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8-K - FORM 8-K - CORPORATE PROPERTY ASSOCIATES 16 GLOBAL INCc10353e8vk.htm
EX-99.3 - EXHIBIT 99.3 - CORPORATE PROPERTY ASSOCIATES 16 GLOBAL INCc10353exv99w3.htm
EX-23.1 - EXHIBIT 23.1 - CORPORATE PROPERTY ASSOCIATES 16 GLOBAL INCc10353exv23w1.htm
EX-99.1 - EXHIBIT 99.1 - CORPORATE PROPERTY ASSOCIATES 16 GLOBAL INCc10353exv99w1.htm
EX-99.4 - EXHIBIT 99.4 - CORPORATE PROPERTY ASSOCIATES 16 GLOBAL INCc10353exv99w4.htm
EX-99.5 - EXHIBIT 99.5 - CORPORATE PROPERTY ASSOCIATES 16 GLOBAL INCc10353exv99w5.htm
Exhibit 99.2
Item 1A. Risk Factors.
Our business, results of operations, financial condition and ability to pay distributions at the current rate could be materially adversely affected by various risks and uncertainties, including the conditions below. These risk factors may have affected, and in the future could affect, our actual operating and financial results and could cause such results to differ materially from our expectations as expressed in any forward-looking statements. You should not consider this list exhaustive. New risk factors emerge periodically, and we cannot assure you that the factors described below list all risks that may become material to us at any later time.
The current financial and economic crisis has adversely affected, and may continue to adversely affect, our business.
Although we believe we are seeing an easing of the global economic and financial crisis that has severely curbed liquidity in the credit and real estate financing markets during recent periods, the full magnitude, effects and duration of the crisis cannot be predicted. To date, its primary effects on our business have been increased levels of financial distress, and higher levels of default in the payment of rent, by our tenants; tenant bankruptcies; and impairments in the value of our investments. Depending on how long and how severe this crisis is, these trends could continue to worsen, which may negatively affect our earnings, as well as our cash flow and, consequently, our ability to sustain the payment of distributions at current levels.
We are subject to the risks of real estate ownership, which could reduce the value of our properties.
Our performance and asset value is subject, in part, to risks incident to the ownership and operation of real estate, including:
    changes in the general economic climate;
 
    changes in local conditions such as an oversupply of space or reduction in demand for real estate;
 
    changes in interest rates and the availability of financing; and
 
    changes in laws and governmental regulations, including those governing real estate usage, zoning and taxes.
International investments involve additional risks.
We have invested in and may continue to invest in properties located outside the United States. At December 31, 2009, our directly owned real estate properties located outside of the U.S. represented 44% of current annualized lease revenue. These investments may be affected by factors particular to the laws of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. These investments may expose us to risks that are different from and in addition to those commonly found in the U.S., including:
    Changing governmental rules and policies;
 
    Enactment of laws relating to the foreign ownership of property and laws relating to the ability of foreign entities to remove invested capital or profits earned from activities within the country to the U.S.;
 
    Expropriation;
 
    Legal systems under which the ability to enforce contractual rights and remedies may be more limited than would be the case under U.S. law;
 
    The difficulty in conforming obligations in other countries and the burden of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws, which may be more stringent than U.S. laws, including tax requirements and land use, zoning, and environmental laws, as well as changes in such laws;
 
    Adverse market conditions caused by changes in national or local economic or political conditions;
 
    Changes in relative interest rates;
 
    Changes in the availability, cost and terms of mortgage funds resulting from varying national economic policies;
 
    Restrictions and/or significant costs in repatriating cash and cash equivalents held in foreign bank accounts; and
 
    Changes in real estate and other tax rates and other operating expenses in particular countries.
In addition, the lack of publicly available information in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) could impair our ability to analyze transactions and may cause us to forego an investment opportunity. It may also impair our ability to receive timely and accurate financial information from tenants necessary to meet our reporting obligations to financial institutions or governmental or regulatory agencies. Certain of these risks may be greater in emerging markets and less developed countries. The advisor’s expertise to date is primarily in the United States and Europe, and the advisor has little or no expertise in other international markets. The advisor may not be as familiar with the potential risks to our investments outside the U.S. and Europe and we may incur losses as a result.

