon our ability to attract new employees and retain and motivate our existing employees.
In recent years there has been substantial consolidation and convergence among companies in the financial services industry. In particular, a number of large commercial banks, insurance companies and other broad-based financial services firms have established or acquired broker-dealers or have merged with other financial institutions. This trend was amplified in connection with the unprecedented disruption and volatility in the financial markets during the past several years, and, as a result, a number of financial services companies have merged, been acquired or have fundamentally changed their respective business models, including, in certain cases, becoming commercial banks. Many of these firms have the ability to offer a wider range of products than we offer, including loans, deposit taking, insurance and brokerage services. Many of these firms also offer more extensive asset management and investment banking services, which may enhance their competitive position. They also have the ability to support investment banking and securities products with commercial banking, insurance and other financial services revenue in an effort to gain market share, which could result in pricing pressure in our businesses. This trend toward consolidation and convergence has significantly increased the capital base and geographic reach of our competitors, and, in certain instances, has afforded them access to government funds.
Regulation
Our businesses, as well as the financial services industry generally, are subject to extensive regulation throughout the world. As a matter of public policy, regulatory bodies are charged with safeguarding the integrity of the securities and other financial markets and with protecting the interests of customers participating in those markets, not with protecting the interests of our stockholders or creditors. Many of our affiliates that participate in securities markets are subject to comprehensive regulations that include some form of capital structure regulations and customer protection rules. In the U.S., certain of our subsidiaries are subject to such regulations promulgated by the SEC or Financial
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Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) (formerly the NASD) or the Municipal Securities Rulemakers Board (the “MSRB”). Standards, requirements and rules implemented throughout the European Union are broadly comparable in scope and purpose to the regulatory capital and customer protection requirements imposed under the SEC and FINRA rules. European Union directives also permit local regulation in each jurisdiction, including those in which we operate, to be more restrictive than the requirements of such European Union-wide directives. These sometimes burdensome local requirements can result in certain competitive disadvantages to us.
In the U.S., the SEC is the federal agency responsible for the administration of the federal securities laws. FINRA is a voluntary, self-regulatory body composed of members, such as our broker-dealer subsidiaries, that have agreed to abide by FINRA’s rules and regulations. The MSRB is also a voluntary, self-regulatory body, composed of members, including “municipal advisors”, that have agreed to abide by the MSRB’s rules and regulations. The SEC, FINRA, MSRB and non-U.S. regulatory organizations may examine the activities of, and may expel, fine and otherwise discipline us and our employees. The laws, rules and regulations comprising this framework of regulation and the interpretation and enforcement of existing laws, rules and regulations are constantly changing, particularly in light of the extraordinary disruption and volatility in the global financial markets experienced in recent years. The effect of any such changes cannot be predicted and may impact the manner of operation and profitability of our company.
Our principal U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary, Lazard Frères & Co. LLC (“LFNY”), through which we conduct most of our U.S. Financial Advisory business, is currently registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and FINRA, and as a broker-dealer in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. As such, LFNY is subject to regulations governing effectively every aspect of the securities business, including minimum capital requirements, record-keeping and reporting procedures, relationships with customers, experience and training requirements for certain employees, and business procedures with firms that are not members of certain regulatory bodies. LFNY is also currently registered with the SEC and the MSRB as a “municipal advisor”, a new registration category that includes placement agents that solicit investments from public pension funds on behalf of investments funds. The MSRB has adopted, and is in the process of adopting, additional rules to govern municipal advisors, including “pay-to-play” rules and rules regarding professional standards, and LFNY is subject to those rules. Lazard Asset Management Securities LLC, a subsidiary of LAM, is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and FINRA and in all 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Lazard Middle Market LLC, a subsidiary of GAHL, is registered as a broker-dealer with the SEC and FINRA, and as a broker-dealer in various U.S. states and territories.
Certain U.K. subsidiaries of Lazard Group, including Lazard & Co., Limited, Lazard Fund Managers Limited and Lazard Asset Management Limited, which we refer to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”) as the “U.K. subsidiaries,” are regulated by the Financial Services Authority. We also have other subsidiaries that are registered as broker-dealers (or have similar non-US registration in various jurisdictions).
Compagnie Financière Lazard Frères SAS (“CFLF”), our French subsidiary through which non-corporate finance advisory activities are carried out in France, is subject to regulation by the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel for its banking activities conducted through its subsidiary, LFB. In addition, the investment services activities of the Paris group, exercised through LFB and other subsidiaries of CFLF, primarily LFG (asset management), are subject to regulation and supervision by the Autorité des Marchés Financiers. Our business is also subject to regulation by non-U.S. governmental and regulatory bodies and self-regulatory authorities in other countries where we operate.
Our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiaries, including LFNY, are subject to the SEC’s uniform net capital rule, Rule 15c3-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and the net capital rules of FINRA, which may limit our ability to make withdrawals of capital from our broker-dealer subsidiaries. The uniform net capital rule sets the minimum level of net capital a broker-dealer must maintain and also requires that a portion of its assets be relatively liquid. FINRA may prohibit a member firm from expanding its business or paying cash dividends if it would result in net capital falling below FINRA’s requirements. In addition, our broker-dealer subsidiaries are subject to certain notification requirements related to withdrawals of
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excess net capital. Our broker-dealer subsidiaries are also subject to regulations, including the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, which impose obligations regarding the prevention and detection of money-laundering activities, including the establishment of customer due diligence and other compliance policies and procedures. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in monetary, regulatory and, in certain cases, criminal penalties.
Certain of our Asset Management subsidiaries are registered as investment advisors with the SEC. As registered investment advisors, each is subject to the requirements of the Investment Advisers Act and the SEC’s regulations thereunder. Such requirements relate to, among other things, the relationship between an advisor and its advisory clients, as well as general anti-fraud prohibitions. LAM serves as an advisor to several mutual funds which are registered under the Investment Company Act. The Investment Company Act regulates, among other things, the relationship between a mutual fund and its investment advisor (and other service providers) and prohibits or severely restricts principal transactions between an advisor and its advisory clients, imposes record- keeping and reporting requirements, disclosure requirements, limitations on trades where a single broker acts as the agent for both the buyer and seller (known as “agency cross”), and limitations on affiliated transactions and joint transactions. Lazard Asset Management Securities LLC, a subsidiary of LAM, serves as the underwriter or distributor for mutual funds and hedge funds managed by LAM, and as an introducing broker to Lazard Capital Markets LLC for unmanaged accounts of LAM’s private clients.
In addition, the Japanese Ministry of Finance and the Financial Supervisory Agency, the Korean Financial Supervisory Commission, as well as Australian and German banking authorities, among others, regulate various of our operating entities and also have capital standards and other requirements comparable to the rules of the SEC.
Regulators are empowered to conduct administrative proceedings that can result in censure, fine, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or the suspension or expulsion or other disciplining of a broker-dealer or its directors, officers or employees.
Lazard Ltd is currently subject to supervision by the SEC as a Supervised Investment Bank Holding Company (“SIBHC”). As a SIBHC, Lazard Ltd is subject to group-wide supervision, which requires it to compute allowable capital and risk allowances on a consolidated basis. However, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the “Dodd-Frank Act”), provides for the elimination of the SEC’s SIBHC program on July 21, 2011. Following this elimination, we will be required to be regulated on a comprehensive basis by another regulatory body, either in the U.S. or Europe, pursuant to relevant rules in Europe. The Dodd-Frank Act allows certain securities holding companies seeking consolidated supervision to elect to be regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. The Dodd-Frank Act could have other effects on us, which we are currently in the process of examining, including the impact of the elimination of the SIBHC program and the effects of various new regulations mandated by the Dodd-Frank Act.
Over the last several years, global financial markets experienced extraordinary disruption and volatility. As a result, the U.S. and other governments have taken actions, and may continue to take further actions, in response to this disruption and volatility, including expanding current or enacting new standards, requirements and rules that may be applicable to us and our subsidiaries. The effect of any such expanded or new standards, requirements and rules is uncertain and could have adverse consequences to our business and results of operations.
Executive Officers of the Registrant
Set forth below are the name, age, present title, principal occupation and certain biographical information for each of our executive officers as of February 22, 2011, all of whom have been appointed by, and serve at the pleasure of, our board of directors.
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Kenneth M. Jacobs, 52
Mr. Jacobs has served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Lazard Ltd and Lazard Group LLC since November 2009. Mr. Jacobs served as a Managing Director of Lazard since 1991 and had been a deputy chairman of Lazard from January 2002 until November 2009. He had also served as Chief Executive Officer of Lazard North America beginning in 2002. Mr. Jacobs initially joined Lazard in 1988. Mr. Jacobs is a member of the Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago and the Brookings Institution.
Michael J. Castellano, 64
Mr. Castellano has served as Chief Financial Officer of Lazard Ltd since May 2005. Mr. Castellano has served as a Managing Director and Chief Financial Officer of Lazard Group since August 2001. Prior to joining Lazard, Mr. Castellano held various senior management positions at Merrill Lynch & Co. from August 1991 to August 2001, including Senior Vice President—Chief Control Officer for Merrill Lynch’s capital markets businesses, Chairman of Merrill Lynch International Bank and Senior Vice President—Corporate Controller. Prior to joining Merrill Lynch & Co., Mr. Castellano was a partner with Deloitte & Touche where he served a number of investment banking clients over the course of his 24 years with the firm.
Ashish Bhutani, 50
Mr. Bhutani is a Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Lazard and has been the Chief Executive Officer of LAM since March 2004. Mr. Bhutani has served as a director of Lazard Ltd and Lazard Group since March 2010. Mr. Bhutani previously served as Head of New Products and Strategic Planning for LAM from June 2003 to March 2004. Prior to joining Lazard, he was Co-Chief Executive Officer, North America, of Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein from 2001 to the end of 2002, and was a member of its Global Corporate and Markets Board, and a member of the Global Executive Committee. Mr. Bhutani worked at Wasserstein Perella Group (the predecessor to Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein) from 1989 to 2001, serving as Deputy Chairman of Wasserstein Perella Group and Chief Executive Officer of Wasserstein Perella Securities from 1994 to 2001. Mr. Bhutani began his career at Salomon Brothers in 1985, where he was a Vice President in Fixed Income. Mr. Bhutani is a member of the Board of Directors of four registered investment companies, which are part of the Lazard fund complex.
Scott D. Hoffman, 48
Mr. Hoffman has served as General Counsel of Lazard Ltd since May 2005. Mr. Hoffman has served as a Managing Director of Lazard Group since January 1999 and General Counsel of Lazard Group since January 2001. Mr. Hoffman previously served as Vice President and Assistant General Counsel from February 1994 to December 1997 and as a Director from January 1998 to December 1998. Prior to joining Lazard, Mr. Hoffman was an attorney at Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP. Mr. Hoffman is a member of the Board of Trustees of the New York University School of Law.
Alexander F. Stern, 44
Mr. Stern has served as Chief Operating Officer of Lazard Ltd and Lazard Group LLC since November 2008. He has served as a Managing Director since January 2002 and as the Firm’s Global Head of Strategy since February 2006. Mr. Stern previously served as a Vice President in Lazard’s Financial Advisory business from January 1998 to December 2000 and as a Director from January 2001 to December 2001. Mr. Stern joined Lazard in 1994 and previously held various positions with Patricof & Co. Ventures and IBM.
Where You Can Find Additional Information
Lazard Group files current, annual and quarterly reports and other information required by the Exchange Act, with the SEC. You may read and copy any document the company files at the SEC’s public reference room
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located at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549, U.S.A. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. The Company’s SEC filings are also available to the public from the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of these reports and other information can also be inspected at the offices of the New York Stock Exchange, Inc., 20 Broad Street, New York, New York 10005, U.S.A.
Our public internet site is http://www.lazard.com. and the investor relations SEC filings section of our public internet site is located at http://www.lazard.com/InvestorRelations/SEC-Filings.aspx. We will make available free of charge, on or through the investor relations section of our internet site, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Also posted on our website, and available in print upon request of any shareholder to the Investor Relations Department, are charters for Lazard Ltd’s Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating & Governance Committee. Copies of these charters and Lazard Ltd’s Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics governing our directors, officers and employees are also posted on our website in the “Corporate Governance” section.
| ITEM 1A. | RISK FACTORS |
You should carefully consider the following risks and all of the other information set forth in this Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes. The following risks comprise material risks of which we are aware. If any of the events or developments described below actually occurred, our business, financial condition or results of operations would likely suffer.
Risks Relating to the Financial Services Industry and Financial Markets
In 2007 through 2009, the U.S. and global capital markets and the economy generally experienced significant deterioration and volatility, which has had negative repercussions on the global economy, and any return to such deterioration and volatility could present challenges for our business.
Commencing in 2007 and continuing through 2009, certain adverse financial developments have impacted the U.S. and global capital markets. These developments included a general slowing of economic growth both in the U.S. and globally, substantial volatility in equity securities markets, and volatility and tightening of liquidity in credit markets. In addition, concerns over increasing unemployment levels, declining business and consumer confidence, volatile energy costs, geopolitical issues and a declining real estate market in the U.S. and elsewhere have contributed to increased volatility and diminished expectations for the economy and the markets going forward. Although the level of volatility in the equity securities markets and credit markets has declined, many of these concerns remain present. For example, investor concerns about the financial health of certain European countries caused market disruptions in 2010. If the 2007-2009 levels of market disruption and volatility return, or if current conditions materially worsen, our business may be adversely affected, which may have a material impact on our business and results of operations.
The full extent of the effects of governmental economic and regulatory involvement in the wake of disruption and volatility in global financial markets is uncertain.
As a result of market volatility and disruption in recent years, the U.S. and other governments have taken unprecedented steps to try to stabilize the financial system, including investing in financial institutions and taking certain regulatory actions. The full extent of the effects of these actions and legislative and regulatory initiatives (including the Dodd-Frank Act) effected in connection with, and as a result of, such extraordinary disruption and volatility is uncertain, both as to the financial capital markets and participants in general, and as to us in particular.
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The level of soundness of our clients and other financial institutions could adversely affect us.
We have exposure to many different industries, products and counterparties, and we routinely execute transactions with counterparties in the financial services industry, including brokers and dealers, commercial banks, investment banks, mutual and hedge funds, and other institutional clients. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be fully realized or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the loan or derivative exposure due us.
Other Business Risks
Our ability to retain our managing directors and other key professional employees is critical to the success of our business, including maintaining compensation levels at an appropriate level of costs, and failure to do so may materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial position.
Our people are our most important resource. We must retain the services of our managing directors and other key professional employees, and strategically recruit and hire new talented employees, to obtain and successfully execute the advisory and asset management engagements that generate substantially all our revenue.
Lazard Group has experienced several significant events in recent years. In general, our industry continues to experience change and exerts competitive pressures for retaining top talent, which makes it more difficult for us to retain professionals. If any of our managing directors and other key professional employees were to join an existing competitor, form a competing company or otherwise leave us, some of our clients could choose to use the services of that competitor or some other competitor instead of our services. The employment arrangements, non-competition agreements and retention agreements we have or will enter into with our managing directors and other key professional employees may not prevent our managing directors and other key professional employees from resigning from practice or competing against us. In addition, these arrangements and agreements have a limited duration and will expire after a certain period of time. We continue to be subject to intense competition in the financial services industry regarding the recruitment and retention of key professionals, and have experienced departures from and added to our professional ranks as a result. Changes to our employee compensation arrangements, such as changes to the composition between cash and deferred compensation, may result in increased compensation and benefits expense in a particular year. Our compensation levels, results of operations and financial position may be significantly affected by many factors, including general economic and market conditions, our operating and financial performance, staffing levels and competitive pay conditions.
Difficult market conditions can adversely affect our business in many ways, including by reducing the volume of the transactions involving our Financial Advisory business and reducing the value or performance of the assets we manage in our Asset Management business, which, in each case, could materially reduce our revenue or income and adversely affect our financial position.
As a financial services firm, our businesses are materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and economic conditions throughout the world. The financial environment in the U.S. and globally has been volatile during recent years. Unfavorable economic and market conditions can adversely affect our financial performance in both the Financial Advisory and Asset Management businesses.
For example, revenue generated by our Financial Advisory business is directly related to the volume and value of the transactions in which we are involved. During periods of unfavorable market or economic conditions, the volume and value of M&A transactions may decrease, thereby reducing the demand for our Financial Advisory services and increasing price competition among financial services companies seeking such engagements. Our results of operations would be adversely affected by any such reduction in the volume or value of M&A transactions. In addition, our profitability would be adversely affected due to our fixed costs and the possibility that we would be unable to scale back other costs within a timeframe sufficient to offset any decreases in revenue relating to changes in market and economic conditions. The future market and economic climate may deteriorate because of many factors, including possible increases in interest rates or inflation, terrorism or political uncertainty.
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Within our Financial Advisory business, we have typically seen that, during periods of economic strength and growth, our Mergers and Acquisitions practice historically has been more active and our Restructuring practice has been less active. Conversely, during periods of economic weakness and slowdown, we typically have seen that our Restructuring practice has been more active and our Mergers and Acquisitions practice has been less active. As a result, our revenue from our Restructuring practice has tended to correlate negatively to our revenue from our Mergers and Acquisitions practice over the course of business cycles. These trends are cyclical in nature and subject to periodic reversal. However, these trends do not cancel out the impact of economic conditions in our Financial Advisory business, which may be adversely affected by a downturn in economic conditions leading to decreased Mergers and Acquisitions practice activity, notwithstanding improvements in our Restructuring practice. Moreover, revenue improvements in our Mergers and Acquisitions practice in strong economic conditions could be offset in whole or in part by any related revenue declines in our Restructuring practice. While we generally have experienced a counter-cyclical relationship between our Mergers and Acquisitions practice and our Restructuring practice, this relationship may not continue in the future.
Our Asset Management business also would be expected to generate lower revenue in a market or general economic downturn. Under our Asset Management business’ arrangements, investment advisory fees we receive typically are based on the market value of AUM. Accordingly, a decline in the prices of securities, such as that which occurred on a global basis in 2008, or in specific geographic markets or sectors that constitute a significant portion of our AUM (i.e., our emerging markets strategies), would be expected to cause our revenue and income to decline by:
| • | causing the value of our AUM to decrease, which would result in lower investment advisory fees, |
| • | causing some of our clients to withdraw funds from our Asset Management business due to the uncertainty or volatility in the market, which would also result in lower investment advisory fees, |
| • | causing some of our clients or prospective clients to hesitate in allocating assets to our Asset Management business due to the uncertainty or volatility in the market, which would also result in lower investment advisory fees, |
| • | causing negative absolute performance returns for some accounts which have performance-based incentive fees, which would result in a reduction of revenue from such fees, or |
| • | causing some of our clients to withdraw funds from our Asset Management business in favor of investments they perceive as offering greater opportunity or lower risk, which also would result in lower investment advisory fees. |
If our Asset Management revenue declines without a commensurate reduction in our expenses, our net income would be reduced. In addition, in the event of a market downturn, our alternative investment and private equity practice also may be impacted by reduced exit opportunities in which to realize the value of its investments.
A majority of our revenue is derived from Financial Advisory fees, which are not long-term contracted sources of revenue and are subject to intense competition, and declines in our Financial Advisory engagements could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.
We historically have earned a substantial portion of our revenue from advisory fees paid to us by our Financial Advisory clients, which fees usually are payable upon the successful completion of a particular transaction or restructuring. For example, for the year ended December 31, 2010, Financial Advisory services accounted for approximately 59% of our consolidated net revenue. We expect that we will continue to rely on Financial Advisory fees for a substantial portion of our revenue for the foreseeable future, and a decline in our advisory engagements or the market for advisory services would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
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In addition, we operate in a highly competitive environment where typically there are no long-term contracted sources of revenue. Each revenue-generating engagement typically is separately awarded and negotiated. Furthermore, many businesses do not routinely engage in transactions requiring our services and, as a consequence, our fee paying engagements with many clients are not likely to be predictable. We also lose clients each year as a result of the sale or merger of a client, a change in a client’s senior management, competition from other financial advisors and financial institutions, and other causes. As a result, our engagements with clients are constantly changing and our Financial Advisory fees could decline quickly due to the factors discussed above.
There will not be a consistent pattern in our financial results from period to period, which may make it difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly basis.
