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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 1, 2018.

Registration No. 333-227357

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Amendment No. 1
to

FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
UNDER
THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

400 Crossing Boulevard
Bridgewater, NJ 08807
(908) 809-1300
(Address, including zip code, and telephone number, including
area code, of registrant's principal executive offices)

Brian Markison
Chief Executive Officer
400 Crossing Boulevard
Bridgewater, NJ 08807
(908) 809-1300
(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to public:
As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement is declared effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.    o

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    o

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act. ý

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

(1)

Includes 1,245,000 ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of the underwriters' option to purchase additional ordinary shares.

(2)

Estimated solely for the purpose of calculating the registration fee in accordance with Rule 457(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, based upon an estimate of the maximum aggregate offering price.

(3)

$12,450 was previously paid.

The Registrant hereby amends this Registration Statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this Registration Statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the Registration Statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

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The information in this preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed. These securities may not be sold until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This preliminary prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities nor does it seek an offer to buy these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to Completion, dated October 1, 2018

PROSPECTUS

8,300,000 Shares

Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc

Ordinary Shares

This is the initial public offering of ordinary shares of Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc. Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc is offering 8,300,000 ordinary shares to be sold in the offering.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for our ordinary shares. The initial public offering price is expected to be between $14.00 and $16.00 per share. We have applied to list our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol "OSMT."

We are an "emerging growth company" as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, and will be subject to reduced public company reporting requirements. See "Prospectus Summary — Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company."

Following this offering, we will be a "controlled company" within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the Nasdaq Stock Market. See "Management — Board Structure and Committee Composition."

Investing in our ordinary shares involves risk. See "Risk Factors" beginning on page 14 to read about factors you should consider before buying our ordinary shares.

(1)

See "Underwriting" for additional information regarding underwriter compensation.

To the extent that the underwriters sell more than 8,300,000 ordinary shares, the underwriters have the option for a period of 30 days from the date of this prospectus to purchase up to an additional 1,245,000 ordinary shares from us at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discount.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters expect to deliver our ordinary shares on or about                        , 2018.

                                     , 2018

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Neither we nor any of the underwriters has authorized any person to provide you with any information or represent anything about us or this offering that is not contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus we have prepared. We take no responsibility for, and can provide no assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. This prospectus is an offer to sell only the shares offered hereby, but only under circumstances and in jurisdictions where it is lawful to do so. The information in this prospectus is accurate only as of the date on the front cover of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of our ordinary shares and the information in any free writing prospectus that we may provide you in connection with this offering is accurate only as of the date of that free writing prospectus. Our business, financial condition, results of operations and future growth prospects may have changed since those dates.

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INDUSTRY TERMS

The following is a glossary of certain industry terms used throughout this prospectus:

§

"ANDA" refers to an Abbreviated New Drug Application, which is used to seek approval from the Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA, of a generic drug. Generic drug applications are called "abbreviated" because they are generally not required to include preclinical and clinical data to establish safety and effectiveness. Instead, an applicant must scientifically demonstrate that its product is bioequivalent (i.e., performs in the same way as the innovator drug). Once approved, an applicant may manufacture and market the generic drug.



§

"AB-rated drugs" refer to drugs that meet bioequivalence requirements and which the FDA considers to be therapeutically equivalent and, therefore, substitutable with a reference listed drug.



§

"branded products" refer to products that are marketed under a proprietary, often trademark-protected name.



§

"BX-rated drugs" refer to drugs for which the data that have been reviewed by the FDA are insufficient to determine therapeutic equivalence. In these situations, the FDA presumes these drugs are not therapeutically equivalent until the FDA has determined that there is adequate information to make a full evaluation of therapeutic equivalence.



§

"generic products" refer to products that are comparable to a branded product in dosage form, strength, route of administration, quality and performance characteristics and intended use. Before approving a generic product, the FDA requires many rigorous tests and procedures to ensure that the generic product can be substituted for the branded product. The FDA bases evaluations of substitutability or therapeutic equivalence of generic products on scientific evaluations. By law, a generic product must contain the identical amounts of the same active ingredients as the branded product. Generic products evaluated as therapeutically equivalent can be expected to have the same clinical effect and safety profile as the branded, or reference, product when administered under the conditions specified in the labeling.



§

"NDA" refers to a New Drug Application. When the sponsor of a new drug believes sufficient evidence of the drug's safety and effectiveness has been obtained to meet the FDA's requirements for marketing approval, the sponsor submits an NDA to the FDA. The application must contain certain data about the drug, including information about chemistry, pharmacology, medical, biopharmaceutics and statistics. If the NDA is approved, the product may be marketed in the United States.



§

"non-promoted products" refer to our products that we do not actively market or do not intend to actively market upon receipt of regulatory approval.



§

"osmotic" refers to pressure between two areas separated by a membrane due to the movement of water across the membrane.



§

"promoted products" refer to our products that we actively market or intend to actively market upon receipt of regulatory approval.



§

"women's health products" refer to our products that target improving or benefitting the health and nutritional condition of women, including before, during and after pregnancy as well as during menopause.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

Certain market share, pricing and other industry information used throughout this prospectus is based on independent industry publications and surveys, reports by research firms, including IQVIA Holdings Inc., or IQVIA, public filings, other published independent sources and internal company sources. Some industry information is also based on our good faith estimates, which are derived from management's knowledge of,

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and experience in, our industry and the sources referred to above as well as information obtained from our customers, distributors, suppliers, trade and business organizations and other contacts in our industry. We believe these data to be accurate as of the date of this prospectus. However, this information may prove to be inaccurate because this information cannot always be verified with complete certainty due to the limitations on the availability and reliability of raw data, the voluntary nature of the data gathering process and other limitations and uncertainties. Industry publications, reports and surveys generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, although they do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of such information. In addition, our estimates of addressable markets are based, in part, on these market data and our actual market opportunities may be materially less than these estimates.

TRADEMARKS AND TRADE NAMES

We own or have rights to trademarks or trade names that we use in conjunction with the operation of our business. In addition, our name, logo and website name and address are our service marks or trademarks. Each trademark, trade name or service mark by any other company appearing in this prospectus belongs to its holder. The trade names and trademarks that we use include ConZip®, Divigel®, Lorzone®, Ontinua™, Osmolex ER™, Osmodex® and OB Complete®. We also own or have the rights to copyrights that protect the content of our products. Solely for convenience, the trademarks, service marks and trade names referred to in this prospectus are listed without the ™, ^SM, ® and © symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to these trademarks, service marks, trade names and copyrights.

THE BUSINESS COMBINATION

On February 3, 2016, we consummated a series of transactions, which we refer to as the "Business Combination," to reorganize and combine the businesses of Osmotica Holdings Corp Limited and Vertical/Trigen Holdings, LLC, or Vertical/Trigen, under a new holding company, Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp., a special limited partnership organized under the laws of Luxembourg, pursuant to the Business Combination Agreement, dated December 3, 2015, among Osmotica Holdings Corp Limited, the shareholders of Osmotica Holdings Corp Limited party thereto, Altchem Limited, Vertical/Trigen, the shareholders of Vertical/Trigen party thereto, Avista Capital Partners III GP, LP and Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp.

THE REORGANIZATION

On April 30, 2018, Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp. acquired Lilydale Limited, an Irish private company with limited liability that was organized in Ireland on July 13, 2017, and renamed such entity Osmotica Pharmaceuticals Limited effective May 1, 2018. On July 31, 2018, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals Limited re-registered under the Irish Companies Act of 2014 as a public limited company and was renamed Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc. Immediately prior to this offering and prior to the commencement of trading of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Market, we will undertake a series of restructuring transactions that will result in Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc becoming the direct parent company of Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp., with each holder of common units of Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp. receiving approximately 42.84 ordinary shares of Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc in exchange for each such common unit. In addition, each holder of an option to purchase common units of Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp. will receive an option to purchase the number of ordinary shares of Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc determined by multiplying the number of units underlying such option by approximately 42.84 (rounded down to the nearest whole share) and dividing the exercise price per unit for such option by approximately 42.84 (rounded up to the nearest whole cent). We refer to these transactions as the "Reorganization" throughout this prospectus. Prior to the Reorganization, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc had no material assets and conducted no operations (other

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than activities incidental to its formation, the Reorganization and this offering). Upon the completion of the Reorganization, the historical consolidated financial statements of Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp. included in this prospectus will become the historical financial statements of Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc. Except as otherwise indicated, all information contained in this prospectus gives effect to the Reorganization.

PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION

This prospectus includes audited consolidated financial statements of Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp. as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 and unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp. as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, each prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP, except for the omission of comparative information as of and for the year ended December 31, 2015. In accordance with GAAP, Vertical/Trigen was the accounting acquirer in the Business Combination and, as such, is treated as our predecessor and therefore the financial information presented through February 2, 2016 only includes the operating results of Vertical/Trigen. The historical financial information presented in this prospectus subsequent to February 2, 2016 is of Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp., which includes the operating results of both Vertical/Trigen and Osmotica Holdings Corp Limited.

In addition, this prospectus includes audited financial statements of Osmotica Pharmaceuticals Limited (formerly known as Lilydale Limited) which consist of a balance sheet as of March 31, 2018 and statements of changes in equity for the period July 13, 2017 (date of incorporation) through December 31, 2017 and unaudited condensed financial statements which consist of an unaudited condensed balance sheet as of June 30, 2018 and an unaudited condensed statement of changes in equity and unaudited condensed statement of cash flows for the six months in the period ended June 30, 2018. We acquired Lilydale Limited on April 30, 2018 and renamed it, effective May 1, 2018, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals Limited for purposes of facilitating this offering. On July 31, 2018, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals Limited re-registered under the Irish Companies Act of 2014 as a public limited company and was renamed Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc. Prior to consummation of the Reorganization, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc had no material assets and conducted no operations other than activities incidental to its formation, the Reorganization and this offering. Upon consummation of the Reorganization, the historical financial statements of Osmotica Holdings S.C.Sp. included in this prospectus will become the historical financial statements of Osmotica Pharmaceuticals plc.

FOR INVESTORS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES

We and the underwriters are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, our ordinary shares only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. Neither we nor any of the underwriters have done anything that would permit this offering or possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required, other than in the United States. Persons outside of the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about, and observe any restrictions relating to, the offering of our ordinary shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside of the United States.

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RISK FACTORS

This offering and investing in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information contained in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes appearing at the end of this prospectus, before deciding whether to invest in our ordinary shares. We have presented the below risks as "Risks related to our business," "Risks related to our industry," "Risks related to our indebtedness," "Risks related to our ordinary shares and this offering," "Risks related to being an Irish corporation listing ordinary shares" and "Risks related to taxation." If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, prospects, operating results and financial condition could suffer materially. The risks described below are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or those we currently view to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, operating results or financial condition. In any such a case, the trading price of our ordinary shares could decline and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risks related to our business

If we are unable to successfully develop or commercialize new products, or to do so on a timely or cost-effective basis, or to extend life cycles of existing products, our operating results will suffer.

Developing and commercializing a new product is time consuming and costly and is subject to numerous factors that may delay or prevent development and commercialization. Our future results of operations will depend to a significant extent upon our ability to successfully gain FDA approval of and commercialize new products in a timely and cost-effective manner. There are numerous difficulties in developing and commercializing new products, including:

§

the ability to develop products in a timely and cost-effective manner and in compliance with regulatory requirements;



§

the success of the pre-clinical and clinical testing processes to assure that new products are safe and effective or chemically identical and bioequivalent to the branded reference listed drug;



§

the risk that any of our products presently under development, if and when fully developed and tested, will not perform as expected;



§

delays or unanticipated costs, including delays associated with the completion of clinical trials for our branded products;



§

delays associated with FDA registration, listing and approval processes and the ability to obtain in a timely manner, and maintain, required regulatory approvals;



§

legal actions against our generic products brought by brand competitors, and legal challenges to our branded products or branded product intellectual property;



§

the availability, on commercially reasonable terms, of raw materials, including active pharmaceutical ingredients, or API, and other key ingredients;



§

our ability to scale-up manufacturing methods to successfully manufacture commercial quantities of products in compliance with regulatory requirements; and



§

acceptance of our products by physicians, patients, payors and the healthcare community.

As a result of these and other difficulties, products currently in development may or may not receive necessary regulatory approvals on a timely basis or at all and we may not succeed in effectively managing our development costs. Further, if we are required by the FDA or any equivalent foreign regulatory authority to complete clinical trials in addition to those we currently expect to conduct, or to repeat a clinical trial that has already been completed, or if there are any delays in completing preclinical studies, filing an investigational new drug application, or IND, or completing clinical trials, our expenses could increase. This risk exists particularly with respect to the introduction of branded products because of the uncertainties, higher costs and lengthy time frames associated with research and development of such products and the inherent unproven market acceptance of such products.

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In addition, more than 60% of our total revenues in 2017 and nearly 80% of our total revenues in the first six months of 2018 were generated by our generic products. Our future profitability depends, in part, upon our ability to introduce, on a timely basis, new generic products. The timeliness of our product introductions is dependent upon, among other things, the timing of regulatory approval of our products, which to a large extent is outside of our control, as well as the timing of competing products. As additional suppliers introduce comparable generic pharmaceutical products, price competition intensifies, market access narrows and product sales prices and gross profit percentage decline, often significantly and rapidly. Accordingly, our total revenues and future profitability are dependent, in part, upon our ability or the ability of our development partners to file ANDAs with the FDA and gain approvals timely and effectively or to enter into contractual relationships with other parties that have obtained marketing exclusivity. No assurances can be given that we will be able to develop and introduce successful products in the future within the time constraints necessary to be successful. If we or our development partners are unable to continue to timely and effectively file ANDAs with the FDA or to partner with other parties that have obtained marketing exclusivity, our total revenues, gross profit percentage and operating results may decline significantly and our prospects and business may be materially adversely affected.

If any of our products, when acquired or developed and approved, cannot be successfully or timely commercialized, our operating results could be adversely affected. We cannot guarantee that any investment we make in developing products will be recouped, even if we are successful in commercializing those products.

We expend a significant amount of resources on research and development, including milestones on in-licensed products, which may not lead to successful product introductions.

Much of our development effort is focused on technically difficult-to-formulate products or products that require advanced manufacturing technology. We expend resources on research and development primarily to enable us to manufacture and market FDA-approved products in accordance with FDA regulations. Typically, research expenses related to the development of innovative compounds and the filing of NDAs are significantly greater than those expenses associated with ANDAs. We spent $42.7 million and $19.1 million on research and development expenses in 2017 and the first six months of 2018, respectively. We have entered into, and may in the future enter into, agreements that require us to make significant milestone payments upon achievement of various research and development events and regulatory approvals. As we continue to develop and in-license new products, we will likely incur increased research, development and licensing expenses. Because of the inherent risk associated with research and development efforts in our industry, particularly with respect to new drugs, our research and development expenditures may not result in the successful introduction of new FDA-approved products. Also, after we or our development partners submit an ANDA or NDA, the FDA may request that we conduct additional bioequivalence studies for an ANDA or additional clinical trials for an NDA. As a result, we may be unable to reasonably determine the total research and development costs required to develop a particular product. Finally, we cannot be certain that any investment made in developing products will be recovered, even if we are successful in commercializing the product. To the extent that we expend significant resources on research and development efforts and are not ultimately able to introduce successful new products as a result of those efforts or cost-effectively commercialize new products, our business, financial position and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

Failures of or delays in clinical trials are common and have many causes, and such failures or delays could result in increased costs to us and could prevent or delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval and commence product sales for new products. We may also find it difficult to enroll patients in our clinical trials, which could delay or prevent development of our product candidates.

We may experience failures of or delays in clinical trials of our product candidates. Our planned clinical trials may not begin on time, have an effective design, enroll a sufficient number of patients or be completed on schedule, if at all. Our clinical trials may fail or be delayed for a variety of reasons, including,

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among others: delays in obtaining regulatory approval to commence a trial; delays in reaching agreement with the FDA or equivalent foreign regulatory authorities on final trial design; imposition of a clinical hold for safety reasons or following an inspection of our clinical trial operations or trial sites by the FDA or other regulatory authorities; delays in reaching agreement on acceptable terms with prospective contract research organizations, or CROs, and clinical trial sites, or failure by such CROs to carry out the clinical trial at each site in accordance with the terms of our agreements with them; delays in obtaining required institutional review board, or IRB, approval at each site; difficulties or delays in having patients complete participation in a trial or return for post-treatment follow-up, or clinical sites electing to terminate their participation in one of our clinical trials, which would likely have a detrimental effect on subject enrollment; time required to add new clinical sites; or delays or failure by us or our contract manufacturers to produce and deliver sufficient supply of clinical trial materials.

In addition, identifying and qualifying patients to participate in clinical trials of our product candidates is critical to our success. The timing of our clinical trials depends on the speed at which we can recruit patients to participate in testing our product candidates as well as completion of required follow-up periods. We may not be able to identify, recruit and enroll a sufficient number of patients, or those with required or desired characteristics or to complete our clinical trials, in a timely manner. Patient enrollment and completion of the trials is affected by factors including: the severity of the disease under investigation; the design of the trial protocol; the size of the patient population; the eligibility criteria for the trial in question; the perceived risks and benefits of the product candidate under trial; the proximity and availability of clinical trial sites for prospective patients; the availability of competing therapies and clinical trials; efforts to facilitate timely enrollment in clinical trials; patient referral practices of physicians; and the ability to monitor patients adequately during and after treatment.