 


 

Also, we may rely on third-party asset managers in international jurisdictions to monitor compliance with legal requirements and lending agreements with respect to our properties. Failure to comply with applicable requirements may expose us or our operating subsidiaries to additional liabilities.
Moreover, we are subject to foreign currency risk due to potential fluctuations in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. Our principal currency exposure is to the Euro. We are also currently exposed to the British Pound Sterling, the Swedish krona, Canadian dollar, Thai baht, Malaysian ringgit and Polish zloty. We attempt to mitigate a portion of the risk of currency fluctuation by financing our properties in the local currency denominations, although there can be no assurance that this will be effective. Because we generally place both our debt obligation to the lender and the tenant’s rental obligation to us in the same currency, our results of foreign operations benefit from a weaker U.S. dollar and are adversely affected by a stronger U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies; that is, a weaker U.S. dollar will tend to increase both our revenues and our expenses, while a stronger U.S. dollar will tend to reduce both our revenues and our expenses. To the extent foreign currency exchange rates are in line with 2008 and 2009 levels, they will have a minimal impact on our financial conditions and results of operations. However, significant shifts in the value of the Euro could have a material impact on our future results. For example, in the first two months of 2010, the dollar has strengthened significantly relative to the Euro.
We are not required to meet any diversification standards; therefore, our investments may become subject to concentration of risk.
Subject to our intention to maintain our qualification as a REIT, there are no limitations on the number or value of particular types of investments that we may make. Although we attempt to do so, we are not required to meet any diversification standards, including geographic diversification standards. Therefore, our investments may become concentrated in type or geographic location, which could subject us to significant concentration of risk with potentially adverse effects on our investment objectives.
We may have difficulty selling or re-leasing our properties.
Real estate investments generally lack liquidity compared to other financial assets, and this lack of liquidity will limit our ability to quickly change our portfolio in response to changes in economic or other conditions. The triple-net leases we own, enter into, or acquire may be for properties that are specially suited to the particular needs of the tenant. With these properties, if the current lease is terminated or not renewed, we may be required to renovate the property or to make rent concessions in order to lease the property to another tenant. In addition, if we are forced to sell the property, we may have difficulty selling it to a party other than the tenant due to the special purpose for which the property may have been designed. These and other limitations may affect our ability to sell or re-lease properties without adversely affecting returns to our shareholders. See Item 1 — Business — Our Portfolio for scheduled lease expirations.
We have recognized, and may in the future recognize, substantial impairment charges on our properties.
We have incurred, and may in the future incur, substantial impairment charges, which we are required to recognize whenever we sell a property for less than its carrying value or we determine that the property has experienced a decline in its carrying value (or, for direct financing leases, that the unguaranteed residual value of the underlying property has declined). By their nature, the timing and extent of impairment charges are not predictable. Impairment charges reduce our net income, although they do not necessarily affect our cash flow from operations.
The inability of a tenant in a single tenant property to pay rent will reduce our revenues.
Most of our properties are occupied by a single tenant and, therefore, the success of our investments is materially dependent on the financial stability of these tenants. Our five largest tenants/guarantors represented approximately 36%, 37% and 34% of total lease revenues in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. Lease payment defaults by tenants could cause us to reduce the amount of distributions to our shareholders. A default of a tenant on its lease payment to us could cause us to lose the revenue from the property and cause us to have to find an alternative source of revenue to meet any mortgage payment and prevent foreclosure if the property is subject to a mortgage. In the event of a default, we may experience delays in enforcing our rights as landlord and may incur substantial costs in protecting our investment and re-leasing our property. If a lease is terminated, there is no assurance that we will be able to re-lease the property for the rent previously received or sell the property without incurring a loss.

 

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The bankruptcy or insolvency of tenants or borrowers may cause a reduction in revenue.
Bankruptcy or insolvency of a tenant or borrower could cause:
    the loss of lease or interest payments;
 
    an increase in the costs incurred to carry the property;
 
    litigation;
 
