INSEEGO CORP. - FORM 10-K - March 15, 2018

Attached files

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EX-32.2 - EXHIBIT 32.2 - INSEEGO CORP.	insg20171231ex322.htm
EX-32.1 - EXHIBIT 32.1 - INSEEGO CORP.	insg20171231ex321.htm
EX-31.2 - EXHIBIT 31.2 - INSEEGO CORP.	insg20171231ex312.htm
EX-31.1 - EXHIBIT 31.1 - INSEEGO CORP.	insg20171231ex311.htm
EX-23.2 - EXHIBIT 23.2 - INSEEGO CORP.	insg20171231ex232eyconsent.htm
EX-23.1 - EXHIBIT 23.1 - INSEEGO CORP.	insg20171231ex231mhmconsent.htm
EX-21 - EXHIBIT 21 - INSEEGO CORP.	insg20171231ex21subsidiari.htm
EX-10.27 - EXHIBIT 10.27 - INSEEGO CORP.	insg20171231ex1027inseegoc.htm
EX-10.26 - EXHIBIT 10.26 - INSEEGO CORP.	insg20171231ex1026inseegoc.htm
EX-10.25 - EXHIBIT 10.25 - INSEEGO CORP.	insg20171231ex1025inseegoc.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

FORM 10-K



x	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For fiscal year ended December 31, 2017



¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 000-31659

INSEEGO CORP.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		81-3377646
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

9605 Scranton Road, Suite 300 San Diego, California		92121
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (858) 812-3400

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of each class	Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share	The Nasdaq Global Select Market
Preferred Stock Purchase Rights	The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:



Large accelerated filer	o	Accelerated filer	x
Non-accelerated filer	o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	o
		Emerging growth company	o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No x

The aggregate market value of the voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock on June 30, 2017, as reported by The Nasdaq Global Select Market, was approximately $55.4 million. For the purposes of this calculation, shares owned by officers and directors (and their affiliates) have been excluded. This exclusion is not intended, nor shall it be deemed, to be an admission that such persons are affiliates of the registrant. The registrant does not have any non-voting stock issued or outstanding.

The number of shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding as of March 8, 2018 was 58,830,682.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K to the extent stated herein.

TABLE OF CONTENTS



		Page
PART I

Item 1.	Business	5

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	11

Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	29

Item 2.	Properties	29

Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	29

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	30

PART II

Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	31

Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	33

Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34

Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	51

Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	52

Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	52

Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	52

Item 9B.	Other Information	53

PART III

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	54

Item 11.	Executive Compensation	54

Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	54

Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	54

Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	54

PART IV

Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	54

Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	57

SIGNATURES		58

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		F-1

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), in reliance upon the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. You should not place undue reliance on these statements. These forward-looking statements include, without limitation, statements that reflect the views of our senior management with respect to our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about Inseego Corp. (the “Company” or “Inseego”) and our industry. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. We disclaim any undertaking to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein to reflect any change in our expectations with regard thereto or any change in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statement is based. Statements that include the words “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “estimate,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “preliminary,” “intend,” “plan,” “project,” “outlook,” “will” and similar words and phrases identify forward-looking statements (although not all forward-looking statements contain these words). Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified; therefore, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as of the date of this report. We believe that these factors include those related to:


•	our ability to compete in the market for wireless broadband data access products, wireless modem products, and asset management, monitoring, telematics, vehicle tracking and fleet management products;


•	our ability to develop and timely introduce new products and services successfully;


•	our dependence on a small number of customers for a substantial portion of our revenues;


•	our ability to realize the benefits of our recent reorganization transactions;


•	our ability to realize the benefits of recent restructuring activities and cost-reduction initiatives including reductions-in-force, reorganization of executive level management and the consolidation of certain of our facilities;


•	our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on, or to refinance our indebtedness, including our term loan and convertible notes obligations;


•	our ability to introduce and sell new products that comply with current and evolving industry standards and government regulations;


•	our ability to develop and maintain strategic relationships to expand into new markets;


•	our ability to properly manage the growth of our business to avoid significant strains on our management and operations and disruptions to our business;


•	our reliance on third parties to manufacture our products;


•	our ability to accurately forecast customer demand and order the manufacture and timely delivery of sufficient product quantities;


•	our reliance on sole source suppliers for some products used in our solutions;


•	the continuing impact of uncertain global economic conditions on the demand for our products;


•	our ability to be cost competitive while meeting time-to-market requirements for our customers;


•	our ability to meet the product performance needs of our customers in wireless broadband data access in Internet of Things (“IoT”) markets;


•	demand for fleet, vehicle and asset management software-as-a-service (“SaaS”) telematics solutions;


•	our dependence on wireless telecommunication operators delivering acceptable wireless services;


•	the outcome of any pending or future litigation, including intellectual property litigation;


•	infringement claims with respect to intellectual property contained in our products;


•	our continued ability to license necessary third-party technology for the development and sale of our products;


•	the introduction of new products that could contain errors or defects;


•	doing business abroad, including foreign currency risks;


•	our ability to make focused investments in research and development; and


•	our ability to hire, retain and manage additional qualified personnel to maintain and expand our business.

The foregoing factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read together with the other cautionary statements included in this and other reports we file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), including the information in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part I of this report. If one or more events related to these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, actual results may differ materially from what we anticipate. Unless the context requires otherwise, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” the “Company” and “Inseego” refer to Inseego Corp., a Delaware corporation, and its wholly owned subsidiaries.

Trademarks

“Inseego” and the Inseego logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Inseego. “Novatel Wireless”, the Novatel Wireless logo, “MiFi”, “MiFi Intelligent Mobile Hotspot” and “MiFi Freedom. My Way.” are trademarks or registered trademarks of Novatel Wireless, Inc. (“Novatel Wireless”). “DigiCore”, “Ctrack” and the Ctrack logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of DigiCore Holdings Limited (“DigiCore” or “Ctrack”). “Inseego North America”, “Skyus” and “Crossroads” are trademarks or registered trademarks of Inseego North America, LLC.

Other trademarks, trade names or service marks used in this report are the property of their respective owners.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Inseego Corp. is a Delaware corporation formed in 2016 and is the successor to Novatel Wireless, a Delaware corporation formed in 1996, resulting from an internal reorganization that was completed in November 2016. Our principal offices are located at 9605 Scranton Road, Suite 300, San Diego CA 92121. Our sales and engineering offices are located throughout the world. Inseego’s common stock trades on The NASDAQ Global Select Market under the trading symbol “INSG”.

Overview

Inseego Corp. is a leader in the design and development of products and solutions that enable high performance mobile applications for large enterprise verticals, service providers and small and medium-sized businesses around the globe. Our product portfolio consists of enterprise SaaS solutions and IoT and mobile solutions, which together form the backbone of compelling, intelligent, reliable and secure IoT services with deep business intelligence. Inseego’s products and solutions power mission critical applications with a “zero unscheduled downtime” mandate, such as asset tracking, fleet management, industrial IoT, SD WAN failover management and mobile broadband services. Our solutions are powered by our key innovations in purpose built SaaS cloud platforms, IoT and mobile technologies, including the newly emerging 5G technology.

We have invented and reinvented ways in which the world stays connected, accesses information and derives intelligence from that information. With multiple first-to-market innovations and a strong and growing portfolio of hardware and software innovations for IoT, Inseego has been advancing technology and driving industry transformation for over 30 years. It is this proven expertise and commitment to quality and innovation that makes us a preferred global partner of service providers, distributors, value-added resellers, system integrators, enterprises, small and medium-sized businesses and consumers.

Industry Trends

The mobile industry has experienced tremendous growth for more than 20 years. As the largest technology platform in the world, mobile connectivity has changed the way we work, the way we live and the way we connect with each other. The scale and pace of innovation in mobile technology, especially around connectivity and computing capabilities, is also impacting industries beyond wireless.

Looking ahead, Inseego is working with other leaders in the wireless industry to develop 5G technology, which is the next generation of wireless technology. With the newly defined 5G New Radio (“5G NR”) standard, 5G is being designed to support faster data rates, lower network latency and wider bandwidths of spectrum. Incorporating many of the innovations developed for 4G, 5G is also expected to be scalable and adaptable across a variety of use cases, which include, among others: empowering new industries and services, such as autonomous vehicles and industrial applications, through ultra-reliable, ultra-low latency communication links; and connecting a significant number of IoT service and devices, including the connected home and smart cities devices, with connectivity designed to meet ultra-low power, complexity and cost requirements. 5G is also expected to enhance mobile broadband services, including ultra-high definition (4K) video streaming and augmented and virtual reality, with multi-gigabit speeds.

Most 5G devices are expected to include multimode support for 3G, 4G and Wi-Fi, enabling service continuity where 5G has yet to be deployed and simultaneous connectivity across 4G and Wi-Fi technologies, while also allowing mobile operators to utilize current network deployments. At the same time, 4G is expected to continue to evolve in parallel with the development of 5G and become fundamental to many of the key 5G technologies, such as support for unlicensed spectrum, gigabit LTE user data rates and LTE IoT with connectivity designed to meet the needs of ultra-low power, complexity and cost applications. The first phase of 5G networks are expected to support mobile broadband services in lower spectrum bands below 6 GHz as well as higher bands above 6 GHz, including millimeter wave (mmWave).

According to the Global 5G Market Report issued in January 2018 by Netscribes, Inc. (“Netscribes”), 5G technology is projected to service business frameworks required into 2020 and beyond. Due to socioeconomic transformations brought about by advancements in smart/connected city applications, mobile 5G is projected to be the “next big thing” in connected asset evolution. While mobile 4G LTE will continue to drive substantial volumes over the next decade, Netscribes predicts that the global 5G market will grow at a rate in excess of 95 percent, to greater than $250 billion by 2025. 5G technology is expected to address the rising demands for advanced applications, continued adoption of IoT devices and applications, and the rising bandwidth demands associated with said applications.

We continue to work closely with mobile operators, chipset suppliers and infrastructure companies around the world on 5G developments and trials in preparation for commercial network launches.

The adoption of IoT technology continues to grow as companies across a wide range of industries are leveraging IoT technologies to increase efficiency, gain better customer insights, facilitate compliance and build new business models. IoT growth is expanding broadly, and adoption is particularly strong in the telematics and transportation industries and in industrial IoT markets such as smart city infrastructure, utilities and energy management. We are building IoT capabilities by leveraging business models that monetize usage on most major carrier networks. We have developed IoT solutions that address key market needs for asset tracking applications, telematics, SD WAN failover management and various other industrial applications. In addition, our IoT customers can turn the data that our solutions provide into actionable insights to develop new services and create revenue growth.

Our IoT solutions enable applications for various vertical markets, such as fleet and asset tracking and telematics, smart city applications to improve public safety, traffic management and energy management. Our telematics business offers a full array of solutions to both businesses and consumers that combine location-based software, services and data intelligence. We enable our customers to track, safeguard and optimize their most prized assets: people, vehicles, equipment and data. Inseego telematics, sold under the Ctrack brand, is a top commercial telematics provider globally. We serve both the enterprise and small and medium-sized business market segments with advanced solutions and scale in distribution, research and development, and customer support. Additionally, we have made significant strides into the burgeoning aviation vertical.

Strategic Realignment

On September 21, 2016, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), by and among Inseego and Novatel Wireless, on the one hand, and T.C.L. Industries Holdings (H.K.) Limited and Jade Ocean Global Limited (collectively, the “Purchasers”) on the other hand. The Purchase Agreement related to the proposed sale of our subsidiary, Novatel Wireless, which included the Company’s MiFi branded hotspots and USB modem product lines (the “MiFi Business”), to the Purchasers for $50.0 million in cash, subject to potential adjustment for Novatel Wireless’s working capital as of the closing date.

In June 2017, we terminated the Purchase Agreement due to delays and uncertainty in securing approval of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (“CFIUS”) and announced key leadership changes and a Company-wide restructuring designed to improve execution, enhance financial performance and drive profitable growth as we worked to create sustainable long-term value for shareholders. As part of the restructuring plan, among other actions, we implemented cost reduction measures which included a series of targeted reductions across our businesses and geographies, and rationalization of our businesses. As a result of the termination of the transaction described above and the institution of certain restructuring initiatives, we retained our ownership interest in Novatel Wireless and the MiFi Business.

One of the many benefits associated with the retention of the MiFi Business is the retention of know-how and intellectual property essential to the development of advanced wireless technologies, such as the newly emerging 5G NR standard.

Our Strategy

Our objective is to be a leader in high performance mobile applications for large enterprise verticals, service providers and small and medium-sized businesses around the globe. We will meet this objective through innovation we are driving in IoT, mobile and SaaS technologies. In furtherance of that objective, we will continue to focus on mission critical enterprise applications with a “zero unscheduled downtime” mandate, such as asset tracking, fleet management, industrial IoT, SD WAN failover management and mobile broadband services. Our solutions will be powered by our key innovations in IoT, purpose-built SaaS platforms and mobile technologies, including the newly emerging 5G technologies.

The key elements of our strategy are to:


•	Improve SaaS solution penetration. Through our Ctrack telematics and asset tracking platform and subscription management solutions, we provide customers around the world with actionable insights, workflow efficiencies and high security from our cutting-edge cloud platforms. We will continue to expand these solutions into new markets such as the aviation vertical.


•	Expand our IoT solutions portfolio and develop key core mobile technologies within our mobile portfolio. We intend to expand our IoT device portfolio and develop newly emerging 5G technologies, leveraging our modem technologies, intellectual property, and supplier ecosystem.


•	Capitalize on our direct relationships with wireless operators, original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”) and component suppliers. We intend to continue to capitalize on our direct and long-standing relationships with wireless operators, OEMs and component suppliers in order to strengthen our worldwide market position.


•	Aggressively expand go-to-market offerings through sales resource expansion, channel development and strategic partnerships. We intend to expand our go-to-market resources and channels internationally for our IoT, mobile and cloud solutions.

•

Increase the value of our offerings. As we seek to capitalize on potential growth opportunities, we continue to develop cutting edge IoT, mobile and cloud solutions, with specific focus on end-to-end solutions that enable the best IoT and mobile experience for our customers. For instance, in the Ctrack cloud aviation solution, we allow Ground Support Equipment (“GSEs”) providers to achieve maximum utilization levels, maximum efficiency gains, and eliminate downtime for business-critical ground support equipment. In addition, further emerging 5G developments with anchor customers leveraging our existing modem technologies opens us up to larger worldwide potential markets. Finally, continued investment within both device and platform solutions in predictive analytics, machine learning, and edge intelligence should expand our market opportunities.

Our Sources of Revenue

Inseego sells SaaS, software and services solutions across multiple mobile and industrial IoT vertical markets, including fleet management, vehicle telematics, aviation (ground service) telematics, usage-based insurance, stolen vehicle recovery, asset tracking, monitoring, business connectivity and subscription management. Our SaaS platforms are device-agnostic and provide a standardized, scalable way to order, connect and manage remote assets and improve business operations. The platforms are flexible and support both on-premise server or cloud-based deployments and are the basis for the delivery of a wide range of IoT services in multiple industries.

Our SaaS delivery platforms include our Ctrack platforms, which provide fleet, vehicle, aviation, asset and other telematics applications and our Device Management Solutions (“DMS”), a hosted SaaS platform that helps organizations manage the selection, deployment and spend of their wireless assets by helping them to save money on personnel and telecom expenses.

We provide intelligent wireless hardware products for the worldwide mobile communications and industrial IoT markets. Our hardware products address multiple vertical markets including fleet and commercial telematics, after-market telematics, smart city infrastructure management, remote monitoring and control, security and connected home and wireless surveillance systems. Our broad range of products principally includes intelligent mobile hotspots, wireless routers for IoT applications, USB modems, integrated telematics and mobile tracking hardware devices, which are supported by applications software and cloud services designed to enable customers to easily analyze data insights, and configure and manage their hardware remotely. Our products currently operate on every major cellular wireless technology platform. Our mobile hotspots, sold under the MiFi brand, are actively used by millions of customers to provide subscribers with secure and convenient high-speed access to corporate, public and personal information through the Internet and enterprise networks. Our wireless routers and USB modems serve as gateways to the rapidly growing and underpenetrated IoT market segments. Our telematics and mobile asset tracking hardware devices collect and control critical vehicle data and driver behaviors, and can reliably deliver that information to the cloud, all managed by our services enablement platforms.

We sell our intelligent mobile hotspots primarily to wireless operators either directly or through strategic relationships. Our mobile-hotspot customer base is comprised of wireless operators, including Verizon Wireless in the United States, as well as distributors and various companies in other vertical markets and geographies.

We sell our wireless routers for industrial IoT, integrated telematics and mobile tracking hardware devices through our direct sales force and through distributors. The customer base for our wireless router products is comprised of transportation companies, industrial enterprises, manufacturers, application service providers, system integrators and distributors in various industries, including fleet and vehicle transportation, aviation, energy and industrial automation, security and safety, medical monitoring and government. Integrated telematics devices are also sold by Ctrack and provided as part of the integrated Ctrack SaaS solution.

For the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s total net revenues were $219.3 million, $243.6 million and $220.9 million, respectively.

Our Business

Telematics and Asset Tracking Business

Inseego entered the telematics software and services industry through the acquisition of Ctrack in October 2015. Ctrack was founded in South Africa in 1985, and today Ctrack operations span over 50 countries on six continents. Through successful global acquisitions, the Ctrack group broadened its international reach by expanding into the United Kingdom, Europe,

Australia and the United States, and using distributors in emerging markets such as Asia and the balance of the African continent.

With more than 30 years of experience, we are recognized as a leading global provider of advanced fleet management telematics solutions that add value to a global base of customers. We design and develop a robust range of asset management and monitoring systems using GPS satellite positioning, advanced cellular communications and advanced sensory technologies. The result is innovative solutions ranging from basic track-and-trace, with stolen vehicle response services, to complete integrated enterprise-level solutions for large fleet owners across the globe.

Our continued emphasis on research and development of next-generation products keeps Ctrack ahead of the market, meeting demands for value-added, flexible, feature-rich and cost-effective technology across multiple market verticals. Our solutions, coupled with a proven track record in the successful implementation and support of projects of all sizes worldwide, provide Ctrack with a competitive edge with respect to attracting and retaining customers.

Key market verticals supported by our telematics and asset tracking platforms include:



l	Fleet Management
l	Aviation/Airport Asset Tracking
l	Government and Municipality Asset Tracking
l	Workforce Tracking
l	Vehicle Tracking
l	Advanced Data Analytics and Lifecycle Asset Management
l	Insurance Telematics

Other Industry-Specific Solutions

Ctrack is also working closely with a number of industries to understand their unique challenges and requirements, and to increase our competitive advantage. Sectors currently supported include:



l	Service and installation	l	Government, local authorities and municipalities
l	Light delivery	l	Industrial vehicles and equipment
l	Long-haul trucking and trailers	l	OEMs and dealers
l	Utilities	l	Professional services
l	Mining	l	Agriculture
l	Fuel and chemical	l	Transport and car rental
l	Fleet maintenance lease	l	Containers
l	Police and security	l	Refrigeration
l	Construction

IoT and Mobile Business

Our IoT business focuses on addressing applications for a variety of markets including large enterprise verticals and industrial IoT markets. These applications range from smart city infrastructure management, remote monitoring and control, SD WAN failover, enterprise connectivity, etc. Our Skyus branded wireless gateways, routers and modems serve as connectivity solutions for the rapidly growing and underpenetrated IoT market segments. Worldwide IoT spending is expected to increase at a 14% compound annual growth rate, surpassing $1 trillion in 2020 (International Data Corporation, 2017). With many customers using our solutions, we believe that we already have a solid footing in this market. We are continuing to invest and grow this portfolio to realize the opportunities in the growing IoT market.

Our mobile business has been driving advanced mobile technologies for a multitude of consumer and enterprise applications for over 20 years. This portfolio consists of intelligent mobile broadband solutions, HD quality voice VoLTE products, residential 4G routers and an advanced 5G portfolio of products under development. Our mobile broadband solutions, sold under the MiFi brand, are actively used by millions of customers annually to provide subscribers with secure and convenient high-speed access to corporate, public and personal information through the Internet and enterprise networks. The introduction of 5G technology is rapidly expanding new enterprise and consumer market use cases and opportunities, including residential broadband gateways, industrial automation, massive machine connectivity and autonomous vehicles. We believe we

are strategically well placed to realize the opportunity for 5G and we are focused on developing a portfolio of 5G products that we will bring to the market in the future.

Sales and Marketing

We sell our IoT, mobile and telematics solutions and services primarily to enterprises and tier-one service providers in the following industries: transportation, aviation ground services, government and local municipalities, mining, agriculture, construction, professional services, finance and insurance, energy and industrial automation, and security and safety. These products and solutions are sold by our direct sales force and through distributors.