We experience significant fluctuations in quarterly revenue and profits. These fluctuations generally can be attributed to the fact that we earn a significant portion of our Financial Advisory revenue upon the successful completion of a merger or acquisition transaction or a restructuring, the timing of which is uncertain and is not subject to our control. In addition, our Asset Management revenue is particularly sensitive to fluctuations in our AUM. Asset Management fees are often based on AUM as of the end of a quarter or month. As a result, a reduction in assets at the end of a quarter or month (as a result of market depreciation, withdrawals or otherwise) will result in a decrease in management fees. Similarly, timing of flows, contributions and withdrawals are often out of our control and may be inconsistent from quarter to quarter. As a result of quarterly fluctuations, it may be difficult for us to achieve steady earnings growth on a quarterly basis.
In many cases, we are paid for advisory engagements only upon the successful consummation of the underlying merger or acquisition transaction or restructuring. As a result, our Financial Advisory business is highly dependent on market conditions and the decisions and actions of our clients, interested third parties and governmental authorities. For example, a client could delay or terminate an acquisition transaction because of a failure to agree upon final terms with the counterparty, failure to obtain necessary regulatory consents or board of directors or stockholder approval, failure to secure necessary financing, adverse market conditions or because the target’s business is experiencing unexpected operating or financial problems. Anticipated bidders for assets of a client during a restructuring transaction may not materialize or our client may not be able to restructure its operations or indebtedness, for example, due to a failure to reach agreement with its principal creditors. In addition, a bankruptcy court may deny our right to collect a “success” or “completion” fee. In these circumstances, other than in engagements where we receive monthly retainers, we often do not receive any advisory fees other than the reimbursement of certain expenses despite the fact that we devote resources to these transactions. Accordingly, the failure of one or more transactions to close either as anticipated or at all could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. For more information, see “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
If the number of debt defaults, bankruptcies or other factors affecting demand for our Restructuring services declines, or we lose business to certain new entrants to the restructuring advisory practice who are no longer precluded from offering such services due to changes to the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, our Restructuring practice’s revenue could suffer.
We provide various restructuring and restructuring-related advice to companies in financial distress or to their creditors or other stakeholders. Historically, the fees from restructuring related services have been a significant part of our Financial Advisory revenue. A number of factors could affect demand for these advisory services, including improving general economic conditions, the availability and cost of debt and equity financing and changes to laws, rules and regulations, including deregulation or privatization of particular industries and those that protect creditors.
Section 327 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code requires that “disinterested persons” be employed in a restructuring. The definition of “disinterested persons” has been modified. As previously in effect, certain of our competitors were disqualified from being employed in restructurings as a result of their status as an underwriter
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of securities. This basis for disqualification, however, no longer applies. Historically, we were not often disqualified from obtaining a role in a restructuring because we have not been a significant underwriter of securities. The change of the “disinterested persons” definition allows for more financial services firms to compete for restructuring engagements and make recruiting and retaining of professionals more difficult. If our competitors succeed in being retained in new restructuring engagements or in hiring our restructuring professionals, our Restructuring practice, and thereby our results of operations, could be materially adversely affected.
We could lose clients and suffer a decline in our Asset Management revenue and earnings if the investments we choose in our Asset Management business perform poorly or if we lose key employees, regardless of overall trends in the prices of securities.
Investment performance affects our AUM relating to existing clients and is one of the most important factors in retaining clients and competing for new Asset Management business. Poor investment performance could impair our revenue and growth because:
| • | existing clients might withdraw funds from our Asset Management business in favor of better performing products, which would result in lower investment advisory fees, |
| • | our incentive fees, which provide us with a set percentage of returns on some alternative investment and private equity funds and other accounts, would decline, |
| • | third-party financial intermediaries, advisors or consultants may rate our products poorly, which may result in client withdrawals and reduced asset flows from these third parties or their clients, or |
| • | firms with which we have strategic alliances may terminate such relationships with us, and future strategic alliances may be unavailable. |
If key employees were to leave our Asset Management business, whether to join a competitor or otherwise, we may suffer a decline in revenue or earnings and suffer an adverse effect on our financial position. Loss of key employees may occur due to perceived opportunity for promotion, increased compensation, work environment or other individual reasons, some of which may be beyond our control.
Our investment style in our Asset Management business may underperform other investment approaches, which may result in significant client or asset departures, or a reduction in AUM.
Even when securities prices are rising generally, performance can be affected by investment style. Many of the equity investment strategies in our Asset Management business share a common investment orientation towards fundamental security selection. We believe this style tends to outperform the market in some market environments and underperform it in others. In particular, a prolonged growth environment may cause certain investment strategies to go out of favor with some clients, advisers, consultants or third-party intermediaries. In combination with poor performance relative to peers, changes in personnel, extensive periods in particular market environments or other difficulties, this may result in significant client or asset departures or a reduction in AUM.
Because our clients can remove the assets we manage on short notice, we may experience unexpected declines in revenue and profitability.
Our investment advisory contracts are generally terminable upon very short notice. Institutional and individual clients, and firms with which we have strategic alliances, can terminate their relationship with us, reduce the aggregate amount of AUM or shift their funds to other types of accounts with different rate structures for a number of reasons, including investment performance, changes in prevailing interest rates and financial market performance. Poor performance relative to other investment management firms tends to result in decreased investments in our investment products, increased redemptions of our investment products, and the loss of institutional or individual accounts or strategic alliances. In addition, the ability to terminate relationships may allow clients to renegotiate for lower fees paid for asset management services.
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In addition, in the U.S., as required by the Investment Company Act, each of our investment advisory contracts with the mutual funds we advise or subadvise automatically terminates upon its “assignment.” Each of our other investment advisory contracts subject to the provisions of the Investment Advisers Act provide, as required by the act, that the contract may not be “assigned” without the consent of the customer. A sale of a sufficiently large block of shares of our voting securities or other transactions could be deemed an “assignment” in certain circumstances. An assignment, actual or constructive, would trigger these termination provisions and could adversely affect our ability to continue managing client accounts.
Access to clients through intermediaries is important to our Asset Management business, and reductions in referrals from such intermediaries or poor reviews of our products or our organization by such intermediaries could materially reduce our revenue and impair our ability to attract new clients.
Our ability to market our Asset Management services relies in part on receiving mandates from the client base of national and regional securities firms, banks, insurance companies, defined contribution plan administrators, investment consultants and other intermediaries. To an increasing extent, our Asset Management business uses referrals from accountants, lawyers, financial planners and other professional advisors. The inability to have this access could materially adversely affect our Asset Management business. In addition, many of these intermediaries review and evaluate our products and our organization. Poor reviews or evaluations of either the particular product or of us may result in client withdrawals or an inability to attract new assets through such intermediaries.
Our historical investment activities involve increased levels of investments in relatively high-risk, illiquid assets, and we may lose some or all of the principal amount that we invest in these activities or fail to realize any profits from these activities for a considerable period of time.
We intend to expand our participation in alternative investment activities through investments in new and successor funds, and we may exercise our option under the business alliance agreement between Lazard Group and LFCM Holdings to acquire the alternative investment business and related principal investments from LFCM Holdings in North America (see Note 20 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of the CP II MgmtCo Spin-Off, the exercise of the option to acquire the European fund management activities of Lazard Alternative Investments Holdings LLC and related transactions). In addition, during July 2009, the Company established a private equity business with Edgewater.
The revenue from this business is derived primarily from management fees calculated as a percentage of AUM and incentive fees, which are earned if investments are profitable over a specified threshold. Our ability to form new alternative investment funds is subject to a number of uncertainties, including past performance of our funds, market or economic conditions, competition from other fund managers and the ability to negotiate terms with major investors. In addition, the payments we are entitled to receive from LFCM Holdings under the terms of the business alliance agreement in respect of our continued involvement with LFCM Holdings are based on the carried interests received in connection with LFCM Holdings-managed funds.
In addition, we have made, and in the future may make, principal investments in public or private companies or in alternative investments (including private equity funds and special purpose acquisition companies) established by us or by LFCM Holdings and continue to hold principal investments directly or through several funds managed by LFCM Holdings. Making principal investments is risky, and we may lose some or all of the principal amount of our investments. Certain of these types of investments may be in relatively high-risk, illiquid assets. Because it may take several years before attractive alternative investment opportunities are identified, some or all of the capital committed by us to these funds is likely to be invested in government securities, other short-term, highly rated debt securities and money market funds that traditionally have offered investors relatively lower returns. In addition, these investments may be adjusted for accounting purposes to fair value at the end of each quarter, and our allocable share of any such gains or losses will affect our revenue, even though such fair value fluctuations may have no cash impact, which could increase the volatility of our earnings. It takes a substantial period of time to identify attractive alternative investment opportunities, to raise all the funds needed to make an investment and then to realize the cash
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value of an investment through resale. Even if an alternative investment proves to be profitable, it may be several years or longer before any profits can be realized in cash or other proceeds.
Our results of operations may be affected by market fluctuations related to positions held in our investment portfolios.
We invest capital in various types of debt securities and in equities in order to seed LAM equity and alternative investment funds, and for general corporate purposes. Such investments are subject to market fluctuations due to changes in the market prices of securities, interest rates or other market factors, such as liquidity. These investments are adjusted for accounting purposes to fair value at the end of each quarter regardless of our intended holding period, with such gains or losses reflected in revenue, and therefore may increase the volatility of our earnings, even though such gains or losses may not be realized.
We face strong competition from financial services firms, many of whom have the ability to offer clients a wider range of products and services than we can offer, which could lead to pricing pressures that could materially adversely affect our revenue and profitability.
The financial services industry is intensely competitive, and we expect it to remain so. We compete on the basis of a number of factors, including the quality of our employees, transaction execution, our products and services, innovation, reputation and price. We have experienced intense fee competition in some of our businesses in recent years, and we believe that we may experience pricing pressures in these and other areas in the future as some of our competitors seek to obtain increased market share by reducing fees.
We face increased competition due to a trend toward consolidation. In recent years, there has been substantial consolidation and convergence among companies in the financial services industry. In particular, a number of large commercial banks, insurance companies and other broad-based financial services firms have established or acquired broker-dealers or have merged with other financial institutions. This trend was amplified in connection with the unprecedented disruption and volatility in the financial markets during the past several years and, as a result, a number of financial services companies have merged, been acquired or have fundamentally changed their respective business models. Many of these firms have the ability to offer a wide range of products, from loans, deposit-taking and insurance to brokerage, asset management and investment banking services, which may enhance their competitive position. They also have the ability to support investment banking, including financial advisory services, with commercial banking, insurance and other financial services in an effort to gain market share, which could result in pricing pressure in our businesses.
An inability to access the debt and equity capital markets as a result of our debt obligations, credit ratings or other factors could impair our liquidity, increase our borrowing costs or otherwise adversely affect our competitive position or results of operations.
As of December 31, 2010, Lazard Group and its subsidiaries had approximately $1.25 billion in debt (including capital lease obligations) outstanding, of which $529 million and $548 million relate to Lazard Group senior notes that mature in 2015 and 2017, respectively. This debt has certain mandated payment obligations, which may constrain our ability to operate our business. In addition, in the future we may need to incur debt or issue equity in order to fund our working capital requirements or refinance existing indebtedness, as well as to make acquisitions and other investments. The amount of our debt obligations may impair our ability to raise debt or issue equity for financing purposes. Our access to funds also may be impaired if regulatory authorities take significant action against us, or if we discover that any of our employees had engaged in serious unauthorized or illegal activity. In addition, our borrowing costs and our access to the debt capital markets depend significantly on our credit ratings. These ratings are assigned by rating agencies, which may reduce or withdraw their ratings or place us on “credit watch” with negative implications at any time. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”
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We may pursue acquisitions, joint ventures or cooperation agreements that could present unforeseen integration obstacles or costs.
We routinely assess our strategic position and may in the future seek acquisitions or other transactions to further enhance our competitive position. We have in the past pursued joint ventures and other transactions aimed at expanding the geography and scope of our operations. During 2007, we acquired all of the outstanding ownership interests of GAHL and CWC, we entered into a joint cooperation agreement with Raiffeisen and we entered into a shareholders agreement to acquire a 50% interest in MBA. During 2009, we established a private equity business with Edgewater. We expect to continue to explore acquisitions and partnership or strategic alliance opportunities that we believe to be attractive.
Acquisitions and joint ventures involve a number of risks and present financial, managerial and operational challenges, including potential disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of management, difficulty with integrating personnel and financial and other systems, hiring additional management and other critical personnel and increasing the scope, geographic diversity and complexity of our operations. Our clients may react unfavorably to our acquisition and joint venture strategy, we may not realize any anticipated benefits from acquisitions, we may be exposed to additional liabilities of any acquired business or joint venture, and we may not be able to renew on similar terms (or at all) previously successful joint ventures or similar arrangements, any of which could materially adversely affect our revenue and results of operations.
Employee misconduct could harm us by impairing our ability to attract and retain clients and subjecting us to significant legal liability and reputational harm, and this type of misconduct is difficult to detect and deter.
There have been a number of highly publicized cases involving fraud or other misconduct by employees in the financial services industry generally, and we run the risk that employee misconduct could occur in our business as well. For example, misconduct by employees could involve the improper use or disclosure of confidential information, which could result in regulatory sanctions and serious reputational or financial harm. Our Financial Advisory business often requires that we deal with client confidences of great significance to our clients, improper use of which may harm our clients or our relationships with our clients. Any breach of our clients’ confidences as a result of employee misconduct may impair our ability to attract and retain Financial Advisory clients and may subject us to liability. Similarly, in our Asset Management business, we have authority over client assets, and we may, from time to time, have custody of such assets. In addition, we often have discretion to trade client assets on the client’s behalf and must do so acting in the best interests of the client. As a result, we are subject to a number of obligations and standards, and the violation of those obligations or standards may adversely affect our clients and us. It is difficult to deter employee misconduct, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases.
The financial services industry faces substantial litigation and regulatory risks, and we may face damage to our professional reputation and legal liability if our services are not regarded as satisfactory or for other reasons.
As a financial services firm, we depend to a large extent on our relationships with our clients and our reputation for integrity and high-caliber professional services to attract and retain clients. As a result, if a client is not satisfied with our services, such dissatisfaction may be more damaging to our business than to other types of businesses. Moreover, our role as advisor to our clients on important M&A or restructuring transactions involves complex analysis and the exercise of professional judgment, including, if appropriate, rendering “fairness opinions” in connection with mergers and other transactions.
In recent years, the volume of claims and amount of damages claimed in litigation and regulatory proceedings against financial advisors has been increasing. Our Financial Advisory activities may subject us to the risk of significant legal actions by our clients and third parties, including our clients’ stockholders, under
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securities or other laws for allegations relating to materially false or misleading statements made in connection with securities and other transactions and potential liability for the fairness opinions and other advice provided to participants in corporate transactions. In our Asset Management business, we make investment decisions on behalf of our clients which could result in substantial losses. This also may subject us to the risk of legal actions alleging negligence, misconduct, breach of fiduciary duty or breach of contract. These risks often may be difficult to assess or quantify and their existence and magnitude often remain unknown for substantial periods of time. Our engagements typically include broad indemnities from our clients and provisions designed to limit our exposure to legal claims relating to our services, but these provisions may not protect us or may not be adhered to in all cases. We also are subject to claims arising from disputes with employees for alleged discrimination or harassment, among other things. These risks often may be difficult to assess or quantify, and their existence and magnitude often remain unknown for substantial periods of time. As a result, we may incur significant legal expenses in defending against litigation. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory action against us could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations or cause significant reputational harm to us, which could seriously harm our business.
Other operational risks may disrupt our businesses, result in regulatory action against us or limit our growth.
Our business is dependent on communications and information systems, including those of our vendors. Any failure or interruption of these systems, whether caused by fire, other natural disaster, power or telecommunications failure, act of terrorism or war or otherwise, could materially adversely affect our operating results. Although back-up systems are in place, our back-up procedures and capabilities in the event of a failure or interruption may not be adequate.
Particularly in our Asset Management business, we rely heavily on our financial, accounting, trading, compliance and other data processing systems, and those of our third party vendors or service providers who support these functions. We expect that we will need to review whether to continue to upgrade and expand the capabilities of these systems in the future to avoid disruption of, or constraints on, our operations. However, if any of these systems do not operate properly or are disabled, we could suffer financial loss, a disruption of our businesses, liability to clients, regulatory intervention or reputational damage. The inability of our systems (or those of our vendors or service providers) to accommodate an increasing volume of transactions also could constrain our ability to expand our businesses.
Extensive regulation of our businesses limits our activities and results in ongoing exposure to the potential for significant penalties, including fines or limitations on our ability to conduct our businesses.
The financial services industry is subject to extensive regulation. We are subject to regulation by governmental and self-regulatory organizations in the jurisdictions in which we operate around the world. Many of these regulators, including U.S. and non-U.S. government agencies and self-regulatory organizations, as well as state securities commissions in the U.S., are empowered to conduct administrative proceedings that can result in censure, fine, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or the suspension or expulsion of a broker-dealer from registration or membership. The requirements imposed by our regulators are designed to ensure the integrity of the financial markets and to protect customers and other third parties who deal with us and are not designed to protect our stockholders. Consequently, these regulations often serve to limit our activities, including through net capital, customer protection and market conduct requirements.
We face the risk of significant intervention by regulatory authorities, including extended investigation and surveillance activity, adoption of costly or restrictive new regulations and judicial or administrative proceedings that may result in substantial penalties. Among other things, we could be fined or be prohibited from engaging in some of our business activities. In addition, the regulatory environment in which we operate is subject to modifications and further regulation. New laws or regulations or changes in the enforcement of existing laws or regulations applicable to us and our clients also may adversely affect our business, and our ability to function in this environment will depend on our ability to constantly monitor and react to these changes.
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From 2007 through 2009, the U.S. and global financial markets experienced extraordinary disruption and volatility. As a result, the U.S. and other governments have taken actions, and may continue to take further actions, in response to this disruption and volatility, including expanding current or enacting new standards, requirements and rules that may be applicable to us and our subsidiaries. The effect of any such expanded or new standards, requirements and rules is uncertain and could have adverse consequences to our business and results of operations. For example, in July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act was signed into law. While we currently are in the process of examining the potential impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and related regulations, we are not able to predict the ultimate effect on us.
The regulatory environment in which our clients operate may also impact our business. For example, changes in antitrust laws or the enforcement of antitrust laws could affect the level of M&A activity and changes in state laws may limit investment activities of state pension plans.
For asset management businesses in general, there have been a number of highly publicized cases involving fraud or other misconduct by employees of asset management firms, as well as industry-wide regulatory inquiries. These cases and inquiries have resulted in increased scrutiny in the industry and may result in new rules and regulations for mutual funds, hedge funds and their investment managers. This regulatory scrutiny and these rulemaking initiatives may result in an increase in operational and compliance costs or the risk of assessment of significant fines or penalties against our Asset Management business, and may otherwise limit our ability to engage in certain activities.
Financial services firms are subject to numerous conflicts of interest or perceived conflicts. We have adopted various policies, controls and procedures to address or limit actual or perceived conflicts and regularly seek to review and update our policies, controls and procedures. However, these policies and procedures may result in increased costs, additional operational personnel and increased regulatory risk. Failure to adhere to these policies and procedures may result in regulatory sanctions or client litigation.
Specific regulatory changes also may have a direct impact on the revenue of our Asset Management business. In addition to regulatory scrutiny and potential fines and sanctions, regulators continue to examine different aspects of the asset management industry. For example, the use of “soft dollars,” where a portion of commissions paid to broker-dealers in connection with the execution of trades also pays for research and other services provided to advisors, is periodically reexamined and may in the future be limited or modified. Although a substantial portion of the research relied on by our Asset Management business in the investment decision-making process is generated internally by our investment analysts, external research, including external research paid for with soft dollars, is important to the process. This external research generally is used for information gathering or verification purposes, and includes broker-provided research, as well as third-party provided databases and research services. For the year ended December 31, 2010, our Asset Management business obtained research and other services through third-party soft dollar arrangements, the total cost of which we estimate to be approximately $18 million. If the use of soft dollars is limited, we may have to bear some of these costs. In addition, new regulations regarding the management of hedge funds and the use of certain investment products may impact our Asset Management business and result in increased costs. For example, many regulators around the world adopted restrictions or prohibitions on the short selling of certain securities and requirements to report short positions and other transactions. In addition, legislators around the world are exploring regulatory changes and additional oversight of the financial industry generally. The impact of these proposed changes on the Company are uncertain. These regulatory changes and other proposed or potential changes may result in a reduction of revenue associated with our Asset Management business.
See “Business—Regulation” for a further discussion of the regulatory environment in which we conduct our businesses.
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Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates could reduce our members’ equity and net income or negatively impact the portfolios of our Asset Management clients and may affect the levels of our AUM.