    a reduction in the value of our shares; and
 
    a decrease in distributions to our shareholders.
Under U.S. bankruptcy law, a tenant who is the subject of bankruptcy proceedings has the option of assuming or rejecting any unexpired lease. If the tenant rejects the lease, any resulting claim we have for breach of the lease (excluding collateral securing the claim) will be treated as a general unsecured claim. The maximum claim will be capped at the amount owed for unpaid rent prior to the bankruptcy unrelated to the termination, plus the greater of one year’s lease payments or 15% of the remaining lease payments payable under the lease (but no more than three years’ lease payments). In addition, due to the long-term nature of our leases and, in some cases, terms providing for the repurchase of a property by the tenant, a bankruptcy court could recharacterize a net lease transaction as a secured lending transaction. If that were to occur, we would not be treated as the owner of the property, but we might have rights as a secured creditor. Those rights would not include a right to compel the tenant to timely perform its obligations under the lease but may instead entitle us to “adequate protection,” a bankruptcy concept that applies to protect against a decrease in the value of the property if the value of the property is less than the balance owed to us.
Insolvency laws outside of the U.S. may not be as favorable to reorganization or to the protection of a debtor’s rights as tenants under a lease as are the laws in the U.S. Our rights to terminate a lease for default may be more likely to be enforceable in countries other than the U.S., in which a debtor/ tenant or its insolvency representative may be less likely to have rights to force continuation of a lease without our consent. Nonetheless, such laws may permit a tenant or an appointed insolvency representative to terminate a lease if it so chooses.
However, in circumstances where the bankruptcy laws of the U.S. are considered to be more favorable to debtors and to their reorganization, entities that are not ordinarily perceived as U.S. entities may seek to take advantage of the U.S. bankruptcy laws if they are eligible. An entity would be eligible to be a debtor under the U.S. bankruptcy laws if it had a domicile (state of incorporation or registration), place of business or assets in the U.S. If a tenant became a debtor under the U.S. bankruptcy laws, then it would have the option of assuming or rejecting any unexpired lease. As a general matter, after the commencement of bankruptcy proceedings and prior to assumption or rejection of an expired lease, U.S. bankruptcy laws provide that until an unexpired lease is assumed or rejected, the tenant (or its trustee if one has been appointed) must timely perform obligations of the tenant under the lease. However, under certain circumstances, the time period for performance of such obligations may be extended by an order of the bankruptcy court.
We and the other CPA® REITs managed by the advisor have had tenants file for bankruptcy protection and are involved in litigation (including several international tenants). Four prior CPA® REITs reduced the rate of distributions to their investors as a result of adverse developments involving tenants.
Similarly, if a borrower under one of our loan transactions declares bankruptcy, there may not be sufficient funds to satisfy its payment obligations to us, which may adversely affect our revenue and distributions to our shareholders. The mortgage loans in which we may invest and the mortgage loans underlying the mortgage-backed securities in which we may invest may be subject to delinquency, foreclosure and loss, which could result in losses to us.
Our distributions may exceed our adjusted cash flow from operating activities and our earnings in accordance with GAAP.
Over the life of our company, the regular quarterly cash distributions we pay are expected to be principally sourced by adjusted cash flow from operating activities. Adjusted cash flow from operating activities represents GAAP cash flow from operating activities, adjusted primarily to reflect timing differences between the period an expense is incurred and paid, to add cash distributions we receive from equity investments in real estate in excess of equity income and to subtract cash distributions we pay to our noncontrolling partners in real estate joint ventures that we consolidate. However, there can be no assurance that our adjusted cash flow from operating activities will be sufficient to cover our future distributions and we may use other sources of funds, such as proceeds from borrowings and asset sales, to fund portions of our future distributions. In addition, our distributions in 2009 exceeded, and future distributions may exceed, our GAAP earnings primarily because our GAAP earnings are affected by non-cash charges such as depreciation and impairments.

 

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For U.S. federal income tax purposes, portions of the distributions we make may represent return of capital to our shareholders if they exceed our earnings and profits.
We do not fully control the management for our properties.
The tenants or managers of net lease properties are responsible for maintenance and other day-to-day management of the properties. If a property is not adequately maintained in accordance with the terms of the applicable lease, we may incur expenses for deferred maintenance expenditures or other liabilities once the property becomes free of the lease. While our leases generally provide for recourse against the tenant in these instances, a bankrupt or financially troubled tenant may be more likely to defer maintenance and it may be more difficult to enforce remedies against such a tenant. In addition, to the extent tenants are unable to conduct their operation of the property on a financially successful basis, their ability to pay rent may be adversely affected. Although we endeavor to monitor, on an ongoing basis, compliance by tenants with their lease obligations and other factors that could affect the financial performance of our properties, such monitoring may not in all circumstances ascertain or forestall deterioration either in the condition of a property or the financial circumstances of a tenant.
Our leases may permit tenants to purchase a property at a predetermined price, which could limit our realization of any appreciation or result in a loss.
In some circumstances, we grant tenants a right to repurchase the property they lease from us. The purchase price may be a fixed price or it may be based on a formula or the market value at the time of exercise. If a tenant exercises its right to purchase the property and the property’s market value has increased beyond that price, we could be limited in fully realizing the appreciation on that property. Additionally, if the price at which the tenant can purchase the property is less than our purchase price or carrying value (for example, where the purchase price is based on an appraised value), we may incur a loss.
Our success is dependent on the performance of the advisor.
Our ability to achieve our investment objectives and to pay distributions is largely dependent upon the performance of the advisor in the acquisition of investments, the selection of tenants, the determination of any financing arrangements, and the management of our assets. The past performance of partnerships and CPA® REITs managed by the advisor may not be indicative of the advisor’s performance with respect to us. We cannot guarantee that the advisor will be able to successfully manage and achieve liquidity for us to the same extent that it has done so for prior programs.
The advisor may be subject to conflicts of interest.
The advisor manages our business and selects our investments. The advisor has some conflicts of interest in its management of us, which arise primarily from the involvement of the advisor in other activities that may conflict with us and the payment of fees by us to the advisor. Unless the advisor elects to receive our common stock in lieu of cash compensation, we will pay the advisor substantial cash fees for the services it provides, which will reduce the amount of cash available for investment in properties or distribution to our shareholders. Circumstances under which a conflict could arise between us and the advisor include:
    the receipt of compensation by the advisor for property purchases, leases, sales and financing for us, which may cause the advisor to engage in transactions that generate higher fees, rather than transactions that are more appropriate or beneficial for our business;
 