If we are unable to initiate or complete our planned clinical trials or any such clinical trial is delayed for any of the above reasons or other reasons, our development costs may increase, our regulatory approval process could fail or be delayed and our ability to commercialize and commence sales of our product candidates could be materially harmed, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The testing required for the regulatory approval of our products is conducted primarily by independent third parties. Any failure by any of these third parties to perform this testing properly and in a timely manner may have an adverse effect upon our ability to obtain regulatory approvals.

Our applications for the regulatory approval of our products, including both internally developed and in-licensed products, incorporate the results of testing and other information that is conducted or gathered primarily by independent third parties (including, for example, manufacturers of raw materials, testing laboratories, CROs or independent research facilities). Our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of the products being tested is dependent, in part, upon the quality of the work performed by these third parties, the quality of the third parties' facilities and the accuracy of the information provided by third parties. Our control over any of these factors may be limited. We rely on these parties for execution of our preclinical studies and clinical trials, and control only certain aspects of their activities. Nevertheless, we are responsible for ensuring that each of our trials is conducted in accordance with the applicable protocol, legal, regulatory and scientific standards and our reliance on the CROs does not relieve us of all of our regulatory responsibilities. We and our CROs are required to comply with FDA laws and regulations regarding current good clinical practice, or GCP, which are also required by the Competent Authorities of the Member States of the European Economic Area and comparable foreign regulatory authorities in the form of International Conference on Harmonization, or ICH, guidelines for all of our products in clinical development. Regulatory authorities enforce GCP through periodic inspections of trial sponsors, principal investigators and trial sites.

If we or any of our CROs fail to comply with applicable GCP, the clinical data generated in our clinical trials may be deemed unreliable and the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may require us to perform additional clinical trials before approving our marketing applications. We also rely on contract

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laboratories and other third parties, such as CROs, to conduct or otherwise support our nonclinical laboratory studies properly and on time, which are subject to good laboratory practice, or GLP, requirements. We cannot assure you that upon inspection by a given regulatory authority, such regulatory authority will determine that any of our clinical trials comply with applicable GCP and GLP regulations. In addition, our clinical trials must be conducted with products produced under the FDA's Current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP, regulations. While we have agreements governing activities of our CROs, we have limited influence over their actual performance. In addition, portions of the clinical trials for our product candidates may be conducted outside of the United States, which will make it more difficult for us to monitor CROs and perform visits of our clinical trial sites and will force us to rely heavily on CROs to ensure the proper and timely conduct of our clinical trials and compliance with applicable regulations, including GCP and GLP requirements.

If testing of our product candidates is not performed properly, or if the FDA or any equivalent foreign regulatory authority finds that the clinical trials are deficient, we may be required to repeat the clinical trials or to conduct additional clinical trials, which would result in additional expenses and may adversely affect our ability to obtain or maintain regulatory approvals. As a result, our ability to launch or continue selling products could be denied, restricted or delayed.

Our products or product candidates may cause adverse effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval or limit the scope of any approved package insert or market acceptance, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval.

Treatment with our products or product candidates may produce undesirable side effects or adverse reactions or events. Although many of our products or product candidates contain active ingredients that have already been approved, meaning that the side effects arising from the use of the active ingredient or class of drug in our products or product candidates is generally known, our products or product candidates may still cause undesirable or unknown side effects. These could be attributed to the active ingredient or class of drug or to our unique formulation of such products or product candidates, or other potentially harmful characteristics. Such characteristics could cause us, our IRBs, clinical trial sites, the FDA or other regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay, denial or withdrawal of regulatory approval, which may harm our business, financial condition and prospects significantly.

Further, if any of our products cause serious or unexpected side effects after receiving market approval, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result. For example, regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product or impose restrictions on its distribution, the FDA may require implementation of risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, or REMS, regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, such as warnings or contraindications, we may be required to change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical studies, we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to patients, and our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product or product candidate and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our products and product candidates.

If our products or product candidates do not produce the effects intended or if they cause undesirable side effects, our business may suffer.

If our products or product candidates do not have the effects intended or cause undesirable side effects, our business may suffer. For example, although many of the ingredients in our current dietary supplement products are vitamins, minerals and other substances for which there is a history of human consumption, they also contain innovative ingredients or combinations of ingredients. These products and the combinations of ingredients could have certain undesirable side effects if not taken as directed or if taken

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by a consumer who has certain medical conditions, such as the potential effect of high doses of folic acid masking pernicious anemia. In addition, our products may not have the effect intended if they are not taken in accordance with applicable instructions, which may include certain dietary restrictions. For example, if a patient switches from using another company's product to one of our products, there may be an actual or perceived lack of efficacy or increase in side effects. This is not uncommon and has been observed, for example, in patients switching between products containing methylphenidate. In this instance, the FDA has the ability to change the designation from AB to BX, or alternatively, to discontinue the product's approval. Furthermore, there can be no assurance that any of the products, even when used as directed, will have the effects intended or will not have harmful side effects in an unforeseen way or on an unforeseen patient population. If any of our products or products we develop or commercialize in the future are shown to be harmful or generate negative publicity from perceived lack of effect or harmful effects, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects could be harmed significantly.

If side effects are identified with our marketed products, or if manufacturing problems occur, changes in labeling of products may be required, which could have a material adverse effect on our sales of the affected products. We or regulatory authorities, including the FDA, could decide that changes to the product labeling are needed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the products. Label changes may be necessary for a number of reasons, including the identification of actual or potential safety or efficacy concerns by regulatory agencies or the discovery of significant problems with a similar product that implicates an entire class of products. Any significant concerns raised about the safety or efficacy of the products could also result in the need to reformulate those products, to conduct additional clinical trials, to make changes to the manufacturing processes, or to seek re-approval of the relevant manufacturing facilities. Significant concerns about the safety and effectiveness of a product could ultimately lead to the revocation of its marketing approval. Under the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, the FDA has broad authority to force drug manufacturers to take any number of actions if previously unknown safety or drug interaction problems arise, including but not limited to, mandating labeling changes to a product based on new safety information (safety labeling changes). Our products, including ConZip, Divigel and VERT, have been subject to safety labeling changes, which we have addressed and incorporated into relevant product labeling. These products and others, including product candidates, may become subject to additional safety labeling changes in the future. New safety issues may require us to, among other things, provide additional warnings or restrictions on product package inserts, even including boxed warnings in the United States or similar warnings outside of the United States, directly alert healthcare providers of new safety information, narrow our approved indications, alter or terminate current or planned trials for additional uses of products, or even remove a product from the market, any of which could have a significant adverse impact on potential sales of the products or require us to expend significant additional funds. The revision of product labeling or the regulatory actions described above could have a material adverse effect on our sales of the affected products and on our business and results of operations.

Our operations in non-U.S. jurisdictions subject us to increased regulatory oversight and regulatory, economic, social and political uncertainties, which could cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

We are subject to certain risks associated with our operations in non-U.S. jurisdictions, including Argentina and Hungary, and with having assets and operations located in non-U.S. jurisdictions. Our operations in these jurisdictions may be adversely affected by general economic conditions and economic and fiscal policy, including changes in exchange rates and controls, interest rates and taxation policies and increased government regulation. Certain jurisdictions have, from time to time, experienced instances of civil unrest and hostilities, both internally and with neighboring countries. Rioting, military activity, terrorist attacks, or armed hostilities could cause our operations there to be adversely affected or suspended. We generally do not have insurance for losses and interruptions caused by terrorist attacks, military conflicts and wars. In addition, we operate in countries, including Argentina and Hungary, where there have been reported instances of government corruption and there are circumstances in which anti-bribery laws may conflict with some local customs and practices.