We engage in a wide variety of sales and marketing activities, driving market leadership and global demand through integrated marketing campaigns. This includes product marketing, corporate communications, brand marketing and demand generation.

Geographic Information and Concentrations of Risk

The following table details the geographic concentration of our assets (in thousands):



	December 31,
	2017		2016		2015
United States and Canada	$	65,208	$	71,564	$	112,424
South Africa	68,186		63,693		60,580
Other	24,813		23,459		25,749
	$	158,207	$	158,716	$	198,753

A substantial majority of our revenue during the year ended December 31, 2017 was derived from sales in the United States. See Note 13, Geographic Information and Concentrations of Risk, to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of our revenue by geographic location. For information regarding risks related to our foreign operations, see the information in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in Part 1 of this report.

Backlog

We do not believe that backlog is currently a meaningful indicator of our future business prospects due to many variables, some of which are outside of our control, which could cause the actual volume of our product shipments to differ from those that comprise our backlog. Additionally, we sometimes have relatively short lead times between receipt of customer purchase orders and shipment of products.

Competition

The market for our mobile, IoT and asset tracking/telematics services and solutions is rapidly evolving and highly competitive. It is likely to continue to be affected by new product introductions and industry participants.

We believe the principal competitive factors impacting the market for our products are features and functionality, performance, quality and brand. To maintain and improve our competitive position, we must continue to expand our customer base, invest in research and development, grow our distribution network, and leverage our strategic relationships.

Our products compete with a variety of telematics solutions providers and IoT solutions suppliers. Our current competitors include:


•	Fleet management SaaS and services providers, such as Fleetmatics, Masternaut, TomTom, Telogis, MiX Telematics and Cartrack;


•	Mobile hotspots providers, such as Netgear and Franklin Wireless;


•	IoT solution providers, such as Cradlepoint and Sierra Wireless; and


•	Customer experience software solutions and services providers such as Amdocs.

We believe that we have advantages over our primary competitors due in varying measure to the broad range of customized solutions that we offer, the ease-of-use of our products, and our ability to adapt our products to specific customer needs. As the market for our solutions and services expands, other entrants may seek to compete with us either directly or indirectly.

Research and Development

Our research and development efforts are focused on developing innovative mobile devices, including IoT and advanced routing platforms, and telematics solutions and services, and improving the functionality, design and performance of our current products and solutions. Our research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 were approximately $21.4 million, $30.7 million and $35.4 million, respectively.

We intend to continue to identify and respond to our customers’ needs by introducing new SaaS, IoT and mobile solutions and product designs that meet the needs of the market and our customers, with an emphasis on creating next generation wireless product platforms targeting mass market initiatives in high growth verticals and technologies such as 5G NR and easy-to-use products and services that enable customers to connect, track, and manage their business systems and assets.

We manage our research and development through a structured life-cycle process, from identifying initial customer requirements through development and commercial introduction to eventual phase-out. During product development, emphasis is placed on quality, reliability, performance, time-to-market, meeting industry standards and customer-product specifications, ease of integration, cost reduction, and manufacturability.

Intellectual Property

Our solutions rely on and benefit from our portfolio of intellectual property, including patents and trademarks. We currently own 42 United States patents and 35 foreign patents. In addition, we currently have 26 patent applications pending. The patents that we currently own expire at various times between 2021 and 2035.

We, along with our subsidiaries, also hold a number of trademarks or registered trademarks including “Inseego”, “Inseego North America”, the Inseego logo, “DigiCore”, “Ctrack”, the Ctrack logo, “Crossroads”, “Skyus”, “Novatel Wireless”, the Novatel Wireless logo, “MiFi”, “MiFi Intelligent Mobile Hotspot” and “MiFi Freedom. My Way.”

Key Partners and Customers

We have strategic technology, development and marketing relationships with several of our customers and partners. Our strong customer and partner relationships provide us with the opportunity to expand our market reach and sales. We partner with leading OEMs, telecom groups and installation partners which allows us to offer customers integrated and holistic solutions. Ctrack uses leading cellular providers such as AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile, Vodafone, MTN, Telstra and Optus to ensure the optimal real-time visibility of tracked vehicles and systems, supported by accurate and sophisticated mapping services such as the HERE Open Location Platform.

Customers for our products include transportation companies, industrial companies, governmental agencies, manufacturers, application service providers, system integrators and distributors, and enterprises in various industries, including fleet and vehicle transportation, finance, accounting, legal, insurance, energy and industrial automation, security and safety, medical monitoring and government.

Our telematics customer base is comprised of wireless operators, distributors, OEMs and various companies in other vertical markets. Fleet management customers include global enterprises such as BHP Billiton, Super Group, Mammoet and Australia Post. Customers of our government, local council and municipality asset management platforms include Thames Water and the City of Ekurhuleni. Airport asset tracking customers include KLM Equipment Services and Hanover Airport. Usage-based insurance customers include Discovery Insure and Cross Country Insurance Consultants. Our largest vehicle tracking customer is the South African Police Service (SAPS).

Our customers for our business connectivity products include EnerNOC, Creative Mobile Technologies, Fastenal, T-Mobile, Sprint and Verizon Wireless. Our customers for our device management solutions include T-Mobile and Sprint.

A significant portion of our revenue during the year ended December 31, 2017 came from one customer, Verizon Wireless, which represented approximately 51% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017. It is our intention to diversify our customer base.

Manufacturing and Operations

The hardware used in our solutions is produced by contract manufacturers. Our current contract manufacturers include AsiaTelco Technologies Co. and Inventec Appliances Corporation. In the fourth quarter of 2017, we made a transition to make AsiaTelco Technologies Co. our primary contract manufacturer. Under our manufacturing agreements, such contract manufacturers provide us with services including component procurement, product manufacturing, final assembly, testing, quality control and fulfillment. These contract manufacturers are located in China and South Africa and are able to produce our products using modern state-of-the-art equipment and facilities with relatively low-cost labor.

We outsource our higher volume manufacturing in an effort to:


•	focus on our core competencies of design, development and marketing;


•	minimize our capital expenditures and lease obligations;


•	realize manufacturing economies of scale;


•	achieve production scalability by adjusting manufacturing volumes to meet changes in demand; and


•	access best-in-class component procurement and manufacturing resources.

Our operations team manages our relationships with the contract manufacturers as well as other key suppliers. Our operations team focuses on supply chain management and logistics, product quality, inventory and cost optimization, customer fulfillment and new product introduction. We develop and control the software that goes on our devices.

Employees

At December 31, 2017, we had 927 employees. We also use the services of consultants and temporary workers from time to time. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining unit and we consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

Website Access to SEC Filings

We maintain an Internet website at www.inseego.com. The information contained on our website or that can be accessed through our website does not constitute a part of this report. We make available, free of charge through our Internet website, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file or furnish this information to the SEC.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The risks and uncertainties described below are those that we currently deem to be material, and do not represent all of the risks that we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently do not consider material may in the future become material and impair our business operations. Some of the risks and uncertainties described herein have been grouped so that related risks can be viewed together. You should not draw conclusions regarding the relative magnitude or likelihood of any risk based on the order in which risks or uncertainties are presented herein. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business could be materially harmed, and our financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. As a result, the trading price of our securities could decline. You should also refer to the other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes.

GENERAL RISK FACTORS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS

Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate in the future, which could cause declines or volatility in the price of our common stock.

Our quarterly operating results have fluctuated in the past and may fluctuate in the future as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. If our quarterly operating results or guidance fall below the expectations of research analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. The following factors, among others, could cause fluctuations in our quarterly operating results:


•	our ability to attract new customers and retain existing customers;


•	our ability to accurately forecast revenue and appropriately plan our expenses;


•	our ability to accurately predict changes in customer demand due to matters beyond our control;


•	our ability to introduce new features, including integration of our existing solutions with third-party software and devices;


•	the actions of our competitors, including consolidation within the industry, pricing changes or the introduction of new services;


•	our ability to effectively manage our growth;


•	our ability to attract and retain key employees;


•	our ability to successfully manage and realize the anticipated benefits of any future acquisitions of businesses, solutions, or technologies;


•	our ability to successfully launch new services or solutions or sell existing services or solutions into

additional geographies or vertical markets;


•	the timing and cost of developing or acquiring technologies, services, or businesses;


•	the timing, operating costs, and capital expenditures related to the operation, maintenance, and expansion of our business;


•	service outages or security breaches and any related occurrences which could impact our reputation;


•	the impact of worldwide economic, industry, and market conditions, including disruptions in financial markets and the deterioration of the underlying economic conditions in some countries, and those conditions specific to Internet usage and online businesses;


•	fluctuations in currency exchange rates, particularly the South African Rand to U.S. Dollar exchange rate;


•	trade protection measures (such as tariffs and duties) and import or export licensing requirements;


•	costs associated with defending intellectual property infringement and other claims;


•	changes in law and regulations affecting our business; and


•	provision of fleet management solutions or asset management solutions from cellular carrier-controlled or OEM-controlled channels from which Inseego may be excluded.

We believe that our quarterly revenue and operating results may vary significantly in the future and that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results may not be meaningful. You should not rely on the results of any quarter as an indication of future performance.

We have an accumulated deficit and may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability, which may negatively impact our ability to achieve our business objectives.

We have reported net losses in each of the last three fiscal years, and we cannot predict when we will become profitable or if such profitability can be sustained. We expect to continue making significant expenditures to develop and expand our business. Any growth in our revenue or customer base may not be sustainable, and we may not generate sufficient revenue to become profitable. We may incur significant losses in the future for a number of reasons, including the other risks described in this section, and we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications and delays and other unknown events. Accordingly, we may not be able to achieve or sustain profitability, and the failure to fund our capital requirements may negatively impact our ability to achieve our business objectives.

The reorganized company resulting from the acquisitions of R.E.R. Enterprises, Inc. (“RER”) (and its wholly-owned subsidiary and principal operating asset, Feeney Wireless, LLC (which has been renamed Inseego North America, LLC) (“FW” or “INA”)) and Ctrack and the recent divestiture of our Modules Business (as defined below) may not perform as we or the market expects, which could have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock.

The reorganized company resulting from the acquisitions of FW and Ctrack in 2015 and the divestiture of our Modules Business in 2016 may not perform as we or the market expects. Risks associated with the reorganized company following these acquisitions and the divestiture include the following:


•	integrating new business acquisitions and divesting existing lines of business is a difficult, expensive and time-consuming process and the failure to successfully manage such transitions could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations;

•

the acquisitions of FW and Ctrack changed the nature of the business in which we historically operated from primarily selling communications-related hardware to a solutions and software business in the emerging IoT market; if we are not able to effectively adjust to these changes in the fundamental nature of our business, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected;


•	it is possible that our key employees might decide not to remain with us as a result of these changes in our business or for other reasons, and the loss of such personnel could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects;


•	relationships with third parties, including key vendors and customers, may be affected by changes in our business resulting from these acquisitions and divestitures; any adverse changes in these third party relationships could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations; and


•	the price of our common stock may be affected by factors different from those that affected the price of our common stock prior to these acquisitions and/or divestitures.

We cannot provide any assurances with respect to the accuracy of our assumptions with respect to future revenues or revenue growth rates, if any, of the reorganized company, and we cannot provide assurances with respect to our ability to

realize any expected operating synergies or cost savings from the acquisition of FW and Ctrack and the divestiture of our Modules Business.

The 5G market may take longer to materialize than we expect or, if it does materialize rapidly, we may not be able to meet the development schedule.

The 5G market, including the newly defined 5G NR standard, is accelerating and we believe that we are at the forefront of this newly emerging standard. However, this market may take longer to materialize than we expect which could delay important commercial network launches. Even if the market does materialize at the rapid pace that we are expecting, we may have difficulties meeting the aggressive time lines and getting our target products to market on time to meet the demands of our target customers. The 5G market requires us to design routers and antennas that meet certain technical specifications. We may have difficulties meeting the market and technical specifications and time lines. Additionally, our target customers have no guaranty that the configurations of their respective target products will be successful or that they can reach the appropriate target client base to make our research and development investment worthwhile. Failure to manage these challenges could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to develop and timely introduce new products and services or enter new markets for our products and services successfully, we may not achieve our revenue targets or we may lose key customers or sales and our business could be harmed.

The development of new solutions for mobile broadband data, vehicle tracking, asset management, fleet management and telemetry applications can be difficult, time-consuming and costly. There are inherent risks and uncertainties associated with offering new products and services, especially when new markets are not fully developed, related technology standards are not mature, or when the laws and regulations regarding a new product or solution are not mature. Factors outside of our control, such as developing laws and regulations, regulatory orders, competitive product offerings and changes in commercial and consumer demand for products or services may also materially impact the successful implementation of new products or services. As we introduce new products or solutions, our current customers may not require or desire the features of these new offerings and may not purchase them or might purchase them in smaller quantities than we had expected. We may face similar risks that our products or solutions will not be accepted by customers as we enter new markets for our solutions, both in the United States and international markets.

Further, as part of our business, we may enter into contracts with some customers in which we would agree to develop products or solutions that we would sell to such customers. Our ability to generate future revenue and operating income under any such contracts would depend upon, among other factors, our ability to timely and profitably develop products or solutions that can be cost-effectively deployed and that meet required design, technical and performance specifications.

If we are unable to successfully manage these risks or meet required delivery specifications or deadlines in connection with one or more of our key contracts, we may lose key customers or orders and our business could be harmed.

An assertion by a third party that we are infringing its intellectual property could subject us to costly and time- consuming litigation or expensive licenses and our business could be harmed.

The technology industries involving mobile data communications, IoT devices, software and services are characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets and by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Much of this litigation involves patent holding companies or other adverse patent owners who have no relevant product revenues of their own, and against whom our own patent portfolio may provide little or no deterrence. For example, one such entity, Carucel Investments, L.P. (“Carucel”) filed a claim seeking approximately $43.0 million in royalties and damages related to past sales of MiFi mobile hotspots. After a trial in April 2017, a jury found that our products did not infringe Carucel’s patents, but Carucel is appealing the verdict and there can be no assurances as to the ultimate outcome of this litigation. Moreover, this is just one of several patent infringement lawsuits from non-practicing entities that are brought against us or our subsidiaries each year in the ordinary course of business.

We cannot assure you that we or our subsidiaries will prevail in any current or future intellectual property infringement or other litigation given the complex technical issues and inherent uncertainties in such litigation. Defending such claims, regardless of their merit, could be time-consuming and distracting to management, result in costly litigation or settlement, cause development delays, or require us or our subsidiaries to enter into royalty or licensing agreements. In addition, we or our subsidiaries could be obligated to indemnify our customers against third parties’ claims of intellectual property infringement based on our products or solutions, as is the case in the Carucel litigation for which Novatel Wireless may be obligated to indemnify its customer, Verizon Wireless if Carucel’s infringement claim ultimately results in any liability. If our products or solutions violate any third-party intellectual property rights, we could be required to withdraw them from the market, re-develop them or seek to obtain licenses from third parties, which might not be available on reasonable terms or at all. Any efforts to re-develop our products or solutions, obtain licenses from third parties on favorable terms or license a substitute

technology might not be successful and, in any case, might substantially increase our costs and harm our business, financial condition and operating results. Withdrawal of any of our products or solutions from the market could harm our business, financial condition and operating results.

In addition, we incorporate open source software into our products and solutions. Given the nature of open source software, third parties might assert copyright and other intellectual property infringement claims against us based on our use of certain open source software programs. The terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. courts or courts of other jurisdictions, and there is a risk that those licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products and solutions. In that event, we could be required to seek licenses from third parties in order to continue offering our products and solutions, to re-develop our solutions, to discontinue sales of our solutions, or to release our proprietary software source code under the terms of an open source license, any of which could adversely affect our business.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights, our competitive position and our business could be harmed.

We rely on a combination of patent laws, trademark laws, copyright laws, trade secrets, confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. However, our issued patents and any future patents that may issue may not survive a legal challenge to their scope, validity or enforceability, or provide significant protection for us. The failure of our patents to adequately protect our technology might make it easier for our competitors to offer similar products or technologies. In addition, patents may not issue from any of our current or any future applications and significant portions of our intellectual property are held in the form of trade secrets which are not protected by patents.

Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. The steps we have taken to protect our proprietary rights may not be adequate to prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property. We may not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate steps to enforce, our intellectual property rights. Our competitors may also independently develop similar technology. In addition, the laws of many countries do not protect our proprietary rights to as great an extent as do the laws of the United States. Any failure by us to meaningfully protect our intellectual property could result in competitors offering products that incorporate our most technologically advanced features, which could seriously reduce demand for our products and solutions. In addition, we may in the future need to initiate infringement claims or litigation. Litigation, whether we are a plaintiff or a defendant, can be expensive, time consuming and may divert the efforts of our technical staff and managerial personnel, which could harm our business, whether or not such litigation results in a determination favorable to us.

We are currently engaged in litigation that could be costly to maintain, distracting to management and could, if decided adversely, have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

On May 11, 2017, the Company initiated a lawsuit against the former stockholders of RER in connection with the Company’s acquisition of FW, seeking recovery of damages for civil conspiracy, fraud in the inducement, unjust enrichment and breach of fiduciary duty. The Company has suspended payments owed to the former stockholders of RER under an earn-out arrangement, pursuant to which the Company would have been required to pay an additional $15.8 million in cash and 1.9 million shares of the Company’s common stock pending the outcome of this litigation. There can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome of this case. If there is an adverse judgment against the Company, in addition to costs associated with maintaining this lawsuit, it could result in the Company being required to make the suspended payments and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

We may not be able to maintain and expand our business if we are not able to hire, retain and manage additional qualified personnel.

Our success in the future depends in part on the continued contribution of our executive, technical, engineering, sales, marketing, operations and administrative personnel. Recruiting and retaining skilled personnel in the industries in which we operate, including engineers and other technical staff and skilled sales and marketing personnel, is highly competitive. In addition, the success of any acquisition depends in part on our retention and integration of key personnel from the acquired company or business.

Although we may enter into employment agreements with members of our senior management and other key personnel, these arrangements do not prevent any of our management or key personnel from leaving the company. If we are not able to attract or retain qualified personnel in the future, or if we experience delays in hiring required personnel, particularly qualified technical and sales personnel, we may not be able to maintain and expand our business.

Our decision to terminate the Purchase Agreement governing the proposed sale of our MiFi Business and retain ownership of that business could have adverse effects on our business, results of operations and the trading price of our common stock.

In June 2017, we terminated the Purchase Agreement governing the proposed sale of our MiFi Business due to delays and uncertainty in securing approval of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement from CFIUS. As a result of such termination, we retained our ownership interest in Novatel Wireless and the MiFi Business. While we believe that market opportunities and the underlying business fundamentals of the mobile hotspot business have improved since we decided to seek the sale of the business in early 2016 we expect to face significant challenges as we drive that business toward profitability.

The mobile hotspot business has relatively low gross margins and operates in a very competitive market environment. While our mobile hotspot products tend to have advanced features which often enable them to be sold at premium prices when they are first introduced, we also have higher costs than most of our competitors due to our small scale and heavy use of U.S. based engineers in product development. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources and scale, as would be expected in the relatively mature, consumer electronics product categories which comprise our mobile hotspot business. Our wireless data modem and mobile hotspots, for example, compete against similar products offered by Huawei, ZTE, Sierra Wireless, TCL, Franklin Wireless and NetGear. More broadly, those products also compete against wireless handset manufacturers such as HTC, Apple, LG and Samsung, which all offer mobile hotspot capability as a feature of their cellular smartphones. Failure to manage these challenges, or failure of our hotspot product or service offerings to be successful and profitable, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Servicing our debt requires a significant amount of cash, and we may not have sufficient cash flow from our business to pay our substantial debt.

Our ability to make scheduled payments of the principal of, to pay interest on, or to refinance our indebtedness, including the Term Loan under the Credit Agreement (each as defined below) and the Convertible Notes (as defined below), depends on our future performance, which is subject to economic, financial, competitive and other factors beyond our control. Our business may not generate cash flow from operations in the future sufficient to service our debt and other fixed charges, fund working capital needs and make necessary capital expenditures. If we are unable to generate such cash flow, we may be required to adopt one or more alternatives, such as selling assets, refinancing or restructuring debt or obtaining additional equity capital on terms that may be onerous or dilutive. Our ability to refinance or restructure our indebtedness will depend on the capital markets and our financial condition at such time. We may not be able to engage in any of these activities or engage in these activities on favorable terms, which could result in a default on our debt obligations.