    agreements between us and the advisor, including agreements regarding compensation, will not be negotiated on an arm’s-length basis as would occur if the agreements were with unaffiliated third parties;
 
    acquisitions of single properties or portfolios of properties from affiliates, including the CPA® REITs, subject to our investment policies and procedures, which may take the form of a direct purchase of assets, a merger or another type of transaction;
 
    competition with certain affiliates for property acquisitions, which may cause the advisor and its affiliates to direct properties suitable for us to other related entities;
 
    a decision by the advisor (on our behalf) of whether to hold or sell a property could impact the timing and amount of fees payable to the advisor because it receives asset management fees and may decide not to sell a property;
 
    disposition, incentive and termination fees, which are based on the sale price of properties or the terms of a liquidity transaction, may cause a conflict between the advisor’s desire to sell a property or engage in a liquidity transaction and our interests; and
    whether a particular entity has been formed by the advisor specifically for the purpose of making particular types of investments (in which case it will generally receive preference in the allocation of those types of investments).

 

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We delegate our management functions to the advisor.
We delegate our management functions to the advisor, for which it earns fees pursuant to an advisory agreement. Although at least a majority of our board of directors must be independent, because the advisor earns fees from us and has an ownership interest in us, we have limited independence from the advisor.
The termination or replacement of the advisor could trigger a default or repayment event under our financing arrangements for some of our assets.
Lenders for certain of our assets typically request change of control provisions in the loan documentation that would make the termination or replacement of WPC or its affiliates as the advisor an event of default or an event requiring the immediate repayment of the full outstanding balance of the loan. While we will attempt to negotiate not to include such provisions, lenders may require such provisions. If an event of default or repayment event occurs with respect to any of our assets, our revenues and distributions to our shareholders may be adversely affected.
Our estimated annual net asset value is based in part on information that the advisor provides to a third party.
The asset management and performance compensation paid to the advisor are based principally on an annual third party valuation of our real estate. Any valuation includes the use of estimates and our valuation may be influenced by the information provided by the advisor. Because net asset value is an estimate and can change as interest rate and real estate markets fluctuate, there is no assurance that a shareholder will realize net asset value in connection with any liquidity event.
Appraisals that we obtain may include leases in place on the property being appraised, and if the leases terminate, the value of the property may become significantly lower.
The appraisals that we obtain on our properties may be based on the value of the properties when the properties are leased. If the leases on the properties terminate, the value of the properties may fall significantly below the appraised value.
We are not required to meet any diversification standards; therefore, our investments may become subject to concentration of risk.
Subject to our intention to maintain our qualification as a REIT, there are no limitations on the number or value of particular types of investments that we may make. Although we attempt to do so, we are not required to meet any diversification standards, including geographic diversification standards. Therefore, our investments may become concentrated in type or geographic location, which could subject us to significant concentration of risk with potentially adverse effects on our investment objectives.
Our use of debt to finance investments could adversely affect our cash flow and distributions to shareholders.
Most of our investments have been made by borrowing a portion of the purchase price of our investments and securing the loan with a mortgage on the property. We generally borrow on a non-recourse basis to limit our exposure on any property to the amount of equity invested in the property. However, if we are unable to make our debt payments as required, a lender could foreclose on the property or properties securing its debt. Additionally, lenders for our international mortgage loan transactions typically incorporate provisions that can cause a loan default and over which we have no control, including a loan to value ratio, a debt service coverage ratio and a material adverse change in the borrower’s or tenant’s business, so if real estate values decline or a tenant defaults, the lender would have the right to foreclose on its security. If any of these events were to occur, it could cause us to lose part or all of our investment, which in turn could cause the value of our portfolio, and revenues available for distributions to our shareholders, to be reduced.
A majority of our financing also requires us to make a lump-sum or “balloon” payment at maturity. Our ability to make any balloon payments on debt will depend upon our ability either to refinance the obligation when due, invest additional equity in the property or sell the property. When the balloon payment is due, we may be unable to refinance the balloon payment on terms as favorable as the original loan or sell the property at a price sufficient to make the balloon payment. Our ability to accomplish these goals will be affected by various factors existing at the relevant time, such as the state of the national and regional economies, local real estate conditions, available mortgage rates, our equity in the mortgaged properties, our financial condition, the operating history of the mortgaged properties and tax laws. A refinancing or sale could affect the rate of return to shareholders and the projected time of disposition of our assets. Because of the current conditions in the credit market, refinancing is at present very difficult. See Item 1 — Business — Our Portfolio — Financing Strategies.