We are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currencies. Our financial statements are denominated in U.S. dollars and, for the year ended December 31, 2010, we received approximately 39% of our consolidated net revenue in other currencies, predominantly in euros and British pounds. In addition, we pay a significant amount of our expenses in such other currencies. The exchange rates of these currencies versus the U.S. dollar affects the carrying value of our assets and liabilities as well as our net income. We do not generally hedge such foreign currency exchange rate exposure arising in our subsidiaries outside of the U.S. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates may also make period to period comparisons of our results of operations difficult.
Foreign currency fluctuations also can impact the portfolios of our Asset Management clients. Client portfolios are invested in securities across the globe, although most portfolios are in a single base currency. Foreign currency fluctuations can adversely impact investment performance for a client’s portfolio. In addition, foreign currency fluctuations may affect the levels of our AUM. As our AUM include significant assets that are denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, an increase in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to non-U.S. currencies may result in a decrease in the dollar value of our AUM, which, in turn, would result in lower U.S. dollar-denominated revenue in our Asset Management business. While this risk may be limited by foreign currency hedging, some risks cannot be hedged and our hedging activity may not be successful. Poor performance may result in decreased AUM, including as a result of withdrawal of client assets or a decrease in new assets being raised in the relevant product.
See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the impact on members’ equity from currency translation adjustments.
Lazard Group is a holding company and therefore depends on its subsidiaries to make distributions to Lazard Group to enable it to service its obligations under its indebtedness.
Lazard Group depends on its subsidiaries, which conduct the operations of the businesses, for dividends and other payments to generate the funds necessary to meet its financial obligations, including payments of principal and interest on its indebtedness. However, none of Lazard Group’s subsidiaries is obligated to make funds available to it for servicing such financial obligations. In addition, legal and contractual restrictions in agreements governing current and future indebtedness, as well as financial conditions, minimum regulatory net capital and similar requirements and operating requirements of Lazard Group’s subsidiaries, currently limit and may, in the future, limit Lazard Group’s ability to obtain cash from its subsidiaries. The earnings from, or other available assets of, Lazard Group’s subsidiaries may not be sufficient to pay dividends or make distributions or loans to enable Lazard Group to make payments with respect to its financial obligations when such payments are due. In addition, even if such earnings were sufficient, the agreements governing the current and future indebtedness of Lazard Group’s subsidiaries and regulatory requirements with respect to our broker-dealer and other regulated subsidiaries may not permit such subsidiaries to provide Lazard Group with sufficient dividends, distributions or loans to fund its financial obligations, when due.
Tax authorities may challenge our tax computations, classifications and our transfer pricing methods, and their application.
In the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to tax audits in various jurisdictions. Tax authorities may challenge our tax computations, classifications, our transfer pricing methods and their application, and other items. While we believe our tax computations, classifications and transfer pricing results are correct and properly reflected on our financial statements, the tax authorities may disagree.
Outcome of future U.S. tax legislation is unknown at the present time.
On February 14, 2011, the Executive Branch presented its 2012 budget proposals to Congress. The budget proposals included several potential revenue generating proposals to (i) limit the deduction of certain related party
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interest and (ii) defer the deduction of interest attributable to foreign source income of foreign subsidiaries. Each of these proposals would be effective only for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2011. In addition, other members of Congress have proposed legislation that, if enacted, would reclassify certain types of publicly-traded entities as U.S. corporations for tax purposes if the management and control of such entities occurs primarily within the U.S.
We are currently unable to predict the ultimate outcome of any of these proposals. If enacted in their current form, however, some of these proposals may increase Lazard’s effective tax rate during future periods.
Failure to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our business.
We have documented and tested our internal control procedures in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which requires annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and a report by our independent auditors regarding the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. We are in compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as of December 31, 2010. However, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal controls, as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal controls over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Failure to maintain an effective internal control environment could have a material adverse effect on our business.
LAZ-MD Holdings, Lazard Group, LFCM Holdings and Lazard Ltd entered into various arrangements, including the master separation agreement, which contain cross-indemnification obligations of LAZ-MD Holdings, Lazard Group, LFCM Holdings and Lazard Ltd, that any party may be unable to satisfy.
The master separation agreement that Lazard Ltd entered into with Lazard Group, LAZ-MD Holdings and LFCM Holdings provides, among other things, that LFCM Holdings generally will indemnify Lazard Ltd, Lazard Group and LAZ-MD Holdings for losses that we incur arising out of, or relating to, the separated businesses and the businesses conducted by LFCM Holdings and losses that Lazard Ltd, Lazard Group or LAZ-MD Holdings incur arising out of, or relating to, LFCM Holdings’ breach of the master separation agreement. In addition, LAZ-MD Holdings generally will indemnify Lazard Ltd, Lazard Group and LFCM Holdings for losses that they incur arising out of, or relating to, LAZ-MD Holdings’ breach of the master separation agreement. Our ability to collect under the indemnities from LAZ-MD Holdings or LFCM Holdings depends on their financial position. For example, persons may seek to hold us responsible for liabilities assumed by LAZ-MD Holdings or LFCM Holdings. If these liabilities are significant and we are held liable for them, we may not be able to recover any or all of the amount of those losses from LAZ-MD Holdings or LFCM Holdings should either be financially unable to perform under their indemnification obligations.
In addition, Lazard Group generally will indemnify LFCM Holdings and LAZ-MD Holdings for liabilities related to Lazard Group’s businesses and Lazard Group will indemnify LFCM Holdings and LAZ-MD Holdings for losses that they incur to the extent arising out of, or relating to, Lazard Group’s or Lazard Ltd’s breach of the master separation agreement. Several of the ancillary agreements that Lazard Group entered into together with the master separation agreement also provide for separate indemnification arrangements. For example, under the administrative services agreement, Lazard Group provides a range of services to LFCM Holdings, including information technology, general office and building services and financing and accounting services, and LFCM Holdings will generally indemnify Lazard Group for liabilities that Lazard Group incurs arising from the provision of these services absent Lazard Group’s intentional misconduct. Lazard Group may face claims for indemnification from LFCM Holdings and LAZ-MD Holdings under these provisions regarding matters for which Lazard Group has agreed to indemnify them. If these liabilities are significant, Lazard Group may be required to make substantial payments, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations. Also, in connection with the CP II MgmtCo Spin-Off (as defined in Note 20 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements), the subsidiary of LFCM
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Holdings that manages CP II MgmtCo has generally agreed to indemnify us against certain losses related to Corporate Partners Limited II that arise after the date of closing of the CP II MgmtCo Spin-Off. However, should persons seek to hold us responsible for liabilities assumed by CP II MgmtCo, we may not be able to recover any or all of the amount of our losses from CP II MgmtCo if CP II MgmtCo is financially unable to perform under its indemnification obligations.
We may have potential business conflicts of interest with LAZ-MD Holdings and LFCM Holdings with respect to our past and ongoing relationships that could harm our business operations.
Pursuant to the LAZ-MD Holdings amended and restated stockholders’ agreement, LAZ-MD Holdings will vote the single share of Lazard Ltd Class B common stock, which, as of December 31, 2010, represented approximately 6.0% of Lazard Ltd’s voting power, as directed by its individual members who are party to that agreement. These same persons generally own and control LFCM Holdings, which holds the separated businesses. In addition, several employees of Lazard provide services to LFCM Holdings. Conflicts of interest may arise between LFCM Holdings and us in a number of areas relating to our past and ongoing relationships, including:
| • | labor, tax, employee benefits, indemnification and other matters arising from the separation, |
| • | intellectual property matters, |
| • | business combinations involving us, |
| • | business operations or business opportunities of LFCM Holdings or us that would compete with the other party’s business opportunities, including investment banking by us and the management of alternative investment funds by LFCM Holdings, particularly as some of the managing directors provide services to LFCM Holdings, |
| • | the terms of the master separation agreement and related ancillary agreements, including the operation of the alternative investment fund management business and Lazard Group’s option to purchase the business, |
| • | the nature, quality and pricing of administrative services to be provided by us, and |
| • | the provision of services by certain of our managing directors to LFCM Holdings. |
In addition, the administrative services agreement commits us to provide a range of services to LFCM Holdings and LAZ-MD Holdings, which could require the expenditure of significant amounts of time by our management. Our agreements with LAZ-MD Holdings and LFCM Holdings may be amended upon agreement of the parties to those agreements. We may not be able to resolve any potential conflicts and, even if we do, the resolution may be less favorable to us than if we were dealing with an unaffiliated party.
The use of the “Lazard” brand name by subsidiaries of LFCM Holdings may expose us to reputational harm that could affect our operations and adversely affect our financial position should these subsidiaries take actions that damage the brand name.
The “Lazard” brand name has over 160 years of heritage, connoting, we believe, world-class professional advice, independence and global capabilities with deeply rooted, local know-how. LFCM Holdings operates as a separate legal entity, and Lazard Group licensed to subsidiaries of LFCM Holdings that operate the separated businesses the use of the “Lazard” brand name for certain specified purposes, including in connection with alternative investment fund management and capital markets activities. As these subsidiaries of LFCM Holdings historically have and will continue to use the “Lazard” brand name, and because we no longer control these entities, there is a risk of reputational harm to us if these subsidiaries have, or in the future were to, among other things, engage in poor business practices, experience adverse results or otherwise damage the reputational value of the “Lazard” brand name. These risks could expose us to liability and also may adversely affect our revenue and our business prospects.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We have made statements under the captions “Business,” “Risk Factors,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and in other sections of this Form 10-K that are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as “may,” “might,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue,” and the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements, which are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us, may include projections of our future financial performance based on our growth strategies and anticipated trends in our business. These statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and projections about future events. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. In particular, you should consider the numerous risks and uncertainties outlined in “Risk Factors,” including the following:
| • | a decline in general economic conditions or the global financial markets, |
| • | losses caused by financial or other problems experienced by third parties, |
| • | losses due to unidentified or unanticipated risks, |
| • | a lack of liquidity, i.e., ready access to funds, for use in our businesses, and |
| • | competitive pressure on our businesses and on our ability to retain our employees. |
These risks and uncertainties are not exhaustive. Other sections of this Form 10-K may include additional factors, which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for our management to predict all risks and uncertainties, nor can management assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. Moreover, neither we nor any other person assumes responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of any of these forward-looking statements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We are under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date of this Form 10-K to conform our prior statements to actual results or revised expectations and we do not intend to do so.
Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about the:
| • | business’ possible or assumed future results of operations and operating cash flows, |
| • | business’ strategies and investment policies, |
| • | business’ financing plans and the availability of short-term borrowing, |
| • | business’ competitive position, |
| • | future acquisitions, including the consideration to be paid and the timing of consummation, |
| • | potential growth opportunities available to our businesses, |
| • | recruitment and retention of our managing directors and employees, |
| • | target levels of compensation expense, |
| • | business’ potential operating performance, achievements, productivity improvements, efficiency and cost reduction efforts, |
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| • | likelihood of success and impact of litigation, |
| • | expected tax rates, |
| • | changes in interest and tax rates, |
| • | expectations with respect to the economy, securities markets, the market for mergers, acquisitions and strategic advisory and restructuring activity, the market for asset management activity and other industry trends, |
| • | effects of competition on our business, and |
| • | impact of future legislation and regulation on our business. |
The Company is committed to providing timely and accurate information to the investing public, consistent with our legal and regulatory obligations. To that end, the Company uses its websites to convey information about our businesses, including the anticipated release of quarterly financial results, quarterly financial, statistical and business-related information, and the posting of updates of AUM in various mutual funds, hedge funds and other investment products managed by LAM and its subsidiaries. Monthly updates of these funds are posted to the LAM website (www.lazardnet.com) on the third business day following the end of each month. Investors can link to Lazard Ltd, Lazard Group and their operating company websites through http://www.lazard.com. Our websites and the information contained therein or connected thereto shall not be deemed to be incorporated into this Form 10-K.
| Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments |
None.
| Item 2. | Properties |
The following table lists the properties used for the entire Lazard organization as of December 31, 2010, including properties used by the separated businesses. As a general matter, one or both of our Financial Advisory and Asset Management segments (as well as our Corporate segment) uses the following properties. We license and sublease to LFCM Holdings certain office space, including office space that is used by the separated businesses. This includes subleasing or licensing 31,854 square feet in New York City located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza to LFCM Holdings. Additionally, our New York, London and other offices sublease 37,202, 55,676 and 26,302 square feet, respectively, to third parties. We remain fully liable for the subleased space to the extent LFCM Holdings, or the third parties, fail to perform their obligations under the subleases for any reason.
| Location |
Square Footage |
Offices | ||
| New York City |
380,354 square feet of leased space |
Principal office located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza. | ||
| Other North America |
151,951 square feet of leased space |
Atlanta, Boston, Charlotte, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, Montreal, San Francisco and Washington D.C. | ||
| Paris |
170,644 square feet of owned and leased space |
Principal office located at 121 Boulevard Haussmann. | ||
| London |
86,695 square feet of leased space |
Principal office located at 50 Stratton Street. | ||
| Other Europe |
119,788 square feet of leased space |
Amsterdam, Bordeaux, Brussels, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Lyon, Madrid, Milan, Stockholm and Zurich. | ||
| Asia, Australia and |
74,721 square feet of leased space |
Beijing, Dubai City, Hong Kong, Melbourne, Mumbai, Perth, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney and Tokyo. |
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We believe that we currently maintain sufficient space to meet our anticipated needs. We have agreed to enter into an amendment (the “Lease Amendment”) of the leases relating to our offices in Rockefeller Center, New York, New York (the “Leased Premises”). The effectiveness of the Lease Amendment is conditioned upon receipt of customary documentation evidencing, among other things, the consent of the lender holding a mortgage covering the Leased Premises. The Lease Amendment provides that the term of the lease will be extended until 2033.
| Item 3. | Legal Proceedings |
The Company’s businesses, as well as the financial services industry generally, are subject to extensive regulation throughout the world. The Company is involved from time to time in a number of judicial, regulatory and arbitration proceedings and inquiries concerning matters arising in connection with the conduct of our businesses, including proceedings initiated by former employees alleging wrongful termination. The Company reviews such matters on a case-by-case basis and establishes any required reserves if a loss is probable and the amount of such loss can be reasonably estimated. Management believes, based on currently available information, that the results of such matters, in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition but might be material to the Company’s operating results or cash flows for any particular period, depending upon the operating results for such period.
| Item 4. | (Removed and Reserved) |
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| Item 5. | Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |
As of December 31, 2010, approximately 94.0% and 6.0% of our common membership interests are held by wholly-owned subsidiaries of Lazard Ltd and by LAZ-MD Holdings, respectively. Our co-managing member interests are held by two indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries of Lazard Ltd and our profit participation interests are held by various managing directors. There are no public trading markets for any of these interests.
Subsequent to the equity public offering, pursuant to provisions of its amended and restated Operating Agreement, Lazard Group distributions in respect of common membership interests are allocated to the holders of such interests on a pro rata basis. Such distributions represent amounts necessary to fund (i) dividends Lazard Ltd declares on its Class A common stock and (ii) tax distributions in respect of income taxes that Lazard Ltd’s subsidiaries and members of LAZ-MD Holdings incur as a result of holding Lazard Group common membership interests. During the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, Lazard Group distributed approximately $9.8 million, $17.4 million and $20.7 million, respectively, to LAZ-MD Holdings and approximately $50.6 million, $33.5 million and $23.1 million, respectively, to the subsidiaries of Lazard Ltd, which latter amounts were used by Lazard Ltd to pay dividends to third-party stockholders of its Class A common stock. In addition, during the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, Lazard Group made tax distributions of approximately $61.6 million, $67.3 million and $83.4 million, respectively, including $9.5 million, $25.3 million and $39.2 million, respectively, paid to LAZ-MD Holdings and approximately $52.1 million, $42.0 million and $44.2 million, respectively, paid to subsidiaries of Lazard Ltd.
| Item 6. | Selected Financial Data |
The following table sets forth the selected consolidated financial data for the Company for all years presented.
The consolidated statements of financial condition and operations data as of and for each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2010 have been derived from Lazard Group’s consolidated financial statements. The audited consolidated statements of financial condition as of December 31, 2010 and 2009 and consolidated statements of operations for each of the years in the three year period ended December 31, 2010 are included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The audited consolidated statements of financial condition as of December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, and the audited consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, are not included in this Form 10-K. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.
The selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
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Selected Consolidated Financial Data
| As Of Or For The Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||||||
| (dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Operations Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Revenue: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Advisory (a) |
$ | 1,119,867 | $ | 986,820 | $ | 1,022,913 | $ | 1,240,177 | $ | 973,337 | ||||||||||
| Asset Management (b) |
849,662 | 601,652 | 614,781 | 724,751 | 553,212 | |||||||||||||||
| Corporate (c) |
(65,024 | ) | (58,509 | ) | (82,725 | ) | (48,035 | ) | (33,380 | ) | ||||||||||
| Net Revenue |
1,904,505 | 1,529,963 | 1,554,969 | 1,916,893 | 1,493,169 | |||||||||||||||
| Compensation and Benefits (d) |
1,194,158 | 1,309,231 | 1,128,243 | 1,123,058 | 891,411 | |||||||||||||||
| Other Operating Expenses (e) |
463,538 | 402,720 | 384,697 | 357,771 | 268,082 | |||||||||||||||
| Total Operating Expenses |
1,657,696 | 1,711,951 | 1,512,940 | 1,480,829 | 1,159,493 | |||||||||||||||
| Operating Income (Loss) |
$ | 246,809 | $ | (181,988 | ) | $ | 42,029 | $ | 436,064 | $ | 333,676 | |||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) |
$ | 201,424 | $ | (213,715 | ) | $ | 12,338 | $ | 347,278 | $ | 269,117 | |||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Lazard Group |
$ | 194,544 | $ | (216,547 | ) | $ | 25,671 | $ | 342,134 | $ | 263,993 | |||||||||
| Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Total Assets |
$ | 3,336,284 | $ | 3,115,048 | $ | 2,885,582 | $ | 3,763,942 | $ | 3,187,207 | ||||||||||
| Total Debt (f) |
$ | 1,249,753 | $ | 1,261,478 | $ | 1,264,575 | $ | 1,764,622 | $ | 1,308,945 | ||||||||||
| Total Lazard Group Members’ Equity (Deficiency) |
$ | 369,565 | $ | 155,371 | $ | 105,629 | $ | (26,307 | ) | $ | (259,209 | ) | ||||||||
| Total Members’ Equity (Deficiency) |
$ | 490,447 | $ | 282,931 | $ | 126,510 | $ | 25,448 | $ | (204,592 | ) | |||||||||
| Other Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Assets Under Management |
$ | 155,337,000 | $ | 129,543,000 | $ | 91,109,000 | $ | 141,413,000 | $ | 110,437,000 | ||||||||||
| Headcount: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Managing Directors: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Financial Advisory |
129 | 150 | 151 | 138 | 128 | |||||||||||||||
| Asset Management |
64 | 56 | 56 | 48 | 43 | |||||||||||||||
| Corporate |
9 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | |||||||||||||||
| Other Employees: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Business segment professionals |
999 | 990 | 1,032 | 1,003 | 816 | |||||||||||||||
| Other professionals and support staff |
1,131 | 1,091 | 1,187 | 1,261 | 1,205 | |||||||||||||||
| Total |
2,332 | 2,294 | 2,434 | 2,458 | 2,200 | |||||||||||||||
|
Notes (in thousands of dollars): (a) Financial Advisory net revenue consists of the following: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| For The Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||||||
| M&A and Strategic Advisory |
$ | 714,059 | $ | 526,225 | $ | 814,660 | $ | 969,409 | $ | 792,537 | ||||||||||
| Restructuring |
293,875 | 376,710 | 119,283 | 127,175 | 70,625 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital Markets and Other Advisory |
111,933 | 83,885 | 88,970 | 143,593 | 110,175 | |||||||||||||||
| Financial Advisory Net Revenue |
$ | 1,119,867 | $ | 986,820 | $ | 1,022,913 | $ | 1,240,177 | $ | 973,337 | ||||||||||
| (b) Asset Management net revenue consists of the following: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| For The Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||||||||
| Management Fees |
$ | 715,885 | $ | 486,810 | $ | 568,436 | $ | 595,725 | $ | 450,323 | ||||||||||
| Incentive Fees |
86,298 | 74,795 | 34,961 | 67,032 | 59,371 | |||||||||||||||
| Other Income |
47,479 | 40,047 | 11,384 | 61,994 | 43,518 | |||||||||||||||
| Asset Management Net Revenue |
$ | 849,662 | $ | 601,652 | $ | 614,781 | $ | 724,751 | $ | 553,212 | ||||||||||
| (c) | “Corporate” includes interest expense (net of interest income), investment income (losses) from certain investments and net revenue earned by LFB through its money market desk and commercial banking operations, as well as any gains or losses from the extinguishment of debt. |
| (d) | Includes (i) in 2010, $24,860 relating to the acceleration of amortization expense pertaining to the amendment of Lazard’s retirement policy with respect to RSU awards; (ii) in 2009, charges of $86,514 related to the acceleration of amortization expense relating to the vesting of RSUs held by Lazard’s former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer as the result of his death in October 2009 and $60,512 related to the accelerated vesting of the then unamortized portion of previously awarded deferred cash incentive awards; and (iii) in 2008, $197,550 relating to the compensation portion of the LAM Merger charge. |
| (e) | Includes (i) in 2010, restructuring expense of $87,108 related to the restructuring plan announced in the first quarter of 2010; (ii) in 2009, restructuring expense of $62,550 related to the restructuring plan announced in the first quarter of 2009; and (iii) in 2008, $2,000 of non-compensation-related transaction costs relating to the LAM Merger. |
| (f) | Represents the aggregate amount reflected in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition relating to senior debt, capital lease obligations and subordinated debt. |
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| Item 7. | Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Lazard Group’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Form 10-K”). This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events may differ significantly from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those set forth in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
Business Summary
The Company’s principal sources of revenue are derived from activities in the following business segments:
| • | Financial Advisory, which includes providing general strategic and transaction-specific advice on mergers and acquisitions (“M&A”) and other strategic matters, restructurings, capital structure, capital raising and various other corporate finance matters, and |
| • | Asset Management, which includes strategies for the management of equity and fixed income securities and alternative investment and private equity funds, as well as wealth management. |
In addition, the Company records selected other activities in its Corporate segment, including management of cash, certain investments and the commercial banking activities of Lazard Group’s Paris-based Lazard Frères Banque SA (“LFB”). The Company also allocates outstanding indebtedness to its Corporate segment.