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Our international operations may subject us to heightened scrutiny under the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, other federal statutes and regulations, including those established by the Office of Foreign Assets Control, the Irish Criminal Justice (Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing) Acts 2010 and 2013, or the Irish Money Laundering Acts, the U.K. Bribery Act, anti-corruption provisions in the Hungarian Criminal Code, Argentina's recently enacted Law 27.401 and other similar anti-bribery laws, and could subject us to liability under such laws despite our best efforts to comply with such laws and regulations. The FCPA prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering, authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The Irish Money Laundering Acts provide for criminal sanctions for engaging in "money laundering offences," which are offenses committed where a person knows or believes that (or is reckless as to whether or not) the property represents the proceeds of criminal conduct and the party is involved in concealing or disguising the true nature, source, location, disposition, movement or ownership of property, or in converting, transferring, handling, acquiring possession or using the property, or removing the property from, or bringing the property into, Ireland. In addition, the U.K. Bribery Act prohibits both domestic and international bribery, as well as bribery across both private and public sectors. An organization that "fails to prevent bribery" by anyone associated with the organization can be charged under the U.K. Bribery Act unless the organization can establish the defense of having implemented "adequate procedures" to prevent bribery. Under these laws and regulations, as well as other anti-corruption laws, anti-money-laundering laws, export control laws, customs laws, sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations, various government agencies may require export licenses, may seek to impose modifications to our business practices, including the cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned persons or entities and modifications to compliance programs, which may increase our compliance costs, and may subject us to fines, penalties and other sanctions. A violation of these laws or regulations could adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. As a result of our policy to comply with the FCPA, the Irish Money Laundering Acts, the U.K. Bribery Act and similar anti-bribery laws, we may be at a competitive disadvantage to competitors that are not subject to, or do not comply with, such laws and regulations.

We are, and will continue to be in the future, a party to legal proceedings that could result in adverse outcomes.

We are a party to legal proceedings, including matters involving personnel and employment issues, intellectual property claims and other proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business. In addition, there are an increasing number of investigations and proceedings in the health care industry generally that seek recovery under the statutes and regulations identified in "Business — Government Regulation and Approval Process." We evaluate our exposure to these legal proceedings and establish reserves for the estimated liabilities in accordance with GAAP. Assessing and predicting the outcome of these matters involves substantial uncertainties. Unexpected outcomes in these legal proceedings, or changes in our evaluation or predictions and accompanying changes in established reserves, could have a material adverse impact on our financial results. For more information on our material pending litigation, see the risk factor under the caption "— Our competitors or other third parties may allege that we, our suppliers or partners are infringing their intellectual property, forcing us to expend substantial resources in litigation, the outcome of which is uncertain. Any unfavorable outcome of such litigation, including losses related to "at-risk" product launches, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations" and the section entitled "Business — Legal Proceedings."

Due to our dependence on a limited number of products, our business could be materially adversely affected if one or more of our key products do not perform as well as expected.

We generate a significant portion of our total revenues and gross profit percentage from the sale of a limited number of products. For the year ended December 31, 2017 and the six months ended June 30, 2018, our

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top ten products by product sales accounted for approximately 90% and approximately 97%, respectively, of our total revenues and a significant portion of our gross profit percentage. Any material adverse developments, including increased competition, pricing pressures or supply shortages, with respect to the sale or use of one or more of these products or our failure to successfully introduce new key products, could have a material adverse effect on our revenues and gross profit percentage.

Our operating results are affected by many factors and may fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis.

Our operating results may vary substantially from quarter to quarter and may be greater or less than those achieved in the immediately preceding period or in the comparable period of the prior year. Factors that may cause quarterly results to vary include, but are not limited to, the following:

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our ability to create demand in the marketplace for products we promote;



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the number of new product introductions;



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losses related to inventory write-offs;



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marketing exclusivity, if any, which may be obtained on certain new products;



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the level of competition in the marketplace for certain products;



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availability of raw materials and finished products from suppliers;



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our ability to manufacture products at our manufacturing facilities;



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the scope and outcome of governmental regulatory actions;



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our dependence on a small number of products for a significant portion of total revenues or income;



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legal actions asserting intellectual property rights against our products brought by competitors and legal challenges to our intellectual property rights brought against us by our competitors;



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price erosion and customer consolidation; and



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significant payments (such as milestones) payable by us under licensing and development agreements to our partners before the related product has received FDA approval.

The profitability of our product sales is also dependent upon the prices we are able to charge for our products, the costs to purchase products from third parties and our ability to manufacture our products in a cost-effective manner. If our total revenues decline or do not grow as anticipated, we may not be able to reduce our operating expenses to offset such declines. Failure to achieve anticipated levels of total revenues could, therefore, significantly harm our business and operating results.

If we determine that our goodwill and other intangible assets have become impaired, we may record significant impairment charges, which would adversely affect our results of operations.

Goodwill and other intangible assets represent a significant portion of our assets. Goodwill is the excess of cost over the fair market value of net assets acquired in business combinations. In the future, goodwill and intangible assets may increase as a result of future acquisitions. We review our goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets at least annually for impairment. Impairment may result from, among other things, deterioration in the performance of acquired businesses, adverse market conditions and adverse changes in applicable laws or regulations, including changes that restrict the activities of an acquired business. Any impairment of goodwill or other intangible assets would result in a non-cash charge against earnings, which would adversely affect our results of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $72.5 million related to an adjustment to the forecasted operating results for certain of our acquired in-process research and development assets compared to their originally forecasted operating results at the date of acquisition.

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In certain circumstances, we issue price adjustments and other sales allowances to our customers, including providing lower pricing to underinsured or non-insured patients. If our estimates for these price adjustments are incorrect, any reserves which we establish for these programs may be inadequate, and may result in adjustments to these reserves or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

For some of our products, we enjoy a period of time during which we may be the only party, or one of a small number of parties, marketing and selling a certain product. This might be seen more often with one of our brand products, but may also occur in instances where we are one of a small number of parties selling a generic product. At some point other parties, selling either a competitive brand or generic product, may enter the market and compete for customers and market share resulting in a significant price decline for our drug (in some instances of generic entry, price declines have exceeded 90%). When we experience price declines following a period of marketing exclusivity or semi-exclusivity, or at any time when a competitor enters the market or offers a lower price with respect to a product we are selling, we may decide to lower the price of our product to retain market share. As a result of lowering prices, we may provide price adjustments to our customers for the difference between our new (lower) price and the price at which we previously sold the product which is still held in inventory by our customers, which is known as a shelf stock adjustment. Because the entry of a competitive product is unpredictable, we do not establish reserves for such potential adjustments, and therefore the full effect of such adjustments are not reflected in our operating results until they actually occur. There are also circumstances under which we may decide not to provide price adjustments to certain customers, and consequently, as a matter of business strategy, we may risk a greater level of sale returns of products in the customer's existing inventory and lose future sales volume to competitors rather than reduce our pricing.

We establish reserves for chargebacks, rebates and incentives, other sales allowances and product returns at the time of sale, based on estimates. Separately, these same reserves may be used to support a patient assistance program. A patient assistance program is a program designed to improve patient access to products by reducing barriers to access caused by potentially high out-of-pocket expenses for patients. The program assists under-insured or non-insured patients by helping to defray their out-of-pocket costs, in some cases entirely. Our estimates on the number of participants for the patient assistance program or other similar programs, currently or in the future, may affect the adequacy of our reserves. Although we believe our processes for estimating reserves are adequate, we cannot provide assurances that our reserves will ultimately prove to be adequate. Increases in sales allowances may exceed our estimates for a number of reasons, including unanticipated competition or an unexpected change in one or more of our contractual relationships. We will continue to evaluate the effects of competition and will record a price adjustment reserve if and when we deem it necessary. Any failure to establish adequate reserves with respect to sales allowances may result in a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

Rebates include mandated discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit Program and TRICARE Retail Pharmacy Refunds Program (TRICARE). Rebates are amounts owed after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant and are based upon contractual agreements or statutory requirements with benefit providers. We estimate the allowance for rebates based on statutory discount rates and expected utilization at the time of sale. We adjust the allowance for rebates quarterly to reflect actual experience. If we change the way rebates are applied or calculated, it may impair our ability to accurately accrue for rebates and have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations. See "Risks Related to Our Industry — Our profitability depends on coverage and reimbursement by governmental authorities, health maintenance organizations, or HMOs, MCOs and other third-party payors; healthcare reform and other future legislation creates uncertainty and may lead to reductions in coverage or reimbursement levels."

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We may incur operating losses in the future.

Our net loss was $45.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2017. Our net losses may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter and year to year.

We devote significant amounts of financial resources to the manufacture, marketing and commercialization of our approved products, and support of our research and development of our clinical and preclinical programs. We may incur significant expenses in the future. Some of these expenses will be made in connection with our ongoing activities, as we:

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launch new products into the marketplace, including Osmolex ER and M-72;



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conduct clinical trials and seek regulatory approval for Ontinua ER and RVL-1201;



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continue development of our pipeline product candidates;



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conduct preclinical studies for product candidates;



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incur litigation expenses related to Osmolex ER;



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add personnel to support our marketing, commercialization and sales of approved products, and continue clinical and preclinical product development efforts;



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continue our research and development efforts for new product opportunities, including business development and acquisitions; and



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operate as a public company.