 

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Mortgage loans in which we may invest may be subject to delinquency, foreclosure and loss, which could result in losses to us.
The ability of a borrower to repay a loan secured by an income-producing property typically is dependent primarily upon the successful operation of the property rather than upon the existence of independent income or assets of the borrower. If the net operating income of the property is reduced, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Net operating income of an income-producing property can be affected by the risks particular to real property described above, as well as, among other things:
    tenant mix;
 
    success of tenant businesses;
 
    property management decisions;
 
    property location and condition;
 
    competition from comparable types of properties;
 
    changes in specific industry segments;
 
    declines in regional or local real estate values, or rental or occupancy rates; and
 
    increases in interest rates, real estate tax rates and other operating expenses.
In the event of any default under a mortgage loan held directly by us, we will bear a risk of loss of principal to the extent of any deficiency between the value of the collateral and the principal and accrued interest of the mortgage loan, which could have a material adverse effect on our ability to achieve our investment objectives, including, without limitation, diversification of our commercial real estate properties portfolio by property type and location, moderate financial leverage, low to moderate operating risk and an attractive level of current income. In the event of the bankruptcy of a mortgage loan borrower, the mortgage loan to that borrower will be deemed to be secured only to the extent of the value of the underlying collateral at the time of bankruptcy (as determined by the bankruptcy court), and the lien securing the mortgage loan will be subject to the avoidance powers of the bankruptcy trustee or debtor-in-possession to the extent the lien is unenforceable under state law. Foreclosure of a mortgage loan can be an expensive and lengthy process that could have a substantial negative effect on our anticipated return on the foreclosed mortgage loan.
Loans collateralized by non-real estate assets create additional risk and may adversely affect our REIT qualification.
We may in the future invest in secured corporate loans, which are loans collateralized by real property, personal property connected to real property (i.e., fixtures) and/or personal property, on which another lender may hold a first priority lien. If a default occurs, the value of the collateral may not be sufficient to repay all of the lenders that have an interest in the collateral. Our right in bankruptcy will be different for these loans than typical net lease transactions. To the extent that loans are collateralized by personal property only, or to the extent the value of the real estate collateral is less than the aggregate amount of our loans and equal or higher-priority loans secured by the real estate collateral, that portion of the loan will not be considered a “real estate asset,” for purposes of the 75% REIT asset test. Also, income from that portion of such a loan will not qualify under the 75% REIT income test for REIT qualification.
Failure to qualify as a REIT would adversely affect our operations and ability to make distributions.
If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our net taxable income at corporate rates. In addition, we would generally be disqualified from treatment as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year we lose our REIT qualification. Losing our REIT qualification would reduce our net earnings available for investment or distribution to shareholders because of the additional tax liability, and we would no longer be required to make distributions. We might be required to borrow funds or liquidate some investments in order to pay the applicable tax.
Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. In order to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy a number of requirements regarding the composition of our assets and the sources of our gross income. Also, we must make distributions to our shareholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our net taxable income, excluding net capital gains. Because we have investments in foreign real property, we are subject to foreign currency gains and losses. Foreign currency gains are qualifying income for purposes of the REIT income requirements provided that the underlying income satisfies the REIT income requirements. To reduce the risk of foreign currency gains adversely affecting our REIT qualification, we may be required to defer the repatriation of cash from foreign jurisdictions or to employ other structures that could affect the timing, character or amount of income we receive from our foreign investments. No assurance can be given that we will be able to manage our foreign currency gains in a manner that enables us to qualify as a REIT or to avoid U.S. federal and other taxes on our income. In addition, legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions may adversely affect our investors, our ability to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes or the desirability of an investment in a REIT relative to other investments.