Interest rates on our Term Loan are tied to the LIBOR plus a fixed percentage. Increases in the prime interest rate (LIBOR) will increase our debt service costs/interest payments.

If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow or otherwise obtain funds necessary to make required payments, or if we fail to comply with the various requirements of our existing indebtedness or any other indebtedness which we may incur in the future, we would be in default, which could permit the holders of our indebtedness, including the Convertible Notes, to accelerate the maturity of such indebtedness. Any default under such indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Despite our current consolidated debt levels, we may incur additional debt in compliance with our existing obligations.

Despite our current consolidated debt levels, we and our subsidiaries may be able to incur additional debt in the future, including secured debt. The Inseego Indenture contains covenants, that are effective until June 15, 2020, limiting our and our subsidiaries’ ability to incur additional secured indebtedness in the future, but it will not completely prohibit the incurrence of such secured debt. Although the terms of the Inseego Indenture contain restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, those restrictions are subject to a number of significant qualifications and exceptions and the amount of capital indebtedness that could be incurred in connection with those exceptions could be substantial.

The Credit Agreement relating to our Term Loan contains customary operational covenants, our failure to comply with which could result in a default under the Credit Agreement as well as a cross-default under the Inseego Indenture.

The credit agreement, dated August 23, 2017, by and among the Company and certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries (the “Guarantors”), Cantor Fitzgerald Securities, as administrative agent and collateral agent (the “Agent”), and certain funds managed by Highbridge Capital Management, LLC, as lenders (the “Lenders”) (the “Credit Agreement”) which governs our Term Loan contains usual and customary restrictive covenants relating to the management and operation of our business, and it is likely that any future debt arrangements we may enter into would contain similar covenants. Failure to comply with any of the covenants under the Credit Agreement or any other debt agreement could result in a default under such an agreement and a cross-default under the Inseego Indenture (as defined below), which could permit the holders of the Inseego

Notes (as defined below) to accelerate the maturity of such indebtedness. Any default or cross-default under such indebtedness could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial results.

The indebtedness under our Credit Agreement is secured by certain of our assets, including the equity interests of certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries. As a result of this security interest, such assets would only be available to satisfy claims of our general creditors or to holders of our equity securities if we were to become insolvent to the extent that the value of such assets exceeded the amount of our indebtedness and other obligations under the Credit Agreement.

Indebtedness under our Credit Agreement is secured by a lien on certain of our assets, including the equity interests of certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries. Accordingly, if an event of default were to occur under the Credit Agreement, such as a bankruptcy, insolvency, liquidation or other reorganization, the Lenders would have a priority right to such assets, to the exclusion of our general creditors. In that event, such assets would first be used to repay in full all indebtedness and other obligations under the Credit Agreement, resulting in all or a portion of such assets being unavailable to satisfy the claims of our unsecured creditors. Only after satisfying the claims of our unsecured creditors and our subsidiaries’ unsecured creditors would any amount be available for distribution to holders of our equity securities.

If our reorganization and restructuring activities fail to achieve targeted cost and expense reductions our business and financial performance may be adversely affected.

In June 2017, we announced a restructuring plan aimed at reducing our cost of revenues and operating expenses. This restructuring plan was designed to improve our strategic focus on our most profitable business lines and consolidate operations of certain of our subsidiaries with those of the Company, including reductions-in-force, further reorganization of executive level management and the consolidation of certain of our facilities. During the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we incurred approximately $5.2 million of restructuring charges and decreased other operating expenses by approximately $35.0 million. While we expect to continue with our cost reductions, we face a variety of risks and uncertainties relating to the effectiveness of such activities. Any delays in the implementation of our restructuring plan or unforeseen expenses related to such activities could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The reorganization and restructuring announced in June 2017 may not yield the expected results, or may result in additional expenditures.

The reorganization and restructuring announced in June 2017 may fail to reduce the Company’s expenditure rate to the correct level. In addition, we may incur additional expenditures or other adverse effects as a result of the reorganization and restructuring which may:


•	require us to further reduce the expenditure rate, which may include planned research and development activities or other operating expenses;


•	make it difficult to retain key personnel as a result of the restructuring; and


•	prevent us from growing sales/revenue with existing customers or adding new customers.

Our ability to transition to more profitable operations is dependent upon the Company achieving a level of revenue adequate to support our evolving cost structure. If events or circumstances occur such that we do not meet our operating plan as expected, or if we become obligated to pay unforeseen expenditures as a result of our reorganization and restructuring activities, we may never achieve our intended business objectives, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Uncertainties relating to recent changes in our management team may adversely affect our operations.

Over the last two years, we have experienced significant turnover in our senior management. While we expect to engage in an orderly transition process as we integrate newly appointed officers and managers, we face a variety of risks and uncertainties relating to the lack of management continuity, including diversion of management attention from business concerns, failure to retain other key personnel or inability to hire new key personnel. These risks and uncertainties could result in operational and administrative inefficiencies and added costs, which could adversely impact our results of operations, stock price and customer relationships.

The Company has entered into a Rights Agreement, and if the holders exercise their share purchase rights under such agreement, it could materially adversely affect the price of our common stock and cause dilution to our existing stockholders.

We entered into a rights agreement on January 22, 2018, with Computershare Trust Company, N.A., a federally chartered trust company, as Rights Agent (the “Rights Agreement”). The Rights Agreement is intended to discourage acquisitions of our

common stock which could result in a cumulative change in ownership of more than 50% within a rolling three-year period, thereby preserving our current ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards to offset future income tax obligations, which would become subject to limitations if we were to experience an “ownership change,” as defined under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. While this Rights Agreement is intended to preserve our current ability to utilize net operating loss carryforwards, it effectively deters current and future purchasers from accumulating more than 4.9% of our common stock, which could delay or discourage takeover attempts that stockholders may consider favorable. In addition, if the share purchase rights under the Rights Agreement are exercised, additional shares of our common stock will be issued, which could cause dilution to our current stockholders. Moreover, sales in the public market of any shares of our common stock issuable upon such exercise, or the perception that such sales may occur, could adversely affect the prevailing market price of our common stock. These issuances would also cause our per share net income, if any, to decrease in future periods.

If the Rights Agreement has not been approved or ratified by the stockholders prior to the close of business on the date of the Company’s 2018 Annual Meeting, the preferred stock purchase rights issued pursuant to the Rights Agreement will expire, which could make an acquisition of our common stock that would trigger a limitation on our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards more likely to occur.

RISKS RELATED TO CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES

If we do not properly manage the development of our business, we may experience significant strains on our management and operations and disruptions in our business.

Various risks arise if companies and industries quickly grow or evolve. If our business or industry develops more quickly than our ability to respond, our ability to meet customer demand in a timely and efficient manner could be challenged. We may also experience development, certification or production delays as we seek to meet demand for our products or unanticipated product requirements. Our failure to properly manage the developments that we or our industry might experience could negatively impact our ability to execute on our operating plan and, accordingly, could have an adverse impact on our business, our cash flow and results of operations and our reputation with our current or potential customers.

Our corporate development activities could disrupt our business and harm our financial condition and results of operations.

As part of our business strategy, we may review acquisition and divestiture opportunities that we believe would be advantageous or complementary to the development of our business. Based on these opportunities, we may acquire additional businesses, assets, or technologies in the future. Alternatively, we may divest businesses, assets or technologies. All of these activities are subject to risks and uncertainties and could disrupt or harm our business. For example, if we make an acquisition, we could take any or all of the following actions, any one of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations or stock price:


•	use a substantial portion of our available cash;


•	incur substantial debt, which may not be available to us on favorable terms and may adversely affect our liquidity;


•	issue equity or equity-based securities that would dilute the percentage ownership of existing stockholders;


•	assume contingent liabilities; and


•	take substantial charges in connection with acquired assets.

Acquired businesses may have liabilities or adverse operating issues that we fail to discover through due diligence prior to the acquisition, such as:


•	failure by previous management to comply with applicable laws or regulations;


•	inaccurate representations; and


•	unfulfilled contractual obligations to customers or vendors.

Other risks of engaging in acquisitions include:


•	difficulties in assimilating acquired operations, products, technologies and personnel;


•	unanticipated costs;


•	diversion of management’s attention from existing operations;


•	adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers;


•	risks of entering markets in which we have limited or no prior experience; and


•	potential loss of key employees from either our existing business or the acquired organization.

There are also risks associated with divested businesses or businesses planned to be sold, such as:


•	difficulties separating divested operations from ongoing operations;


•	loss of sales, marketing and operating synergies;


•	loss of key employees and know-how related to the on-going portions of the business;


•	unanticipated costs;


•	diversion of management’s attention from existing operations; and


•	adverse effects on existing business relationships with suppliers and customers.

As a result, if we fail to properly evaluate or implement acquisitions or divestitures, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any such transactions, and we may incur unanticipated costs, either of which could harm our business and operating results.

RISKS RELATED TO COMPETITION

The market for the products and services that we offer is rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We may be unable to compete effectively.

The market for the products and services that we offer is rapidly evolving and highly competitive. We expect competition to continue to increase and intensify. Many of our competitors or potential competitors have significantly greater financial, technical, operational and marketing resources than we do. These competitors, for example, may be able to respond more rapidly or more effectively than we can to new or emerging technologies, changes in customer requirements, supplier related developments, or a shift in the business landscape. They also may devote greater or more effective resources than we do to the development, manufacture, promotion, sale, and post-sale support of their respective products and services.

Many of our current and potential competitors have more extensive customer bases and broader customer, supplier and other industry relationships that they can leverage to establish competitive dealings with many of our current and potential customers. Some of these companies also have more established and larger customer support organizations than we do. In addition, these companies may adopt more aggressive pricing policies or offer more attractive terms to customers than they currently do, or than we are able to do. They may bundle their competitive products with broader product offerings and may introduce new products, services and enhancements. Current and potential competitors might merge or otherwise establish cooperative relationships among themselves or with third parties to enhance their products, services or market position. In addition, at any time any given customer or supplier of ours could elect to enter our then existing line of business and thereafter compete with us, whether directly or indirectly. As a result, it is possible that new competitors or new or otherwise enhanced relationships among existing competitors may emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share to the detriment of our business.

Our products compete with a variety of devices, including other wireless modems and mobile hotspots, wireless handsets, wireless handheld computing devices and IoT wireless solutions. Our current competitors include:


•	fleet management SaaS and services providers, such as Fleetmatics, Masternaut, TomTom, Telogis, MiX Telematics and Cartrack;


•	mobile hotspots providers, such as Netgear and Franklin Wireless;


•	IoT solution providers, such as Cradlepoint and Sierra Wireless; and


•	customer experience software solutions and services providers such as Amdocs.

We expect our competitors to continue to improve the features and performance of their current products and to introduce new products, services and technologies which, if successful, could reduce our sales and the market acceptance of our products, generate increased price competition and make our products obsolete. For our products to remain competitive, we must, among other things, continue to invest significant resources (financial, human and otherwise) in, among other things, research and development, sales and marketing, and customer support. We cannot be sure that we will have or will continue to have sufficient resources to make these investments or that we will be able to make the technological advances in the marketplace, meet changing customer requirements, achieve market acceptance and respond to our competitors’ products.

The market for asset management and fleet management solutions and the markets for telemetry and tracking solutions are all highly fragmented and competitive, with low barriers to entry. If we do not compete effectively, our operating results may be harmed.

The market for asset management and fleet management solutions and the markets for telemetry and tracking solutions are all highly fragmented, consisting of a large number of vendors, competitive and rapidly changing product and service

offerings, with relatively low barriers to entry. Competition in all these markets is based primarily on the level of difficulty in installing, using and maintaining solutions, total cost of ownership, product performance, functionality, interoperability, brand and reputation, distribution channels, industries and the financial resources of the vendor. We expect competition to intensify in the future with the introduction of new technologies and market entrants. For example, in the telematics market, mobile service and software providers, such as Google and makers of GPS navigation devices, such as Garmin, provide limited services at lower prices or at no charge, such as basic GPS- based mapping, tracking and turn-by-turn directions that could be expanded or further developed to more directly compete with our fleet management solutions. In addition, wireless carriers, such as Verizon Wireless, have begun to offer fleet management solutions that benefit from the carrier’s scale and cost advantages which we are unable to match. Similarly, vehicle OEMs may provide factory-installed devices and effectively compete against us directly or indirectly by partnering with other fleet management suppliers. We can provide no assurances that we will be able to compete effectively as this ecosystem as the competitive landscape continues to develop. Competition could result in reduced operating margins, increased sales and marketing expenses and the loss of market share, any of which would likely cause serious harm to our operating results.

Industry consolidation may result in increased competition, which could result in a loss of customers or a reduction in revenue.

Some of our competitors have made or may make acquisitions or may enter into partnerships or other strategic relationships to offer more comprehensive services than they individually had offered or achieve greater economies of scale. In addition, new entrants not currently considered to be competitors may enter our market through acquisitions, partnerships or strategic relationships. We expect these trends to continue as companies attempt to strengthen or maintain their market positions. Many of the potential entrants may have competitive advantages over us, such as greater name recognition, longer operating histories, more varied services and larger marketing budgets, as well as greater financial, technical and other resources. These pressures could result in a substantial loss of our customers, a reduction in our revenue or increased costs as we seek ways to become more competitive.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR CUSTOMERS AND DEMAND FOR OUR SOLUTIONS

Our inability to adapt to rapid technological change in our markets could impair our ability to remain competitive and adversely affect our results of operations.

All of the markets in which we operate are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent introductions of new products, services and solutions and evolving customer demands. In addition, we are affected by changes in the many industries related to the products or services we offer, including the aviation, automotive, telematics, wireless telemetry, GPS navigation device and work flow software industries. As the technologies used in each of these industries evolves, we will face new integration and competition challenges. For example, as automobile manufacturers evolve in-vehicle technology, GPS tracking devices may become standard equipment in new vehicles and compete against some segments of our telematics or asset tracking service offerings. If we are unable to adapt to rapid technological change, it could adversely affect our results of operations and our ability to remain competitive.

If we fail to develop and maintain strategic relationships, we may not be able to penetrate new markets.

A key element of our business strategy is to penetrate new markets by developing new service offerings through strategic relationships with industry participants. We are currently investing, and plan to continue to invest, significant resources to develop these relationships. We believe that our success in penetrating new markets for our products will depend, in part, on our ability to develop and maintain these relationships and to cultivate additional or alternative relationships. There can be no assurance, however, that we will be able to develop additional strategic relationships, that existing relationships will survive and successfully achieve their purposes or that the companies with whom we have strategic relationships will not form competing arrangements with others or determine to compete with us.

Our decision to retain the MiFi Business means that we will continue to depend upon Verizon Wireless for a substantial portion of our revenues, and our business would be negatively affected by an adverse change in our dealings with this customer.

Historically, as a result of the significant revenues associated with our MiFi Business, sales to Verizon Wireless accounted for 51%, 54% and 54% of our consolidated net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. While we have accelerated our engagements with prospective new MiFi customers and continue to focus on growing revenue in other parts of our business, we expect that Verizon Wireless will continue to account for a substantial portion of our net revenues, and any impairment of our relationship with Verizon Wireless would adversely affect our business. Additionally, any change in the forecasted or actual product sell through of Verizon Wireless could have a detrimental impact on our revenue, bottom line and cash position.

We may not be able to retain and increase sales to our existing customers, which could negatively impact our financial results.

We generally seek to license our solutions pursuant to customer agreements with multi-year terms and subscriptions. However, our customers have no obligation to renew these agreements after their initial term expires. We also actively seek to sell additional solutions to our existing customers. If our efforts to satisfy our existing customers are not successful, we may not be able to retain them or sell additional functionality to them and, as a result, our revenue and ability to grow could be adversely affected. Customers may choose not to renew their subscriptions for many reasons, including the belief that our service is not required for their business needs or is otherwise not cost-effective, a desire to reduce discretionary spending, or a belief that our competitors’ services provide better value. Additionally, our customers may not renew for reasons entirely out of our control, such as the dissolution of their business or an economic downturn in their industry. A significant increase in our churn rate would have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

A part of our growth strategy is to sell additional new features and solutions to our existing customers. Our ability to sell new features to customers will depend in significant part on our ability to anticipate industry evolution, practices and standards and to continue to enhance existing solutions or introduce or acquire new solutions on a timely basis to keep pace with technological developments both within our industry and in related industries, and to remain compliant with any regulations mandated by federal agencies or state-mandated or foreign government regulations as they pertain to our customers. However, we may prove unsuccessful either in developing new features or in expanding the third-party software and products with which our solutions integrate. In addition, the success of any enhancement or new feature depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the enhancement or feature. Any new solutions we develop or acquire might not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner and might not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate significant revenue. If any of our competitors implements new technologies before we are able to implement them or better anticipates the innovation and integration opportunities in related industries, those competitors may be able to provide more effective or cheaper solutions than ours.

Another part of our growth strategy is to sell additional subscriptions to existing customers as their fleet sizes increase. We cannot be assured that our customers’ fleet sizes will continue to increase. A significant decrease in our ability to sell existing customers additional functionality or subscriptions could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Loss of, or a significant reduction in business from, one or more enterprise or government customers could adversely affect our revenue and profitability.

Loss of one or more of our large enterprise or government customers could result in a meaningful decrease in revenue and profitability, as well as a material increase in our customer churn rate. Because of the variability of industries in which our enterprise and government customers operate and the unpredictability of economic conditions in any particular industry which comprises a significant number of our enterprise or government customers, the composition of, and the volume of business from, our enterprise and government customers is likely to change over time. If we lose one or more large enterprise or government customers, or if we experience a significant reduction in business from one or more large enterprise or government customers, there is no assurance that we would be able to replace those customers to generate comparable revenue over a short time period, which could harm our operating results and profitability.

Adverse economic conditions or reduced spending on information technology solutions may adversely impact our revenue and profitability.

Uncertainty about future economic conditions makes it difficult for us to forecast operating results and to make decisions about future investments. We are unable to predict the likely duration and severity of adverse economic conditions in the United States and other countries, but the longer the duration, the greater risks we face in operating our business. We cannot assure you that current economic conditions, worsening economic conditions or prolonged poor economic conditions will not have a significant adverse impact on the demand for our solutions, and consequently on our results of operations and prospects.

The marketability of our products may suffer if wireless telecommunications operators do not deliver acceptable wireless services.

The success of our business depends, in part, on the capacity, affordability, reliability and prevalence of wireless data networks provided by wireless telecommunications operators and on which our IoT hardware products and solutions operate. Currently, various wireless telecommunications operators, either individually or jointly with us, sell our products in connection with the sale of their wireless data services to their customers. Growth in demand for wireless data access may be limited if, for example, wireless telecommunications operators cease or materially curtail operations, fail to offer services that customers consider valuable at acceptable prices, fail to maintain sufficient capacity to meet demand for wireless data access, delay the

expansion of their wireless networks and services, fail to offer and maintain reliable wireless network services or fail to market their services effectively.

Changes in practices of insurance companies in the markets in which we provide our solutions could materially and adversely affect demand for products and services.

We depend in part on the practices of insurance companies in some of our markets to support demand for certain of our products and services. For example, in South Africa, which is currently the largest market for our Ctrack products and services, insurance companies either mandate the installation of tracking devices as a prerequisite for providing insurance coverage to owners of certain vehicles, or provide insurance premium discounts to encourage vehicle owners to subscribe to vehicle tracking and mobile asset recovery solutions such as ours. We benefit from this continued practice in the South African and certain other markets of:


•	accepting mobile asset location technologies such as ours as a preferred security product;


•	providing premium discounts for using location and recovery products and services such as ours; and


•	mandating the use of our products and services, or similar products and services, for certain vehicles.

If any of these policies or practices change, revenues from sale of our products and services could decline, which would materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Reduction in regulation in certain markets may adversely impact demand for certain of our solutions by reducing the necessity for, or desirability of, our solutions.

Regulatory compliance and reporting is driven by legislation and requirements, which are often subject to change, from regulatory authorities in nearly every jurisdiction globally. For example, in the United States, fleet operators can face numerous complex regulatory requirements, including mandatory Compliance, Safety and Accountability driver safety scoring, hours of service, compliance and fuel tax reporting. The reduction in regulation in certain markets may adversely impact demand for certain of our solutions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

RISKS RELATED TO DEVELOPING, MANUFACTURING AND DELIVERING OUR SOLUTIONS

We currently rely on third parties to manufacture and warehouse many of our products, which exposes us to a number of risks and uncertainties outside our control.