To become profitable, we must succeed in developing or acquiring products, obtaining regulatory approval for them, and manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. Even if we achieve profitability for any period in the future, we may not be able to sustain profitability in subsequent periods. Our failure to become profitable would depress our market value and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, discover or develop other products or continue our operations. A decline in the value of our company could cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Our profitability depends on our major customers. If these relationships do not continue as expected, our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations could materially suffer.

As of June 30, 2018, we had approximately 33 customers, some of which are part of larger buying groups. Our three largest customers accounted for approximately 92% of our total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2017, as follows: Cardinal Health, Inc. (37%); McKesson Corporation (32%); and AmerisourceBergen Corporation (23%). The loss of any one or more of these or any other major customer or the substantial reduction in orders from any one or more of our major customers could have a material adverse effect upon our business, prospects, future operating results and financial condition.

We may discontinue the manufacture and distribution of certain existing products, which may adversely impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We continually evaluate the performance of our products, and may determine that it is in our best interest to discontinue the manufacture and distribution of certain of our products for various reasons, including commercial, regulatory, strategic or other reasons. We cannot guarantee that we have correctly forecasted, or will correctly forecast in the future, the appropriate products to discontinue or that our decision to discontinue various products is prudent if conditions, including market conditions, change. In addition, we cannot assure you that discontinuing one or more products will reduce our operating expenses or will not cause us to incur material charges associated with such a decision. Furthermore, discontinuing one or more existing products entails various risks, including, in the event that we decide to sell the discontinued product, the risk that we will not be able to find a purchaser for such products or that the purchase price obtained will not be equal to at least the book value of the net assets for such products. Other risks include managing the expectations of, and maintaining good relations with, our customers who previously purchased products that we subsequently discontinued, which could prevent us from selling other products to them in

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the future. Moreover, we may incur other significant liabilities and costs associated with discontinuing one or more of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We face intense competition from both brand and generic companies, including companies that sell branded generics or authorized generics, which could significantly limit our growth and materially adversely affect our financial results.

The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive. The principal competitive factors in the pharmaceutical industry include:

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introduction of other brand or generic drug manufacturers' products in direct competition with our products;



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introduction of authorized generic products in direct competition with our products, particularly during exclusivity periods;



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ability of generic competitors to quickly enter the market after the expiration of patents or exclusivity periods, diminishing the amount and duration of significant profits;



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consolidation among distribution outlets through mergers and acquisitions and the formation of buying groups;



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the willingness of our customers, including wholesale and retail customers, to switch among products of different pharmaceutical manufacturers;



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pricing pressures by competitors and customers;



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a company's reputation as a manufacturer and distributor of quality products;



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a company's level of service (including maintaining sufficient inventory levels for timely deliveries);



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product appearance and labeling; and



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a company's breadth of product offerings.

We face, and will continue to face, competition from pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, biotechnology and dietary supplement companies developing similar products and technologies. Many of our competitors have longer operating histories and greater financial, research and development, marketing and other resources than we do. Consequently, many of our competitors may be able to develop products or processes competitive with, or superior to, our own. Furthermore, we may not be able to differentiate our products from those of our competitors, to successfully develop or introduce new products, on a timely basis or at all, that are less costly than those of our competitors, or to offer payment and other commercial terms to customers as favorable as those offered by our competitors. The markets in which we compete and intend to compete are undergoing, and are expected to continue to undergo, rapid and significant change. We expect competition to intensify as technological advances and consolidations continue. New developments by other manufacturers and distributors could render our products uncompetitive or obsolete.

We also face price competition generally as other manufacturers enter the market. Any such price competition may be especially pronounced where our competitors source their products from jurisdictions where production costs may be lower than our production costs (sometimes significantly), especially lower-cost non-U.S. jurisdictions. Any of these factors, in turn, could result in reductions in our sales prices and gross profit percentage. This price competition has led to an increase in customer demands for downward price adjustments by pharmaceutical distributors. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully in the industry or that we will be able to develop and implement any new or additional strategies successfully.

Some of our products, including Osmolex ER, VERT and Divigel, are reference listed drugs. Manufacturers may seek approval of generic versions of our reference listed drugs through the submission of ANDAs. In order to obtain approval of an ANDA, a generic manufacturer generally must show that its product has the same active ingredient(s), dosage form, strength, route of administration, conditions of use and labeling as

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the reference listed drug, and that the generic version is bioequivalent to the reference listed drug, meaning that it is chemically identical and is absorbed in the body at the same rate and to the same extent. An ANDA applicant need not conduct its own clinical trials to demonstrate the safety or effectiveness of its generic product, but instead may rely on the prior findings of safety and effectiveness for the reference listed drug. As a result, generic products may be significantly less costly to bring to market than reference listed drugs, and companies that produce generic products are generally able to offer them at lower prices. Moreover, many states allow or require substitution of a therapeutically equivalent generic drug at the pharmacy level even if a reference listed drug is prescribed. Thus, following the introduction of a generic drug, a significant percentage of the market share of a reference listed drug may be lost to the generic product. Competition from generic versions of our products could negatively impact our future total revenues, profitability and cash flows.

Competition in the generic drug industry has also increased due to the proliferation of authorized generic pharmaceutical products. Authorized generics are generic pharmaceutical products that are introduced by brand companies, either directly or through third parties, under the brand's NDA approval for its own branded drug. Authorized generics, which have already been approved for marketing under the brand's NDA, are not prohibited from sale during the 180-day marketing exclusivity period granted to the first-to-file ANDA applicant. The sale of authorized generics adversely impacts the market share of a generic product that has been granted 180 days of marketing exclusivity. This is a significant source of competition for companies that have been granted 180 days of marketing exclusivity, because an authorized generic can materially decrease the profits that such a company could receive as an otherwise exclusive marketer of a product. Branded drug product companies may also reduce the price of their branded drug products to compete directly with generic drug products entering the market, which would similarly have the effect of reducing gross profit percentage. Such actions have the effect of reducing the potential market share and profitability of generic products and may inhibit the development and introduction of generic pharmaceutical products corresponding to certain branded drugs.

As our competitors introduce their own generic equivalents of our generic pharmaceutical products, our revenues and gross profit percentage from such products generally decline, often rapidly.

Revenues and gross profit percentage derived from generic pharmaceutical products often follow a pattern based on regulatory and competitive factors that we believe are unique to the generic pharmaceutical industry. As the patent for a brand name product or the statutory marketing exclusivity period (if any) expires, the first generic manufacturer to receive regulatory approval for a generic equivalent of the product often is able to capture a substantial share of the market. However, as other generic manufacturers receive regulatory approvals for their own generic versions, that market share and the price of that product will typically decline depending on several factors, including the number of competitors, the price of the branded product and the pricing strategy of the new competitors. We cannot provide assurance that we will be able to continue to develop such products or that the number of competitors with such products will not increase to such an extent that we may stop marketing a product for which we previously obtained approval, which may have a material adverse impact on our total revenues and gross profit percentage.

Our branded pharmaceutical expenditures may not result in commercially successful products.

Commercializing branded products is more costly than generic products. We have made significant investments in the development, launch and commercialization of branded products. This has led to increased infrastructure costs. We cannot be certain that these business expenditures will result in the successful development or launch of branded products or will improve the long-term profitability of our business. Just as our generic products take market share from the corresponding branded products, we will confront the same competitive pressures from other generic pharmaceutical companies that may seek to introduce generic versions of our branded products. Generic products generally are sold at a significantly lower cost than the branded version, and, where available, may be required or encouraged in preference to the branded version under third-party reimbursement programs, or may be required by law to be substituted

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for branded versions by pharmacies. Competition from generic equivalents, accordingly, could have an adverse effect on our branded products. While we have endeavored (with our relevant development and manufacturing partners, as applicable) to protect our branded assets by incorporating specialized manufacturing processes and by securing regulatory exclusivities and intellectual property protections, such exclusivities and protections are subject to expiry and to legal challenges.

We continue to consider product or business acquisitions or licensing arrangements to expand our product line. The success of our branded products will be based largely on the successful commercialization of our existing products, the identification of products for acquisition or future development and the acquisition or in-licensing of new product opportunities. Our current and future investments in acquisition or license arrangements may not lead to expected, adequate or any returns on investment. We also may not be able to execute future license or acquisition agreements on reasonable or favorable terms in order to continue to grow or sustain our branded products. In addition, we cannot be certain that our branded product expenditures will result in commercially successful launches of these products or will improve the long-term profitability of our branded products. Any future commercialization efforts that do not meet expectations could result in a write-down of assets related to the relevant products.