 

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The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) may take the position that specific sale-leaseback transactions we treat as true leases are not true leases for U.S. federal income tax purposes but are, instead, financing arrangements or loans. If a sale-leaseback transaction were so recharacterized, we might fail to satisfy the qualification requirements applicable to REITs.
We may elect to treat one or more of our corporate subsidiaries as a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”). In general, a TRS may perform additional services for our tenants and generally may engage in any real estate or non-real estate related business (except for the operation or management of health care facilities or lodging facilities or providing to any person, under a franchise, license or otherwise, rights to any brand name under which any lodging facility or health care facility is operated). A TRS is subject to corporate federal income tax. We have elected to treat two of our corporate subsidiaries as TRSs.
We do not operate our hotels and, as a result, we do not have complete control over implementation of our strategic decisions.
In order for us to satisfy certain REIT qualification rules, we cannot directly operate any of our hotels. Instead, we must engage an independent management company to operate our hotels. Our TRSs engage independent management companies as the property managers for our hotels, as required by the REIT qualification rules. The management companies operating our hotels make and implement strategic business decisions with respect to these hotels, such as decisions with respect to the repositioning of a franchise or food and beverage operations and other similar decisions. Decisions made by the management companies operating the hotels may not be in the best interests of a particular hotel or of our company. Accordingly, we cannot assure you that the management companies operating our hotels will operate them in a manner that is in our best interests.
Dividends payable by REITs generally do not qualify for reduced U.S. federal income tax rates because qualifying REITs do not pay U.S. federal income tax on their net income.
The maximum U.S. federal income tax rate for dividends payable by domestic corporations to individual domestic shareholders is 15% (through 2010, under current law). Dividends payable by REITs, however, are generally not eligible for the reduced rates, except to the extent that they are attributable to dividends paid by a taxable REIT subsidiary or a C corporation or relate to certain other activities. This is because qualifying REITs receive an entity level tax benefit from not having to pay U.S. federal income tax on their net income. As a result, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate dividends could cause shareholders who are individuals to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our common stock. In addition, the relative attractiveness of real estate in general may be adversely affected by the reduced U.S. federal income tax rates applicable to corporate dividends, which could negatively affect the value of our properties.
The ability of our board of directors to change our investment policies or revoke our REIT election without shareholder approval may cause adverse consequences to our shareholders.
Our bylaws require that our independent directors review our investment policies at least annually to determine that the policies we are following are in the best interest of our shareholders. These policies may change over time. The methods of implementing our investment policies may also vary as new investment techniques are developed. Except as otherwise provided in our bylaws, our investment policies, the methods for their implementation, and our other objectives, policies and procedures may be altered by a majority of the directors (which must include a majority of the independent directors), without the approval of our shareholders. As a result, the nature of your investment could change without your consent. A change in our investment strategy may, among other things, increase our exposure to interest rate risk, default risk and commercial real property market fluctuations, all of which could materially adversely affect our ability to achieve our investment objectives.
In addition, our organizational documents permit our board of directors to revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT election, without the approval of our shareholders, if the board determines that it is not in our best interest to qualify as a REIT. In such a case, we would become subject to U.S. federal income tax on our net taxable income and we would no longer be required to distribute most of our net taxable income to our shareholders, which may have adverse consequences on the total return to our shareholders.

 

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Potential liability for environmental matters could adversely affect our financial condition.
We have invested and in the future may invest in properties historically used for industrial, manufacturing and other commercial purposes. We therefore own and may in the future acquire properties that have known or potential environmental contamination as a result of historical operations. Buildings and structures on the properties we own and purchase also may have known or suspected asbestos-containing building materials. Our properties currently are used for industrial, manufacturing, and other commercial purposes, and some of our tenants may handle hazardous or toxic substances, generate hazardous wastes, or discharge regulated pollutants to the environment. We may invest in properties located in countries that have adopted laws or observe environmental management standards that are less stringent than those generally followed in the U.S., which may pose a greater risk that releases of hazardous or toxic substances have occurred to the environment. Leasing properties to tenants that engage in these activities, and owning properties historically and currently used for industrial, manufacturing, and other commercial purposes, will cause us to be subject to the risk of liabilities under environmental laws. Some of these laws could impose the following on us:
    Responsibility and liability for the cost of investigation, removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances released on or from our property, generally without regard to our knowledge of, or responsibility for, the presence of these contaminants.
 
    Liability for claims by third parties based on damages to natural resources or property, personal injuries, or costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances in, on, or migrating from our property.
 