We currently outsource the manufacturing of many of our products to companies including AsiaTelco Technologies Co. and Inventec Appliances Corporation. In addition, in 2016 we sold portions of our IoT modules business to Telit (as defined below), and we now rely on Telit to supply us with modules that are critical to the functionality of some of our telematics hardware devices, including devices sold or deployed by Ctrack. If one of these third-party manufacturers were to experience delays, disruptions, capacity constraints or quality control problems in its manufacturing operations, product shipments to our customers could be delayed or rejected or our customers could consequently elect to change product demand or cancel the underlying subscription or service. These disruptions would negatively impact our revenues, competitive position and reputation. Further, if we are unable to manage successfully our relationship with a manufacturer, the quality and availability of products used in our services and solutions may be harmed. None of our third-party manufacturers is obligated to supply us with a specific quantity of products, except as may be provided in a particular purchase order that we have submitted to, and that has been accepted by, such third-party manufacturer. Our third-party manufacturers could, under some circumstances, decline to accept new purchase orders from us or otherwise reduce their business with us. If a manufacturer stopped manufacturing our products for any reason or reduced manufacturing capacity, we may be unable to replace the lost manufacturing capacity on a timely and comparatively cost effective basis, which would adversely impact our operations. In addition, we generally do not enter into long-term contracts with our manufacturers. As a result, we are subject to price increases due to availability, and subsequent price volatility, in the marketplace of the components and materials needed to manufacture our products. If a third-party manufacturer were to negatively change the product pricing and other terms under which it agrees to manufacture for us and we were unable to locate a suitable alternative manufacturer, our manufacturing costs could increase.

Because we outsource the manufacturing of our products, the cost, quality and availability of third-party manufacturing operations is essential to the successful production and sale of our products. Our reliance on third-party manufacturers exposes us to a number of risks which are outside our control, including:


•	unexpected increases in manufacturing costs;


•	interruptions in shipments if a third-party manufacturer is unable to complete production in a timely manner;


•	inability to control quality of finished products;


•	inability to control delivery schedules;


•	inability to control production levels and to meet minimum volume commitments to our customers;


•	inability to control manufacturing yield;


•	inability to maintain adequate manufacturing capacity; and


•	inability to secure adequate volumes of acceptable components at suitable prices or in a timely manner.

Although we promote ethical business practices and our operations personnel periodically visit and monitor the operations of our manufacturers, we do not control the manufacturers or their labor and other legal compliance practices. If our current manufacturers, or any other third-party manufacturer which we may use in the future, violate U.S. or foreign laws or regulations, we may be subjected to extra duties, significant monetary penalties, adverse publicity, the seizure and forfeiture of products that we are attempting to import or the loss of our import privileges. The effects of these factors could render the conduct of our business in a particular country undesirable or impractical and have a negative impact on our operating results.

We depend on sole source suppliers for some products used in our services. The availability and sale of those services would be harmed if any of these suppliers is not able to meet our demand and alternative suitable products are not available on acceptable terms, or at all.

Our services use hardware and software from various third parties, some of which are procured from single suppliers. For example, some of our vehicle tracking and fleet management solutions rely on telecommunications modules procured from Telit and our MiFi mobile hotspots rely substantially on chipsets from Qualcomm. From time to time, certain components used in our products or certain products used in our solutions have been in short supply or their anticipated commercial introduction has been delayed or their availability has been subsequently interrupted for reasons outside our control. If there is a shortage or interruption in the availability to us of any such components or products and we cannot timely obtain a commercially and technologically suitable substitute or make sufficient and timely design or other modifications to permit the use of such a substitute component or product, we may not be able to timely deliver sufficient quantities of our products or solutions to satisfy our contractual obligations and may not be able to meet particular revenue expectations. Moreover, even if we timely locate a substitute part or product, but its price materially exceeds the original cost of the component or product, then our results of operations could be adversely affected.

Product liability, product replacement, or recall costs could adversely affect our business and financial performance.

We are subject to product liability and product recall claims if any of our products and services are alleged to have resulted in injury to persons or damage to property. If any of our products proves to be defective, we may need to recall and/or redesign them. In addition, any claim or product recall that results in significant adverse publicity may negatively affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations. We maintain product liability insurance, but this insurance may not adequately cover losses related to product liability claims brought against us. We may also be a defendant in class action litigation, for which no insurance is available. Product liability insurance could become more expensive and difficult to maintain and may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, we do not maintain any product recall insurance, so any product recall we are required to initiate could have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

We rely on third-party software and other intellectual property to develop and provide our solutions and significant increases in licensing costs or defects in third-party software could harm our business.

We rely on software and other intellectual property licensed from third parties to develop and offer our solutions. In addition, we may need to obtain future licenses from third parties to use software or other intellectual property associated with our solutions. We cannot assure you that these licenses will be available to us on acceptable terms, without significant price increases or at all. Any loss of the right to use any such software or other intellectual property required for the development and maintenance of our solutions could result in delays in the provision of our solutions until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available from others, is identified, obtained, and integrated, which could harm our business. Any errors or defects in third-party software could result in errors or a failure of our solutions, which could harm our business.

Our solutions integrate with third-party technologies and if our solutions become incompatible with these technologies, our solutions would lose functionality and our customer acquisition and retention could be adversely affected.

Our solutions integrate with third-party software and devices to allow our solutions to perform key functions. Errors, viruses or bugs may be present in third-party software that our customers use in conjunction with our solutions. Changes to third-party software that our customers use in conjunction with our solutions could also render our solutions inoperable. Customers may conclude that our software is the cause of these errors, bugs or viruses and terminate their subscriptions. The inability to easily integrate with, or any defects in, any third-party software could result in increased costs, or in delays in

software releases or updates to our products until such issues have been resolved, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and future prospects and could damage our reputation.

Our software may contain undetected errors, defects or other software problems, and if we fail to correct any defect or other software problems we could lose customers or incur significant costs, which could result in damage to our reputation or harm to our operating results.

Although we warrant that our software will be free of defects for various periods of time, our software platform and its underlying infrastructure are inherently complex and may contain material defects or errors. We must update our solutions quickly to keep pace with the rapidly changing market and the third-party software and devices with which our solutions integrate. We have from time to time found defects in our software and may discover additional defects in the future, particularly as we continue to migrate our product offerings to new platforms or use new devices in connection with our services and solutions. We may not be able to detect and correct defects or errors before customers begin to use our platform or its applications. Consequently, our solutions could contain undetected errors or defects, especially when first introduced or when new versions are released or when new hardware or software is integrated into our solutions. We implement bug fixes and upgrades as part of our regular system maintenance, which may lead to system downtime. Even if we are able to implement the bug fixes and upgrades in a timely manner, any history of defects or inaccuracies in the performance of our software for our customers could result in damage to our reputation or harm to our operating results.

Our solutions rely on cellular and GPS networks and any disruption, failure or increase in costs could impede our profitability and harm our financial results.

Two critical links in our current solutions are between in-vehicle devices and GPS satellites and between in-vehicle devices or customer premise equipment and cellular networks, which allow us to obtain location data and transmit it to our system. Increases in the fees charged by cellular carriers for data transmission or changes in the cellular networks, such as a cellular carrier discontinuing support of the network currently used by our in-vehicle devices or customer premise equipment, requiring retrofitting of our devices could increase our costs and impact our profitability. In addition, technologies that rely on GPS depend on the use of radio frequency bands and any modification of the permitted uses of these bands may adversely affect the functionality of GPS and, in turn, our solutions.

The mobile carriers can and will discontinue radio frequency technologies as they become obsolete. If we are unable to design our solutions into new technologies such as 4G, 4G LTE and 5G or 5G NR, our future prospects and revenues could be limited.

Any significant disruption in service on our websites or in our computer systems could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers, which would harm our business and operating results.

Our brand, reputation, and ability to attract, retain, and serve our customers are dependent upon the reliable performance of our services and our customers’ ability to access our solutions at all times. Our customers rely on our solutions to make operating decisions related to their businesses, as well as to measure, store and analyze valuable data regarding their businesses. Our solutions are vulnerable to interruption and our data centers are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, intentional bad acts, computer viruses or hackers, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, war, terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures, and similar events, any of which could limit our customers’ ability to access our solutions. Prolonged delays or unforeseen difficulties in connection with adding capacity or upgrading our network architecture may cause our service quality to suffer. Any event that significantly disrupts our service or exposes our data to misuse could damage our reputation and harm our business and operating results, including reducing our revenue, causing us to issue credits to customers, subjecting us to potential liability, harming our churn rates, or increasing our cost of acquiring new customers.

We host our solutions and serve our South African customers from our network servers, which are located at our data center facilities in South Africa. In other geographies, we host our solutions and serve our customers from network servers hosted by third parties, which are located at data center facilities in the United States, Europe and Australia. If these data centers are unable to keep up with our growing needs for capacity, this could have an adverse effect on our business. Our disaster recovery systems are located at third-party hosting facilities, except in South Africa where we manage our own disaster recovery system at an offsite facility. While we are increasing redundancy, our systems have not been tested under actual disaster conditions and may not have sufficient capacity to recover all data and services in the event of an outage. In the event of a disaster in which our disaster recovery systems are irreparably damaged or destroyed, we would experience interruptions in access to our products. Any changes in third-party service levels at our data centers or any errors, defects, disruptions, or other performance problems with our solutions could harm our reputation and may damage our data. Interruptions in our services might reduce our revenue, cause us to issue credits or refunds to customers, subject us to potential liability, or harm our churn rates.

We provide minimum service level commitments to certain of our customers, and our failure to meet them could require us to issue credits for future subscriptions or pay penalties, which could harm our results of operations.

Certain of our customer agreements currently, and may in the future, provide minimum service level commitments regarding items such as uptime, functionality or performance. If we are unable to meet the stated service level commitments for these customers or suffer extended periods of service unavailability, we are or may be contractually obligated to provide these customers with credits for future subscriptions, provide services at no cost, or pay other penalties which could adversely impact our revenue. We do not currently have any reserves on our balance sheet for these commitments.

Failure to maintain the security of our information and technology networks, including information relating to our customers and employees, could adversely affect us. Furthermore, if security breaches in connection with the delivery of our services allow unauthorized third parties to obtain control or access of our asset management, fleet management and telemetry solutions, our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed.

We are dependent on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information and, in the normal course of our business, we collect and retain certain information pertaining to our customers and employees. The protection of customer and employee data is critical to us. We devote significant resources to addressing security vulnerabilities in our products and information technology systems, however, the security measures put in place by us cannot provide absolute security, and our information technology infrastructure may be vulnerable to criminal cyber-attacks or data security incidents due to employee or customer error, malfeasance, or other vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity attacks are increasingly sophisticated, change frequently, and often go undetected until after an attack has been launched. We may fail to identify these new and complex methods of attack, or fail to invest sufficient resources in security measures. We cannot be certain that advances in cyber-capabilities or other developments will not compromise or breach the technology protecting the networks that access our services.

If a security breach occurs, our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition could be harmed. We may also be subject to costly notification and remediation requirements if we, or a third party, determines that we have been the subject of a data breach involving personal information of individuals. Though it is difficult to determine what harm may directly result from any specific interruption or security breach, any failure or perceived failure to maintain performance, reliability, security and availability of systems or the actual or potential theft, loss, fraudulent use or misuse of our products or the personally identifiable data of a customer or employee, could result in harm to our reputation or brand, which could lead some customers to seek to stop using certain of our services, reduce or delay future purchases of our services, use competing services, or materially and adversely affect the overall market perception of the security and reliability of our services.

RISKS RELATED TO INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS

Due to the global nature of our operations, we are subject to political and economic risks of doing business internationally.

Our largest subsidiary, Ctrack, is headquartered in South Africa and conducts business in over 50 countries. Most of our employees are located outside the United States, and international revenue represents a significant percentage of our worldwide revenue. The risks inherent in global operations include:


•	difficulty managing sales, product development and logistics and support across continents;


•	limitations on ownership or participation in local enterprises;


•	lack of familiarity with, and unexpected changes in, foreign laws, regulations and legal standards, including employment laws, product liability laws, privacy laws and environmental laws, which may vary widely across the countries in which we operate;


•	increased expense to comply with U.S. laws that apply to foreign operations, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”) and Office of Foreign Assets Control regulations;


•	compliance with, and potentially adverse tax consequences of, foreign tax regimes;


•	fluctuations in currency exchange rates, currency exchange controls, price controls and limitations on repatriation of earnings;


•	transportation delays and interruptions;


•	local labor laws;


•	collective bargaining agreements or unionization of employees;


•	local economic conditions;


•	political, social and economic instability and disruptions;


•	acts of terrorism and other security concerns;


•	government embargoes or foreign trade restrictions such as tariffs, duties, taxes or other controls;


•	import and export controls;


•	increased product development costs due to differences among countries’ safety regulations and radio frequency allocation schemes and standards;


•	increased expense related to localization of products and development of foreign language marketing and sales materials;


•	longer sales cycles;


•	longer accounts receivable payment cycles and difficulty in collecting accounts receivable in foreign countries;


•	increased financial accounting and reporting burdens and complexities;


•	workforce reorganizations in various locations;


•	restrictive employment regulations;


•	difficulties in staffing and managing multi-national operations;


•	difficulties and increased expense in implementing corporate policies and controls;


•	international intellectual property laws, which may be more restrictive or offer lower levels of protection than U.S. law;


•	compliance with differing and changing local laws and regulations in multiple international locations, including regional data privacy laws, as well as compliance with U.S. laws and regulations where applicable in these international locations; and


•	limitations on our ability to enforce legal rights and remedies.

If we are unable to successfully manage these and other risks associated with managing and expanding our international business, the risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition. Further, operating in international markets requires significant management attention and financial resources. Due to the additional uncertainties and risks of doing business in foreign jurisdictions, international acquisitions tend to entail risks and require additional oversight and management attention that are typically not attendant to acquisitions made within the United States. We cannot be certain that the investment and additional resources required to establish, acquire or integrate operations in other countries will produce desired levels of revenue or profitability.

Weakness or deterioration in global economic conditions or jurisdictions where we have significant foreign operations could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

As a result of weak or deteriorating economic conditions globally, or in certain jurisdictions where we have significant foreign operations such as South Africa, we could experience lower demand for our products, which could adversely impact our results of operations. Additionally, there could be a number of related effects on our business resulting from weak economic conditions, including the insolvency of one or more of our suppliers resulting in product launch or product delivery delays, customer insolvencies resulting in that customer’s inability to order products from us or pay for already delivered products, and reduced demand by the ultimate end-users of our products. Although we continue to monitor market conditions, we cannot predict future market conditions or their impact on demand for our products.

Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, especially the South African Rand against the U.S. Dollar, could adversely affect our results of operations.

A significant portion of our revenues are generated from sales agreements denominated in foreign currencies, and we expect to enter into additional such agreements as we expand our international customer base. In addition, we employ a significant number of employees outside the United States, and the associated employment and facilities costs are denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We have particularly large exposure in South Africa where our Ctrack subsidiary is headquartered and the costs of operating in South Africa are subject to the effects of exchange fluctuations of the South African Rand against the U.S. Dollar. Fluctuations in the value of foreign currencies, particularly the South African Rand against the U.S. Dollar, will create greater uncertainty in our revenues and can significantly and adversely affect our operating results.

We do not currently employ any vehicles as a hedge against currency fluctuations, however, we may decide to use hedging vehicles in the future. At times, we may attempt to manage the risk associated with currency changes, in part, by minimizing the effects of volatility on cash flows by identifying forecasted transactions exposed to these risks, or we may decide to use hedging vehicles such as foreign exchange forward contracts. Since there is a high correlation between the hedging instruments and the underlying exposures, the gains and losses on these underlying exposures are generally offset by reciprocal changes in the value of the hedging instruments. We may use derivative financial instruments as risk management tools and not for trading or speculative purposes. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that we will not incur foreign

currency losses or that foreign exchange forward contracts we may enter into to reduce the risk of such losses will be successful.

RISKS RELATED TO REGULATIONS, TAXATION AND ACCOUNTING MATTERS

Our substantial international operations may increase our exposure to potential liability under anti-corruption, trade protection, tax and other laws and regulations.

The FCPA and other anti-corruption laws and regulations (“Anti-Corruption Laws”) prohibit corrupt payments by our employees, vendors or agents. From time to time, we may receive inquiries from authorities in the United States and elsewhere about our business activities outside of the United States and our compliance with Anti-Corruption Laws. While we devote substantial resources to our global compliance programs and have implemented policies, training and internal controls designed to reduce the risk of corrupt payments, our employees, vendors or agents may violate our policies.

Our failure to comply with Anti-Corruption Laws could result in significant fines and penalties, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, prohibitions on the conduct of our business, and damage to our reputation. Operations outside of the United States may be affected by changes in trade protection laws, policies and measures, and other regulatory requirements affecting trade and investment.

As a result of our international operations we are subject to foreign tax regulations. Such regulations may not be clear, not consistently applied and subject to sudden change, particularly with regard to international transfer pricing. Our earnings could be reduced by the uncertain and changing nature of such tax regulations.

Our software contains encryption technologies, certain types of which are subject to U.S. and foreign export control regulations and, in some foreign countries, restrictions on importation and/or use. Any failure on our part to comply with encryption or other applicable export control requirements could result in financial penalties or other sanctions under the U.S. or foreign export regulations, including restrictions on future export activities, which could harm our business and operating results. Regulatory restrictions could impair our access to technologies needed to improve our solutions and may also limit or reduce the demand for our solutions outside of the United States.

If we do not achieve applicable black economic empowerment objectives in our South African businesses, we risk not being able to renew certain of our existing contracts which service South African government and quasi-governmental customers, as well as not being awarded future corporate and governmental contracts which would result in the loss of revenue.

The South African government, through the Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, No. 53 of 2003, and the codes of good practice and industry charters published pursuant thereto (collectively “BBBEE”), has established a legislative framework for the promotion of broad-based black economic empowerment. Achievement of BBBEE objectives is measured by a scorecard which establishes a weighting for the various components of BBBEE. BBBEE objectives are pursued in significant part by requiring parties who contract with corporate, governmental or quasi-governmental entities in South Africa to achieve BBBEE compliance through satisfaction of an applicable scorecard. Parties improve their BBBEE score when contracting with businesses that have earned good BBBEE ratings in relation to their scorecards (this includes black-owned businesses).

Ctrack has material contracts with governmental entities that require it to maintain minimum BBBEE rating levels as measured under the BBBEE scorecard. Failure to achieve applicable BBBEE objectives could jeopardize our ability to maintain existing business or to secure future business from these and other corporate, governmental or quasi-governmental customers that could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are required to comply with South African labor laws with respect to certain of our employees and face the risk of disruption from labor disputes in South Africa, which could result in additional operating costs.

South African laws relating to labor that regulate work time, provide for mandatory compensation in the event of termination of employment for operational reasons, and impose monetary penalties for non-compliance with administrative and reporting requirements in respect of affirmative action policies, could result in additional operating costs. In addition, future changes to South African legislation and regulations relating to labor may increase our costs or alter our relationship with our employees and result in labor disruptions. Resulting disruptions could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Evolving regulations and changes in applicable laws relating to data privacy may increase our expenditures related to compliance efforts or otherwise limit the solutions we can offer, which may harm our business and adversely affect our financial condition.

Our products and solutions enable us to collect, manage and store a wide range of data related to vehicle tracking and fleet management such as vehicle location and fuel usage, speed and mileage. Some of the data we collect or use in our business is subject to data privacy laws, which are complex and increase our cost of doing business. The U.S. federal government and various state governments have adopted or proposed limitations on the collection, distribution and use of personal information. Many foreign jurisdictions, including the European Union and the United Kingdom, have adopted legislation (including directives or regulations) that increase or change the requirements governing data collection and storage in these jurisdictions. Ctrack markets its products in over 50 countries, and accordingly, we are subject to many different, and potentially conflicting, privacy laws. If our privacy or data security measures fail to comply, or are perceived to fail to comply, with current or future laws and regulations, we may be subject to litigation, regulatory investigations or other liabilities.

Moreover, if future laws and regulations limit our ability to use and share this data or our ability to store, process and share data with our clients over the Internet, demand for our solutions could decrease and our costs could increase. We might also have to limit the manner in which we collect information, the types of information that we collect, or the solutions we offer. Any of these could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We previously identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, which has now been remediated. If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls over financial reporting, we may not be able to report our financial results timely and accurately, which could adversely affect investor confidence in the Company, and in turn, our results of operations and our stock price.

Effective internal controls are necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports and operate successfully as a public company. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires that companies evaluate and report on their systems of internal control over financial reporting. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm must report on its evaluation of those controls.