A business interruption at our manufacturing facility in Marietta, Georgia, our warehouses in Sayreville, New Jersey and Tampa, Florida or at facilities operated by third parties that we rely on could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We produce all of the products that we manufacture at our manufacturing facility in Marietta, Georgia, and our inventory passes through our warehouses in Sayreville, New Jersey and Tampa, Florida. These facilities, or the facilities of third parties that we rely on for the development, supply, marketing or distribution of raw materials or finished products, could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions. A significant disruption at any of these facilities, even on a short-term basis, could impair our ability to produce and ship products to the market on a timely basis, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may experience declines in the sales volume and prices of our products as a result of the continuing trend of consolidation of certain customer groups, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

Our ability to successfully commercialize any generic or branded product depends in large part upon the acceptance of the product by third parties, including pharmacies, government formularies, other retailers, physicians and patients. Therefore, our success will depend in large part on market acceptance of our products. We make a significant amount of our sales to a relatively small number of drug wholesalers and retail drug chains. These customers represent an essential part of the distribution chain of our pharmaceutical products. Drug wholesalers and retail drug chains have undergone, and are continuing to undergo, significant consolidation. This consolidation may result in these groups gaining additional purchasing leverage and consequently increasing the product pricing pressures facing our business. Additionally, the emergence of large buying groups representing independent retail pharmacies and other drug distributors, and the prevalence and influence of managed care organizations, or MCOs, and similar institutions, potentially enable those groups to demand larger price discounts on our products. For example, there has been a recent trend of large wholesalers and retailer customers forming partnerships, such as the alliance between Walgreens and AmerisourceBergen Corporation, the alliance between Rite Aid and McKesson Drug Company and the alliance between CVS and Cardinal Health. The result of these developments may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We depend to a large extent on third-party suppliers and distributors for the raw materials for our products, particularly the chemical compounds comprising the API used in our products, as well as suppliers and distributors for certain finished goods. A prolonged interruption in the supply of such products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

We purchase raw materials, including API, and finished goods from both U.S. and non-U.S. companies. If we experience supply interruptions or delays, we may have to obtain substitute materials or products, which in turn would require us to obtain amended or additional regulatory approvals, subjecting us to additional expenditures of significant time and resources. We may source raw materials or API from a single source, which increases the risk to our business if supply from that source is interrupted. For example, Orion Corporation is our only supplier of Divigel, Nephron Pharmaceuticals Corporation is our only supplier of RVL-1201 and Mallinckrodt LLC is our only supplier of the API used in methylphenidate ER (including M-72). We also contract with third parties to distribute finished products, including Pernix Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. for Khedezla and Lannett Company, Inc. for oxybutynin ER and nifedipine ER.

Further, third parties with whom we have agreements may allege that we have failed to perform our obligations under such agreements and we may become involved in lawsuits or other proceedings related to such agreements. For example, we have been engaged in discussions with Albion Laboratories, Inc. and Pernix Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. regarding potential disputes over the fulfillment of obligations under agreements for the supply of raw materials and distribution of finished products, respectively. If any dispute with a third-party supplier or distributor were determined adversely to us, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

In addition, changes in our raw material suppliers, including suppliers of API, could result in significant delays in production, higher raw material costs and loss of sales and customers, because regulatory authorities must generally approve raw material sources for pharmaceutical products, which may be time consuming. Any significant supply interruption could have a material adverse effect on our business, research and development programs, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. Because the federal drug approval application process requires specification of raw material suppliers, if raw materials from a specified supplier were to become unavailable, FDA approval of a new supplier may be required. A delay in the manufacture and marketing of the drug involved while a new supplier becomes approved by the FDA and its manufacturing process is determined to meet FDA standards could, depending on the particular product, have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Generally, we attempt to mitigate the potential effects of any such situation by providing for, where economically and otherwise feasible, two or more suppliers of raw materials for the drugs that we manufacture. In addition, we may attempt to enter into a contract with a raw material supplier in an effort to ensure adequate supply for certain of our products.

We depend on third-party agreements for a portion of our product offerings and product candidates, including certain key products, and any failure to maintain these arrangements or enter into similar arrangements with new partners could result in a material adverse effect.

We have broadened our product offering by entering into a variety of third-party agreements covering a combination of joint development, supply, marketing and distribution of products. For example, we have entered into an agreement with Mallinckrodt LLC for the development and supply of API used in methylphenidate ER (including M-72) products that we manufacture at our manufacturing facility in Marietta, Georgia. For the year ended December 31, 2017, 82% of our total revenues were generated from products manufactured under contract or under license. We cannot provide assurance that the development, manufacturing or supply efforts of our contractual partners will continue to be successful, that we will be able to maintain or renew such agreements or that we will be able to enter into new agreements for additional products. These third parties may also exercise their rights to terminate these agreements or may fail to perform their obligations as required under these agreements. Alternatives for some of these agreements may not be easily available.

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Any alteration to or termination of our current distribution and marketing agreements, any failure to enter into new and similar agreements, any disputes regarding our agreements with third parties, whether or not such disputes result in litigation, any failure to fulfill obligations by a third party, or any other interruption of our product supply under the distribution and marketing agreements, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

If we are unable to develop or maintain our sales capabilities, we may not be able to effectively market or sell our products.

For the year ended December 31, 2017 and the six months ended June 30, 2018, we spent $33.1 million and $19.4 million, respectively, on sales and marketing. As we gain approval and launch new products, we will invest in expanding our sales and marketing organization into new areas such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and ophthalmology. We face a number of risks in developing or maintaining internal sales and marketing capabilities, including:

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not being able to attract talented and qualified personnel to build an effective marketing or sales force capability;



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the cost of establishing a marketing and sales force capability may not be justified in light of the total revenues generated from our products; and



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our direct sales and marketing efforts may not be successful.

If we are unable to establish or maintain adequate sales and marketing capabilities or are unable to do so in a timely manner, our ability to generate revenues and profits from our products will be limited and this could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

Our future success depends on our ability to attract and retain key employees and consultants.

Our future success depends, to a substantial degree, upon the continued service of the key members of our management team. The loss of the services of key members of our management team, including Brian Markison, Tina deVries, Andrew Einhorn and James Schaub, or their inability to perform services on our behalf could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations. Our success also depends, to a large extent, upon the contributions of our sales, marketing, scientific and quality assurance staff. We compete for qualified personnel against other brand and generic pharmaceutical manufacturers that may offer more favorable employment opportunities. If we are not able to attract and retain the necessary personnel to accomplish our business objectives, we could experience constraints that would adversely affect our ability to sell and market our products effectively and to support our research and development programs. In particular, sales and marketing efforts depend on the ability to attract and retain skilled and experienced sales, marketing and quality assurance representatives. Although we believe that we have been successful in attracting and retaining skilled personnel in all areas of our business, we cannot provide assurance that we can continue to attract, train and retain such personnel. Any failure in this regard could limit our ability to generate sales and develop or acquire new products.

Any acquisitions we may undertake in the future involve numerous risks, including the risks that we may be unable to integrate the acquired products or businesses successfully and that we may assume liabilities that could adversely affect us.

We may acquire products or businesses. For example, in October 2017, we acquired the rights to RVL-1201. Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including operational risks associated with the integration of acquired businesses or products. These risks include, but are not limited to:

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difficulties in achieving identified revenue synergies, growth opportunities, operating synergies and cost savings;



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difficulties in assimilating the personnel, operations and products of an acquired company, and the potential loss of key employees;

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difficulties in consolidating information technology platforms, business applications and corporate infrastructure;



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difficulties in integrating our corporate culture with local customs and cultures;



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possible overlap between our products or customers and those of an acquired entity that may create conflicts in relationships or other commitments detrimental to the integrated businesses;



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difficulties in obtaining approval from governmental authorities such as the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC;



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our inability to achieve expected total revenues and gross profit percentage for any products we may acquire;



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possible contingent liability that includes, among others, known or unknown environmental, patent or product liability claims;



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the diversion of management's attention from other business concerns; and



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risks and challenges of entering or operating in markets in which we have limited or no prior experience, including the unanticipated effects of export controls, exchange rate fluctuations, foreign legal and regulatory requirements, and political and economic conditions.

In addition, non-U.S. acquisitions involve numerous additional risks, including those related to the potential absence or inadequacy of policies and procedures sufficient to assure compliance by a non-U.S. entity with U.S. regulatory and legal requirements. There can be no assurance that we will not be subject to liability arising from conduct which occurred prior to our acquisition of any entity.