LFB is a registered bank regulated by the Banque de France and its primary operations include asset and liability management for Lazard Group’s businesses in France through its money market desk and commercial banking operations, deposit taking and, to a lesser extent, financing activities and custodial oversight over assets of various clients. LFB engages in underwritten offerings of securities in France and we expect that it may expand its scope to include placements elsewhere in Europe.
On September 25, 2008, pursuant to a definitive merger agreement dated August 14, 2008, the Company, Lazard Asset Management LLC (together with its subsidiaries, “LAM”) and LAZ Sub I, LLC, a newly formed subsidiary of Lazard Frères & Co. LLC (“LFNY”), completed the merger of LAZ Sub I, LLC with and into LAM (the “LAM Merger”). See Note 8 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information relating to the LAM Merger.
Lazard also has a long history of making alternative investments with its own capital, usually alongside capital of qualified institutional and individual investors. At the time of Lazard Ltd’s equity public offering and as a part of the separation, we transferred to LFCM Holdings LLC (“LFCM Holdings”) all of our alternative investment activities, except for Fonds Partenaires Gestion SA (“FPG”), our private equity business in France. Such activities transferred to LFCM Holdings represented the alternative investment activities of Lazard Alternative Investments Holdings LLC (“LAI”) and included private equity investments of Corporate Partners II Limited (“CP II”) and Lazard Senior Housing Partners LP (“Senior Housing”). We also transferred to LFCM Holdings certain principal investments by Lazard Group in the funds managed by the separated businesses, subject to certain options by us to reacquire such investments, while we retained our investment in our French private equity funds. CP II was managed by a subsidiary of LAI until February 16, 2009. Effective February 17, 2009, ownership and control of CP II was transferred to the investment professionals who manage CP II. Since 2005, consistent with our obligations to LFCM Holdings, we have engaged in a number of alternative investments and private equity activities. Effective September 30, 2009, the Company sold FPG, the effect of which did not have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Operating results of FPG were included in our consolidated financial statements through the effective date of sale. See Note 20 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding alternative investments.
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We continue to explore and discuss opportunities to expand the scope of our alternative investment and private equity activities in Europe, the U.S. and elsewhere. These opportunities could include internal growth of new funds and direct investments by us, partnerships or strategic relationships, investments with third parties or acquisitions of existing funds or management companies. In that regard, on July 15, 2009, the Company established a private equity business with The Edgewater Funds (“Edgewater”), a Chicago-based private equity firm, through the acquisition of Edgewater’s management vehicles. The acquisition was structured as a purchase by Lazard of interests in a holding company that owns interests in the general partner and management company entities of the current Edgewater private equity funds (the “Edgewater Acquisition”) (see Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). Also, consistent with our obligations to LFCM Holdings, we may explore discrete capital markets opportunities.
The Company’s consolidated net revenue was derived from the following segments:
| Year Ended December 31 | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| Financial Advisory |
59 | % | 65 | % | 66 | % | ||||||
| Asset Management |
45 | 39 | 39 | |||||||||
| Corporate |
(4 | ) | (4 | ) | (5 | ) | ||||||
| Total |
100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | ||||||
Business Environment
Economic and global financial market conditions can materially affect our financial performance. As described above, the Company’s principal sources of revenue are derived from activities in our Financial Advisory and Asset Management business segments. As our Financial Advisory revenues are for the most part dependent on the successful completion of merger, acquisition, restructuring or similar transactions, and our Asset Management revenues are primarily driven by the levels of assets under management (“AUM”), weak economic and global financial market conditions, particularly in 2008 and 2009, led to a challenging business environment for M&A and fundraising activity, but opportunities for our restructuring business, which tends to be counter-cyclical.
However, in 2010, economic and market conditions in general in the U.S. and globally showed signs of an uneven recovery, with the respective equity markets generally experiencing double digit increases as compared to indicies at December 31, 2009. Overall, global markets in 2010 were also helped by government and central bank efforts to support government bond markets which, in turn, helped to lift corporate debt and equity markets. Significant volatility occurred during the second quarter due to fears of a debt crisis threatening certain European Union countries and banks, in addition to fears that the U.S. economy may enter into another recession driven by continued weaknesses in the job and housing sectors. The markets improved during the third and fourth quarters, driven in part in the U.S. by the Federal Reserve’s program of “quantitative easing” and the decision to extend the existing income tax rates. Also contributing to the recovery in 2010 were healthier credit markets, improved corporate earnings and continued low interest rates. These conditions continued to accelerate in the fourth quarter of 2010 and into early 2011. The improvement in the economic and market conditions in 2010 contributed to the improvement in our operating performance in both our Financial Advisory and Asset Management segments as compared to 2009.
During the past few years we have expanded our geographic reach and industry expertise. We believe that in this environment, companies, government bodies and investors will seek independent advice with a geographic perspective, deep understanding of capital structure, informed research and knowledge of global economic conditions, and that our business model as an independent, unconflicted adviser will continue to create opportunities for us to attract new clients and key personnel.
Lazard operates in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks and uncertainties emerge from time to time, and it is not possible for Lazard’s management to predict all risks and uncertainties,
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nor can Lazard assess the impact of all potentially applicable factors on its business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. See the section entitled “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K. Furthermore, net income and revenue in any period may not be indicative of full-year results or the results of any other period and may vary significantly from year to year and quarter to quarter.
Financial Advisory
Global and trans-atlantic completed and announced M&A transactions for 2010 increased versus 2009, as shown in the following table, which sets forth industry statistics regarding the value and number of such transactions in such years:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | % Incr /(Decr) |
||||||||||
| ($ in billions) |
||||||||||||
| Completed M&A Transactions: |
||||||||||||
| Global: |
||||||||||||
| Value |
$1,820 | $1,806 | 1 | % | ||||||||
| Number |
30,103 | 29,858 | 1 | % | ||||||||
| Trans-Atlantic: |
||||||||||||
| Value |
$ 135 | $ 123 | 10 | % | ||||||||
| Number |
1,106 | 928 | 19 | % | ||||||||
| Announced M&A Transactions: |
||||||||||||
| Global: |
||||||||||||
| Value |
$2,317 | $1,909 | 21 | % | ||||||||
| Number |
40,544 | 39,241 | 3 | % | ||||||||
| Trans-Atlantic: |
||||||||||||
| Value |
$ 198 | $ 133 | 49 | % | ||||||||
| Number |
1,329 | 1,121 | 19 | % | ||||||||
| Source: | Thomson Financial as of January 7, 2011. |
We continue to believe that we are relatively well positioned as our clients refinance, restructure and reposition their asset portfolios for growth. Overall M&A statistics regarding the number and size of announced transactions increased significantly in 2010 as compared to 2009.
Global restructuring activity during 2010 decreased from record levels in 2009 due to the decelerating pace of corporate debt defaults, partially resulting from the strengthening of the high yield and leveraged loan markets. According to Moody’s Investors Service, Inc., in 2010, a total of 59 issuers defaulted as compared to 266 in 2009. We believe that the number and value of corporate defaults in 2011 will be relatively flat compared to 2010, but due to our Restructuring assignments currently in progress, we expect that our Restructuring business will remain active, from advising companies during this period on matters relating to debt and financing restructuring and other on- and off-balance sheet assignments. Our Restructuring assignments are generally executed over a six- to twelve-month period.
Our Private Fund Advisory Group, which is part of our Financial Advisory segment and is conducted in the U.S. through LFNY, an SEC-registered broker-dealer and municipal advisor and member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) and the Municipal Securities Rulemakers Board (the “MSRB”), acts as placement agent for investment funds, including investment funds that have historically received capital from certain public pension funds. In April 2009, governmental officials in New York announced a new policy banning the use of placement agents by funds seeking investment contributions from the New York State and New York City public pension funds. The use of placement agents has also been prohibited or otherwise restricted with respect to investments by public pension funds in Illinois, Ohio, California and New Mexico, and similar measures are being considered or have been implemented in other jurisdictions. On June 30, 2010, the
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SEC approved a rule that, among other things, will prohibit investment advisors from paying a third-party placement agent for soliciting investment advisory business from a U.S. governmental entity, unless the placement agent is (i) an SEC-registered investment advisor or (ii) an SEC-registered broker-dealer that is a member of FINRA and thus subject to FINRA’s forthcoming “pay-to-play” rule. On November 19, 2010, the SEC released a proposed amendment to that rule that, if approved, will prohibit investment advisors from paying a third-party placement agent for soliciting investment advisory business from a U.S. governmental entity, unless the placement agent is a “municipal advisor” that is registered with the SEC under Section 15B of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and subject to the “pay-to-play” rules that will be adopted by the MSRB. We are continuing to evaluate the potential impact of state, local and other restrictions on our Private Fund Advisory business.
Asset Management
As shown in the table below, major global market indices at December 31, 2010 increased in most markets as compared to such indices at December 31, 2009.
| Percentage Change December 31, 2010 vs. 2009 |
||||
| MSCI World Index |
10 | % | ||
| CAC 40 |
(3 | )% | ||
| DAX |
16 | % | ||
| FTSE 100 |
9 | % | ||
| TOPIX 100 |
(1 | )% | ||
| MSCI Emerging Market |
16 | % | ||
| Dow Jones Industrial Average |
11 | % | ||
| NASDAQ |
17 | % | ||
| S&P 500 |
13 | % | ||
The fees that we receive for providing investment management and advisory services are primarily driven by the level of AUM. Accordingly, since market movements and foreign currency volatility impact the level of our AUM, such items will impact the level of revenues we receive from our Asset Management business. A substantial portion of our AUM is invested in equities, and market movements reflected in the changes in Lazard’s AUM during the period generally corresponded to the changes in global market indices. Our AUM at December 31, 2010 increased 20% versus AUM at December 31, 2009, with average AUM for 2010 increasing 32% as compared to our average AUM for 2009, reflecting significant market appreciation as well as net inflows during 2010. Such increased AUM contributed to significantly higher management fee revenues in 2010.
Financial Statement Overview
Net Revenue
The majority of Lazard’s Financial Advisory net revenue is earned from the successful completion of M&A transactions, strategic advisory matters, restructuring and capital structure advisory services, capital raising and similar transactions. The main drivers of Financial Advisory net revenue are overall M&A activity, the level of corporate debt defaults and the environment for capital raising activities, particularly in the industries and geographic markets in which Lazard focuses. In some client engagements, often those involving financially distressed companies, revenue is earned in the form of retainers and similar fees that are contractually agreed upon with each client for each assignment and are not necessarily linked to the completion of a transaction. In addition, Lazard also earns fees from providing strategic advice to clients, with such fees not being dependent on a specific transaction, and from public and private securities offerings for referring opportunities to LFCM Holdings for underwriting and distribution of securities. The referral fees received from LFCM Holdings are generally one-half of the revenue recorded by LFCM Holdings in respect of such activities. Significant fluctuations in Financial Advisory net revenue can occur over the course of any given year, because a significant portion of such net revenue is earned upon the successful completion of a transaction, restructuring or capital raising activity, the timing of which is uncertain and is not subject to Lazard’s control.
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Lazard’s Asset Management segment principally includes LAM, Lazard Frères Gestion SAS (“LFG”), Edgewater (commencing July 15, 2009), FPG (through its disposition on September 30, 2009) and Lazard Wealth Management LLC. Asset Management net revenue is derived from fees for investment management and advisory services provided to institutional and private clients. The main driver of Asset Management net revenue is the level of AUM, which is influenced by Lazard’s investment performance, its ability to successfully attract and retain assets, the broader performance of the global equity markets and, to a lesser extent, fixed income markets. As a result, fluctuations in financial markets and client asset inflows and outflows have a direct effect on Asset Management net revenue and operating income. Asset Management fees are generally based on the level of AUM measured daily, monthly or quarterly, and an increase or reduction in AUM, due to market price fluctuations, currency fluctuations, net client asset flows or otherwise, will result in a corresponding increase or decrease in management fees. The majority of our investment advisory contracts are generally terminable at any time or on notice of 30 days or less. Institutional and individual clients, and firms with which we have strategic alliances, can terminate their relationship with us, reduce the aggregate amount of AUM or shift their funds to other types of accounts with different rate structures for a number of reasons, including investment performance, changes in prevailing interest rates and financial market performance. In addition, as Lazard’s AUM includes significant assets that are denominated in currencies other than U.S. dollars, changes in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies will impact the value of Lazard’s AUM. Fees vary with the type of assets managed and the vehicle in which they are managed, with higher fees earned on equity assets, alternative investments (such as hedge funds) and private equity investments, and lower fees earned on fixed income and cash management products.
The Company earns performance-based incentive fees on various investment products, including traditional products and alternative investment funds such as hedge funds and private equity funds.
For hedge funds, incentive fees are calculated based on a specified percentage of a fund’s net appreciation, in some cases in excess of established benchmarks. The Company records incentive fees on traditional products and hedge funds at the end of the relevant performance measurement period, when potential uncertainties regarding the ultimate realizable amounts have been determined. The incentive fee measurement period is generally an annual period (unless an account terminates during the year), and therefore such incentive fees are usually recorded in the fourth quarter of Lazard’s fiscal year. These incentive fees received at the end of the measurement period are not subject to reversal or payback. Incentive fees on hedge funds generally are subject to loss carryforward provisions in which losses incurred by the funds in any year are applied against certain future period net appreciation before any incentive fees can be earned.
For private equity funds, incentive fees may be earned in the form of a “carried interest” if profits arising from realized investments exceed a specified threshold. Typically, such carried interest is ultimately calculated on a whole-fund basis and, therefore, clawback of carried interests during the life of the fund can occur. As a result, incentive fees earned on our private equity funds are not recognized until potential uncertainties regarding the ultimate realizable amounts have been determined, including any potential for clawback.
Corporate segment net revenue consists primarily of net interest income, including amounts earned at LFB, and investment gains and losses on the Company’s investment portfolio of LAM-managed equity funds and principal investments in equities, investments at LFB and alternative investment funds. Interest expense is also included in Corporate net revenue. Corporate net revenue can fluctuate due to changes in the fair value of investments classified as “trading”, and with respect to “available-for-sale”, when realized, or, with respect to “available-for-sale” and “held-to-maturity” investments, when a decline is determined to be other than temporary, as well as due to changes in interest and currency exchange rates and in the levels of cash, investments and indebtedness. Corporate net revenue also includes “equity method” investments, including, in 2009, the write-off of the Company’s investment in the Sapphire warrants (see Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). As of December 31, 2010, the Company no longer holds “available-for-sale” or “held-to-maturity” investments.
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Effective July 1, 2008, as permitted by accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S (“U.S. GAAP”), the portion of LFB’s corporate debt portfolio that had been previously designated as “trading” was re- designated to “available-for-sale.” During the fourth quarter of 2010, all of LFB’s remaining “available-for-sale” portfolio was sold, with net realized losses on a pre-tax basis reclassified from “accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax” (“AOCI”) to “investment gains (losses)”. For the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, the Company recorded net investment gains (losses) of $13 million, $29 million and $(41) million, respectively, in AOCI.
Although Corporate segment net revenue during the year ended December 31, 2010 represented (4)% of Lazard’s net revenue, total assets in Corporate represented 55% of Lazard’s consolidated total assets as of December 31, 2010, which is attributable to assets associated with LFB, investments in government bonds, fixed income funds, LAM-managed funds and other securities, private equity investments and cash.
Operating Expenses
The majority of Lazard’s operating expenses relate to compensation and benefits for employees and managing directors. Our compensation and benefits expense includes amortization of the relevant portion of the share-based incentive compensation under the Lazard Ltd 2005 Equity Incentive Plan (“2005 Plan”) and the Lazard Ltd 2008 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2008 Plan”), with such amortization generally determined on a straight-line basis over the vesting periods and not on the basis of revenue recognition (see Note 16 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). Compensation expense in any given year is dependent on many factors, including general economic and market conditions, our operating and financial performance, staffing levels, and competitive pay conditions, the nature of revenues earned, as well as the mix between current and deferred compensation. Our compensation expense-to-operating revenue ratio for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 was 59.0%, 71.6% and 55.6%, respectively, (with such ratios excluding, (i) in 2010, the compensation charge of approximately $25 million in connection with the accelerated vesting of share-based incentive awards related to the Company’s change in retirement policy, (ii) in 2009, the compensation charges of approximately $87 million related to the acceleration of amortization expense relating to the vesting of share-based incentive awards held by Lazard’s former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer as a result of his death in October 2009 and approximately $61 million relating to the accelerated vesting of the unamortized portion of previously awarded deferred cash incentive awards and (iii) in 2008, the compensation charge of approximately $197 million relating to the LAM Merger).
Lazard’s operating expenses also include “non-compensation expense” (which includes costs for occupancy and equipment, marketing and business development, technology and information services, professional services, fund administration and outsourced services and other expenses), amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions and, in 2010 and 2009, restructuring expense. Amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions relates primarily to the July 2009 acquisition of Edgewater. Restructuring expense relates to certain staff reductions and realignment of personnel in the first quarters of 2010 and 2009, and includes severance and related benefits expense, the acceleration of unrecognized expense pertaining to restricted stock unit awards denominated in shares of Lazard Ltd Class A common stock (“RSUs”) previously granted to individuals who were terminated and certain other costs related to these initiatives.
Provision for Income Taxes
Lazard Group primarily operates in the U.S. as a limited liability company that is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, Lazard Group’s income pertaining to the limited liability company is not subject to U.S. federal income taxes because taxes associated with such income represent obligations of the individual partners. Outside the U.S., Lazard Group operates principally through corporations and is subject to local income taxes. Income taxes shown on Lazard’s consolidated statements of operations are related to non-U.S. entities and to New York City Unincorporated Business Tax (“UBT”) attributable to Lazard’s operations apportioned to New York City.
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Noncontrolling Interests
Noncontrolling interests primarily relate to the charge (credit) attributable to amounts related to Edgewater and various LAM-related general partnership interests (“GPs”) in limited partnerships held directly by certain of our LAM managing directors. See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding the Company’s noncontrolling interests.
Consolidated Results of Operations
Lazard’s consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. Many of our non-U.S. subsidiaries have a functional currency (i.e., the currency in which operational activities are primarily conducted) that is other than the U.S. dollar, generally the currency of the country in which the subsidiaries are domiciled. Such subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars using exchange rates as of the respective balance sheet date while revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the respective periods based on the daily closing exchange rates. Adjustments that result from translating amounts from a subsidiary’s functional currency are reported as a component members’ equity. Foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses on transactions in non-functional currencies are included in the consolidated statements of operations.