As disclosed in our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, we previously identified a material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting specifically from a lack of sufficient resources in key accounting and financial reporting roles within the organization necessary to prepare financial statements in time to meet regulatory filing requirements. This lack of sufficient resources was the result of a significant number of unusual and one-time challenges to the Company’s personnel and financial reporting processes, including, but not limited to, implementing an internal reorganization, preparing for the anticipated divestiture of the MiFi Business and closure of the Company’s accounting function in Eugene, Oregon. We completed our remediation efforts related to these material weaknesses by, among other things, updating our U.S. GAAP financial statement close process to ensure timely submission and completeness of subsidiary financial information and enhancing electronic communication to include a list of deliverables and checklists to use as a reference tool during our interim and year-end reporting periods.

Although we have remediated this material weakness in our internal controls over financial reporting, any failure to maintain effective internal controls could cause a delay in compliance with our reporting obligations, SEC rules and regulations or Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, which could subject us to a variety of administrative sanctions, including, but not limited to, SEC enforcement action, ineligibility for short form registration, the suspension or delisting of our common stock from the stock exchange on which it is listed and the inability of registered broker-dealers to make a market in our common stock, which could adversely affect our business and the trading price of our common stock.

If the accounting estimates we make, and the assumptions on which we rely, in preparing our financial statements prove inaccurate, our actual results may be adversely affected.

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments about, among other things, allowance for doubtful accounts receivable, provision for excess and obsolete inventory, valuation of intangible and long-lived assets, valuation of goodwill, valuation of debt obligations, royalty costs, accruals relating to litigation and restructuring, provision for warranty costs, income taxes, share-based compensation expense and the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. These estimates and judgments affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, the amounts of charges accrued by us, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances and at the time they are made. If our estimates or the assumptions underlying them are not correct, actual results may differ materially from our estimates and we may need to, among other things, accrue additional charges that could adversely affect our results of operations, which in turn could adversely affect our stock price. In addition, new accounting pronouncements and

interpretations of accounting pronouncements have occurred and may occur in the future that could adversely affect our reported financial results.

Any changes to the accounting systems or new accounting system implementations may be ineffective or cause delays in our ability to provide timely financial results

A change in the Company’s accounting systems or new accounting system implementations could cause trial balance to drift out of balance or hinder the reconciliation of items which are time consuming to diagnose, impacting our ability to provide timely audited and unaudited financial results. Any such change could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls and could cause a delay in compliance with our reporting obligations, which could adversely affect our business and the trading price of our common stock.

Any changes to existing accounting pronouncements or taxation rules or practices may cause adverse fluctuations in our reported results of operations or affect how we conduct our business.

A change in accounting pronouncements or taxation rules or practices can have a significant effect on our reported results and may affect our reporting of transactions completed before the change is effective. New accounting pronouncements, taxation rules and varying interpretations of accounting pronouncements or taxation rules have occurred in the past and may occur in the future. The change to existing rules, future changes, if any, or the need for us to modify a current tax position may adversely affect our reported financial results or the way we conduct our business.

RISKS RELATED TO OWNING OUR SECURITIES

Our share price has been highly volatile in the past and could be highly volatile in the future.

The market price of our common stock can be highly volatile due to the risks and uncertainties described in this report, as well as other factors, including: comments by securities analysts; announcements by us or others regarding, among other things, operating results, additions or departures of key personnel, and acquisitions or divestitures; additional equity or debt financing; technological innovations; introductions of new products; litigation; price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market, and particularly with respect to market prices and trading volumes of other high technology stocks; and our failure to meet market expectations.

In addition, the stock market has from time to time experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that were unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility have sometimes subsequently become the subject of securities class action litigation. If litigation were instituted on this basis, it could result in substantial costs and a diversion of management’s attention and resources.

Our future capital needs are uncertain and we may need to raise additional funds in the future. We may not be able to raise such additional funds on acceptable terms or at all.

We may need to raise substantial additional capital in the future to fund our operations, develop and commercialize new products and solutions or acquire companies. If we require additional funds in the future, we may not be able to obtain those funds on acceptable terms, or at all. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, may involve covenants restricting our operations or our ability to incur additional debt. Any debt or additional equity financing that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders. In addition, restrictions in our existing debt agreements may limit the amount and/or type of indebtedness that we are able to incur.

If we do not have, or are not able to obtain, sufficient funds, we may have to delay development or commercialization of our products and solutions, liquidate some or all of our assets, or delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate some or all of our sales and marketing expansion programs. Any of these actions could harm our operating results.

If financial or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or if they issue negative or misleading evaluations of our stock, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. We do not control these analysts or the content and opinions included in their reports. If one or more of the analysts who cover us were to adversely change their recommendation regarding our stock, or provide more favorable relative recommendations about our competitors, our stock price could decline. If one or more of the analysts who cover us cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

Future issuances of our common stock to holders of warrants may materially and adversely affect the price of our common stock and cause dilution to our existing stockholders.

As of December 31, 2017, we had outstanding warrants to purchase 1,886,630 shares of our common stock. These warrants are generally only exercisable on a cash basis, but may be exercised on a cashless basis if and only if a registration statement relating to the issuance of the shares underlying the warrants is not then effective or an exemption from registration is not available for the resale of such shares. Any such net exercise will dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders without any corresponding benefit to the Company of a cash payment for the exercise price of such warrant.

Future settlements of any conversion obligations with respect to the Inseego Notes may result in dilution to existing stockholders, lower prevailing market prices for our common stock or require a significant cash outlay.

Prior to December 15, 2021, holders may convert their Inseego Notes only if certain conditions are met. On or after December 15, 2021, until close of business on the business day immediately preceding the maturity date, holders may convert their Inseego Notes at any time. The Inseego Notes are convertible into cash, shares of the Company’s common stock, or a combination thereof, at the election of the Company, and are initially convertible into 25,478,728 shares of the Company’s common stock, based on an initial conversion rate of 212.7660 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Inseego Notes (which is equivalent to an initial conversion price of $4.70 per share of common stock). The conversion rate is subject to adjustment if certain events occur, but in no event will the conversion rate exceed 387.5968 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Inseego Notes (which is equivalent to a conversion price of $2.58 per share of common stock). If we elect to settle conversions of the Inseego Notes with common stock, this may cause significant dilution to our existing stockholders. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issued upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. If we do not elect to settle conversion of the Inseego Notes solely with common stock, we would be required to settle a portion, or all, of our conversion obligation through the payment of cash, which could adversely affect our liquidity.

Certain provisions in the Inseego Indenture could delay or prevent an otherwise beneficial takeover or takeover attempt of us.

Certain provisions in the Inseego Indenture could make it more difficult or more expensive for a third party to acquire us. For example, if a takeover would constitute a fundamental change, holders of the Inseego Notes will have the right to require us to repurchase their Inseego Notes in cash. In addition, if a takeover constitutes a make-whole fundamental change (as defined in the Inseego Indenture), we may be required to increase the conversion rate for holders who convert their Inseego Notes in connection with such takeover. In either case, and in other cases, our obligations under the Inseego Notes and the Inseego Indenture could increase the cost of acquiring us or otherwise discourage a third party from acquiring us.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Our principal executive offices are located in San Diego, California where we lease approximately 21,000 square feet under an arrangement that expires in December 2019 and approximately 12,000 square feet under an arrangement that expires in June 2020. We also currently lease approximately 14,000 square feet in Eugene, Oregon under a lease arrangement that expires in January 2023, and own property in Centurion, South Africa with approximately 28,000 square feet. We further lease space in various geographic locations abroad primarily for sales and support personnel, for research and development, or for temporary facilities. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current needs and that we can renew our existing leases or obtain alternative space on terms that would not have a material impact on our financial condition.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

On May 27, 2015, a patent infringement action was brought against Novatel Wireless by Carucel, a non-practicing entity, seeking approximately $43.0 million in royalties and damages related to past sales of MiFi mobile hotspots (Carucel Investments, L.P. v. Novatel Wireless, Inc., et al., U.S.D.C. S.D. Florida, Civil Action No. 0:15-cv-61116-BB). The complaint alleged that certain MiFi mobile hotspots manufactured by Novatel Wireless infringed claims of patents owned by Carucel. On April 10, 2017, judgment was entered in favor of Novatel Wireless. Carucel has filed to appeal certain orders in the litigation. The Company does not believe there is merit to an appeal by Carucel and intends to vigorously defend the appeal. However, there can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome of any appeal or other future judgment in this case, and an adverse judgment could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.

On May 11, 2017, the Company initiated a lawsuit against the former stockholders of RER in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware seeking recovery of damages for civil conspiracy, fraud in the inducement, unjust enrichment and breach of fiduciary duty. The Company has suspended payments owed to the former stockholders of RER under an earn-out arrangement, pursuant to which the Company would have been required to pay an additional $15.8 million in cash and 1.9 million shares of the Company’s common stock pending the outcome of this litigation. There can be no assurance as to the ultimate outcome of the future judgment in this case, and an adverse judgment could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated results of operations or financial condition.

We are engaged in other legal actions arising in the ordinary course of our business. In general, while there can be no assurance, we believe that the ultimate outcome of these other legal actions will not have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows.

The disclosure in Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies, in the accompanying consolidated financial statements includes a discussion of our legal proceedings and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Common Stock Data

Shares of our common stock are currently quoted and traded on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “INSG” and, prior to November 9, 2016, were quoted on The Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “MIFI”. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices of our common stock as reported by The Nasdaq Global Select Market.



	High ($)		Low ($)
2017
First quarter	$	3.23	$	2.08
Second quarter	$	2.43	$	0.87
Third quarter	$	1.84	$	1.01
Fourth quarter	$	2.01	$	1.26
2016
First quarter	$	1.79	$	0.84
Second quarter	$	1.82	$	1.06
Third quarter	$	3.80	$	1.40
Fourth quarter	$	3.18	$	2.22

Number of Stockholders of Record

Our outstanding capital stock consists of a single class of common stock. As of March 8, 2018, there were approximately 35 holders of record of our common stock. Because many of the shares of our common stock are held by brokers and other institutions on behalf of stockholders, we are unable to estimate the total number of stockholders represented by these record holders.

Dividends

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on any shares of our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds for use in the operation and development of our business and, therefore, do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future determination relating to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend on a number of factors, including future earnings, capital requirements, financial condition and future prospects and other factors the Board of Directors may deem relevant. In addition, both the Credit Agreement and the Inseego Indenture contain covenants that limit the ability of the Company to pay cash dividends.

During the first quarter of 2018, our Board of Directors authorized and declared a dividend distribution of one preferred stock purchase right (“Right”) under certain circumstances for each share of the Company’s common stock authorized and outstanding on February 2, 2018. Each Right entitles the holder to purchase one one-thousandth of a share of Series D Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share, at a purchase price of $10.00, subject to adjustments. Prior to exercise, the Rights do not give their holders any rights as a stockholder, including any dividend, voting or liquidation rights. The Rights will expire if the Company’s stockholders fail to approve the Rights Agreement at the Company’s 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on the Company’s common stock between December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2017 with the cumulative total return of (i) the Nasdaq Stock Market (U.S.) Index, or the Nasdaq Composite Index, and (ii) the Nasdaq Telecommunications Index, or the Nasdaq Telecom Index, over the same period. This graph assumes the investment of $100.00 on December 31, 2012 in the common stock of the Company, the Nasdaq Composite Index and the Nasdaq Telecom Index and assumes the reinvestment of any dividends. The stockholder return shown on the graph below should not be considered indicative of future stockholder returns and the Company will not make or endorse any predictions as to future stockholder returns.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

None, except as previously disclosed in the Company’s Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K or as set forth below.

On November 17, 2017, the Company issued 68,966 shares of unregistered common stock to a former employee in a single transaction in connection with a severance agreement with said former employee. The shares were issued to the recipient in an exempt transaction pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act. No cash proceeds were received by the Company in connection with the issuance.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” appearing elsewhere in this report. The selected consolidated statements of operations data presented below for each of the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, and the consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2017 and 2016 are derived from our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this report. The selected consolidated statements of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 and consolidated balance sheet data at December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 are derived from the audited consolidated financial statements not included in this report.



	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013

Consolidated Statements of Operations Data:	(in thousands, except share and per share data)
Net revenues	$	219,297		$	243,555		$	220,942		$	185,245		$	335,053
Cost of net revenues	151,962			167,227			161,989			148,198			266,759
Gross profit	67,335			76,328			58,953			37,047			68,294
Operating costs and expenses:
Research and development	21,362			30,655			35,446			34,314			48,246
Sales and marketing	25,019			29,782			20,899			13,792			20,898
General and administrative	34,415			52,387			34,452			15,402			24,179
Amortization of purchased intangible assets	3,601			3,927			2,126			562			562
Impairment of purchased intangible assets	—			2,594			—			—			—
Shareholder litigation loss	—			—			—			790			14,326
Restructuring charges, net of recoveries	5,152			1,987			3,821			7,760			3,304
Total operating costs and expenses	89,549			121,332			96,744			72,620			111,515
Operating loss	(22,214		)	(45,004		)	(37,791		)	(35,573		)	(43,221		)
Other income (expense):
Change in fair value of warrant liability	—			—			—			(3,280		)	—
Non-cash change in acquisition-related escrow	—			—			(8,286		)	—			—
Interest income (expense), net	(19,332		)	(15,597		)	(7,164		)	(85		)	113
Other income (expense), net	(4,080		)	414			1,128			(167		)	(222		)
Loss before income taxes	(45,626		)	(60,187		)	(52,113		)	(39,105		)	(43,330		)
Income tax provision	214			381			181			124			83
Net loss	(45,840		)	(60,568		)	(52,294		)	(39,229		)	(43,413		)
Less: Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests	105			(5		)	8			—			—
Net loss attributable to Inseego Corp.	(45,735		)	(60,573		)	(52,286		)	(39,229		)	(43,413		)
Recognition of beneficial conversion feature	—			—			—			(445		)	—
Net loss attributable to common shareholders	$	(45,735	)	$	(60,573	)	$	(52,286	)	$	(39,674	)	$	(43,413	)
Net loss per share attributable to common shareholders:
Basic and diluted	$	(0.78	)	$	(1.12	)	$	(0.99	)	$	(1.05	)	$	(1.28	)
Weighted-average common shares outstanding:
Basic and diluted	58,718,483			53,911,270			52,767,230			37,958,846			33,947,935

	December 31,
	2017			2016			2015			2014			2013

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:	(in thousands)
Cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	$	21,259		$	9,894		$	12,570		$	17,853		$	25,532
Working capital	6,472			6,070			46,764			29,397			40,928
Total assets	158,207			158,716			198,753			95,020			111,465
Total long-term liabilities	143,857			114,066			104,078			6,090			11,848
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	(45,615		)	(17,727		)	30,463			30,546			44,916


⁽¹⁾	At December 31, 2013, includes restricted marketable securities.


⁽²⁾	At December 31, 2017, includes restricted cash.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion of our consolidated financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this report. This report contains certain forward-looking statements relating to future events or our future financial performance. These statements are subject to risks and uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ materially from those discussed in this report. You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on this information which speaks only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we assume no responsibility for updating any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. For a discussion of the important risks related to our business and future operating performance, see the discussion under the caption “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and under the caption “Factors Which May Influence Future Results of Operations” below.

Business Overview and Background

Industry Trends

Looking ahead, Inseego is working with other leaders in the wireless industry to develop 5G technology, which is the next generation of wireless technology. With the newly defined 5G NR standard, 5G is being designed to support faster data rates, lower network latency and wider bandwidths of spectrum. Incorporating many of the innovations developed for 4G, 5G is also expected to be scalable and adaptable across a variety of use cases, which include, among others: empowering new industries and services, such as autonomous vehicles and industrial applications, through ultra-reliable, ultra-low latency communication links; and connecting a significant number of IoT service and devices, including the connected home and smart cities devices, with connectivity designed to meet ultra-low power, complexity and cost requirements. 5G is also expected to enhance mobile broadband services, including ultra-high definition (4K) video streaming and augmented and virtual reality, with multi-gigabit speeds.

According to the Global 5G Market Report issued in January 2018 by Netscribes, 5G technology is projected to service business frameworks required into 2020 and beyond. Due to socioeconomic transformations brought about by advancements in smart/connected city applications, mobile 5G is projected to be the “next big thing” in connected asset evolution. While mobile 4G LTE will continue to drive substantial volumes over the next decade, Netscribes predicts that the global 5G market will grow at a rate in excess of 95 percent, to greater than $250 billion by 2025. 5G technology is expected to address the rising demands for advanced applications, continued adoption of IoT devices and applications, and the rising bandwidth demands associated with said applications.

We continue to work closely with mobile operators, chipset suppliers and infrastructure companies around the world on 5G developments and trials in preparation for commercial network launches. In late 2017, we announced a strategic relationship with Qualcomm and Verizon Wireless to co-develop advanced technologies and devices for the next generation 5G NR wireless market.

The adoption of IoT technology continues to grow as companies across a wide range of industries are leveraging IoT technologies to increase efficiency, gain better customer insights, facilitate compliance and build new business models. IoT growth is expanding broadly, and adoption is particularly strong in the telematics and transportation industries and in industrial IoT markets, such as smart city infrastructure, utilities and energy management. We are building IoT capabilities by leveraging business models that monetize usage on most major carrier networks. We have developed IoT solutions that address key market needs for asset tracking applications, telematics, SD WAN failover management and various other industrial applications. In addition, our IoT customers can turn the data that our solutions provide into actionable insights to develop new services and create revenue growth.

Our Strategy

The key elements of our strategy are to:


•	Improve SaaS solution penetration. Through our Ctrack telematics and asset tracking platform and subscription management solutions, we provide customers around the world with actionable insights, workflow efficiencies and high security from our cutting-edge cloud platforms. We will continue to expand these solutions into new markets such as the aviation vertical.


•	Expand our IoT solutions portfolio and develop key core mobile technologies within our mobile portfolio. We intend to expand our IoT device portfolio and develop newly emerging 5G technologies, leveraging our modem technologies, intellectual property, and supplier ecosystem.


•	Capitalize on our direct relationships with wireless operators, OEMs and component suppliers. We intend to continue to capitalize on our direct and long-standing relationships with wireless operators, OEMs and component suppliers in order to strengthen our worldwide market position.


•	Aggressively expand go-to-market offerings through sales resource expansion, channel development and strategic partnerships. We intend to expand our go-to-market resources and channels internationally for our IoT, mobile and cloud solutions.

•

Merger, Acquisition and Divestiture Activities

Acquisitions

DigiCore Holdings Limited (DBA Ctrack)

On June 18, 2015, we entered into a transaction implementation agreement (the “TIA”) with DigiCore. Pursuant to the terms of the TIA, we acquired 100% of the issued and outstanding ordinary shares of DigiCore (with the exception of certain excluded shares, including treasury shares) for 4.40 South African Rand per ordinary share outstanding.

On October 5, 2015, the transaction was completed. The total preliminary purchase price was approximately $80.0 million and included (i) cash consideration of $79.4 million for all of the outstanding ordinary shares of DigiCore and the purchase of in-the-money vested stock options held by Ctrack employees on the closing date and (ii) $0.6 million for the portion of the fair value of replacement equity awards issued to Ctrack employees that related to services performed prior to the closing date. Upon consummation of the acquisition, Ctrack became an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

R.E.R. Enterprises, Inc.

On March 27, 2015, we entered into a merger agreement (“RER Merger Agreement”) with RER to acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of RER and its wholly-owned subsidiary and principal operating asset, FW (which has been renamed Inseego North America, LLC). The total purchase price was approximately $24.8 million and included a cash payment at closing of approximately $9.3 million, the Company’s assumption of $0.5 million in certain transaction-related expenses incurred by FW, and the future issuance of shares of our common stock valued at $15.0 million (the “Deferred Purchase Price”), which would have been payable in March 2016 pursuant to the original terms of the RER Merger Agreement.

The total consideration of $24.8 million did not include amounts, if any, payable under an earn-out arrangement, pursuant to which we may have been required to pay up to an additional $25.0 million to the former stockholders of RER contingent upon FW’s achievement of certain financial targets for the years ending December 31, 2015, 2016, and 2017 (the “Earn-Out Arrangement”). Such payments, if any, under the Earn-Out Arrangement would have been payable in either cash or shares of the Company’s common stock at the discretion of the Company, and would have been recorded as compensation expense during the service period earned.