    Responsibility for managing asbestos-containing building materials, and third-party claims for exposure to those materials.
Our costs of investigation, remediation or removal of hazardous or toxic substances, or for third-party claims for damages, may be substantial. The presence of hazardous or toxic substances at any of our properties, or the failure to properly remediate a contaminated property, could give rise to a lien in favor of the government for costs it may incur to address the contamination or otherwise adversely affect our ability to sell or lease the property or to borrow using the property as collateral. While we attempt to mitigate identified environmental risks by requiring tenants contractually to acknowledge their responsibility for complying with environmental laws and to assume liability for environmental matters, circumstances may arise in which a tenant fails, or is unable, to fulfill its contractual obligations. In addition, environmental liabilities, or costs or operating limitations imposed on a tenant to comply with environmental laws, could affect its ability to make rental payments to us.
The returns on our investments in net leased properties may not be as great as returns on equity investments in real properties during strong real estate markets.
As an investor in single tenant, long-term net leased properties, the returns on our investments are based primarily on the terms of the lease. Payments to us under our leases do not rise and fall based upon the market value of the underlying properties. In addition, we generally lease each property to one tenant on a long-term basis, which means that we cannot seek to improve current returns at a particular property through an active, multi-tenant leasing strategy. While we will sell assets from time to time and may recognize gains or losses on the sales based on then-current market values, we generally intend to hold our properties on a long-term basis. We view our leases as fixed income investments through which we seek to achieve attractive risk-adjusted returns that will support a steady dividend. The value of our assets will likely not appreciate to the same extent as equity investments in real estate during periods when real estate markets are very strong. Conversely, in weak markets, the existence of a long-term lease may positively affect the value of the property, although it is nonetheless possible that, as a result of property declines generally, we may recognize impairment charges on some properties.
A potential change in U.S. accounting standards regarding operating leases may make the leasing of facilities less attractive to our potential domestic tenants, which could reduce overall demand for our leasing services.
Under current authoritative accounting guidance for leases, a lease is classified by a tenant as a capital lease if the significant risks and rewards of ownership are considered to reside with the tenant. This situation is considered to be met if, among other things, the non-cancellable lease term is more than 75% of the useful life of the asset or if the present value of the minimum lease payments equals 90% or more of the leased property’s fair value. Under capital lease accounting for a tenant, both the leased asset and liability are reflected on their balance sheet. If the lease does not meet any of the criteria for a capital lease, the lease is considered an operating lease by the tenant and the obligation does not appear on the tenant’s balance sheet; rather, the contractual future minimum payment obligations are only disclosed in the footnotes thereto. Thus, entering into an operating lease can appear to enhance a tenant’s balance sheet in comparison to direct ownership. In response to concerns caused by a 2005 SEC study that the current model does not have sufficient transparency, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) and the International Accounting Standards Board conducted a joint project to re-evaluate lease accounting. In March 2009, the FASB issued a discussion paper providing its preliminary views that the scope of the proposed new standard should be based on the scope of the existing standards. Changes to the accounting guidance could affect both our accounting for leases as well as that of our current and potential customers. These changes may affect how the real estate leasing business is conducted both domestically and internationally. For example, if the accounting standards regarding the financial statement classification of operating leases are revised, then companies may be less willing to enter into leases in general or desire to enter into leases with shorter terms because the apparent benefits to their balance sheets could be reduced or eliminated. This in turn could make it more difficult for us to enter leases on terms we find favorable.

 

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Our net tangible book value may be adversely affected if we are required to adopt certain fair value accounting provisions.
In June 2007, the Accounting Standards Executive Committee of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (“AICPA”) issued accounting guidance that addresses when the accounting principles of the AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide “Investment Companies” must be applied by an entity and whether investment company accounting must be retained by a parent company in consolidation or by an investor in the application of the equity method of accounting. In addition, this guidance includes certain disclosure requirements for parent companies and equity method investors in investment companies that retain investment company accounting in the parent company’s consolidated financial statements or the financial statements of an equity method investor. In February 2008, the effective date of this guidance was indefinitely delayed, and adoption of the guidance was prohibited for any entity that had not previously adopted it. We are currently assessing the potential impact the adoption of this statement will have on our financial position and results of operations if we were required to adopt it.
While we maintain an exemption from the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “Investment Company Act”), and are therefore not regulated as an investment company, we may be required to adopt the fair value accounting provisions of this guidance. Under these provisions our investments would be recorded at fair value with changes in value reflected in our earnings, which may result in significant fluctuations in our results of operations and net tangible book value. In addition to the immediate substantial dilution in net tangible book value per share equal to the costs of the offering, as described earlier, net tangible book value per share may be further reduced by any declines in the fair value of our investments.
Your investment return may be reduced if we are required to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act.
We do not intend to register as an investment company under the Investment Company Act. If we were obligated to register as an investment company, we would have to comply with a variety of substantive requirements under the Investment Company Act that impose, among other things:
    limitations on capital structure;
 