During 2010, 2009 and 2008 the Company reported certain charges (the “2010 special items”, the “2009 special items” and the “2008 special item,” respectively, and collectively, the “2010, 2009 and 2008 special items”) that adversely impacted operating results for such years. The impact of such special items on the Company’s consolidated statements of operations for the respective years is described in more detail in the tables below.
| Year Ended December 31, 2010 |
Year Ended December 31, 2009 |
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring (a) |
RSU Retirement Amendment (b) |
Total | Restructuring (c) |
RSU Acceleration (d) |
Deferred Cash Acceleration (e) |
Total | LAM Merger | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Compensation |
$ | 24,860 | $ | 24,860 | $ | 86,514 | $ | 60,512 | $ | 147,026 | $ | 197,550 | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-Compensation |
2,000 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring |
$ | 87,108 | 87,108 | $ | 62,550 | 62,550 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating Loss |
(87,108 | ) | (24,860 | ) | (111,968 | ) | (62,550 | ) | (86,514 | ) | (60,512 | ) | (209,576 | ) | (199,550 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
| Income Tax Benefit |
5,680 | 1,363 | 7,043 | 6,401 | 2,566 | 8,967 | 7,427 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Loss Attributable to Lazard Ltd. |
$ | (81,428) | $ | (23,497) | $ | (104,925) | $ | (56,149) | $ | (86,514) | $ | (57,946) | $ | (200,609) | $ | (192,123) | ||||||||||||||||
| (a) | Restructuring plan announced in the first quarter of 2010. |
| (b) | Accelerated amortization expense recognized in connection with the vesting of share-based incentive awards related to the amendment of the Company’s retirement policy. |
| (c) | Restructuring plan announced in the first quarter of 2009. |
| (d) | Acceleration of amortization expense recognized in connection with the vesting of share-based incentive awards held by Lazard’s former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer as a result of his death in October 2009. |
| (e) | Accelerated vesting of the unamortized portion of previously awarded deferred cash incentive awards (no portion of which relates to Lazard’s former Chairman and Chief Executive Officer). |
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A discussion of the Company’s consolidated results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 is set forth below, followed by a more detailed discussion of business segment results. For comparability purposes in the discussion that follows, the respective year results are shown in tables below, as applicable, on both an “as reported” U.S. GAAP and “excluding special items” non-U.S. GAAP basis that management believes provides the most meaningful comparison between historical, present and future periods.
| Year Ended December 31, 2010 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Items (a) |
Non-U.S.
GAAP Excluding Special Items |
||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Net Revenue |
$ | 1,904,505 | $ | 1,904,505 | ||||||||
| Operating Expenses: |
||||||||||||
| Compensation and benefits |
1,194,158 | $ | 24,860 | 1,169,298 | ||||||||
| Non-compensation expense |
368,563 | 368,563 | ||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions |
7,867 | 7,867 | ||||||||||
| Restructuring |
87,108 | 87,108 | — | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses |
1,657,696 | 1,545,728 | ||||||||||
| Operating Income |
246,809 | 358,777 | ||||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes |
45,385 | (7,043 | ) | 52,428 | ||||||||
| Net Income |
201,424 | 306,349 | ||||||||||
| Less – Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests |
6,880 | 6,880 | ||||||||||
| Net Income Attributable to Lazard Group |
$ | 194,544 | $ | 299,469 | ||||||||
| Operating Income, As A % Of Net Revenue |
13 | % | 19 | % | ||||||||
| (a) | Represents charges related to the previously described special items. See Notes 16, 18 and 22 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |
| Year Ended December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Items (a) |
Non-U.S.
GAAP Excluding Special Items |
||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Net Revenue |
$ | 1,529,963 | $ | 1,529,963 | ||||||||
| Operating Expenses: |
||||||||||||
| Compensation and benefits |
1,309,231 | $ | 147,026 | $ | 1,162,205 | |||||||
| Non-compensation expense |
335,180 | 335,180 | ||||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions |
4,990 | 4,990 | ||||||||||
| Restructuring |
62,550 | 62,550 | — | |||||||||
| Total operating expenses |
1,711,951 | 1,502,375 | ||||||||||
| Operating Income (Loss) |
(181,988 | ) | 27,588 | |||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes |
31,727 | (8,967 | ) | 40,694 | ||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) |
(213,715 | ) | (13,106 | ) | ||||||||
| Less – Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests |
2,832 | 2,832 | ||||||||||
| Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Lazard Group |
$ | (216,547 | ) | $ | (15,938 | ) | ||||||
| Operating Income (Loss), As A % Of Net Revenue |
(12 | )% | 2 | % | ||||||||
| (a) | Represents charges related to the previously described special items. See Notes 16, 18 and 22 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |
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| Year Ended December 31, 2008 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Item (a) |
Non-U.S. GAAP Excluding Special Item |
||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Net Revenue |
$1,554,969 | $1,554,969 | ||||||||||
| Operating Expenses: |
||||||||||||
| Compensation and benefits |
1,128,243 | $197,550 | 930,693 | |||||||||
| Non-compensation expense |
380,101 | 2,000 | 378,101 | |||||||||
| Amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions |
4,596 | 4,596 | ||||||||||
| Total operating expenses |
1,512,940 | 1,313,390 | ||||||||||
| Operating Income |
42,029 | 241,579 | ||||||||||
| Provision (benefit) for income taxes |
29,691 | (7,427 | ) | 37,118 | ||||||||
| Net Income |
12,338 | 204,461 | ||||||||||
| Less – Net (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests |
(13,333 | ) | (13,333 | ) | ||||||||
| Net Income Attributable to Lazard Group |
$25,671 | $217,794 | ||||||||||
| Operating Income, As A % Of Net Revenue |
3 | % | 16 | % | ||||||||
| (a) | Represents charges related to the previously described special item. See Notes 8 and 22 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |
The table below describes the components of operating revenue, a non-U.S. GAAP measure used by the Company to manage total compensation and benefits expense to managing directors and employees. Management believes operating revenue provides the most meaningful basis for comparison between present, historical and future periods.
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) |
||||||||||||
| Operating revenue |
||||||||||||
| Total revenue |
$2,006,754 | $1,643,243 | $1,696,382 | |||||||||
| Add (deduct): |
||||||||||||
| LFB interest expense (a) |
(8,277 | ) | (13,815 | ) | (35,358 | ) | ||||||
| Revenue related to noncontrolling interests (b) |
(16,277 | ) | (6,965 | ) | 13,348 | |||||||
| Operating revenue |
$1,982,200 | $1,622,463 | $1,674,372 | |||||||||
| (a) | The interest expense incurred by LFB is reported as a charge in determining operating revenue because LFB is a commercial bank and we consider its interest expense to be a cost directly related to the revenues of its business. |
| (b) | Revenue related to the consolidation of noncontrolling interests is excluded from operating revenue because the Company has no economic interest in such amount. Further, such results are offset by a charge or credit to noncontrolling interests. |
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Certain key ratios, statistics and headcount information for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 are set forth below:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| As a % of Net Revenue, by Revenue Category: |
||||||||||||
| Investment banking and other advisory fees |
58 | % | 62 | % | 64 | % | ||||||
| Money management fees |
43 | 37 | 39 | |||||||||
| Interest income |
1 | 2 | 5 | |||||||||
| Other |
3 | 6 | 1 | |||||||||
| Interest expense |
(5 | ) | (7 | ) | (9 | ) | ||||||
| Net Revenue |
100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | ||||||
See Note 22 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional financial information on a geographic basis.
| As of December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| Headcount: |
||||||||||||
| Managing Directors: |
||||||||||||
| Financial Advisory |
129 | 150 | 151 | |||||||||
| Asset Management |
64 | 56 | 56 | |||||||||
| Corporate |
9 | 7 | 8 | |||||||||
| Other Employees: |
||||||||||||
| Business segment professionals |
999 | 990 | 1,032 | |||||||||
| All other professionals and support staff |
1,131 | 1,091 | 1,187 | |||||||||
| Total |
2,332 | 2,294 | 2,434 | |||||||||
Operating Results
As reflected in the tables of consolidated results of operations above, charges related to the 2010, 2009 and 2008 special items had a significant impact on the Company’s reported operating results. Lazard management believes that comparisons between years are most meaningful after excluding the impact of such items.
Year Ended December 31, 2010 versus December 31, 2009
The Company reported net income attributable to Lazard Group of $195 million, as compared to a net loss of $217 million in 2009. In both years these results were adversely affected by the 2010 and the 2009 special items, which served to reduce the net income attributable to Lazard Group in 2010 and 2009 by $105 million and $201 million, respectively. Excluding the after-tax impact of the 2010 and 2009 special items in each year, net income attributable to Lazard Group in 2010 was $299 million, an increase of $315 million as compared to the prior year. The changes in the Company’s operating results during these years are described below.
Net revenue increased $375 million, or 24%, as compared to 2009, with operating revenue increasing $360 million, or 22%. Fees from investment banking and other advisory activities increased $149 million, or 16%, including increases of $188 million, or 36%, in M&A and Strategic Advisory fees, as well as higher Capital Markets and Other Advisory fees, principally from our Private Fund Advisory Group business, with the latter due to an increase in the value and number of fund closings, which in the aggregate was partially offset by a $83 million, or 22%, decline in Restructuring fee revenues reflecting a reduction in restructuring activity as the economy improved and the number of corporate debt defaults declined. Money management fees, including incentive fees, increased $249 million, or 44%, principally due to a $33 billion, or 32%, increase in average
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AUM for 2010, the result of market appreciation and net inflows during the last twelve months, a favorable change in the mix of AUM into higher margin equity products, and higher incentive fees earned in 2010. Interest income decreased $9 million, or 28%, due primarily to the lower interest rate environment. Other revenue decreased $25 million, or 28%, primarily due to a $17 million, or 59%, decline in underwriting fees as a result of a lower level of equity capital markets transactions, and foreign exchange losses, as compared to gains in 2009. Other revenue in 2010 includes investment gains of $19 million, as compared to gains of $20 million in 2009. The investment gains in 2010 are net of realized losses of $14 million in connection with the sale in the fourth quarter of LFB’s portfolio, while the gains in 2009 are net of a $13 million write-off of the Company’s investment in warrants of Sapphire Industrials Corp. (“Sapphire”), a special purpose acquisition company sponsored by Lazard. Interest expense decreased $11 million, or 10%, due to the lower interest rate environment and reduced levels of LFB’s customer deposits.
Compensation and benefits expense, including the 2010 and 2009 special items of $25 million and $147 million, respectively, decreased $115 million in 2010, or 9%. When excluding the 2010 and 2009 special items, compensation and benefits expense increased $7 million, or 1%, which includes an increase in base salaries, the provision for discretionary compensation and profit pools directly related to the increase in operating revenue and principally offset by a reduction in the amortization of share-based and deferred cash incentive awards. Compensation and benefits expense, excluding the 2010 and 2009 special items, was 59.0% and 71.6% of operating revenue for 2010 and 2009, respectively. The reduction in the compensation ratio for 2010 is due primarily to operating revenue leverage and the execution of our previously announced goal to grow annual compensation expense at a slower rate than operating revenue.
Non-compensation expense increased $33 million, or 10%. Factors contributing to this increase include higher spending on travel and other business development activities, technology and fund administration expenses related to a higher level of business activity and AUM. The ratio of non-compensation expense to operating revenue was 18.6% as compared to 20.7% of operating revenue for 2009.
Amortization of intangible assets increased $3 million, principally due to the Edgewater acquisition in July 2009.
In the first quarters of 2010 and 2009, the Company announced plans to reduce certain staff and realign personnel. As a result, the 2010 and 2009 special items include restructuring charges of $87 million and $63 million, respectively, in connection with severance and benefit payments, the acceleration of unrecognized expense pertaining to share-based incentive compensation previously granted to individuals who were terminated and certain other costs related to the restructuring initiatives.
Operating income for 2010 was $247 million, as compared to an operating loss of $182 million in the prior year (with such amounts including the impact of the 2010 and 2009 special items) and, as a percentage of net revenue, was 13% as compared to (12)% in 2009. Excluding the impact of the 2010 and 2009 special items in each year, operating income was $359 million, an increase of $331 million, as compared to an operating income of $28 million in 2009, and, as a percentage of net revenue, was 19%, as compared to 2%, respectively.
The provision for income taxes was $45 million and $32 million in 2010 and 2009, respectively, representing effective tax rates of 18.4% and (17.4)% in 2010 and 2009, respectively. When excluding the tax benefits of $7 million and $9 million relating to the 2010 and 2009 special items, respectively, the income tax provision was $52 million in 2010 compared to $41 million in 2009, representing effective tax rates of 14.6% and 147.5% in 2010 and 2009, respectively. The reduction in the effective tax rate in 2010 is principally due to a change in the geographic mix of operating income between the respective years.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests, increased $4 million, as compared to 2009.
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Year Ended December 31, 2009 versus December 31, 2008
The Company reported a net loss attributable to Lazard Group of $217 million for the year ended December 31, 2009, a decrease of $243 million, as compared to net income of $26 million in 2008. Such decrease was, in part, the result of the 2009 special items, which in the aggregate served to reduce net income attributable to Lazard Group by $201 million. Partially offsetting such items was the impact in 2008 of the 2008 special item, which reduced net income attributable to Lazard Group in that year by $192 million. Excluding the after-tax impact of the 2009 and 2008 special items, the net loss attributable to Lazard Group in the year ended December 31, 2009 was $16 million, a decrease of $234 million, or 107%, as compared to 2008. Such reduction in net income attributable to Lazard Group in 2009 was primarily affected by higher amounts relating to compensation and benefits expense due to (i) a change in the Company’s compensation policy, which resulted in an increase in the cash component of compensation (which is expensed currently), and a decrease in the aggregate amount of compensation amortizable over future periods, and (ii) an increased amount of amortization expense related to previously granted equity-based incentive compensation and the current year portion of the previously awarded deferred cash incentive awards, partially offset by reductions in non-compensation expense, income taxes and net income attributable to noncontrolling interests. The change in the Company’s compensation policy was designed to reduce future amortization expense associated with the equity-based compensation component, to allow greater flexibility in the future to address competitive conditions, to more closely align the current pay cycle with reported compensation and revenues, and to maintain significant retention mechanisms by focusing stock grant awards at the more senior levels, where they are more highly effective and valued.
Net revenue decreased $25 million, or 2%, for the year ended December 31, 2009, as compared to 2008, with operating revenue decreasing $52 million, or 3%, as compared to 2008. Fees from investment banking and other advisory activities decreased $35 million, or 4%, as compared to 2008, principally reflecting a change in the composition of advisory activities as a $288 million, or 35%, decline in M&A and Strategic Advisory revenue, was partially offset by a $257 million, or 216%, increase in Restructuring revenue, which includes fees for advising on distressed asset sales. Money management fees in 2009, including incentive fees, decreased $40 million, or 7%, as compared to 2008, due to a $19 billion, or 15%, decline in average AUM for the year ended December 31, 2009 versus 2008, primarily as the result of market depreciation experienced in 2008 and the first quarter of 2009, partially offset by higher incentive fees earned in 2009. Interest income decreased $47 million, or 58%, due primarily to a lower interest rate environment, combined with lower average cash balances and deposits with banks. Other revenue increased $69 million in the year ended December 31, 2009, as compared to 2008, principally due to investment income of $18 million in the Company’s investment portfolio, versus an aggregate loss of $53 million in LFB’s corporate debt portfolio (redesignated as “available-for-sale” effective July 1, 2008) and the Company’s investment portfolio in 2008. With respect to the latter, during 2009, the Company had in place a hedging strategy to minimize its risks associated with volatility in the equity markets. Partially offsetting the increase in other revenue in 2009 was a $13 million write-off relating to the Company’s investment in warrants of Sapphire. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2009 decreased $28 million, or 20%, primarily related to the Company’s May 2008 repurchase of $437 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.12% senior notes in connection with the remarketing of such notes, the partial repurchases of other senior notes, as well as a lower interest rate environment and reduced levels of LFB’s customer deposits.
Compensation and benefits expense for the year ended December 31, 2009 increased $181 million, as compared to 2008. Compensation and benefits expense in 2009 included special items aggregating $147 million, whereas the 2008 special item included a charge of approximately $197 million. When excluding the 2009 and 2008 special items, compensation and benefits expense increased $232 million, reflecting a change in the Company’s compensation policy as previously described, and the impact of an increase in the amortization expense associated with previously granted share-based incentive awards and the current year portion of the previously awarded deferred cash incentive awards. Compensation and benefits expense, excluding the 2009 and 2008 special items, was 71.6% and 55.6% of operating revenue in the years ended December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively.
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Non-compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2009 decreased $45 million, or 12%, as compared to 2008. Factors contributing to the decrease were (i) charges in 2008 comprised of the $12 million provision for losses from counterparty defaults related primarily to the bankruptcy filing of one of our prime brokers and the $2 million charge relating to the 2008 special item, (ii) lower spending on travel and other business development activities, lower consulting and recruiting fees and (iii) the strengthening of the U.S. dollar versus foreign currencies. The ratio of non-compensation expense to operating revenue was 20.7% for the year ended December 31, 2009, as compared to 22.7% of operating revenue for 2008.
Amortization of intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2009 was essentially unchanged principally due to lower amortization of intangibles related to the acquisitions of Goldsmith, Agio, Helms & Lynner and Carnegie, Wylie & Company (Holdings) PTY LTD, partially offset by the increase related to the Edgewater Acquisition.
As announced in the first quarter of 2009, we continued to redeploy our banking professionals into growth areas and reduced staffing in other areas to further optimize our mix of personnel. As a result, the 2009 special items include a pre-tax restructuring charge of $63 million in connection with severance and benefit payments, the acceleration of unrecognized expense pertaining to share-based incentive awards previously granted to individuals who were terminated and certain other costs related to the restructuring initiative.
Operating loss for the year ended December 31, 2009 was $182 million, a decrease of $224 million as compared to an operating income of $42 million in 2008 (with such amounts including the impact of the 2009 and 2008 special items) and, as a percentage of net revenue, was (12)% as compared to operating income of 3% in 2008. Excluding the impact of the 2009 and 2008 special items, operating income in 2009 was $28 million, a decline of $214 million, or 89%, as compared to operating income in 2008 of $242 million, and, as a percentage of net revenue, was 2% in 2009, as compared to 16% in 2008.
The provision for income taxes for the year ended December 31, 2009 was $32 million, an increase of $2 million, as compared to a tax provision of $30 million in 2008. When excluding the tax benefits of $9 million and $7 million relating to the 2009 and 2008 special items, respectively, the income tax provision in 2009 increased $4 million, with such decrease principally due to the decline in operating income in 2009 as compared to 2008 and valuation allowance changes affecting the provision for income taxes. The Company’s effective tax rate was (17.4)% for the year ended December 31, 2009, as compared to 70.6% in 2008. When excluding the 2009 and 2008 special items, the effective tax rate was 147.5% in 2009, as compared to 15.4% in 2008.
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for the year ended December 31, 2009 increased $16 million, as compared to 2008, due to the Edgewater acquisition in 2009 and net change in LAM GP-related revenue.
Business Segments
The following is a discussion of net revenue and operating income for the Company’s business segments - Financial Advisory, Asset Management and Corporate. Each segment’s operating expenses include (i) compensation and benefits expenses that are incurred directly in support of the segment and (ii) other operating expenses, which include directly incurred expenses for occupancy and equipment, marketing and business development, technology and information services, professional services, fund administration and outsourcing, and indirect support costs (including compensation and benefits expense and other operating expenses related thereto) for administrative services. Such administrative services include, but are not limited to, accounting, tax, legal, facilities management and senior management activities. Such support costs are allocated to the relevant segments based on various statistical drivers such as, among other items, headcount, square footage and transactional volume. As reflected in the tables below, each segment’s operating results are presented, as applicable, on an “as reported” and “excluding special items” basis (see Note 22 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements).