On January 5, 2016, the Company and RER amended certain payment terms of the RER Merger Agreement (such agreement, as amended, the “Amended RER Merger Agreement”). Under the Amended RER Merger Agreement, the Deferred Purchase Price that was previously payable in shares of the Company’s common stock in March 2016 was agreed to be paid in five cash installments over a four-year period, beginning in March 2016. In addition, the Earn-Out Arrangement was amended as follows: (a) any amount earned under the Earn-Out Arrangement for the achievement of financial targets for the year ended December 31, 2015 would be paid in five cash installments over a four-year period, beginning in March 2016; and (b) in replacement of the potential earn-out contingent upon FW’s achievement of certain financial targets for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2017 we would issue to the former stockholders of RER approximately 2.9 million shares of the Company’s common stock in three equal installments over a three-year period, beginning in March 2017. On March 15, 2017, we issued 973,334 shares of our common stock to the former stockholders of RER in satisfaction of the first installment of this obligation. As of the filing date of this report, the March 2017 and March 2018 cash installments have not been paid and the March 2018 share installment has not been issued. We are disputing our obligations to make such payments and any future payments, in addition to seeking other damages in the related lawsuit (see Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies).

We recognized approximately $7.9 million in expense during the year ended December 31, 2016 in connection with an earn-out payment due to the former shareholders of RER in the form of 2.9 million shares of our common stock.

As of December 31, 2017, the total amount of Deferred Purchase Price that remained outstanding was $11.3 million and the total amount outstanding pursuant to the Earn-Out Arrangement was $9.8 million, both of which are included in accrued expenses and other current liabilities and in other long-term liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

Divestitures

Modules Business

On April 11, 2016, the Company signed a definitive asset purchase agreement with Telit Technologies (Cyprus) Limited and Telit Wireless Solutions, Inc. (collectively, “Telit”) pursuant to which the Company sold, and Telit acquired, certain hardware modules and related assets (the “Modules Business”) for an initial purchase price of $11.0 million in cash, which included $9.0 million that was paid to the Company on the closing date of the transaction, $1.0 million that would be paid to the Company in equal quarterly installments over a two-year period in connection with the provision by the Company of certain transition services and $1.0 million that would be paid to the Company following the satisfaction of certain conditions by the

Company, including the assignment of specified contracts and the delivery of certain certifications and approvals. The Company also had the potential to receive an additional cash payment of approximately $3.8 million from Telit related to their purchase of module product inventory from the Company, $1.0 million of which would be paid to the Company in equal quarterly installments over the two-year period following the closing date in connection with the provision by the Company of certain transition services. In addition to the above, the Company may have been entitled to receive a subsequent earn-out payment following the closing of the transaction if certain conditions were met.

On September 29, 2016, the Company entered into a Final Resolution Letter Agreement (the “Final Resolution”) with Telit. Per the Final Resolution, Telit agreed to pay the Company $2.1 million in full satisfaction of their payment obligations under certain sections of the original purchase agreement, including all installment payments, and the Company agreed to ship the remainder of the hardware modules and related assets as soon as practicable. Under the Final Resolution, the aggregate purchase consideration totaled $11.7 million, which consisted of $11.3 million in cash and $0.4 million in net settled Company liabilities.

During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we recognized a gain of approximately $45,000 and $5.0 million, respectively, in connection with the fulfillment of certain obligations pursuant to the asset purchase agreement, as amended, which is included in other income (expense), net, in the consolidated statements of operations.

MiFi Business

On September 21, 2016, the Company entered into the Purchase Agreement, by and among Inseego and Novatel Wireless, on the one hand, and the Purchasers, on the other hand. The Purchase Agreement related to the proposed sale of the Company’s subsidiary, Novatel Wireless, which included the Company’s MiFi Business, to the Purchasers for $50.0 million in cash, subject to potential adjustment for Novatel Wireless’s working capital as of the closing date.

In June 2017, we terminated the Purchase Agreement due to delays and uncertainty in securing approval of the transactions contemplated by the Purchase Agreement from CFIUS and announced key leadership changes and a Company-wide restructuring designed to improve execution, enhance financial performance and drive profitable growth as we worked to create sustainable long-term value for shareholders. As part of the restructuring plan, among other actions, we implemented cost reduction measures which included a series of targeted reductions across our businesses and geographies, and rationalization of our businesses. As a result of the termination of the transaction described above and the institution of certain restructuring initiatives, we retained our ownership interest in Novatel Wireless and the MiFi Business.

Internal Reorganization

In order to facilitate the proposed sale of Novatel Wireless, we completed an internal reorganization in November 2016 (the “Reorganization”). The first step of the Reorganization was the formation of Inseego (formerly known as Vanilla Technologies, Inc.) as a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Novatel Wireless. Inseego then formed Vanilla Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Inseego (“Merger Sub”). Merger Sub was formed solely for the purpose of effecting the Reorganization.

Novatel Wireless then contributed all of its assets and liabilities (other than the MiFi Business), including its equity interests in DigiCore, FW, Novatel Wireless Solutions, Inc., Enfora Comercio de Eletronicos LTDA and each of their direct and indirect subsidiaries, to Inseego.

Finally, Merger Sub was merged with and into Novatel Wireless, with Novatel Wireless surviving as a direct, wholly owned subsidiary of Inseego. Upon completion of the Reorganization, each share of Novatel Wireless common stock was automatically converted into a corresponding share of Inseego common stock, having the same rights and limitations as the corresponding share of Novatel Wireless common stock that was converted. Accordingly, at such time, Novatel Wireless’s former stockholders became stockholders of Inseego.

The purpose and effect of the Reorganization was to separate the MiFi Business from the assets and liabilities associated with the Ctrack fleet and vehicle telematics solutions and stolen vehicle recovery and FW telemetry and connectivity solutions businesses.

Business Segment Reporting

We do not provide separate segment reporting for our various lines of business. Our Chief Executive Officer, who is also our Chief Operating Decision Maker, evaluates the business as a single entity and reviews financial information and makes

business decisions based on the overall results of the business. As such, the Company’s operations constitute a single operating segment and one reportable segment.

Factors Which May Influence Future Results of Operations

Net Revenues. We believe that our future net revenues will be influenced by a number of factors including:


•	economic environment and related market conditions;


•	increased competition from other fleet and vehicle telematics solutions, as well as suppliers of emerging devices that contain wireless data access or device management feature;


•	acceptance of our products by new vertical markets;


•	growth in the aviation ground vertical;


•	rate of change to new products;


•	phase-out of earlier generation wireless technologies (such as 3G);


•	deployment of 5G infrastructure equipment;


•	adoption of 5G end point products;


•	competition in the area of 5G technology;


•	product pricing; and


•	changes in technologies.

Our revenues are also significantly dependent upon the availability of materials and components used in our hardware products.

We anticipate introducing additional products during the next twelve months, including SaaS telematics solutions and additional service offerings, industrial IoT hardware and services, and other mobile and fixed wireless devices targeting the emerging 5G market. We continue to develop and maintain strategic relationships with tier-one service providers and other wireless industry leaders such as Verizon Wireless, T-Mobile, Sprint, and Qualcomm. Through strategic relationships, we have been able to maintain market penetration by leveraging the resources of our channel partners, including their access to distribution resources, increased sales opportunities and market opportunities.

Cost of Net Revenues. Cost of net revenues includes all costs associated with our contract manufacturers, distribution, fulfillment and repair services, delivery of SaaS services, warranty costs, amortization of intangible assets, royalties, operations overhead, costs associated with cancellation of purchase orders, and costs related to outside services. Also included in cost of net revenues are costs related to inventory adjustments, including acquisition-related amortization of the fair value of inventory, as well as any write downs for excess and obsolete inventory and abandoned product lines. Inventory adjustments are impacted primarily by demand for our products, which is influenced by the factors discussed above.

Operating Costs and Expenses. Our operating costs consist of three primary categories: research and development; sales and marketing; and general and administrative costs.

Research and development is at the core of our ability to produce innovative, leading-edge products. These expenses consist primarily of engineers and technicians who design and test our highly complex products and the procurement of testing and certification services.

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of our sales force and product-marketing professionals. In order to maintain strong sales relationships, we provide co-marketing, trade show support and product training. We are also engaged in a wide variety of activities, such as awareness and lead generation programs as well as product marketing. Other marketing initiatives include public relations, seminars and co-branding with partners.

General and administrative expenses include primarily corporate functions such as accounting, human resources, legal, administrative support, and professional fees. This category also includes the expenses needed to operate as a publicly-traded company, including compliance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended, SEC filings, stock exchange fees, and investor relations expense. Although general and administrative expenses are not directly related to revenue levels, certain expenses such as legal expenses and provisions for bad debts may cause significant volatility in future general and administrative expenses.

We have undertaken certain restructuring activities and cost reduction initiatives in an effort to better align our organizational structure and costs with our strategy. Restructuring charges consist primarily of severance costs incurred in connection with the reduction of our workforce and facility exit related costs, as well as discontinued operations if any.

As part of our business strategy, we may review acquisition or divestiture opportunities that we believe would be advantageous or complementary to the development of our business. Given our current cash position and recent losses, any additional acquisitions we make would likely involve issuing stock in order to provide the purchase consideration for the acquisitions. If we make any additional acquisitions, we may incur substantial expenditures in conjunction with the acquisition process and the subsequent assimilation of any acquired business, products, technologies or personnel.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations expressed as a percentage of net revenues for the periods indicated.



	Year Ended December 31,
	2017		2016		2015

Net revenues:	(as a percent of net revenues)
Net revenues:	(as a percent of net revenues)
Hardware	73.4	%	76.9	%	92.0	%
SaaS, software and services	26.6		23.1		8.0
Total net revenues	100.0		100.0		100.0
Cost of net revenues:
Hardware	61.5		56.2		69.6
SaaS, software and services	8.0		7.7		3.7
Impairment of abandoned product line	(0.1	)	4.7		—
Total cost of net revenues	69.3		68.7		73.3
Gross profit	30.7		31.3		26.7
Operating costs and expenses:
Research and development	9.7		12.6		16.0
Sales and marketing	11.4		12.2		9.5
General and administrative	15.7		21.5		15.6
Amortization of purchased intangible assets	1.6		1.6		1.0
Impairment of purchased intangible assets	—		1.1		—
Restructuring charges, net of recoveries	2.3		0.8		1.7
Total operating costs and expenses	40.8		49.8		43.8
Operating loss	(10.1	)	(18.5	)	(17.1	)
Other income (expense):
Non-cash change in acquisition-related escrow	—		—		(3.8	)
Interest expense, net	(8.8	)	(6.4	)	(3.2	)
Other income (expense), net	(1.9	)	0.2		0.5
Loss before income taxes	(20.8	)	(24.7	)	(23.6	)
Income tax provision	0.1		0.2		0.1
Net loss	(20.9	)	(24.9	)	(23.7	)
Less: Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests	—		—		—
Net loss attributable to Inseego Corp.	(20.9	)%	(24.9	)%	(23.7	)%

Year Ended December 31, 2017 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2016

Net revenues. Net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $219.3 million, a decrease of $24.3 million, or 10.0%, compared to the same period in 2016.

The following table summarizes net revenues by our two product categories (dollars in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,				Change
Product Category	2017		2016		$			%
Hardware	$	160,986	$	187,375	$	(26,389	)	(14.1	)%
SaaS, software and services	58,311		56,180		2,131			3.8	%
Total	$	219,297	$	243,555	$	(24,258	)	(10.0	)%

Hardware. The decrease in hardware net revenues is primarily a result of the divestiture of the Modules Business in the second quarter of 2016 and the abandonment of certain legacy Enfora, Inc. (“Enfora”) product lines, as well as reduced sales related to the MiFi Business, partially offset by the hardware sales related to the increase in IoT sales.

SaaS, software and services. The increase in SaaS, software and services net revenues is primarily a result of our increased subscriber base as we continue to build a recurring revenue business.

Cost of net revenues. Cost of net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $152.0 million, or 69.3% of net revenues, compared to $167.2 million, or 68.7% of net revenues, for the same period in 2016.

The following table summarizes cost of net revenues by our two product categories (dollars in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,					Change
Product Category	2017			2016		$			%
Hardware	$	134,795		$	136,936	$	(2,141	)	(1.6	)%
SaaS, software and services	17,436			18,751		(1,315		)	(7.0	)%
Impairment of abandoned product line, net of recoveries	(269		)	11,540		(11,809		)	(102.3	)%
Total	$	151,962		$	167,227	$	(15,265	)	(9.1	)%

Hardware. The decrease in hardware cost of net revenues is primarily a result of reduced revenues, partially offset by increased costs per unit on new products released in 2017.

SaaS, software and services. The decrease in SaaS, software and services cost of net revenues is primarily a result of our cost containment initiatives and product mix.

Impairment of abandoned product line, net of recoveries. The impairment of abandoned product line includes the write down of the value of certain Enfora inventory related to product lines the Company decided to abandon during the year ended December 31, 2016, net of recoveries related to the subsequent sale of such abandoned products, as well as a legal settlement in 2017.

Gross profit. Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $67.3 million, or a gross margin of 30.7%, compared to $76.3 million, or a gross margin of 31.3%, for the same period in 2016. The decrease in gross profit and gross margin was primarily due to decreased gross margins related to the new MiFi products introduced in 2017 and the one-time sale of certain legacy MiFi products at cost in order to improve our liquidity in the third quarter of 2017.

Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $21.4 million, or 9.7% of net revenues, compared to $30.7 million, or 12.6% of net revenues, for the same period in 2016. The decrease was primarily a result of our cost containment initiatives, including reductions in our workforce over the past 24 months.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $25.0 million, or 11.4% of net revenues, compared to $29.8 million, or 12.2% of net revenues, for the same period in 2016. The decrease was primarily a result of our cost containment initiatives, including reductions in our workforce over the past 24 months.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2017 were $34.4 million, or 15.7% of net revenues, compared to $52.4 million, or 21.5% of net revenues, for the same period in 2016. The

decrease was primarily a result of our cost containment initiatives, including reductions in our workforce over the past 24 months.

Amortization of purchased intangible assets. The amortization of purchased intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $3.6 million and $3.9 million, respectively.

Impairment of purchased intangible assets. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded an impairment loss of $2.6 million primarily related to the developed technologies acquired through our acquisition of FW. We did not have an impairment of purchased intangible assets during the year ended December 31, 2017.

Restructuring charges, net of recoveries. Restructuring charges, net of recoveries, for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $5.2 million and $2.0 million, respectively, and primarily consisted of severance costs incurred in connection with the reduction of our workforce and facility exit related costs.

Interest expense, net. Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $19.3 million, as compared to $15.6 million for the same period in 2016. The increase in interest expense is primarily a result of the interest expense and amortization of the debt discount and debt issuance costs related to our Term Loan and Prior Credit Agreement, as discussed below, as well as the increase in the amortization of debt discount related to the increase in the fair value of the embedded conversion feature of the Inseego Notes.

Other income (expense), net. Other expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $4.1 million, as compared to other income, net, of $0.4 million for the same period in 2016. Other expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily consisted of a loss on extinguishment of debt related to the repayment of the Prior Credit Agreement and repurchase of certain of our Inseego Notes, as well as the termination of the Revolver (as defined below). Other income, net, for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily consisted of a gain recorded in connection with the sale of our Modules Business, partially offset by net foreign currency transaction losses, including unrealized foreign currency losses on outstanding intercompany loans that Ctrack has with certain of its subsidiaries, which are remeasured at each reporting period.

Income tax provision (benefit). Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $0.2 million as compared to $0.4 million for the same period in 2016.

The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2017 is different than the U.S. statutory rate primarily due to a valuation allowance recorded against additional tax assets generated during the year.

Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests. Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $0.1 million as compared to net income attributable to noncontrolling interests of $5,000 for the same period in 2016.

Year Ended December 31, 2016 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2015

Net revenues. Net revenues were approximately $243.6 million during 2016, an increase of approximately $22.6 million or 10.2% compared to 2015.

The following table summarizes net revenues by our two product categories during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 (dollars in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,				Change
Product Category	2016		2015		$			%
Hardware	$	187,375	$	203,281	$	(15,906	)	(7.8	)%
SaaS, software and services	56,180		17,661		38,519			218.1	%
Total	$	243,555	$	220,942	$	22,613		10.2	%

Hardware. The decrease in hardware net revenues is primarily a result of the divestiture of our Modules Business and our strategic focus on reducing the volume of our lower margin, standalone hardware sales, partially offset by the acquisition of Ctrack with its hardware net revenues.

SaaS, software and services. The increase in SaaS, software and services net revenues is primarily a result of our acquisition of Ctrack with its subscription-based solutions and our strategic focus on increasing our higher margin, SaaS, software and services revenues.

Cost of net revenues. Cost of net revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $167.2 million, or 68.7% of net revenues, as compared to approximately $162.0 million, or 73.3% of net revenues in 2015.

The following table summarizes cost of net revenues by our two product categories (dollars in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,				Change
Product Category	2016		2015		$			%
Hardware	$	136,936	$	153,815	$	(16,879	)	(11.0	)%
SaaS, software and services	18,751		8,174		10,577			129.4	%
Impairment of abandoned product line, net of recoveries	11,540		—		11,540			100.0	%
Total	$	167,227	$	161,989	$	5,238		3.2	%

Hardware. The decrease in hardware cost of net revenues is primarily a result of the divestiture of our Modules Business and our strategic focus on reducing the volume of our lower margin, standalone hardware sales, partially offset by the acquisition of Ctrack with its hardware cost of net revenues.

SaaS, software and services. The increase in SaaS, software and services cost of net revenues is primarily a result of our acquisition of Ctrack with its SaaS, software and services cost of net revenues and our strategic focus on increasing our higher margin, SaaS, software and services revenues.

Gross profit. Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately $76.3 million, or 31.3% of net revenues, as compared to approximately $59.0 million, or 26.7% of net revenues, in 2015. The increase in gross profit and gross margin was primarily due to the changes in net revenues and cost of net revenues as discussed above, as the Company sought to transition its revenue mix toward more highly profitable SaaS, software and services business.

Research and development expenses. Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 were approximately $30.7 million, or 12.6% of net revenues, compared to approximately $35.4 million, or 16.0% of net revenues, in 2015. The decrease was primarily a result of our cost containment activities in 2016, including reductions in our workforce, partially offset by our acquisition of Ctrack with its research and development expenses.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 were approximately $29.8 million, or 12.2% of net revenues, compared to approximately $20.9 million, or 9.5% of net revenues, in 2015. The increase was primarily a result of our acquisition of Ctrack with its sales and marketing expenses, partially offset by the release of certain marketing development fund liabilities.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2016 were approximately $52.4 million, or 21.5% of net revenues, compared to approximately $34.5 million, or 15.6% of net revenues, in 2015. The increase was primarily a result of the acquisitions of Ctrack and FW, including non-cash equity earn-out expense, as well as a legal settlement entered into during the year, partially offset by our cost containment initiatives and the lack of an all-employee retention bonus that was paid in 2015.

Amortization of purchased intangible assets. The amortization of purchased intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 was approximately $3.9 million and $2.1 million, respectively. Amortization of purchased intangible assets for the year ended December 31, 2015 includes the amortization of intangible assets purchased through the acquisitions of Ctrack and FW for the period following their applicable dates of acquisition through December 31, 2015.

Restructuring charges, net of recoveries. Restructuring charges, net of recoveries, for the year ended December 31, 2016 were approximately $2.0 million as compared to approximately $3.8 million for the same period in 2015. Restructuring charges predominantly consisted of severance costs incurred in connection with the reduction of our workforce and facility exit related costs.

Non-cash change in acquisition-related escrow. During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recorded a non-cash loss of $8.3 million related to an acquisition-related escrow account for the purchase of Ctrack due to the weakening of the South African Rand compared to the U.S. Dollar. We did not have an acquisition-related escrow account during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Interest expense, net. Interest expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $15.6 million as compared to $7.2 million for the same period in 2015. The increase in interest expense is primarily a result of the interest expense related to the Novatel Wireless Notes (as defined below) and includes the amortization of the debt discount and debt issuance costs.

Other income (expense), net. Other income, net, for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $0.4 million as compared to other income, net, of $1.1 million for the same period in 2015. Other income, net, for the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily related to a gain recorded in connection with the sale of our Modules Business, partially offset by net foreign currency transaction losses, including unrealized foreign currency losses on outstanding intercompany loans that Ctrack has with certain of its subsidiaries, which are remeasured at each reporting period. Other income, net, for the year ended December 31, 2015 primarily consisted of unrealized foreign currency gains on outstanding intercompany loans that Ctrack has with certain of its subsidiaries.

Income tax provision (benefit). Income tax provision was approximately $0.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, as compared to $0.2 million for the same period in 2015.

Net loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interests. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $5,000 as compared to net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests of $8,000 for the same period in 2015.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal sources of liquidity are our existing cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operations.