We incur significant transaction costs associated with our acquisitions, including substantial fees for investment bankers, attorneys, and accountants. Any acquisition could result in our assumption of unknown or unexpected, and potentially material, liabilities. Additionally, in any acquisition agreement, the negotiated representations, warranties and agreements of the selling parties may not entirely protect us, and liabilities resulting from any breaches may not be subject to indemnification by the suing parties and could exceed negotiated indemnity limitations. These factors could impair our growth and ability to compete, divert resources from other potentially more profitable endeavors, or otherwise cause a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The financial statements of the companies we have acquired or may acquire in the future are prepared by management of such companies and are not independently verified by our management. In addition, any pro forma financial statements prepared by us to give effect to such acquisitions may not accurately reflect the results of operations of such companies that would have been achieved had the acquisition of such entities been completed at the beginning of the applicable financial reporting periods. Finally, we cannot guarantee that we will continue to acquire businesses at valuations consistent with our prior acquisitions or that we will complete acquisitions at all.

We may make acquisitions of, or investments in, complementary businesses or products, which may be on terms that may not turn out to be commercially advantageous, may require additional debt or equity financing, and may involve numerous risks, including those set forth above.

We regularly review the potential acquisition of technologies, products, product rights and complementary businesses and are currently evaluating, and intend to continue to evaluate, potential product and company acquisitions and other business development opportunities. We may choose to enter into such transactions at any time. Nonetheless, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to identify suitable acquisition or investment candidates. To the extent that we do identify candidates that we believe to be suitable, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to reach an agreement with the selling party or parties, that the terms we may agree to will be commercially advantageous to us, or that we will be able to successfully consummate such investments or acquisitions even after definitive documents have been signed. If we make any acquisitions or investments, we may finance such acquisitions or investments through our cash reserves, debt financing (such as borrowings available to us under our senior secured credit facilities,

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including our revolving credit facility), which may increase our leverage, or by issuing additional equity securities, which could dilute the holdings of our then-existing shareholders. If we require financing, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to obtain any required financing when needed on acceptable terms or at all.

The use of legal, regulatory and legislative strategies by brand competitors, including authorized generics and citizen's petitions, as well as the potential impact of proposed legislation, may increase our costs associated with the introduction or marketing of our generic products, delay or prevent such introduction or significantly reduce the profit potential of our products.

Brand drug companies often pursue strategies that may serve to prevent or delay competition from generic alternatives to their branded products. These strategies include, but are not limited to:

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marketing an authorized generic version of a branded product at the same time that we introduce a generic equivalent of that product, directly or through agreement with a generic competitor;



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filing citizen petitions with the FDA that may limit generic competition and result in delays of our product approvals;



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using REMS-related distribution restrictions or other means of limiting access to their branded products to prevent us from obtaining product samples needed to conduct bioequivalence testing required for ANDA approval, thereby delaying or preventing us from obtaining FDA approval of a generic version of such branded products;



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seeking to secure patent protection of certain "Elements to Assure Safe Use" of a REMS program, which are required medical interventions or other actions healthcare professionals need to execute prior to prescribing or dispensing the drug to the patient, in an attempt to prevent the generic company's ability to avoid infringement of the patents in question or secure approval;



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seeking to establish regulatory and legal obstacles that would make it more difficult to demonstrate a generic product's bioequivalence or "sameness" to the related branded product;



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initiating legislative and administrative efforts in various states to limit the substitution of generic versions of branded products for the corresponding branded products;



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filing suits for patent infringement that automatically delay FDA approval of generic products;



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introducing "next-generation" products prior to the expiration of market exclusivity for their branded product, which often materially reduces the demand for the generic product for which we may be seeking FDA approval;



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obtaining extensions of market exclusivity by conducting clinical trials of branded drugs in pediatric populations or by other methods;



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persuading the FDA to withdraw the approval of branded drugs for which the patents are about to expire, thus allowing the brand company to develop and launch new patented products serving as substitutes for the withdrawn products;



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seeking to obtain new patents on drugs for which patent protection is about to expire;



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filing patent applications that are more complex and costly to challenge;



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seeking temporary restraining orders and injunctions against selling a generic equivalent of their branded product based on alleged misappropriation of trade secrets or breach of confidentiality obligations;



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seeking temporary restraining orders and injunctions against a generic company that has received final FDA approval for a product and is attempting to launch an at risk product prior to resolution of related patent litigation;



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reducing the marketing of the branded product to healthcare providers, thereby reducing the branded drug's commercial exposure and market size, which in turn adversely affects the market potential of the equivalent generic product; and

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converting branded prescription drugs that are facing potential generic competition to over-the-counter products, thereby potentially blocking the sale of generic prescription drugs under the operation of the Durham-Humphrey amendments to the U.S. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA, or significantly impeding the growth of the generic prescription market for the drugs.

The FDCA provides for an additional six months of marketing exclusivity attached to another period of exclusivity, such as a five-year period of exclusivity granted to the first applicant to obtain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity or if a sponsor conducts pediatric clinical trials in response to a written request from the FDA. Some companies have lobbied Congress for amendments to the Hatch-Waxman legislation that would give them additional advantages over generic competitors. For example, although the term of a company's drug patent can be extended to reflect a portion of the time an NDA is under regulatory review, some companies have proposed extending the patent term by a full year for each year spent in clinical trials, rather than the one-half year that is currently permitted. If proposals like these were to become effective, our entry into the market and our ability to generate revenues associated with new generic products may be delayed, reduced or eliminated, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and financial position.

We depend on our ability to protect our intellectual property and proprietary rights. We may not be able to keep our intellectual property and proprietary rights confidential and protect such rights.

Our success depends on our ability to protect and defend the intellectual property rights associated with our current and future products. If we fail to protect our intellectual property adequately, competitors may manufacture and market products similar to, or that may be confused with, our products, and our generic competitors may obtain regulatory approval to make and distribute generic versions of our branded products. We cannot be certain that patents will be issued with respect to any of our patent applications or that any existing or future patents issued to or licensed by us will provide competitive advantages for our products or will not be challenged, invalidated, circumvented or held unenforceable in proceedings commenced by our competitors or other third parties. Furthermore, our patent rights may not prevent or limit our present and future competitors from developing, making, importing, using or commercializing products that are functionally similar to our products. Some of our products, including some of our promoted products, are not protected by patents at all.

The patent position of companies in the pharmaceutical industry generally involves complex legal and factual questions, and has been and remains the subject of significant litigation in recent years. Legal standards relating to scope and validity of patent claims are evolving and may differ in various countries. Patent protection must ultimately be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Any patents we have obtained, or may obtain in the future, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our patent rights are highly uncertain. We may be involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or the patents of our licensors, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

In addition to the above limitations, our patent protection outside the United States may be further limited. Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on product candidates in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive, and our intellectual property rights in some countries outside the United States could be less extensive than those in the United States. We generally select to pursue patent protection in only a limited number of jurisdictions outside of the United States. Even where we wish to pursue protection, we may not be able to obtain patent protection for certain technology outside the United States. In addition, the laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as federal and state laws in the United States, even in jurisdictions where we do pursue patent protection. The laws of certain non-U.S. countries do not protect proprietary rights to the same extent or in the same manner as the U.S., and therefore we may encounter additional problems in protecting and defending our

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intellectual property in certain non-U.S. jurisdictions. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in non-U.S. jurisdictions.

Proceedings to enforce patent rights, whether in the U.S. or in non-U.S. jurisdictions, could: result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business; put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly; put our patent applications at risk of not issuing; and provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded to us, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage.

We also rely particularly on trade secrets, unpatented know-how and proprietary expertise and continuing innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We generally enter into confidentiality agreements with licensees, suppliers, employees, consultants and other parties. This is done in part because not all of our products are protected by patents. We cannot provide assurance that these agreements will not be breached. We also cannot be certain that we will have recourse to adequate remedies in the event of a breach. Disputes may arise concerning the ownership of intellectual property or the applicability of confidentiality agreements. We cannot be sure that our trade secrets and proprietary technology will not be independently developed or otherwise become known by our competitors or, if patents are not issued with respect to internally developed products, that we will be able to maintain the confidentiality of information relating to these products. Efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights can be costly, time-consuming and ultimately unsuccessful. Any failure to adequately prevent disclosure of our know-how, trade secrets and other propriety information could have a material adverse impact on our business and our prospects.

Obtaining and maintaining our patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

Periodic maintenance and annuity fees on any issued patent are due to be paid to the U.S. Patent and Trademark office, or the USPTO, and foreign patent agencies in several stages over the lifetime of the patent. The USPTO and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. While an inadvertent lapse may, in many cases, be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. Non-compliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include failure to respond to official actions within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly prepare and submit formal documents. If we or our licensors fail to maintain the patents and patent applications covering our products or product candidates, our competitors might be able to enter the market, which would harm our business, prospects and financial position.