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Financial Advisory
The following tables summarize the operating results of the Financial Advisory segment for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008. Operating results for 2010 and 2009 are shown before and after the charges attributable to the Financial Advisory segment related to the 2010 and 2009 special items.
| Year Ended December 31, 2010 |
Year Ended December 31, 2009 |
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Item (a) |
Non-U.S. GAAP Excluding Special Item (b) |
U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Item (a) |
Non-U.S. GAAP Excluding Special Item (b) |
U.S. GAAP As Reported |
||||||||||||||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| M&A and Strategic Advisory |
$714,059 | $714,059 | $526,225 | $526,225 | $ 814,660 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Restructuring |
293,875 | 293,875 | 376,710 | 376,710 | 119,283 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Capital Markets and Other Advisory |
111,933 | 111,933 | 83,885 | 83,885 | 88,970 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net Revenue |
1,119,867 | 1,119,867 | 986,820 | 986,820 | 1,022,913 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating Expenses (c) |
950,968 | $19,571 | 931,397 | 998,727 | $ 48,533 | 950,194 | 796,970 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating Income |
$168,899 | $188,470 | $(11,907 | ) | $ 36,626 | $ 225,943 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Operating Income, As A Percentage Of Net Revenue |
15 | % | 17 | % | (1)% | 4% | 22 | % | ||||||||||||||||||||
| As of December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| Headcount (d): |
||||||||||||
| Managing Directors |
129 | 150 | 151 | |||||||||
| Other Employees: |
||||||||||||
| Business segment professionals |
673 | 681 | 696 | |||||||||
| All other professionals and support staff |
222 | 211 | 246 | |||||||||
| Total |
1,024 | 1,042 | |
1,093 |
| |||||||
| (a) | Represents the portion of the 2010 and 2009 special items attributable to the Financial Advisory segment (see Note 22 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). |
| (b) | A non-U.S. GAAP measure that management believes provides the most meaningful comparison between historical, present and future periods. |
| (c) | Includes indirect support costs (including compensation and benefits expense and other operating expenses related thereto). |
| (d) | Excludes headcount related to indirect support functions, with such headcount being included in the Corporate segment. |
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Net revenue trends in Financial Advisory for M&A and Strategic Advisory and Restructuring are generally correlated to the volume of completed industry-wide M&A transactions and restructurings occurring subsequent to corporate debt defaults, respectively. However, deviations from this relationship can occur in any given year for a number of reasons. For instance, our results can diverge from industry-wide activity where there are material variances from the level of industry-wide M&A activity in a particular market where Lazard has significant market share, or regarding the relative number of our advisory engagements with respect to larger-sized transactions, and where we are involved in significant non-public assignments. Certain Lazard client statistics and global industry statistics are set forth below:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| Lazard Statistics: |
||||||||||||
| Number of Clients With Fees Greater than $1 million |
255 | 257 | 220 | |||||||||
| Percentage of Total Financial Advisory Revenue from Top 10 Clients (a) |
16 | % | 17 | % | 20 | % | ||||||
| Number of M&A Transactions Completed With Values Greater than $1 billion (b) |
33 | 40 | 40 | |||||||||
| (a) | There were no individual clients that constituted more than 10% of our Financial Advisory segment net revenue in the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 or 2008. |
| (b) | Source: Thomson Financial as of January 7, 2011. |
The geographical distribution of Financial Advisory net revenue is set forth below in percentage terms and is based on the Lazard offices that generate Financial Advisory net revenue, which are located in the U.S., Europe (principally in the U.K., France, Italy, Spain and Germany) and the rest of the world (principally in Australia). However, such distribution is not reflective of the geography in which the clients are located.
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| United States |
58 | % | 51 | % | 50 | % | ||||||
| Europe |
37 | 43 | 43 | |||||||||
| Rest of World |
5 | 6 | 7 | |||||||||
| Total |
100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | ||||||
The Company’s managing directors and many of its professionals have significant experience, and many of them are able to use this experience to advise on M&A, strategic advisory matters and restructuring transactions, depending on clients’ needs. This flexibility allows Lazard to better match its professionals with the counter-cyclical business cycles of mergers and acquisitions and restructurings. While Lazard measures revenue by practice area, Lazard does not separately measure the costs or profitability of M&A services as compared to restructuring services. Accordingly, Lazard measures performance in its Financial Advisory segment based on overall segment net revenue and operating income margins.
Financial Advisory Results of Operations
As reflected in the tables of operating results of the Financial Advisory segment above, the portion of the 2010 and 2009 special items attributable to the Financial Advisory segment had a significant impact on the segment’s reported operating results for such years. Lazard management believes that comparisons between years are most meaningful after excluding the impact of such items.
Year Ended December 31, 2010 versus December 31, 2009
Financial Advisory net revenue increased $133 million, or 13%, as compared to 2009, reflecting increases in M&A and Strategic Advisory revenue of $188 million, or 36% and Capital Markets and Other Advisory net revenue of $28 million, or 33%, partially offset by declines in Restructuring revenue of $83 million, or 22%.
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The increase in M&A and Strategic Advisory revenue was principally due to higher average fees per M&A and Strategic Advisory assignment. Our major clients, which in the aggregate represented 25% of our M&A and Strategic Advisory revenue for the year, included 3G Capital, Abraxis Bioscience, Coca-Cola Enterprises, Continental Airlines, Cote d’Ivoire, Kraft Foods, Marken, Newcrest Mining, Ocarina Trust, Royal Bank of Scotland Group and SSL International.
Restructuring revenue is derived from various activities including bankruptcy assignments, global debt and financing restructurings, distressed asset sales and advice on complex on- and off-balance sheet assignments. The decrease in Restructuring revenue was principally driven by a significant decline in retainer fees due to a decline in the number of active assignments in 2010 as compared to the prior year. Notable assignments completed in 2010 included Alliance Bank Joint Stock Company, BTA Bank JSC, Evraz Group, Extended Stay Deluxe Studios and LNR Property.
The increase in Capital Markets and Other Advisory net revenue principally reflected increased revenue in our Private Fund Advisory Group, resulting from an increase in the number and value of fund closings, and was partially offset by decreases in underwriting fees from public offerings.
Operating expenses decreased $48 million, or 5%, as compared to 2009. Excluding the impact of the 2010 and 2009 special items attributable to the Financial Advisory segment, operating expenses decreased $19 million, or 2%. The principal contributor to the decrease was a decline in the amortization of share-based and deferred cash incentive compensation awards, which was partially offset by a higher provision for discretionary compensation related to the increase in operating revenue, as well as higher costs related to travel, other business development and technology expenses.
Financial Advisory operating income was $169 million, an increase of $181 million, as compared to the 2009 period, and represented 15% of segment net revenues in 2010. Excluding the impact of the 2010 and 2009 special items attributable to the Financial Advisory segment, operating income in 2010 increased $152 million, and represented 17% of segment net revenues, as compared to 4% in 2009.
Year Ended December 31, 2009 versus December 31, 2008
For the year ended December 31, 2009, Financial Advisory net revenue decreased $36 million, or 4%, as compared to 2008, reflecting decreases in M&A and Strategic Advisory revenue of $288 million, or 35%, and Capital Markets and Other Advisory net revenue of $5 million, or 6%, which were substantially offset by Restructuring revenue (including fees for advising on distressed asset sales), which increased $257 million, or 216%.
The decrease in M&A and Strategic Advisory revenue for the year ended December 31, 2009 was principally due to the adverse economic and market conditions described above, which resulted in lower average fees per transaction for M&A and Strategic Advisory clients, as well as those clients generating fee revenues greater than $1 million. However, throughout 2009, M&A and Strategic Advisory quarterly revenue improved sequentially, with revenue in the second half of 2009 up 28%, as compared to the first half of 2009. Our major clients, which in the aggregate represented 25% of our M&A and Strategic Advisory revenue for the year, included Acciona, Anheuser-Busch InBev, Barclays, Caisse d’Epargne, Republic of Ecuador, SFGI-FPIM, GlaxoSmithKline, Haas Family Trusts, IBM and Saint-Gobain.
Restructuring revenue during the year ended December 31, 2009 increased significantly as compared to 2008 due to the significant increases in defaults and in-court and out-of-court restructurings. Notable assignments completed in 2009 included Cemex, Charter Communications, Lehman Brothers, Nortel Networks and the UAW.
The decrease in Capital Markets and Other Advisory net revenue reflected decreases in the value of fund closings by our Private Fund Advisory Group and private placements by our Capital Markets Group, as well as declines in Equity Capital Markets transactions, all of which were impacted by the uncertainty of the financial markets during 2009.
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Operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2009 increased $202 million, or 25%, as compared to 2008. Excluding the impact of the 2009 special item attributable to the Financial Advisory segment, operating expenses increased $153 million, or 19%, as compared to 2008. Contributing to the increase was the change in the Company’s compensation policy as previously described, an increase in the amortization expense associated with previously granted share-based incentive awards and the current year portion of the previously awarded deferred cash incentive awards, which were partially offset by lower salaries and benefits due to the impact of the staff reductions associated with the restructuring program implemented during the first quarter of 2009, the strengthening of the U.S. dollar versus foreign currencies, and lower costs related to travel and other business development expenses, including recruiting, technology expenses and amortization of intangible assets.
Financial Advisory operating loss for 2009 was $12 million, a decrease of $238 million as compared to 2008, and represented (1)% of segment net revenues for 2009, as compared to 22% in 2008. Excluding the impact of the 2009 special item attributable to the Financial Advisory segment, operating income decreased $189 million and represented 4% of segment net revenues in 2009, as compared to 22% in 2008.
Asset Management
The following table shows the composition of AUM for the Asset Management segment:
| As of December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||
| AUM: |
||||||||||||
| International Equities |
$ | 32,037 | $ | 32,268 | $ | 25,000 | ||||||
| Global Equities |
77,965 | 58,332 | 31,553 | |||||||||
| U.S. Equities |
21,298 | 16,003 | 13,177 | |||||||||
| Total Equities |
131,300 | 106,603 | 69,730 | |||||||||
| European and International Fixed Income |
12,249 | 13,763 | 12,690 | |||||||||
| Global Fixed Income |
1,705 | 1,794 | 1,183 | |||||||||
| U.S. Fixed Income |
3,190 | 2,499 | 1,951 | |||||||||
| Total Fixed Income |
17,144 | 18,056 | 15,824 | |||||||||
| Alternative Investments |
5,524 | 3,936 | 3,196 | |||||||||
| Private Equity |
1,294 | 839 | 1,579 | |||||||||
| Cash Management |
75 | 109 | 780 | |||||||||
| Total AUM |
$ | 155,337 | $ | 129,543 | $ | 91,109 | ||||||
Average AUM for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 is set forth below. Average AUM is based on an average of quarterly ending balances for the respective periods.
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||
| Average AUM |
$ | 137,381 | $ | 103,988 | $ | 122,828 | ||||||
Total AUM at December 31, 2010 increased $26 billion, or 20%, as compared to that at December 31, 2009. Average AUM for the year ended December 31, 2010 was 32% higher than the average AUM for 2009, principally the result of market appreciation (which was generally consistent with the industry as a whole) and net inflows occurring during 2010. International, Global and U.S. equities represented 21%, 50% and 14% of total AUM at December 31, 2010, respectively, versus 25%, 45% and 12% of total AUM at December 31, 2009, respectively.
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Total AUM at December 31, 2009 increased $38.4 billion, or 42%, as compared to that at December 31, 2008. While average AUM for the year ended December 31, 2009 was 15% lower than the average AUM for 2008, average AUM increased sequentially by quarter during 2009. International, Global and U.S. equities represented 25%, 45% and 12% of total AUM at December 31, 2009, respectively, versus 27%, 35% and 14% of total AUM at December 31, 2008, respectively.
As of December 31, 2010, approximately 90% of our AUM was managed on behalf of institutional clients, including corporations, labor unions, public pension funds, insurance companies and banks, and through sub-advisory relationships, mutual fund sponsors, broker-dealers and registered advisors versus 89% as of December 31, 2009, and, as of December 31, 2010, 10% of our AUM was managed on behalf of individual client relationships, which are principally with family offices and high-net worth individuals, versus 11% at December 31, 2009.
As of December 31, 2010, AUM denominated in foreign currencies represented approximately 40% of our total AUM, as compared to 45% at December 31, 2009. Foreign denominated AUM declines in value with the strengthening of the U.S. dollar and increases in value as the U.S. dollar weakens.
The following is a summary of changes in AUM for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008.
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||
| AUM—Beginning of Year |
$ | 129,543 | $ | 91,109 | $ | 141,413 | ||||||
| Net Flows(a) |
9,346 | 10,253 | 1,371 | |||||||||
| Acquisitions/(Dispositions)(b) |
- | (831 | ) | - | ||||||||
| Market and Foreign Exchange Appreciation (Depreciation) |
16,448 | 29,012 | (51,675 | ) | ||||||||
| AUM—End of Year |
$ | 155,337 | $ | 129,543 | $ | 91,109 | ||||||
| (a) | Includes inflows of $35,028, $30,984 and $25,923 and outflows of $25,682, $20,731 and $24,552 for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively. |
| (b) | Includes AUM and unfunded fee-earning commitments related to the Edgewater Acquisition, offset by the disposition of private equity AUM related to the sale of FPG. |
During the year ended December 31, 2010, inflows were principally in Global Equities due to increased investments in existing accounts, as well as new accounts gained. Outflows in 2010 occurred primarily in Global and International Equity and certain Fixed Income products.
During the year ended December 31, 2009, inflows, which principally occurred in the second half of the year, were in a broad range of products, with emphasis on Global Equity products due to increased investments in existing accounts as well as new accounts gained. Outflows in 2009 occurred most significantly in U.S. and International Equity products.
As of February 18, 2011, AUM was $158.7 billion, a $3.4 billion increase since December 31, 2010. The change in AUM was due to market/foreign exchange appreciation of $3.2 billion and net inflows of $0.2 billion. Market appreciation was approximately 2% of AUM since December 31, 2010, which was generally consistent with the increase in global market indices during that period.
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The following tables summarize the operating results of the Asset Management segment for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008. Operating results for the respective years are shown before and after the charges attributable to the Asset Management segment related to the 2010, 2009 and 2008 special items.
| Year Ended December 31, 2010 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Item (a) |
Non-U.S. GAAP Excluding Special Item (b) |
||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Revenue: |
||||||||||||
| Management Fees |
$ | 715,885 | $ | 715,885 | ||||||||
| Incentive Fees |
86,298 | 86,298 | ||||||||||
| Other Income |
47,479 | 47,479 | ||||||||||
| Net Revenue |
849,662 | 849,662 | ||||||||||
| Operating Expenses (c) |
584,348 | $ | 2,902 | 581,446 | ||||||||
| Operating Income |
$ | 265,314 | $ | 268,216 | ||||||||
| Operating Income, As A Percentage of Net Revenue |
31 | % | 32 | % | ||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Item (a) |
Non-U.S. GAAP Excluding Special Item (b) |
||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Revenue: |
||||||||||||
| Management Fees |
$ | 486,810 | $ | 486,810 | ||||||||
| Incentive Fees |
74,795 | 74,795 | ||||||||||
| Other Income |
40,047 | 40,047 | ||||||||||
| Net Revenue |
601,652 | 601,652 | ||||||||||
| Operating Expenses (c) |
504,452 | $ | 7,508 | 496,944 | ||||||||
| Operating Income |
$ | 97,200 | $ | 104,708 | ||||||||
| Operating Income, As A Percentage of Net Revenue |
16 | % | 17 | % | ||||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2008 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Item (a) |
Non-U.S. GAAP Excluding Special Item (b) |
||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Revenue: |
||||||||||||
| Management Fees |
$ | 568,436 | $ | 568,436 | ||||||||
| Incentive Fees |
34,961 | 34,961 | ||||||||||
| Other Income |
11,384 | 11,384 | ||||||||||
| Net Revenue |
614,781 | 614,781 | ||||||||||
| Operating Expenses (c) |
678,170 | $ | 197,550 | 480,620 | ||||||||
| Operating Income (Loss) |
$ | (63,389 | ) | $ | 134,161 | |||||||
| Operating Income (Loss), As A Percentage of Net Revenue |
(10 | )% | 22 | % | ||||||||
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| As of December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| Headcount(d): |
||||||||||||
| Managing Directors |
64 | 56 | 56 | |||||||||
| Other Employees: |
||||||||||||
| Business segment professionals |
315 | 299 | 328 | |||||||||
| All other professionals and support staff functions |
297 | 273 | 301 | |||||||||
| Total |
676 | 628 | 685 | |||||||||
| (a) | Represents the portion of the 2010, 2009 and 2008 special items attributable to the Asset Management segment (see Note 22 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). |
| (b) | A non-U.S. GAAP measure that management believes provides the most meaningful comparison between historical, present and future periods. |
| (c) | Includes indirect support costs (including compensation and benefits expense and other operating expenses related thereto). |
| (d) | Excludes headcount related to indirect support functions, with such headcount being included in the Corporate segment. |
Our top ten clients accounted for 22%, 23% and 25% of our total AUM at December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008, respectively, and there were no individual clients that constituted more than 10% of our Asset Management segment net revenue during any of the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008.
The geographical distribution of Asset Management net revenue is set forth below in percentage terms, and is based on the Lazard offices that manage the respective AUM amounts. Such geographical distribution may not be reflective of the geography of the investment products or clients.
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||
| United States |
59 | % | 53 | % | 52 | % | ||||||
| Europe |
31 | 36 | 37 | |||||||||
| Rest of World |
10 | 11 | 11 | |||||||||
| Total |
100 | % | 100 | % | 100 | % | ||||||
Asset Management Results of Operations
As reflected in the tables of operating results of the Asset Management segment above, the portion of the 2010, 2009 and 2008 special items attributable to the Asset Management segment had a significant impact on the segment’s reported operating results for such years. Lazard management believes that comparisons between years are most meaningful after excluding the impact of such items.
Year Ended December 31, 2010 versus December 31, 2009
Asset Management net revenue increased $248 million, or 41%, as compared to 2009. Management fees increased $229 million, or 47%, as compared to 2009, driven by a 32% increase in average AUM. This increase was due largely to the increase in equity market indices, a favorable change in the mix of AUM into higher margin equity products and net inflows. Incentive fees, consisting of traditional long-only and alternative investment strategies, increased $12 million, or 15%, as compared to 2009. Other revenue increased $7 million, or 19%, as compared to 2009, principally due to increased investment and commission income.
Operating expenses increased $80 million, or 16%, as compared to 2009. Excluding the impact of the 2010 and 2009 special items attributable to the Asset Management segment, operating expenses increased $85 million, or 17%, principally due to a higher provision for discretionary compensation and profit pools related to the
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increase in operating revenue, as well as higher fees for outsourced services related to AUM growth and an increase in the amortization of intangible assets relating to the Edgewater acquisition.
Asset Management operating income was $265 million, an increase of $168 million, as compared to $97 million in 2009, and represented 31% of segment net revenue. When excluding the impact of the 2010 and 2009 special items attributable to the Asset Management segment, operating income increased $164 million, and represented 32% of segment net revenue as compared to 17% for the prior year.
Year Ended December 31, 2009 versus December 31, 2008
Asset Management net revenue in the year ended December 31, 2009 declined $13 million, or 2%, as compared to 2008. Management fees for 2009 decreased $82 million, or 14%, as compared to 2008, driven by a 15% decrease in average AUM. This decrease was due largely to the decline in equity markets, which was partially offset by the impact of a change in the mix of investment products and levels of management fees on certain products. However, consistent with the sequential increase in quarterly average AUM described above, management fee revenue was 44% higher in the second half of 2009 as compared to the first half of 2009. Incentive fees in 2009 increased $40 million, or 114%, as compared to 2008, relating to both alternative and traditional long-only investment strategies. Other revenue increased $29 million, or 252%, as compared to 2008, principally as a result of higher revenue from noncontrolling interests, foreign exchange remeasurement gains and investment income.
Operating expenses for 2009 decreased by $174 million, or 26%, as compared to 2008. When excluding the impact of the 2009 and 2008 special items attributable to the Asset Management segment, operating expenses in 2009 increased $16 million, or 3%, principally due to the change in the Company’s compensation policy as previously described. Also impacting the increase was an increase in the current year portion of amortization expense associated with previously awarded deferred cash incentive awards, higher fees for outsourced services and an increase in the amortization of intangible assets relating to the Edgewater Acquisition, partially offset by decreased compensation related to reduced headcount, and declines in business development expenses for travel and market-related data and professional fees.
Asset Management operating income for the year ended December 31, 2009 was $97 million, an increase of $160 million, as compared to an operating loss of $63 million in 2008, and represented 16% of segment net revenue in 2009, as compared to (10)% in 2008. When excluding the impact of the 2009 and 2008 special items attributable to the Asset Management segment, operating income in 2009 decreased $29 million, or 22%, when compared to 2008, and represented 17% of segment net revenue in 2009 as compared to 22% for 2008.
Corporate
The following tables summarize the results of the Corporate segment:
| Year Ended December 31, 2010 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Items (a) |
Non-U.S.