Financing Transactions

On September 3, 2014, we entered into a purchase agreement (the “Financing Purchase Agreement”) with HC2 Holdings 2, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Investor”), pursuant to which, on September 8, 2014, we sold to the Investor (i) 7,363,334 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, (ii) a warrant to purchase 4,117,647 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $2.26 per share (the “2014 Warrant”) and (iii) 87,196 shares of our Series C Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Series C Preferred Stock”), all at a purchase price of (a) $1.75 per share of common stock plus, in each case, the related 2014 Warrant and (b) $17.50 per share of Series C Preferred Stock, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $14.4 million. On November 17, 2014, each share of Series C Preferred Stock then outstanding automatically converted into ten shares of common stock.

On March 26, 2015, the Investor exercised a portion of the 2014 Warrant to purchase 3,824,600 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $2.26 per share for total proceeds of $8.6 million.

On March 26, 2015, in order to induce the Investor to exercise the 2014 Warrant for cash in connection with the acquisition of FW, we issued to the Investor a new warrant to purchase 1,593,583 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $5.50 per share.

As of December 31, 2017, 293,047 shares remain outstanding under the 2014 Warrant.

Previous Credit Agreements

On October 31, 2014, we entered into a five-year senior secured revolving credit facility in the amount of $25.0 million (the “Revolver”) with Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as lender. On November 17, 2015, the Revolver was amended to increase the maximum borrowing capacity to $48.0 million. On March 20, 2017, at our request, the financial covenants with respect to liquidity requirements and EBITDA targets, among other things, were amended in order to enable draw-downs by the Company from time to time. In exchange for such accommodations, the aggregate amount available under the Revolver was decreased from $48.0 million to $10.0 million.

We terminated the Revolver on May 8, 2017, in connection with the execution of a Credit Agreement with Lakestar Semi Inc., a private investment fund managed by Soros Fund Management LLC, dated as of May 8, 2017 (the “Prior Credit Agreement”). The Prior Credit Agreement provided for a $20.0 million secured term loan with a maturity date of May 8, 2018.

On August 23, 2017, upon entering into the Credit Agreement described below, we used a portion of the proceeds of the new Term Loan (as defined below) to repay all outstanding amounts under and terminate the Prior Credit Agreement. In connection with the termination of the Prior Credit Agreement, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $1.7 million, which is included in other income (expense), net, in the consolidated statements of operations. There was no early termination fee paid in connection with the termination of the Prior Credit Agreement.

Term Loan

On August 23, 2017, we entered into the Credit Agreement with certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries, as Guarantors, Cantor Fitzgerald Securities, as Agent, and certain funds managed by Highbridge Capital Management, LLC, as Lenders. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, the Lenders provided us with a term loan in the principal amount of $48.0 million (the “Term Loan”) with a maturity date of August 23, 2020 (the “Maturity Date”). In conjunction with the closing of the Term Loan, we received proceeds of $46.9 million, $35.0 million of which was funded to us in cash on the closing date, net of approximately $1.1 million related to an original issue discount and commitment fee, and the remaining $11.9 million of which was funded through our repurchase and cancellation of approximately $14.9 million of our outstanding Inseego Notes pursuant to the terms of the Note Purchase Agreement (as defined below). Additionally, in conjunction with the closing of the Term Loan, we issued 2,000,000 shares of our common stock to the Lenders with a market value of approximately $2.3 million, accrued an exit fee of approximately $0.6 million, and paid issuance costs of approximately $0.5 million.

The Term Loan is secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Guarantors, including equity interests in certain of our direct and indirect subsidiaries, in each case subject to certain customary exceptions and permitted liens. The Credit Agreement includes customary representations and warranties, a material adverse change clause, as well as customary reporting and financial covenants.

The Term Loan bears interest at a rate per annum equal to the three-month LIBOR, but in no event less than 1.00%, plus 7.625%. Interest on the Term Loan is payable on the last business day of each calendar month and on the Maturity Date. Principal on the Term Loan is payable on the Maturity Date.

Convertible Senior Notes

On June 10, 2015, Novatel Wireless issued $120.0 million of 5.50% convertible senior notes due 2020 (the “Novatel Wireless Notes”) which are governed by the terms of an indenture, dated June 10, 2015, between Novatel Wireless, as issuer, Inseego and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee, as amended by certain supplemental indentures. The Novatel Wireless Notes are senior unsecured obligations of Novatel Wireless and bear interest at a rate of 5.50% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on December 15, 2015. The Novatel Wireless Notes will mature on June 15, 2020, unless earlier repurchased or converted. The Novatel Wireless Notes will be convertible into cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination thereof, at our election, at an initial conversion price of $5.00 per share of our common stock. As of December 31, 2017, $250,000 aggregate principal amount of the Novatel Wireless Notes remained outstanding. The remainder of the Novatel Wireless Notes were exchanged for the Inseego Notes.

On January 9, 2017, in connection with the settlement of an exchange offer and consent solicitation with respect to the Novatel Wireless Notes, the Company issued $119.8 million aggregate principal amount of the 5.50% senior convertible notes due 2022 (the “Inseego Notes” and collectively with the Novatel Wireless Notes, the “Convertible Notes”). The Inseego Notes were issued in exchange for the $119.8 million aggregate principal amount of outstanding Novatel Wireless Notes that were validly tendered and accepted for exchange and subsequently canceled. The Inseego Notes are governed by the terms of an indenture, dated January 9, 2017 (the “Inseego Indenture”), between the Company, as issuer, and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as trustee. The Inseego Notes are senior unsecured obligations of the Company and bear interest at a rate of 5.50% per year, payable semi-annually in arrears on June 15 and December 15 of each year, beginning on June 15, 2017. The Inseego Notes permit the Company to have a senior credit facility up to a maximum amount of $48.0 million.

The Inseego Notes are subject to repurchase by the Company at the option of the holders on June 15, 2020 (the “Optional Repurchase Date”) at a repurchase price in cash equal to 100% of the principal amount of the Inseego Notes to be repurchased, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but excluding, the Optional Repurchase Date, subject to the right of holders of the Inseego Notes on a record date to receive interest through the corresponding interest payment date.

The exchange of the Novatel Wireless Notes for the Inseego Notes was treated as a debt modification in accordance with applicable Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) guidance and the Company recognized $3.6 million as an additional component of debt discount and additional paid-in capital attributed to the increase in the fair value of the embedded conversion feature of the Inseego Notes before and after modification.

The Inseego Notes will mature on June 15, 2022, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The Inseego Notes will be convertible into cash, shares of our common stock, or a combination thereof, at our election, at an initial conversion price of $4.70 per share of our common stock.

On August 23, 2017, in connection with the Credit Agreement described above, we entered into a Note Purchase Agreement (the “Note Purchase Agreement”) with the Lenders pursuant to which we repurchased approximately $14.9 million of outstanding Inseego Notes from such Lenders in exchange for $11.9 million deemed to have been loaned to us pursuant to

the Credit Agreement and the accrued and unpaid interest on such notes. In connection with the repurchase of such notes, we recognized a loss on extinguishment of debt of approximately $0.3 million, which is included in other income (expense), net, in the consolidated statements of operations.

As of the filing date of this report, the following aggregate principal amounts remain outstanding (in thousands):



Inseego Notes	$	104,875
Novatel Wireless Notes	250
Total	$	105,125

Rights Agreement

On January 22, 2018, the Company entered into the Rights Agreement and issued a Right to each of the stockholders of record of each share of the Company’s common stock outstanding on February 2, 2018. Each Right entitles the registered holder, under certain circumstances, to purchase from the Company one one-thousandth of a share of Series D Preferred Stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “Preferred Shares”), of the Company, at a price of $10.00 per one one-thousandth of a Preferred Share represented by a Right (the “Purchase Price”), subject to adjustment. The description and terms of the Rights are set forth in the Rights Agreement.

The Rights are not exercisable until the Distribution Date (as defined in the Rights Agreement). The Rights will expire on the earlier of (i) the close of business on January 22, 2021, (ii) the time at which the Rights are redeemed, (iii) the time at which the Rights are exchanged and (iv) if the Rights Agreement has not been approved or ratified by the stockholders prior to the conclusion of the Company’s 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, the close of business on such date.

Until a Right is exercised, the holder thereof, as such, will have no rights as a stockholder of the Company, including, without limitation, the right to vote or to receive dividends.

DigiCore Mortgage Bond

DigiCore has a mortgage bond with Absa Bank Limited in South Africa (“Absa”) that is secured by certain property of DigiCore. The mortgage bond has a ten-year term, expiring in December 2018, and bears interest at the South Africa prime rate minus 1.75% (8.50% at December 31, 2017). At December 31, 2017, $0.3 million remained outstanding under the mortgage bond.

DigiCore Secured Banking Facility

DigiCore has a secured banking facility with Absa, which had a maximum borrowing capacity of $1.9 million at December 31, 2017. The facility bears interest at the South Africa prime interest rate less 0.10% (10.15% at December 31, 2017) and is subject to renewal annually in April. At December 31, 2017, $1.9 million remained outstanding under this facility.

DigiCore Secured Overdraft Facility

DigiCore has a secured overdraft facility with Grindrod Bank in South Africa, which had a maximum borrowing capacity of $1.2 million at December 31, 2017. The facility bears interest at the South Africa prime interest rate plus 1.00% (11.25% at December 31, 2017), requires monthly interest and, in certain instances, minimum principal payments. The facility is subject to renewal annually in September. At December 31, 2017, $1.1 million remained outstanding under this facility.

RER Amendment

Pursuant to the Amended RER Merger Agreement with respect to our acquisition of FW, we agreed to pay a total of $15.0 million in deferred purchase price in five cash installments over a four-year period, beginning in March 2016. We also agreed to pay a total of approximately $6.1 million in cash over a four-year period, beginning in March 2016, of which approximately $4.6 million remains unpaid, related to the Earn-Out Arrangement of the Amended RER Merger Agreement (see Note 2, Acquisitions and Divestitures). As of the filing date of this report, the March 2017 and March 2018 cash installments of $5.3 million each have not been paid and the Company is disputing its obligation to make such payments and any future payments (see Note 12, Commitments and Contingencies).

Historical Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our consolidated statements of cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2017			2016
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(14,637	)	$	(6,579	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(4,375		)	5,035
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	30,366			(1,291		)
Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents	(50		)	159
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	11,304			(2,676		)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	9,894			12,570
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	21,198		$	9,894

Operating activities. Net cash used in operating activities was $14.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2017 compared to $6.6 million for the same period in 2016. Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily attributable to the net losses incurred during the period, partially offset by non-cash charges for depreciation and amortization, including the amortization of debt discount and debt issuance costs, loss on extinguishment of debt and share-based compensation expense. Net cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily attributable to the net losses incurred during the period, partially offset by non-cash charges related to the acquisitions of Ctrack and FW, depreciation and amortization, including that of the debt discount and debt issuance costs, the impairment of certain product lines the Company decided to abandon and certain purchased intangible assets, the reversal of certain market development fund accruals and share-based compensation expense.

Investing activities. Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $4.4 million compared to $5.0 million provided by investing activities for the same period in 2016. Cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily attributable to the purchases of property, plant and equipment and the capitalization of certain costs related to the research and development of software to be sold in our solutions. Cash provided by investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily attributable to proceeds from the sale of our Modules Business, partially offset by payments made pursuant to the Amended RER Merger Agreement and the capitalization of certain costs related to the research and development of software to be sold in our solutions.

Financing activities. Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017 was $30.4 million, compared to net cash used in financing activities of $1.3 million for the same period in 2016. Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily attributable to the net proceeds from the Term Loan, partially offset by the repurchase of certain Inseego Notes and payment of issuance costs related to the Term Loan and Prior Credit Agreement. Net cash used in financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2016 was primarily attributable to net repayments of DigiCore bank facilities and capital lease obligations, partially offset by proceeds from stock option exercises and purchases under the employee stock purchase plan.

Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commercial commitments at December 31, 2017, and the effect such obligations could have on our liquidity and cash flow in future periods (in thousands):



	Payments Due by Period
	Total		< 1 Year		1 - 3 Years		4 - 5 Years		> 5 Years
Convertible Notes⁽¹⁾	$	131,116	$	5,782	$	11,807	$	113,527	$	—
Term Loan⁽²⁾	59,650		4,155		55,495		—		—
DigiCore mortgage bond⁽³⁾	338		338		—		—		—
DigiCore bank facilities⁽³⁾	3,075		3,075		—		—		—
Amended RER Merger Agreement	15,823		10,549		5,274		—		—
Capital lease obligations⁽³⁾	1,412		782		630		—		—
Operating lease obligations⁽³⁾	6,663		2,874		3,168		601		20
Total	$	218,077	$	27,555	$	76,374	$	114,128	$	20


⁽¹⁾	Represents the outstanding borrowings and contractually required interest payments to Convertible Notes holders at December 31, 2017, assuming no repurchases or conversions of the Novatel Wireless Notes prior to June 15, 2020, the maturity date, or the Inseego Notes prior to June 15, 2022, the maturity date.


⁽²⁾	Represents the outstanding borrowings and contractually required interest payments and exit fee at December 31, 2017, assuming applicable interest rates at December 31, 2017.


⁽³⁾	Assumes applicable foreign currency exchange rates at December 31, 2017 remain unchanged.

Other Liquidity Needs

As of December 31, 2017, we had available cash and cash equivalents totaling $21.2 million and working capital of $6.5 million.

The restructuring announced in June 2017 is aimed at significantly reducing our cost of revenues and operating expenses in an effort to increase operating cash flows to eventually be sufficient to offset debt service costs and cash flows from investing activities. Our ability to transition to more profitable operations and generating positive cash flow is dependent upon achieving a level of revenue adequate to support our evolving cost structure. If events or circumstances occur such that we do not meet our operating plan as expected, we may be required to reduce planned research and development activities, incur additional restructuring charges or reduce other operating expenses which could have an adverse impact on our ability to achieve our intended business objectives. We believe that our cash and cash equivalents, together with anticipated cash flows from operations, will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs for the next twelve months following the filing date of this report.

Our liquidity could be impaired if there is any interruption in our business operations, a material failure to satisfy our contractual commitments or a failure to generate revenue from new or existing products.

We may decide to raise additional funds to accelerate development of new and existing services and products, to respond to competitive pressures or to acquire complementary products, businesses or technologies. There can be no assurance that any required or desired additional financing will be available on terms favorable to us, or at all. In addition, in order to obtain additional borrowings, we must comply with certain requirements under the Credit Agreement. If additional funds are raised by the issuance of equity securities, our stockholders could experience dilution of their ownership interests and securities issued may have rights senior to those of the holders of our common stock. If additional funds are raised by the issuance of debt securities, we may be subject to certain limitations on our operations.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Revenue Recognition. We generate revenues from the sale of wireless modems to wireless operators, OEM customers and value added resellers and distributors. In addition, we generate revenue from the sale of asset-management solutions utilizing wireless technology and machine-to-machine communication devices to transportation and industrial companies, medical device manufacturers and security system providers. Revenue from product sales is generally recognized upon the later of transfer of title or delivery of the product to the customer. Where the transfer of title or risk of loss is contingent on the customer’s acceptance of the product, we will not recognize revenue until both title and risk of loss have transferred to the customer. We recognize revenues from SaaS services pro-rata over the contract term. We record deferred revenue for cash payments received from customers in advance of when revenue recognition criteria are met. We have granted price protection to certain customers in accordance with the provisions of the respective contracts and track pricing and other terms offered to customers buying similar products to assess compliance with these provisions. We estimate the amount of price protection for current period product sales utilizing historical experience and information regarding customer inventory levels. To date, we have not incurred material price protection obligations. Revenues from sales to certain customers are subject to cooperative advertising allowances. Cooperative advertising allowances are recorded as an operating expense to the extent that the advertising benefit is separable from the revenue transaction and the fair value of that advertising benefit is determinable. To the extent that such allowances either do not provide a separable benefit to us, or the fair value of the advertising benefit cannot be reliably estimated, such amounts are recorded as a reduction of revenue. We establish reserves for estimated product returns allowances in the period in which revenue is recognized. In estimating future product returns, we consider various factors, including our stated return policies and practices and historical trends.

We record our hardware revenue associated with the agreed upon price on hardware sales, and accrue any estimated costs of post-delivery performance obligations, such as warranty obligations. We consider the four basic revenue recognition criteria discussed under Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 104 when assessing appropriate revenue recognition as follows:

Criterion #1 — Persuasive evidence of an arrangement must exist;

Criterion #2 — Delivery has occurred;

Criterion #3 — Our price to the buyer must be fixed or determinable; and,

Criterion #4 — Collectability is reasonably assured.

For multiple element arrangements, total consideration received from customers is allocated to the elements. This may include hardware, non-essential software elements and/or essential software, based on a relative selling price. The accounting guidance establishes a hierarchy to determine the selling price to be used for allocating revenue to deliverables as follows: (i) vendors specific objective evidence (“VSOE”), (ii) third party evidence (“TPE”), and (iii) best estimate of selling price (“BESP”). Because we have neither VSOE nor TPE, revenue has been based on our BESP. Amounts allocated to the delivered hardware and the related essential software are recognized at the time of the sale provided all other revenue recognition criteria have been met. Amounts allocated to other deliverables based upon BESP are recognized in the period the revenue recognition criteria have been met.

Our process for determining BESP for deliverables without VSOE or TPE considers multiple factors that may vary depending upon the unique facts and circumstances related to each deliverable. Our prices are determined based upon cost to produce our products, expected order quantities and acceptance in the marketplace. In addition, when developing BESPs for products, we may consider other factors as appropriate, including the pricing of competitive alternatives (if they exist) and product-specific business objectives.

We account for multiple element arrangements that primarily consist of software licenses and post contract support (“PCS”) by recognizing revenue for such arrangements ratably over the term of the PCS as we have not established VSOE for the PCS element.

We provide SaaS subscriptions for our fleet and vehicle management solutions in which customers are provided with the ability to wirelessly communicate with monitoring devices installed in vehicles and other mobile assets via software applications hosted by us. The customer has the option to purchase the monitoring device or lease it over the term of the contract. If the customer purchases the monitoring device, we recognize the revenue at the time of purchase. If the customer chooses to lease the monitoring device, we recognize the revenue for the monitoring device over the term of the contract. The Company records such revenue in accordance with the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 840, Leases, as we have determined that they qualify as operating leases. We recognize revenues from SaaS services over the term of the contract.

Certain of our revenue is based on contractual arrangements. In such instances, management considers the nature of the Company’s contractual arrangements in determining whether to recognize certain types of revenue on the basis of the gross amount billed or net amount retained after payments are made to providers of certain services related to the product or service offering. The main factors we use to determine whether to record revenue on a gross or net basis are whether:


•	we are primarily responsible for the service to the customer;


•	we have discretion in establishing fees paid by the customer; and


•	we are involved in the determination of product or service specifications.

When the customer’s fee includes a portion of charges that are paid to another party and we are primarily responsible for providing the service to the customer, revenue is recognized on a gross basis in an amount equal to the fee paid by the customer. The cost of revenues recognized is the amount due to the other party and is recorded as cost of revenues in the consolidated statements of operations. In instances in which another party is primarily responsible for providing the service to the customer, revenue is recognized in the net amount retained by the Company. The portion of the fees that we collect from the customer and remit to the other party are considered pass through amounts and accordingly are not a component of net revenues or cost of net revenues.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable. We provide an allowance for our accounts receivable for estimated losses that may result from our customers’ inability to pay. We determine the amount of the allowance by analyzing known uncollectible accounts, aged receivables, economic conditions, historical losses, and changes in customer payment cycles and our customers’ credit-worthiness. Amounts later determined and specifically identified to be uncollectible are charged or written off against this allowance. To minimize the likelihood of uncollectibility, we review our customers’ credit-worthiness periodically based on credit scores generated by independent credit reporting services, our experience with our customers and the economic condition of our customers’ industries. Material differences may result in the amount and timing of expense for any period if we were to make different judgments or utilize different estimates. If the financial condition of our customers deteriorates resulting in an impairment of their ability to make payments, additional allowances may be required.

Provision for Excess and Obsolete Inventory. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. We review the components of our inventory and our inventory purchase commitments on a regular basis for excess and obsolete inventory based on estimated future usage and sales. Write-downs in inventory value or losses on inventory purchase commitments depend on various items, including factors related to customer demand, economic and competitive conditions, technological advances or new product introductions by us or our customers that vary from our current expectations. Whenever inventory is written down, a new cost basis is established and the inventory is not subsequently written up if market conditions improve.

We believe that, when made, the estimates we use in calculating the inventory provision are reasonable and properly reflect the risk of excess and obsolete inventory. If customer demand for our inventory is substantially less than our estimates, inventory write-downs may be required, which could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.