    restrictions on specified investments;
 
    prohibitions on transactions with affiliates; and
 
    compliance with reporting, record keeping, voting, proxy disclosure and other rules and regulations that would significantly increase our operating expenses.
In general, we expect to be able to rely on the exemption from registration provided by Section 3(c)(5)(C) of the Investment Company Act. In order to qualify for this exemption, at least 55% of our portfolio must be comprised of real property and mortgages and other liens on an interest in real estate (collectively, “qualifying assets”) and at least 80% of our portfolio must be comprised of real estate-related assets. Qualifying assets include mortgage loans, mortgage-backed securities that represent the entire ownership in a pool of mortgage loans, and other interests in real estate. In order to maintain our exemption from regulation under the Investment Company Act, we must continue to engage primarily in the business of buying real estate.
To maintain compliance with the Investment Company Act exemption, we may be unable to sell assets we would otherwise want to sell and may need to sell assets we would otherwise wish to retain. In addition, we may have to acquire additional income or loss generating assets that we might not otherwise have acquired or may have to forego opportunities to acquire interests in companies that we would otherwise want to acquire and would be important to our investment strategy. If we were required to register as an investment company, we would be prohibited from engaging in our business as currently contemplated because the Investment Company Act imposes significant limitations on leverage. In addition, we would have to seek to restructure the advisory agreement because the compensation that it contemplates would not comply with the Investment Company Act. Criminal and civil actions could also be brought against us if we failed to comply with the Investment Company Act. In addition, our contracts would be unenforceable unless a court were to require enforcement, and a court could appoint a receiver to take control of us and liquidate our business.

 

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There is not, and may never be, an active public trading market for our shares, so it will be difficult for shareholders to sell shares quickly.
There is no active public trading market for our shares. Our articles of incorporation also prohibit the ownership of more than 9.8% of our stock by one person or affiliated group, unless exempted by our board of directors, which may inhibit large investors from desiring to purchase your shares and may also discourage a takeover. Moreover, our redemption plan includes numerous restrictions that limit your ability to sell your shares to us, and our board of directors may amend, suspend or terminate the plan. Therefore, it will be difficult for you to sell your shares promptly or at all. In addition, the price received for any shares sold prior to a liquidity event is likely to be less than the proportionate value of the real estate we own. Investor suitability standards imposed by certain states may also make it more difficult to sell your shares to someone in those states.
Maryland law could restrict change in control.
Provisions of Maryland law applicable to us prohibit business combinations with:
    any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of outstanding shares, referred to as an interested shareholder;
 
    an affiliate who, at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the voting power of our outstanding shares, also referred to as an interested shareholder; or
 
    an affiliate of an interested shareholder.
These prohibitions last for five years after the most recent date on which the interested shareholder became an interested shareholder. Thereafter, any business combination must be recommended by our board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of at least 80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of our outstanding shares and two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of our shares other than shares held by the interested shareholder or by an affiliate or associate of the interested shareholder. These requirements could have the effect of inhibiting a change in control even if a change in control was in our shareholders’ interest. These provisions of Maryland law do not apply, however, to business combinations that are approved or exempted by our board of directors prior to the time that someone becomes an interested shareholder. In addition, a person is not an interested shareholder if the board of directors approved in advance the transaction by which he or she otherwise would have become an interested shareholder. However, in approving a transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to compliance at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board.
Our articles of incorporation restrict beneficial ownership of more than 9.8% of the outstanding shares by one person or affiliated group in order to assist us in meeting the REIT qualification rules. These requirements could have the effect of inhibiting a change in control even if a change in control were in our shareholders’ interest.
Shareholders’ equity interests may be diluted.
Our shareholders do not have preemptive rights to any shares of common stock issued by us in the future. Therefore, if we (1) sell shares of common stock in the future, including those issued pursuant to our distribution reinvestment plan, (2) sell securities that are convertible into our common stock, (3) issue common stock in a private placement to institutional investors, or (4) issue shares of common stock to our directors or to WPC and its affiliates for payment of fees in lieu of cash, then shareholders will experience dilution of their percentage ownership in us. Depending on the terms of such transactions, most notably the offer price per share and the value of our properties and our other investments, existing shareholders might also experience a dilution in the book value per share of their investment in us.

 

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