GAAP Excluding Special Items (b) |
||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Interest Income |
$ | 19,381 | $ | 19,381 | ||||||||
| Interest Expense |
(100,296 | ) | (100,296 | ) | ||||||||
| Net Interest (Expense) |
(80,915 | ) | (80,915 | ) | ||||||||
| Other Revenue |
15,891 | 15,891 | ||||||||||
| Net Revenue (Expense) |
(65,024 | ) | (65,024 | ) | ||||||||
| Operating Expenses |
122,380 | $ | 89,495 | 32,885 | ||||||||
| Operating Loss |
$ | (187,404 | ) | $ | (97,909 | ) | ||||||
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| Year Ended December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Items (a) |
Non-U.S.
GAAP Excluding Special Items (b) |
||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Interest Income |
$ | 28,191 | $ | 28,191 | ||||||||
| Interest Expense |
(108,521 | ) | (108,521 | ) | ||||||||
| Net Interest (Expense) |
(80,330 | ) | (80,330 | ) | ||||||||
| Other Revenue |
21,821 | 21,821 | ||||||||||
| Net Revenue (Expense) |
(58,509 | ) | (58,509 | ) | ||||||||
| Operating Expenses |
208,772 | $ | 153,535 | 55,237 | ||||||||
| Operating Loss |
$ | (267,281 | ) | $ | (113,746 | ) | ||||||
| Year Ended December 31, 2008 | ||||||||||||
| U.S. GAAP As Reported |
Impact of Special Item (a) |
Non-U.S.
GAAP Excluding Special Item (b) |
||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||
| Interest Income |
$ | 62,969 | $ | 62,969 | ||||||||
| Interest Expense |
(139,620 | ) | (139,620 | ) | ||||||||
| Net Interest (Expense) |
(76,651 | ) | (76,651 | ) | ||||||||
| Other Revenue |
(6,074 | ) | (6,074 | ) | ||||||||
| Net Revenue (Expense) |
(82,725 | ) | (82,725 | ) | ||||||||
| Operating Expenses |
37,800 | $ | 2,000 | 35,800 | ||||||||
| Operating Loss |
$ | (120,525 | ) | $ | (118,525 | ) | ||||||
| As of December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Headcount (c): |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Managing Directors |
9 | 7 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
| Other Employees: |
||||||||||||||||||||
| Business segment professionals |
11 | 10 | 8 | |||||||||||||||||
| All other professionals and support staff |
612 | 607 | 640 | |||||||||||||||||
| Total |
632 | 624 | 656 | |||||||||||||||||
| (a) | Represents the portion of the 2010, 2009 and 2008 special items attributable to the Corporate segment (see Note 22 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). |
| (b) | A non-U.S. GAAP measure that management believes provides the most meaningful comparison between historical, present and future periods. |
| (c) | Includes headcount related to support functions. |
Corporate Results of Operations
As reflected in the table of operating results of the Corporate segment above, the 2010, 2009 and 2008 special items attributable to the Corporate segment had a significant impact on the segment’s reported operating results in such years. Lazard management believes that comparisons between years are most meaningful after excluding the impact such items.
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Year Ended December 31, 2010 versus December 31, 2009
Net interest expense was relatively unchanged as compared to 2009. Other revenue declined $6 million, or 27%, compared to 2009, reflecting foreign exchange losses in 2010 as compared to gains in 2009, and lower investment income. Investment income in 2010 includes realized losses of $14 million in connection with the fourth quarter sale of LFB’s portfolio, as compared to the $13 million write-off in 2009 of the Company’s investment in warrants of Sapphire.
Operating expenses decreased $86 million, or 41%, the principal portion of which related to the net impact of the 2010 and 2009 special items attributable to the Corporate segment. When excluding the impact of the 2010 and 2009 special items, operating expenses declined $22 million, or 40%, principally due to a decline in the amortization of share-based and deferred cash incentive compensation awards, which was partially offset by a higher provision in discretionary compensation related to the increase in the Company’s operating revenue.
Year Ended December 31, 2009 versus December 31, 2008
Net interest expense in the year ended December 31, 2009 increased $4 million, or 5%, as compared to 2008. During 2009, interest income declined $35 million due to a lower interest rate environment, a decrease in the balance of interest earning assets at LFB as well as lower average cash balances. Average cash decreased as a result of the share repurchases of Class A common stock as well as the repurchase of a portion of the Company’s outstanding 6.85% and 7.125% senior notes. The decrease in interest income was substantially offset by lower interest expense in 2009 of $31 million, principally as a result of the reduction in interest expense related to the Company’s May 2008 purchase of $437 million aggregate principal amount of its 6.12% senior notes in connection with the remarketing of such notes and by the above-mentioned repurchases of senior notes, as well as a lower interest rate environment and reduced levels of LFB’s customer deposits.
Other revenue increased $28 million in the year ended December 31, 2009, as compared to 2008, principally due to investment income in 2009 of $18 million in the Company’s investment portfolio, versus an aggregate loss of $53 million in 2008 in LFB’s corporate debt portfolio (redesignated as “available-for-sale” effective July 1, 2008) and the Company’s investment portfolio. With respect to the latter, during 2009, the Company had in place a hedging strategy to minimize its risks associated with volatility in the equity markets. Other factors contributing to the increase were revenues from various other investments of $7 million in 2009 versus losses of $5 million in 2008, partially offset by (i) a $13 million charge relating to the write-off of the Company’s investment in warrants of Sapphire, (ii) a $20 million gain in 2008 on the repurchase of a portion of the Company’s senior notes and (iii) a $24 million gain in 2008 from a foreign currency transaction.
Operating expenses for 2009 increased $171 million, as compared to 2008, principally due to the net impact of the 2009 and 2008 special items attributable to the Corporate segment. When excluding the impact of the 2009 and 2008 special items, operating expenses increased $19 million, or 54%, in 2009. Factors contributing to the increase were principally due to the change in the Company’s compensation policy described above, as well as an increase in the amortization expense associated with the current year portion of previously awarded deferred cash incentive awards, which were partially offset by the $12 million provision for counterparty defaults in 2008.
Cash Flows
The Company’s cash flows are influenced by the timing of the receipt of Financial Advisory and Asset Management fees, the timing of distributions to shareholders and payments of incentive compensation to managing directors and employees. M&A, Strategic Advisory and Asset Management fees are generally collected within 60 days of billing, while restructuring fee collections may extend beyond 60 days, particularly those that involve bankruptcies with court-ordered holdbacks. Fees from our private fund advisory activities are generally collected over a four-year period from billing and typically include an interest component.
Lazard Group traditionally pays a significant portion of its incentive compensation during the first four months of each calendar year with respect to the prior year’s results.
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Summary of Cash Flows:
| Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | |||||||
| ($ in millions) | ||||||||
| Cash Provided By (Used In): |
||||||||
| Operating activities: |
||||||||
| Net income (loss) |
$ | 201.4 | $ | (213.7 | ) | |||
| Noncash charges (a) |
361.6 | 392.4 | ||||||
| Other operating activities (b) |
(509.4 | ) | 92.7 | |||||
| Net cash provided by operating activities |
53.6 | 271.4 | ||||||
| Investing activities (c) |
411.7 | (96.6 | ) | |||||
| Financing activities (d) |
(330.0 | ) | (207.4 | ) | ||||
| Effect of exchange rate changes |
(10.3 | ) | 25.0 | |||||
| Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents |
125.0 | (7.6 | ) | |||||
| Cash and Cash Equivalents: |
||||||||
| Beginning of Year |
899.7 | 907.3 | ||||||
| End of Year |
$ | 1,024.7 | $ | 899.7 | ||||
|
(a) Consists of the following: |
| |||||||
| Depreciation and amortization of property |
$ | 22.7 | $ | 22.5 | ||||
| Amortization of deferred expenses, stock units and interest rate hedge |
315.6 | 371.4 | ||||||
| Investment losses (including other-than-temporary impairment losses) |
8.9 | 1.8 | ||||||
| Deferred tax provision (benefit) |
6.1 | (8.0 | ) | |||||
| Amortization of intangible assets related to acquisitions |
7.9 | 5.0 | ||||||
| (Gains) losses on extinguishment of debt |
.4 | (0.3 | ) | |||||
| Total |
$ | 361.6 | $ | 392.4 | ||||
| (b) | Includes net changes in operating assets and liabilities. |
| (c) | Principally relates to purchases and proceeds from sales and maturities of “available-for-sale” and “held-to maturity” securities, and, in the 2010 period, the disposition of our equity method investment in Sapphire. |
| (d) | Primarily includes distributions to members and noncontrolling interest holders, settlements of vested RSUs, repurchases of shares of Class A common stock and common membership interests from LAZ-MD Holdings and activity related to borrowings. |
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company’s liquidity and capital resources are derived from operating activities, financing agreements and equity offerings.
Operating Activities
Net revenue, operating income (loss) and cash receipts fluctuate significantly between quarters. In the case of Financial Advisory, fee receipts are principally dependent upon the successful completion of client transactions, the occurrence and timing of which is irregular and not subject to Lazard’s control. In the case of Asset Management, incentive fees earned on AUM are generally not earned until the end of the applicable measurement period, which is generally the fourth quarter of Lazard’s fiscal year, with the respective receivable collected in the first quarter of the following year.
Liquidity is significantly impacted by incentive compensation payments, a significant portion of which historically have been made during the first four months of the year. As a consequence, cash on hand generally declines in the beginning of the year and gradually builds over the remainder of the year. We also pay certain tax advances during the year on behalf of our managing directors, which serve to reduce their respective incentive compensation payments. We expect this seasonal pattern of cash flow to continue.
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Lazard’s consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars. Many of Lazard’s non-U.S. subsidiaries have a functional currency (i.e., the currency in which operational activities are primarily conducted) that is other than the U.S. dollar, generally the currency of the country in which such subsidiaries are domiciled. Such subsidiaries’ assets and liabilities are translated into U.S. dollars at the respective balance sheet date exchange rates, while revenue and expenses are translated at average exchange rates during the year based on the daily closing exchange rates. Adjustments that result from translating amounts from a subsidiary’s functional currency are reported as a component of members’ equity. Foreign currency remeasurement gains and losses on transactions in non-functional currencies are included on the consolidated statements of operations.
We regularly monitor our liquidity position, including cash levels, credit lines, principal investment commitments, interest and principal payments on debt, capital expenditures and matters relating to liquidity and to compliance with regulatory net capital requirements. At December 31, 2010, Lazard had approximately $1.1 billion of cash and liquid securities, including $32 million of U.S. Government debt and agencies securities and $88 million of investments in equity securities. We maintain lines of credit in excess of anticipated liquidity requirements. As of December 31, 2010, Lazard had approximately $300 million in unused lines of credit available to it, including a $150 million, three-year, senior revolving credit facility with a group of lenders that matures in April 2013 (the “Credit Facility”) (see “—Financing” below) and an aggregate of $129 million of unused lines of credit available to LFB and Edgewater. In addition, LFB has access to the Eurosystem Covered Bond Purchase Program of the Banque de France.
On April 29, 2010, Lazard Group entered into the Credit Facility pursuant to an agreement with the banks parties thereto and Citibank, N.A., as administrative agent. The Credit Facility replaces the prior senior revolving credit facility, which was terminated as a condition to effectiveness of the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility contains customary terms and conditions substantially similar to the prior credit facility. Such terms and conditions include limitations on consolidations, mergers, indebtedness and certain payments, as well as financial condition covenants relating to leverage and interest coverage ratios. Lazard Group’s obligations under the Credit Facility may be accelerated upon customary events of default, including non-payment of principal or interest, breaches of covenants, cross-defaults to other material debt, a change in control and specified bankruptcy events.
Financing
The table below sets forth our corporate indebtedness as of December 31, 2010 and 2009. The agreements with respect to this indebtedness are discussed in more detail in our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.
| Maturity Date |
As of December 31, | Increase (Decrease) |
||||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | |||||||||||||||
| ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||
| Senior Debt: |
||||||||||||||||
| 7.125%(a) |
2015 | $ | 528.5 | $ | 538.5 | $ | (10.0 | ) | ||||||||
| 6.85%(b) |
2017 | 548.4 | 548.4 | — | ||||||||||||
| Subordinated Debt: |
||||||||||||||||
| 3.25%(c) |
2016 | 150.0 | 150.0 | — | ||||||||||||
| Total Senior and Subordinated Debt |
$ | 1,226.9 | $ | 1,236.9 | $ | (10.0 | ) | |||||||||
| (a) | During the year ended December 31, 2010 the Company repurchased $10.0 million principal amount of its 7.125% Senior Notes, and, with respect thereto, recognized an aggregate loss of $0.4 million in “revenue-other”. |
| (b) | During the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company repurchased $0.9 million principal amount of its 6.85% Senior Notes, and, with respect thereto, recognized an aggregate gain of $0.3 million in “revenue-other”. |
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| (c) | Convertible into shares of Class A common stock at an effective conversion price of $57 per share. One third in principal amount became convertible on and after each of July 1, 2008, July 1, 2009, and July 1, 2010, and no principal amount is convertible after June 30, 2011. |
Lazard’s annual cash flow generated from operations historically has been sufficient to enable it to meet its annual obligations. Lazard has not drawn on its Credit Facility and prior revolving credit facility since June 30, 2006. We believe that our cash flows from operating activities, along with the use of our credit lines as needed, should be sufficient for us to fund our current obligations for the next 12 months and beyond.
As long as the lenders’ commitments remain in effect, any loan pursuant to the Credit Facility remains outstanding and unpaid or any other amount is owing to the lending bank group, the Credit Facility includes financial condition covenants that require that Lazard Group not permit (i) its Consolidated Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Facility) for the 12-month period ending on the last day of any fiscal quarter to be greater than 4.00 to 1.00 or (ii) its Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Facility) for the 12-month period ending on the last day of any fiscal quarter to be less than 3.00 to 1.00. For the 12-month period ended December 31, 2010 Lazard Group was in compliance with such ratios, with its Consolidated Leverage Ratio being 1.80 to 1.00 and its Consolidated Interest Coverage Ratio being 9.66 to 1.00. In any event, no amounts were outstanding under the Credit Facility as of December 31, 2010.
In addition, the Credit Facility, indenture and supplemental indentures relating to Lazard Group’s senior notes, as well as its $150 Million Subordinated Convertible Note, contain certain other covenants (none of which relate to financial condition), events of default and other customary provisions. At December 31, 2010, the Company was in compliance with all of these provisions. We may, to the extent required and subject to restrictions contained in our financing arrangements, use other financing sources, which may cause us to be subject to additional restrictions or covenants.
See Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding senior and subordinated debt.
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Members’ Equity
At December 31, 2010, total members’ equity was $490 million as compared to $283 million and $127 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, including $121 million, $128 million and $21 million of noncontrolling interests on the respective dates. The net activity in members’ equity in the years ended December 31, 2010 and 2009 is reflected in the table below (in millions of dollars):
| Year Ended December 31, |
||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | |||||||
| Members’ Equity – Beginning of Year |
$ | 283 | $ | 127 | ||||
| Increase (decrease) due to: |
||||||||
| Net income (loss) |
201 | (214 | ) | |||||
| Amortization of share-based incentive compensation |
305 | 358 | ||||||
| Common membership interests issued in connection with business acquisitions |
21 | 32 | ||||||
| Delivery of Class A common stock in connection with share-based incentive compensation |
(58 | ) | (13 | ) | ||||
| Increases in AOCI (including noncontrolling interests’ portion thereof)(*) |
24 | 63 | ||||||
| Purchase of Class A common stock and Lazard Group common membership interests |
(157 | ) | (64 | ) | ||||
| Distributions to members and noncontrolling interests, net |
(136 | ) | (17 | ) | ||||
| Other – net |
7 | 11 | ||||||
| Members’ Equity – End of Year |
$ | 490 | $ | 283 | ||||
| (*) Includes: |
||||||||
| Net positive (negative) foreign currency translation adjustments |
$ | (9 | ) | $ | 63 | |||
| Net mark-ups and adjustments for items reclassified to earnings related to securities designated as “available-for-sale” |
13 | 29 | ||||||
| Employee benefit plan adjustments and other |
20 | (29 | ) | |||||
| Total |
$ | 24 | $ | 63 | ||||
On January 27, 2010, the Board of Directors of Lazard Ltd authorized, on a cumulative basis, a share repurchase program permitting the repurchase of up to $200 million in aggregate cost of its Class A common stock and Lazard Group common membership interests through December 31, 2011. During the year ended December 31, 2010 the Company repurchased 4,686,892 shares of Class A common stock, at an aggregate cost of $150 million and 224,382 Lazard Group common membership interests at an aggregate cost of $7 million. Accordingly, at December 31, 2010, $43 million of the share purchase authorization remained available for future repurchases. In addition to the repurchases of 4,686,892 shares of Class A common stock described above, during the year ended December 31, 2010, in order, among other reasons, to help neutralize the dilutive effect of our share-based incentive compensation plans, the Company utilized $58 million to satisfy certain employees’ withholding tax obligations on vested RSUs in lieu of issuing 1,674,261 shares. In February 2011, the Board of Directors of Lazard Ltd authorized the repurchase of up to an additional $250 million in aggregate cost of Lazard Ltd Class A common stock and Lazard Group common membership interests through December 31, 2012.
See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding (i) the issuance of Class A common stock, (ii) secondary offerings of Class A common stock, (iii) exchanges of Lazard Group common membership interests and (iv) the share repurchase program.
Regulatory Capital
We actively monitor our regulatory capital base. Our principal subsidiaries are subject to regulatory requirements in their respective jurisdictions to ensure their general financial soundness and liquidity, which require, among other things, that we comply with certain minimum capital requirements, record-keeping, reporting
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procedures, relationships with customers, experience and training requirements for employees and certain other requirements and procedures. These regulatory requirements may restrict the flow of funds to affiliates. See Note 21 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information. These regulations differ in the U.S., the U.K., France and other countries in which we operate. Our capital structure is designed to provide each of our subsidiaries with capital and liquidity consistent with its business and regulatory requirements. For a discussion of regulations relating to us, see “Item 1-Business—Regulation” included in this Form 10-K.
Contractual Obligations
The following table sets forth information relating to Lazard’s contractual obligations as of December 31, 2010:
| Contractual Obligations Payment Due by Period | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Total | Less than 1 Year |
1-3 Years | 3-5 Years | More than 5 Years |
||||||||||||||||
| ($ in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Senior and Subordinated Debt (including interest) (a) |
$ | 1,672,141 | $ | 80,093 | $ | 160,185 | $669,857 | $ | 762,006 | |||||||||||
| Operating Leases (exclusive of $94,405 of sublease income) (b) |
372,285 | 68,004 | 84,985 | 59,402 | 159,894 | |||||||||||||||
| LAM Merger cash consideration (c) |
90,348 | 90,348 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Capital Leases (including interest) (b) |
28,680 | 4,133 | 7,208 | 5,714 | 11,625 | |||||||||||||||
| Private Equity Funding Commitments (b) |
5,290 | 5,290 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Total (d)(e) |
$ | 2,168,744 | $ | 247,868 | $ | 252,378 | $734,973 | $933,525 | ||||||||||||
| (a) | See Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |
| (b) | See Note 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |
| (c) | See Note 8 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. |
| (d) | The table above excludes contingent obligations and any possible payments for uncertain tax positions given the inability to estimate the timing of the latter payments. See Notes 14, 16, 17 and 19 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements regarding information in connection with commitments, incentive plans, employee benefit plans and income taxes. |
| (e) | The Company has agreed to enter into an amendment (the “Lease Amendment”) of the leases relating to its offices in Rockefeller Center, New York, New York (the “Leased Premises”). The effectiveness of the Lease Amendment is conditioned upon receipt of customary documentation evidencing, among other things, the consent of the lender holding a mortgage covering the Leased Premises. The Lease Amendment provides that the term of the lease will be extended until 2033, and would commit the Company for approximately $600 million of aggregate incremental rentals over the amounts included in the table above. |
Effect of Inflation
We do not believe inflation will significantly affect our compensation costs as they are substantially variable in nature. However, the rate of inflation may affect certain of our other expenses, such as information technology and occupancy costs. To the extent inflation results in rising interest rates and has other effects upon the securities markets, it may adversely affect our financial position and results of operations by reducing AUM, net revenue or otherwise. See “Risk Factors—Other Business Risks—Difficult market conditions can adversely affect our business in many ways, including by reducing the volume of transactions involving our Financial Advisory business and reducing the value or performance of the assets we manage in our Asset Management business, which, in each case, could materially reduce our revenue or income and adversely affect our financial position.”