Acquisitions. When acquiring companies, we recognize separately from goodwill the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred and the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. While we use our best estimates and assumptions as a part of the purchase price allocation process to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the values of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Accounting for business combinations requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially at the acquisition date with respect to intangible assets, support liabilities assumed, and pre-acquisition contingencies. Although we believe the assumptions and estimates we have made in the past have been reasonable and appropriate, they are based in part on historical experience, market data and information obtained from the management of the acquired companies and are inherently uncertain.

Examples of critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets the Company has acquired include but are not limited to: (i) future expected cash flows from customer relationships; (ii) estimates to develop or use technology; and (iii) discount rates.

If management determines that a pre-acquisition contingency is probable in nature and estimable as of the acquisition date, we record our best estimate for such a contingency as a part of the preliminary fair value allocation. We continue to gather information for and evaluate pre-acquisition contingencies throughout the measurement period and if we make changes to the amounts recorded or if we identify additional pre-acquisition contingencies during the measurement period, such amounts will be included in the fair value allocation during the measurement period and, subsequently, in our results of operations.

We may be required to pay future consideration to the former shareholders of acquired companies, depending on the terms of the applicable purchase agreements, which may be contingent upon the achievement of certain financial and operating targets, as well as the retention of key employees. If the future consideration is considered to be compensation, amounts will be expensed when incurred.

Purchased Intangible Assets. In determining the fair value allocation for our acquisitions, we considered, among other factors, our intended uses of the acquired assets and the historical and estimated future demand for the acquired company’s products and services. The estimated fair value of intangible assets was determined using the income approach. The income approach relies on an estimation of the present value of the future monetary benefits expected to flow to the owner of an asset during its remaining economic life. This approach requires a projection of the cash flow that the asset is expected to generate in the future. The projected cash flow is discounted to its present value using a rate of return, or discount rate that accounts for the time value of money and the degree of risks inherent in the asset. The expected future cash flow that is projected should include all of the economic benefits attributable to the asset, including the tax savings associated with the amortization of the intangible asset value over the tax life of the asset. The income approach may take the form of a “relief from royalty” methodology, a cost savings methodology, a “with and without” methodology, or excess earnings methodology, depending on the specific asset under consideration.

Long-Lived Assets. We periodically evaluate the carrying value of the unamortized balances of our long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, rental assets and intangible assets, which requires us to make assumptions and judgments regarding the carrying value of these assets. We consider assets to be impaired if the carrying value may not be recoverable based upon our assessment of the following events or changes in circumstances: the asset’s ability to continue to generate income from operations and positive cash flow in future periods; loss of legal ownership or title to the asset; significant changes in our strategic business objectives and utilization of the asset; or significant negative industry or economic trends.

Our assessment includes comparing the carrying amounts of long-lived assets to their associated undiscounted expected future cash flows, which are determined using an expected cash flow model. This model requires estimates of our future revenues, profits, capital expenditures, working capital and other relevant factors. We estimate these amounts by evaluating our historical trends, current budgets, operating plans and other industry data. If the assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment charge recognized is the amount by which the asset’s carrying value exceeds its estimated fair value.

The timing and frequency of our impairment test is based on an ongoing assessment of triggering events that could reduce the fair value of our long-lived assets below their carrying value. We monitor our long-lived asset balances and conduct formal tests on at least an annual basis or earlier when impairment indicators are present. We believe that the assumptions and estimates we used to value long-lived assets were appropriate based on the information available to management. The majority of our long-lived assets are being amortized or depreciated over approximately two to ten years. As most of these assets are associated with technology or trade conditions that may change rapidly; such changes could have an immediate impact on our impairment analysis.

Valuation of Goodwill. Our goodwill resulted from our acquisitions of FW and Ctrack during 2015. In accordance with the ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, we will review goodwill for impairment at least annually, typically at the beginning of the fourth quarter of each year, and more frequently if events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate a potential reduction in the fair value of the reporting unit to which the goodwill has been assigned below its carrying value.

Convertible Debt. We account for convertible debt instruments that are settleable in cash upon conversion (including partial cash settlement) by separating the liability and equity components of the instruments in a manner that reflects our nonconvertible debt borrowing rate. We determine the carrying amount of the liability component by measuring the fair value of similar debt instruments that do not have the conversion feature. If a similar debt instrument does not exist, we estimate the fair value by using assumptions that market participants would use in pricing a debt instrument, including market interest rates, credit standing, yield curves and volatilities. Determining the fair value of the debt component requires the use of accounting estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions are judgmental in nature and could have a significant impact on the determination of the debt component and the associated non-cash interest expense.

Upon issuance, we assign a value to the debt component equal to the estimated fair value of similar debt instruments without the conversion feature, which could result in our recording the debt instrument at a discount. If the debt instrument is recorded at a discount, we amortize the debt discount over the life of the debt instrument as additional non-cash interest expense utilizing the effective interest method.

Provision for Warranty Costs. We accrue warranty costs based on estimates of future warranty related replacement, repairs or rework of products. Our warranty policy generally provides between one and three years of coverage for products following the date of purchase. Our policy is to accrue the estimated cost of warranty coverage as a component of cost of revenue in the consolidated statements of operations at the time revenue is recognized. In estimating our future warranty obligations we consider various relevant factors, including the historical frequency and volume of claims, and the cost to replace or repair products under warranty. The warranty provision for our products is determined by using a financial model to estimate future warranty costs. Our financial model takes into consideration actual product failure rates; estimated replacement over the contractual warranty period, repair or rework expenses; and potential risks associated with our different products. The risk levels, warranty cost information, and failure rates used within this model are reviewed throughout the year and updated, if and when, these inputs change.

We actively engage in product improvement programs and processes to limit our warranty costs, but our warranty obligation is affected by the complexity of our product, product failure rates and costs incurred to correct those product failures. The industry in which we operate is subject to rapid technological change, and as a result, we periodically introduce newer, more complex products. Depending on the quality of our product design and manufacturing, actual product failure rates or actual warranty costs could be materially greater than our estimates, which could harm our financial condition and results of operations.

Litigation. We are currently involved in certain legal proceedings. We will record a loss when we determine information available prior to the issuance of the financial statements indicates the loss is both probable and estimable. Where a liability is probable and there is a range of estimated loss with no best estimate in the range, we record the minimum estimated liability related to the claim. As additional information becomes available, we assess the potential liability related to our pending litigation and revise our estimates, if necessary. Our policy is to expense litigation costs as incurred.

Share-based Compensation. We have stock incentive plans under which stock options and restricted stock units have been granted to employees and non-employee members of our Board of Directors. We also have an employee stock purchase plan for all eligible employees. Share-based payments to employees, including grants of stock options, restricted stock units and stock purchase rights, are recognized in the financial statements based upon their respective grant date fair values.

We estimate the fair value of stock option awards and stock purchase rights on the date of grant using an option-pricing model. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is principally recognized as expense ratably over the requisite service periods. We have estimated the fair value of stock options and stock purchase rights as of the date of grant or assumption using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which was developed for use in estimating the value of traded options that have no vesting restrictions and that are freely transferable. The Black-Scholes model considers, among other factors, the expected life of the award and the expected volatility of our stock price. We evaluate the assumptions used to value stock options and stock purchase rights on a quarterly basis. Although the Black-Scholes model is an acceptable model, the fair values generated by the model may not be indicative of the actual fair values of our equity awards, as it does not consider other factors important to those awards to employees, such as continued employment, periodic vesting requirements and limited transferability.

Compensation cost associated with grants of restricted stock units are measured at fair value, which has historically been the closing price of our stock on the date of the grant.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk, primarily through our borrowing activities under the Credit Agreement discussed under “Liquidity and Capital Resources” above. We may manage exposure to this risk through our operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative financial instruments. Derivative financial instruments are viewed as risk management tools and are not used for speculation or for trading purposes. Our Term Loan under the Credit Agreement is variable-rate debt bearing interest at a rate equal to the three-month LIBOR, but in no event less than 1.00%, plus 7.625%.

Based on our current outstanding balance, if interest rates were to increase or decrease by 1%, the corresponding increase or decrease, as applicable, in interest expense on our variable-rate debt would increase or decrease, as applicable, future earnings and cash flows by approximately $0.5 million per year.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Foreign currency transaction exposure results primarily from intercompany transactions and transactions with customers or vendors denominated in currencies other than the functional currency of the legal entity in which the transaction is recorded by us. Assets and liabilities arising from such transactions are translated into the legal entity’s functional currency using the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date. Any gain or loss resulting from currency fluctuations is recorded as other income (expense) in our consolidated statements of operations, except for the non-cash change in acquisition-related escrow which is shown as a separate line item in our consolidated statements of operations. Net foreign currency transaction gains of approximately $0.2 million were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2017.

For the year ended December 31, 2017, approximately 28.1% of our revenues and approximately 46.9% of our operating expenses were generated by subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. Dollar and therefore are subject to foreign currency translation exposure. These foreign functional currencies primarily consist of the South African Rand, Great British Pound, Euro, Australian Dollar and Chinese Yuan (collectively, the “Foreign Functional Currencies”). A 10% change in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to the Foreign Functional Currencies during 2017 would have changed our revenue by approximately $6.2 million and our operating expenses by approximately $4.2 million. A 10% change in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to any of the other currencies in which we receive revenues or incur operating expenses would not have had a material impact on our foreign currency transaction gains or losses.

Foreign currency translation exposure results from the translation of the financial statements of our subsidiaries whose functional currency is not the U.S. Dollar into U.S. Dollars for consolidated reporting purposes. The balance sheets of these subsidiaries are translated into U.S. Dollars using period end exchange rates and their income statements are translated into U.S. Dollars using the average exchange rate over the period. Resulting currency translation adjustments are recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in our consolidated balance sheets. Net foreign currency translation gains of $6.0 million were recorded for the year ended December 31, 2017.

As of December 31, 2017, approximately 58.8% of our assets and approximately 9.1% of our liabilities were subject to foreign currency translation exposure. A 10% change in the value of the U.S. Dollar relative to the Foreign Functional Currencies or any of the other currencies in which our assets or liabilities are denominated would not have had a material impact on our net foreign currency translation gain or loss.

The Company continuously monitors opportunities to reduce potential monetary risks that may arise from our foreign operations.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Our consolidated financial statements and the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm appears in Part IV of this report.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports to the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

As required by SEC rules, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2017, the end of the period covered by this report. Based on the foregoing, our principal executive officer and principal financial and accounting officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2017.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of the financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that internal controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or because the degree of compliance with policies and procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework set forth in by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) (2013 framework) in Internal Control—Integrated Framework. Based on our evaluation under the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2017.

Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C., the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has also audited our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017, as stated in their report which is included herein.

Remediation of Previously Identified Material Weakness

As disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016, we previously identified a material weakness in our internal controls specifically from a lack of sufficient resources in key accounting and financial reporting roles within the organization necessary to prepare financial statements in time to meet regulatory filing requirements. This lack of sufficient resources was the result of a significant number of unusual and one-time challenges to the Company’s personnel and financial reporting processes, including, but not limited to, implementing the Reorganization, preparing for the anticipated divestiture of the MiFi Business and closure of the Company’s accounting function in Eugene, Oregon.

Beginning in the second quarter of 2017, we initiated an active program to: (a) hire additional employees and upgrade certain accounting positions to provide further support to our finance and accounting team; (b) provide additional functional and system training to employees; (c) document and formalize our accounting policies and internal control processes and to help strengthen supervisory reviews by our management; and (d) design and implement monthly manual controls to manage our financial reporting close processes and to help ensure timely preparation of financial statements. We believe that the additional resources provided from this program have remediated the previous material weakness that was caused by a lack of sufficient resources.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

An evaluation was also performed under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial and accounting officer, of any change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal quarter and that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Except as set forth above, the evaluation did not identify any change in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our latest fiscal quarter and that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

PART III

Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.

The information required by Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 is incorporated by reference from the Company’s definitive proxy statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which the Company intends to file with the SEC within 120 days of the end of the fiscal year end to which this report relates.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules


(a)(1)	The Company’s consolidated financial statements and report of the Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C., Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, are included in Section IV of this report beginning on page F-1.


(a)(2)	The following financial statement schedules for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015 should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements, and related notes thereto.



Schedule	Page
Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts	F-45

Schedules not listed above have been omitted because they are not applicable or are not required or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the consolidated financial statements or related notes thereto.


(b)	Exhibits

The following Exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into this report:



Exhibit No.		Description

2.1		Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated March 27, 2015, by and among Novatel Wireless, Inc., Duck Acquisition, Inc., R.E.R. Enterprises, Inc., the stockholders of R.E.R. Enterprises, Inc. and Ethan Ralston, as the representative of the stockholders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 1, 2015).

2.2		Amendment No. 1 to Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated January 5, 2016, by and among Novatel Wireless, Inc., Duck Acquisition, Inc., R.E.R. Enterprises, Inc., certain stockholders of R.E.R. Enterprises, Inc. and Ethan Ralston, as the representative of the R.E.R. stockholders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 11, 2016).

2.3		Transaction Implementation Agreement, by and between Novatel Wireless, Inc. and DigiCore Holdings Limited, dated June 18, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on June 24, 2015).

2.4		Asset Purchase Agreement, dated April 11, 2016, by and among Novatel Wireless, Inc. and Telit Technologies (Cyprus) Limited and Telit Wireless Solutions, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2016, filed on May 10, 2016).

2.5		Final Resolution Letter Agreement, dated September 29, 2016, by and among Novatel Wireless, Inc. and Telit Technologies (Cyprus) Limited and Telit Wireless Solutions, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.5 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2016, filed on November 7, 2016).

2.6		Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 21, 2016, among Vanilla Technologies, Inc., Novatel Wireless, Inc., T.C.L. Industries Holdings (H.K.) Limited and Jade Ocean Global Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 2.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed September 22, 2016).

3.1		Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed November 9, 2016).

3.2		Amended and Restated Bylaws of Inseego Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed November 9, 2016).

3.3		Certificate of Designation of Series D Junior Participating Preferred Stock of Inseego Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 22, 2018).

4.1		Form of Inseego Corp. Common Stock Certificate (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K filed November 9, 2016).



Exhibit No.		Description
4.2		Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated September 8, 2014, by and between Novatel Wireless, Inc. and HC2 Holdings 2, Inc. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed September 8, 2014).

4.3		Warrant to Purchase Common Stock issued to HC2 Holdings 2, Inc., dated September 8, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed September 8, 2014).

4.4		Warrant to Purchase Common Stock issued to HC2 Holdings 2, Inc. on March 26, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed April 1, 2015).

4.5		Indenture, dated January 9, 2017, between Inseego Corp. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 10, 2017).

4.6		Form of Inseego Corp.’s 5.50% Convertible Senior Note due 2022 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 10, 2017).

4.7		Indenture, dated June 10, 2015, between Novatel Wireless, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 10, 2015).

4.8		First Supplemental Indenture, dated November 8, 2016, among Novatel Wireless, Inc., Inseego Corp. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed November 9, 2016).

4.9		Second Supplemental Indenture, dated January 6, 2017, between Novatel Wireless, Inc. and Wilmington Trust, National Association, as Trustee (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 10, 2017).

4.10		Form of Novatel Wireless, Inc.’s 5.50% Convertible Senior Note due 2020 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 10, 2015).

4.11		Rights Agreement, dated as of January 22, 2018, between Inseego Corp. and Computershare Trust Company, N.A., as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 22, 2018).

10.1*		Amended and Restated Novatel Wireless, Inc. 2000 Stock Incentive Plan (“2000 Plan”) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2007, filed August 9, 2007).

10.2*		Form of Executive Officer Stock Option Agreement under the 2000 Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, filed March 16, 2006).

10.3*		Form of Director Stock Option Agreement under the 2000 Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2005, filed March 16, 2006).

10.4*		Form of Amendment of Stock Option Agreements, dated July 20, 2006, by and between the Company and Optionee with respect to the 2000 Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2006, filed November 9, 2006).

10.5*		Form of Amendment of Stock Option Agreements, dated July 20, 2006, by and between the Company and Optionee with respect to the 2000 Plan and grants made pursuant thereto in 2004 and subsequently (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended September 30, 2006, filed November 9, 2006).

10.6*		Form of Restricted Share Award Agreement for Directors under the 2000 Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2006, filed August 9, 2006).

10.7*		Form of Restricted Share Award Agreement for Officers under the 2000 Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.11 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2006, filed August 9, 2006).

10.8*		Amended and Restated Inseego Corp. 2000 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 15, 2017).



Exhibit No.		Description
10.9*		Offer Letter, dated August 11, 2017, by and between the Company and Stephen Smith with an employment start date of August 21, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 21, 2017).

10.10*		Change in Control and Severance Agreement, effective August 21, 2017, by and between the Company and Stephen Smith (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 21, 2017).

10.11*		Form of Indemnification (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 21, 2017).

10.12*		Offer Letter, effective September 2, 2014, by and between the Company and Michael Newman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed September 4, 2014).

10.13*		Amended and Restated Change in Control and Severance Agreement, dated April 22, 2015, by and between the Company and Michael Newman (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 23, 2015).

10.14*		Consulting Agreement between the Company and Michael Newman, effective as of May 16, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8K/A, filed May 22, 2017).

10.15*		Employment Offer Letter between Inseego Corp. and Tom Allen, dated May 16, 2017 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8K/A, filed May 22, 2017).

10.16*		Offer Letter, dated December 11, 2015, by and between the Company and Sue Swenson (incorporated by reference from the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015, filed March 14, 2016).

10.17*		Employment Offer Letter, dated June 6, 2017, between Inseego Corp. and Dan Mondor (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 9, 2017).

10.18*		Change in Control and Severance Agreement, dated June 6, 2017, between Inseego Corp. and Dan Mondor (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 9, 2017).

10.19*		Indemnification Agreement, dated June 6, 2017, between Inseego Corp. and Dan Mondor (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed June 9, 2017).

10.20*		Amendment to Offer Letter, dated October 26, 2017, by and between the Company and Dan Mondor (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 7, 2017).

10.21*		Change in Control and Severance Agreement, dated April 13, 2015, by and between Novatel Wireless, Inc. and Stephen Sek (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2015, filed on August 10, 2015).

10.22*		Change in Control and Severance Agreement, dated May 7, 2015, by and between Novatel Wireless, Inc. and Lance Bridges (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.4 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2015, filed on August 10, 2015).

10.23*		Corporate Bonus Plan, effective April 1, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on April 1, 2015).

10.24*		2016 Corporate Bonus Plan for Novatel Wireless, Inc. Employees (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended March 31, 2016, filed on May 10, 2016).

10.25* **		Inseego Corp. 2009 Omnibus Incentive Compensation Plan.

10.26* **		Inseego Corp. 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan.

10.27* **		Form of Nonstatutory Stock Option Agreement under the Inseego Corp. 2015 Incentive Compensation Plan.

10.28		Contribution Agreement, dated November 8, 2016, by and between Novatel Wireless, Inc. and Inseego Corp. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on November 9, 2016).

10.29		Credit Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2017, by and among Inseego Corp., as the Borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Borrower, as Guarantors, and Lakestar Semi Inc., as Lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 9, 2017).



Exhibit No.		Description
10.30		Security and Pledge Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2017, by and among Inseego Corp., as the Borrower, certain subsidiaries of the Borrower, as Grantors, and Lakestar Semi Inc., as Lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed August 9, 2017).

10.31		Credit Agreement, dated as of August 23, 2017, by and among Inseego Corp. and certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, Cantor Fitzgerald Securities, as Agent, and certain funds managed by Highbridge Capital Management, LLC, as Lenders (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 7, 2017).

10.32		Security and Pledge Agreement, dated as of August 23, 2017, by and among Inseego Corp and certain of its direct and indirect subsidiaries, as Guarantors, and Cantor Fitzgerald Securities, as Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 7, 2017).

10.33		Note Purchase Agreement, dated as of August 23, 2017, by and among Inseego Corp., 1992 MSF International LTD. and 1992 Tactical Credit Master Fund, L.P. (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 7, 2017).

10.34*		Form of Indemnification (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.3 to the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 21, 2017).

10.35*		2017 (Second Half) Inseego Corporate Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed on November 7, 2017).

10.36*		2017 Inseego Corporate Bonus Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, filed May 15, 2017).

21**		Subsidiaries of Inseego Corp.

23.1**		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.).

23.2**		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (Ernst & Young LLP).

24**		Power of Attorney (See signature page).

31.1**		Certification of our Principal Executive Officer adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2**		Certification of our Principal Financial Officer adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1**		Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2**		Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101**		The following financial statements and footnotes from the Inseego Corp. Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 formatted in eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets; (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations; (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss; (iv) Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit); (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

*		Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement

**		Filed herewith

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.