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Management’s discussion and analysis of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of Lazard’s consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities,
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revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, Lazard evaluates its estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, compensation liabilities, income taxes, investing activities and goodwill. Lazard bases these estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
Lazard believes that the critical accounting policies set forth below comprise the most significant estimates and judgments used in the preparation of its consolidated financial statements.
Revenue Recognition
Lazard generates substantially all of its net revenue from providing Financial Advisory and Asset Management services to clients. Lazard recognizes revenue when the following criteria are met:
| • | there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement with a client, |
| • | the agreed-upon services have been provided, |
| • | fees are fixed or determinable, and |
| • | collection is probable. |
The Company earns performance-based incentive fees on various investment products, including traditional products and alternative investment funds such as hedge funds and private equity funds (see “Financial Statement Overview”).
If, in Lazard’s judgment, collection of a fee is not probable, Lazard will not recognize revenue until the uncertainty is removed. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts to provide coverage for estimated losses from our fee and customer receivables. We determine the adequacy of the allowance by estimating the probability of loss based on management’s analysis of the client’s creditworthiness and specifically reserve against exposures where we determine the receivables are impaired, which may include situations where a fee is in dispute or litigation has commenced.
With respect to fees receivable from Financial Advisory activities, such receivables are generally deemed past due when they are outstanding 60 days from the date of invoice. However, some Financial Advisory transactions include specific contractual payment terms that may vary from one month to four years (as is the case for our Private Fund Advisory fees) following the invoice date or may be subject to court approval (as is the case with restructuring assignments that include bankruptcy proceedings). In such cases, receivables are deemed past due when payment is not received by the agreed-upon contractual date or the court approval date, respectively. Financial Advisory fee receivables past due in excess of 180 days are fully provided for unless there is evidence that the balance is collectible. Asset Management fees are deemed past due and fully provided for when such receivables are outstanding 12 months after the invoice date. Notwithstanding our policy for receivables past due, we specifically reserve against exposures relating to Financial Advisory and Asset Management fees where we determine receivables are impaired.
At December 31, 2010 and 2009, the Company had receivables past due of approximately $17 million and $14 million, respectively, and its allowance for doubtful accounts was $15 million and $12 million, respectively.
Income Taxes
As part of the process of preparing its consolidated financial statements, Lazard is required to estimate its income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which it operates. This process requires Lazard to estimate its actual current tax liability and to assess temporary differences resulting from differing book versus tax treatment of items, such as deferred revenue, compensation and benefits expense, unrealized gains or losses on investments
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and depreciation. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included within Lazard’s consolidated statements of financial condition. Significant management judgment is required in determining Lazard’s provision for income taxes, its deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against its net deferred tax assets. At December 31, 2010, the Company recorded deferred tax assets of approximately $177 million, with such amount partially offset by a valuation allowance of approximately $92 million due to the uncertainty of realizing the benefits of the book versus tax basis differences and certain net operating loss carry-forwards. In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized and, when necessary, valuation allowances are established. The ultimate realization of the deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the level of historical taxable income, scheduled reversals of deferred taxes, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies that can be implemented by the Company in making this assessment. If actual results differ from these estimates or Lazard adjusts these estimates in future periods, Lazard may need to adjust its valuation allowance if such circumstances indicate that the valuation allowance should be reduced or is no longer necessary. The portion reduced would result in a reduction in the provision for income taxes. A change in the valuation allowance could materially impact Lazard’s consolidated financial position and results of operations. Furthermore, management applies the more likely than not criteria prior to the recognition of a financial statement benefit of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return with respect to uncertainties in income taxes.
Tax contingencies can involve complex issues and may require an extended period of time to resolve. Changes in the geographic mix or estimated level of annual pre-tax income can affect Lazard’s overall effective tax rate. Significant management judgment is required in determining Lazard’s provision for income taxes, its deferred tax assets and liabilities and any valuation allowance recorded against its net deferred tax assets. Furthermore, Lazard’s interpretation of complex tax laws may impact its recognition and measurement of current and deferred income taxes.
Investments
Investments consist principally of debt securities, equities, interests in LAM alternative asset management funds and other private equity investments.
These investments are carried at either fair value on the consolidated statements of financial condition, with any increases or decreases in fair value reflected (i) in earnings, to the extent held by our broker-dealer subsidiaries or when designated as “trading” securities within our non-broker-dealer subsidiaries, and (ii) in AOCI, to the extent designated as “available-for-sale” securities until such time they are realized and reclassified to earnings, or, if designated as “held-to-maturity” securities, amortized cost on the consolidated statements of financial condition. Any declines in the fair value of “available-for-sale” and “held-to-maturity” securities that are determined to be other than temporary are charged to earnings. As described in Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, effective July 1, 2008, as permitted under U.S. GAAP, certain debt securities held by LFB, which were previously designated as “trading” securities, were re-designated as “available-for-sale” securities. As of December 31, 2010, there are no securities designated as “available-for-sale” or “held-to-maturity”.
Gains and losses on investment positions held, which arise from sales or changes in the fair value of the investments, are not predictable and can cause periodic fluctuations in net income or AOCI and therefore subject Lazard to market and credit risk.
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Data relating to net investments at December 31, 2010 and 2009 is set forth below:
| December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | |||||||||||||||||||
| ($ in millions) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| $ | % | $ | % | |||||||||||||||||
| Debt securities (a) |
$ | 66 | 17 | % | $ | 461 | 57 | % | ||||||||||||
| Equity securities (net of $3 and $5 of securities sold, not yet purchased at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively) (b) |
86 | 22 | % | 77 | 10 | % | ||||||||||||||
| LAM alternative asset management funds (principally GP interests in LAM-managed hedge funds) (c) |
50 | 13 | % | 50 | 6 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Private equity (d) |
96 | 25 | % | 103 | 13 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Other (e) |
87 | 23 | % | 112 | 14 | % | ||||||||||||||
| Net investments |
$ | 385 | 100 | % | $ | 803 | 100 | % | ||||||||||||
| Total assets |
$ | 3,336 | $ | 3,115 | ||||||||||||||||
| Net investments, as a percentage of total assets |
12 | % | 26 | % | ||||||||||||||||
| (a) | Debt securities primarily consist of securities issued by the U.S. Government and its agencies, and fixed income funds, all of which subject Lazard to market risk. |
| (b) | The Company’s equity securities are primarily comprised of funds seeding products of our Asset Management segment. Hedging strategies are employed to reduce market risk, and, in turn, the volatility to earnings. Additional information regarding equity securities as of December 31, 2010 and 2009 is shown below: |
| December 31, | ||||||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | |||||||||||
| Percentage invested in: |
||||||||||||
| Consumer |
28 | % | 27 | % | ||||||||
| Financials |
28 | % | 25 | % | ||||||||
| Industrial |
9 | % | 10 | % | ||||||||
| Other |
35 | % | 38 | % | ||||||||
| Total |
100 | % | 100 | % | ||||||||
| (c) | The fair value of such interests reflects the pro-rata value of the ownership of the underlying securities in the funds. Such funds are broadly diversified and may incorporate particular strategies; however, there are no investments in funds with a single sector strategy. |
| (d) | Comprised of investments in private equity funds and direct private equity interests that are generally not subject to short-term market fluctuation, but may subject Lazard to market or credit risk. |
Private equity investments primarily include (i) a mezzanine fund, which invests in mezzanine debt of a diversified selection of small-to mid-cap European companies; (ii) CP II, a private equity fund targeting significant noncontrolling investments in established public and private companies; and (iii) Senior Housing, which acquires companies and assets in senior housing, extended stay and shopping center sectors.
Private equity investments represent approximately 3% of total assets at both December 31, 2010 and 2009.
| (e) | Represents investments (i) accounted for under the equity method of accounting and (ii) private equity and general partnership interests that are consolidated but owned by noncontrolling interests, and therefore do not subject the Company to market or credit risk. The applicable noncontrolling interests are presented within “stockholders’ equity” on the consolidated statements of financial condition. |
The decline in the aggregate investments at December 31, 2010 compared to December 31, 2009 of $418 million relates principally to the disposition of corporate debt securities and a substantial portion of our U.S government securities holdings in the fourth quarter of 2010.
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Lazard categorizes its investments and certain other assets and liabilities recorded at fair value into a three-level fair value hierarchy as follows:
Level 1. Assets and liabilities whose values are based on unadjusted quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in an active market that Lazard has the ability to access.
Level 2. Assets and liabilities whose values are based on quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in non-active markets or inputs other than quoted prices that are directly observable or derived principally from or corroborated by market data.
Level 3. Assets and liabilities whose values are based on prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement. These inputs reflect management’s own assumptions about the assumptions a market participant would use in pricing the asset or liability. Items included in Level 3 include securities or other financial assets whose volume and level of activity have significantly decreased when compared with normal market activity and there is no longer sufficient frequency or volume to provide pricing information on an ongoing basis.
At December 31, 2010, the Company’s investments in U.S Government and agency debt securities as well as its corporate and other debt securities were considered Level 1 assets with the respective fair values based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets. The Company’s investments in fixed income funds were considered Level 2 assets with its fair value primarily based on broker quotes as provided by external pricing services.
At December 31, 2009, most of the Company’s investments in corporate and other debt securities were considered Level 2 assets with the respective fair values based on observable data, principally broker quotes as provided by external pricing services. The Company’s other debt securities, including U.S Government and agency debt securities, were considered Level 1 assets with the respective fair values based on unadjusted quoted prices in active markets.
The fair value of our equities is principally classified as Level 1 or Level 2 as follows: marketable equity securities are classified as Level 1 and are valued based on the last trade price on the primary exchange for that security; public asset management funds are classified as Level 1 and are valued based on the reported closing price for the fund; and investments in private asset management funds are classified as Level 2 and are primarily valued based on information provided by fund managers and secondarily, from external pricing services to the extent managed by LAM.
The fair value of our interests in LAM alternative asset management funds is classified as Level 2 and is based on information provided by external pricing services.
The fair value of our private equity investments is classified as Level 3 and is based on financial statements provided by fund managers, appraisals and internal valuations.
Where information reported is based on broker quotes, the Company generally obtains one quote/price per instrument. In some cases, quotes related to corporate bonds obtained through external pricing services represent the average of several broker quotes.
Where information reported is based on data received from fund managers or from external pricing services, the Company reviews such information to ascertain at which level within the fair value hierarchy to classify the investment.
For additional information regarding risks associated with our investments, see “Risk Management—Market and Credit Risks.”
See Notes 5 and 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding investments and certain other assets and liabilities measured at fair value, including the levels of fair value within which such measurements of fair value fall.
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Assets Under Management
AUM managed by LAM and LFG, which represents substantially all of the Company’s total AUM, principally consists of debt and equity instruments whose value is readily available based on quoted prices on a recognized exchange or by a broker. Accordingly, significant estimates and judgments are generally not involved in the calculation of the value of our AUM.
Goodwill
In accordance with current accounting guidance, goodwill has an indefinite life and is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. In this process, Lazard makes estimates and assumptions in order to determine the fair value of its assets and liabilities and to project future earnings using various valuation techniques. Lazard’s assumptions and estimates are used in projecting future earnings as part of the valuation, and actual results could differ from those estimates. See Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding goodwill.
Consolidation of VIEs
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lazard Group and all other entities in which it has a controlling interest. Lazard determines whether it has a controlling interest in an entity by first evaluating whether the entity is a voting interest entity or a variable interest entity (“VIE”) under U.S. GAAP.
| • | Voting Interest Entities. Voting interest entities are entities in which (i) the total equity investment at risk is sufficient to enable the entity to finance itself independently and (ii) the equity holders have the obligation to absorb losses, the right to receive residual returns and the right to make decisions about the entity’s activities. Lazard is required to consolidate a voting interest entity that it maintains an ownership interest in if it holds a majority of the voting interest in such entity. |
| • | Variable Interest Entities. VIEs are entities that lack one or more of the characteristics of a voting interest entity. If Lazard has a variable interest, or a combination of variable interests, in a VIE, it is required to analyze whether it needs to consolidate such VIE. |
Lazard is involved with various entities in the normal course of business that are VIEs and holds variable interests in such VIEs. Transactions associated with these entities primarily include investment management, real estate and private equity investments. Those VIEs for which Lazard is determined to be the primary beneficiary are consolidated in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance. Those VIEs include company-sponsored venture capital investment vehicles established in connection with Lazard’s compensation plans.
Risk Management
The Company encounters risk in the normal course of business and therefore we have designed risk management processes to help manage and monitor such risks considering both the nature of our business and our operating model. The Company is subject to varying degrees of credit, market, operational and liquidity risks (see “—Liquidity and Capital Resources”) and monitors these risks at both an entity and on a consolidated basis. Management within each of Lazard’s operating locations are principally responsible for managing the risks within its respective businesses on a day-to-day basis.
Market and Credit Risks
Lazard is subject to credit and market risks and therefore has established procedures to assess such risks, as well as specific interest rate and currency risk, and has established limits related to various positions. Market and/or credit risks related to investments are discussed under “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Investments” above.
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Lazard enters into interest rate swaps and foreign currency exchange contracts to hedge exposures to interest rates and currency exchange rates and uses equity swap contracts to hedge a portion of its market exposure with respect to certain equity investments.
At December 31, 2010 and 2009, derivative contracts related primarily to interest rate swaps, equity and foreign currency exchange rate contracts, and are recorded at fair value. Derivative assets amounted to $2 million and $1 million at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively, and derivative liabilities amounted to $3 million and $17 million at such respective dates.
With respect to LFB’s operations, LFB engages in commercial banking activities that primarily include investing in securities, deposit taking and, to a lesser degree, lending. In addition, LFB may take open foreign exchange positions with a view to profit, but does not sell foreign exchange options in this context, and enters into interest rate swaps, forward foreign exchange contracts and other derivative contracts to hedge exposures to interest rate and currency fluctuations.
The primary market risks associated with LFB’s foreign currency exchange hedging and lending activities are sensitivity to changes in the general level of interest rate and foreign exchange risk. The risk management strategies that we employ use various risk sensitivity metrics to measure such risks and to examine behavior under significant adverse market conditions, such as those we are currently experiencing. The following sensitivity metrics provide the resultant effects on the Company’s operating income for the year ended December 31, 2010:
| • | LFB’s interest rate risk as measured by a 100+/– basis point change in interest rates totaled $820 thousand. |
| • | Foreign currency risk associated with LFB’s open positions, in the aggregate, as measured by a 200+/– basis point change against the U.S. dollar, totaled approximately $23 thousand. |
LFB fully secures its collateralized financing transactions with fixed income securities.
Risks Related to Receivables
We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts to provide coverage for probable losses from our fee and customer receivables. We determine the adequacy of the allowance by estimating the probability of loss based on management’s analysis of the client’s creditworthiness and specifically reserve against exposures where we determine the receivables are impaired. At December 31, 2010, total receivables amounted to $747 million, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $15 million. As of that date, financial advisory and asset management fees, customer and related party receivables comprised 64%, 9% and 27% of total receivables, respectively. At December 31, 2009, total receivables amounted to $557 million, net of an allowance for doubtful accounts of $12 million. As of that date, financial advisory and asset management fees, customer and related party receivables comprised 79%, 13% and 8% of total receivables, respectively. See also “Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates—Revenue Recognition” above and Note 4 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding receivables.
Credit Concentration
To reduce the exposure to concentrations of credit from banking activities within LFB, the Company has established limits for corporate counterparties and monitors the exposure against such limits. At December 31, 2010, excluding deposits with inter-bank counterparties, LFB had no exposure to an individual counterparty that exceeded $31 million, with such amount being fully collateralized.
With respect to activities outside LFB, as of December 31, 2010, the Company’s largest individual counterparty exposure was a Financial Advisory fee receivable of $25 million related to our Private Fund Advisory Group, the terms of which require payment over a four year period.
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Risks Related to Short-Term Investments and Corporate Indebtedness
A significant portion of the Company’s liabilities has fixed interest rates, while its cash and short-term investments generally have floating interest rates. Based on account balances as of December 31, 2010, Lazard estimates that its annual operating income relating to cash and short-term investments and corporate indebtedness would increase by approximately $10 million in the event interest rates were to increase by 1% and decrease by approximately $3 million if rates were to decrease by 1%.
As of December 31, 2010, the Company’s cash and cash equivalents totaled $1.0 billion. Substantially all of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents were invested in highly liquid institutional money market funds (a significant majority of which were invested solely in U.S. Government or agency securities) or in short-term interest earning accounts at a number of leading banks throughout the world, or in short-term certificates of deposit from such banks. On a regular basis, management reviews and updates its list of approved depositor banks as well as deposit and investment thresholds.
Operational Risks
Operational risk is inherent in all our business and may, for example, manifest itself in the form of errors, breaches in the system of internal controls, business interruptions, fraud or legal actions due to operating deficiencies or noncompliance. The Company maintains a framework including policies and a system of internal controls designed to monitor and manage operational risk and provide management with timely and accurate information. Management within each of the operating companies is primarily responsible for its operational risk programs. The Company has in place business continuity and disaster recovery programs that manage its capabilities to provide services in the case of a disruption. We purchase insurance programs designed to protect the Company against accidental loss and losses, which may significantly affect our financial objectives, personnel, property, or our ability to continue to meet our responsibilities to our various stakeholder groups.
Recent Accounting Developments
For a discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements and their impact or potential impact on Lazard’s consolidated financial statements, see Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
| Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk |
Risk Management
Quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk are included under the caption “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Risk Management.”
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| Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |
| Index to Consolidated Financial Statements | Page | |||
| Management’s Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting |
69 | |||
| 70-71 | ||||
| Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2010 and 2009 |
72 | |||
| Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 |
74 | |||
| Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 |
75 | |||
| 76 | ||||
| 79 | ||||
| 127 | ||||
| Financial Statement Schedule |
||||
| Schedule I—Condensed Financial Information of Registrant (Parent Company Only) |
||||
| Condensed Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2010 and 2009 |
F-2 | |||
| Condensed Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 |
F-3 | |||
| Condensed Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2010, 2009 and 2008 |
F-4 | |||
| F-5 | ||||
| F-8 | ||||
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MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING
Management of Lazard Group LLC and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed under the supervision of the Company’s principal executive and principal financial officers to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the Company’s financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:
| • | pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; |
| • | provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of the Company’s management and directors; and |
| • | provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements. |
Management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on management’s assessment and those criteria, management believes that the Company maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
The Company’s independent registered public accounting firm, Deloitte & Touche LLP, audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, as stated in their report which appears under “Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.”
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Members of Lazard Group LLC:
We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Lazard Group LLC and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2010 based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management’s Report On Internal Control Over Financial Reporting”. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of, the company’s principal executive and principal financial officers, or persons performing similar functions, and effected by the company’s board of directors, management, and other personnel to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of the inherent limitations of internal control over financial reporting, including the possibility of collusion or improper management override of controls, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Also, projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting to future periods are subject to the risk that the controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule as listed in the Index at Item 8 as of and for the year ended December 31, 2010 of the Company, and our report dated February 25, 2011 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
New York, New York
February 25, 2011
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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and Members of Lazard Group LLC:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Lazard Group LLC and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2010 and 2009, and the related consolidated statements of operations, cash flows, and changes in members’ equity, for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2010. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 8. These consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, such consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Lazard Group LLC and subsidiaries at December 31, 2010 and 2009, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2010, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, such financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2010, based on the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated February 25, 2011 expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
/s/ Deloitte & Touche LLP
New York, New York
February 25, 2011
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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
DECEMBER 31, 2010 and 2009
(dollars in thousands)
| December 31, | ||||||||
| 2010 | 2009 | |||||||
| ASSETS |
||||||||
| Cash and cash equivalents | $1,024,792 | $ | 899,733 | |||||
| Deposits with banks | 356,539 | 143,778 | ||||||
| Cash deposited with clearing organizations and other segregated cash | 92,911 | 20,217 | ||||||
| Receivables-net: | ||||||||
| Fees |
480,340 | 437,532 | ||||||
| Customers and other |
63,490 | 73,750 | ||||||
| Related parties |
202,916 | 46,099 | ||||||
| 746,746 | 557,381 | |||||||
| Investments (includes $0 and $136,630 of debt securities at amortized cost at |
388,138 | 807,693 | ||||||
| Property (net of accumulated amortization and depreciation of $250,898 and $239,603 at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively) |
150,524 | 166,913 | ||||||
| Goodwill and other intangible assets (net of accumulated amortization of $15,007 and $7,140 at December 31, 2010 and 2009, respectively) |
361,439 | 317,780< | ||||||