Our competitors or other third parties may allege that we, our suppliers or partners are infringing their intellectual property, forcing us to expend substantial resources in litigation, the outcome of which is uncertain. Any unfavorable outcome of such litigation, including losses related to "at-risk" product launches, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

Companies that produce branded products routinely bring litigation against entities selling or seeking regulatory approval to manufacture and market generic or other copies of their branded products, or products related to their branded products or technologies. These companies or other patent holders, including patent holders who do not have related products, may allege patent infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Patent holders may also bring patent infringement suits against companies that are currently marketing and selling an approved product, including an approved generic

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product. Litigation often involves significant expense and can delay or prevent introduction or sale of our generic or other products. For example, a certain period of delay may be statutorily prescribed, or a court could grant a patent holder injunctive relief for the period of the litigation. If third party patents are held valid, enforceable and infringed by our products, we may, unless we could obtain a license from the patent holder, need to delay selling our corresponding product, pay damages, and, if we are already selling our product, cease selling and potentially destroy existing product stock. These risks apply to our branded products as well as our generic products. Third parties, including our competitors, may allege that one of our branded products violates their patent rights, which would expose us to the same risks. A license may not be available from the patent holder on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If available, we may choose to take a license under a third party's patent rights to resolve a dispute, even in the absence of a finding by a court that a patent is valid, enforceable and infringed.

There may be situations in which we may make business and legal judgments to manufacture, market or sell products that are subject to claims of alleged patent infringement prior to final resolution of those claims by the courts, based upon our belief that such patents are invalid, unenforceable, or are not infringed by our manufacturing, marketing and sale of such products. This is referred to in the pharmaceutical industry as an "at-risk" launch. The risk involved in an at-risk launch can be substantial because, if a patent holder ultimately prevails against us, the remedies available to such holder may include, among other things, permanent injunctive relief preventing the sale of the product and damages measured as a reasonable royalty or by the profits lost by the patent holder, which can be significantly higher than the profits we make from selling our product. We could face substantial damages from adverse court decisions in such matters. We could also be at risk for the value of such inventory that we are unable to market or sell.

Upon receipt of approval for Osmolex ER from the FDA, we filed a declaratory judgment action against Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Adamas LLC, which we collectively refer to as Adamas, on February 16, 2018 in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware seeking a declaratory judgment that Osmolex ER does not infringe, directly or indirectly, any valid and enforceable claim of any of the 11 patents enumerated in our complaint. On September 20, 2018, Adamas filed an amended answer with counterclaims alleging infringement of certain patents included in our complaint and requesting that the court grant Adamas damages, injunctive relief and attorneys' fees. Adamas commercializes a different amantadine product, an extended-release capsule marketed and sold as Gocovri™. We intend to vigorously defend our rights to commercialize Osmolex ER free and clear of any of these patents. However, this litigation is at a very early stage. If Adamas counterclaims for infringement and we do not prevail, we could be subject to liability for damages, potentially including lost profits damages or reasonable royalties, and also injunctive relief, as discussed above, and the other risks associated with patent litigation, which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations. For more information on our material pending litigation, see "Business — Legal Proceedings."

If we fail to comply with our obligations in the agreements under which we license rights from third parties, or if the license agreements are terminated for other reasons, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

We are a party to a number of licenses that are important to our business and expect to enter into additional licenses in the future. Our existing license agreements impose, and we expect that future license agreements will impose, on us various development, regulatory and commercial diligence obligations, payment of milestones or royalties and other obligations. Additionally, existing or future license agreements may include a sublicense from a third party that is not the original licensor of the intellectual property at issue. Under such an agreement, we must rely on our licensor to comply with their obligations under the primary license agreements under which such third party obtained rights in the applicable intellectual property, where we may have no relationship with the original licensor of such rights. If our licensors fail to comply with their obligations under these upstream license agreements, the original third-party licensor may

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have the right to terminate the original license, which may terminate our sublicense. If this were to occur, we would no longer have rights to the applicable intellectual property unless we are able to secure our own direct license with the owner of the relevant rights, which we may not be able to do at a reasonable cost, on reasonable terms or at all, and this may impact our ability to continue to develop or commercialize our products incorporating the relevant intellectual property. If we fail to comply with our obligations under our license agreements, or we are subject to a bankruptcy or insolvency, the licensor may have the right to terminate the license. In the event that any of our existing or future important licenses were to be terminated by the licensor, we would likely need to cease further development and commercialization of the related program or be required to spend significant time and resources to modify the program to not use the rights under the terminated license. In the case of marketed products that depend upon a license agreement, we could be required to cease our commercialization activities, including sale of the affected product.

Disputes may arise between us and any of our licensors regarding intellectual property subject to such agreements, including:

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the scope of rights granted under the agreement and other interpretation-related issues;



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whether and the extent to which our technology and processes infringe on intellectual property of the licensor that is not subject to the agreement;



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our right to sublicense patent and other rights to third parties;



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our diligence obligations with respect to the use of the licensed intellectual property, and what activities satisfy those diligence obligations;



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the ownership of inventions and know-how resulting from the joint creation or use of intellectual property by our licensors and us, should any such joint creation occur;



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our right to transfer or assign the license; and



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the effects of termination.

These or other disputes over intellectual property that we have licensed or acquired may prevent or impair our ability to maintain our current arrangements on acceptable terms, or may impair the value of the arrangement to us. Any such dispute, or termination of a necessary license, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that we or our employees have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.

We may be subject to claims that our employees or we have inadvertently or otherwise used intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee's former employer. We may also in the future be subject to claims that we have caused an employee to breach the terms of his or her non-competition or non-solicitation agreement. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these potential claims.

In addition, while it is our policy to require our employees and contractors who may be involved in the development of intellectual property to execute agreements assigning such intellectual property to us, such employees and contractors may breach the agreement and claim the developed intellectual property as their own.

If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. A court could prohibit us from using technologies or features that are essential to our products if such technologies or features are found to incorporate or be derived from the trade secrets or other proprietary information of the former employers. Even if we are successful in prosecuting or defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and could be a distraction to our management team. In addition, any litigation or threat thereof may adversely

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affect our ability to hire employees or contract with independent service providers. Moreover, a loss of key personnel or their work product could hamper or prevent our ability to commercialize our products.

We may be subject to claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our owned or in-licensed patent rights and other intellectual property.

We generally enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees and consultants. However, these agreements may be breached and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these and other claims challenging inventorship or ownership of inventions. The owners of intellectual property in-licensed to us could also face such claims. If we or our licensors fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights, such as exclusive ownership of, or right to use, valuable intellectual property. Such an outcome could have a material adverse effect on our business. Even if we or our licensors are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to our management team and other employees.

Any trademarks we may obtain may be infringed or successfully challenged, resulting in harm to our business.

We rely on trademarks as one means to distinguish our products and product candidates from the products of our competitors. Our trademark applications may not result in registered trademarks. Third parties may oppose our trademark applications or otherwise challenge our use of the trademarks. In the event that our trademarks are successfully challenged, we could be forced to rebrand our products, which could result in substantial cost, loss of brand recognition and could require us to devote resources to advertising and marketing new brands. Our competitors may infringe our trademarks, and we may not have adequate resources to enforce our trademarks. Even if we are successful in defending the use of our trademarks or preventing third parties from infringing our trademarks, resolution of such disputes may result in substantial costs.

We are increasingly dependent on information technology, and our systems and infrastructure face certain risks, including cybersecurity and data leakage risks.

Significant disruptions to our information technology systems or breaches of information security could adversely affect our business. In the ordinary course of business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information, and it is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. The size and complexity of our information technology systems, and those of our third-party vendors with whom we contract, make such systems potentially vulnerable to service interruptions and security breaches from inadvertent or intentional actions by our employees, partners or vendors, from attacks by malicious third parties, or from intentional or accidental physical damage to our systems infrastructure maintained by us or by third parties. Maintaining the secrecy of this confidential, proprietary, or trade secret information is important to our competitive business position. While we have taken steps to protect such information and invested in information technology, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent service interruptions or security breaches in our systems or the unauthorized or inadvertent wrongful use or disclosure of confidential information that could adversely affect our business operations or result in the loss, dissemination, or misuse of critical or sensitive information. A breach of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure, unapproved dissemination, misappropriation or misuse of trade secrets, proprietary information, or other confidential information, whether as a result of theft, hacking, fraud, trickery or other forms of deception, or for any other reason, could enable others to produce competing products, use our proprietary technology or information, or adversely affect our business or financial condition. Further, any such interruption, security breach, loss or disclosure of confidential information, could result in financial, legal, business, and reputational harm to us and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations or cash flow.

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Risks related to our industry

Our profitability depends on coverage and reimbursement by governmental authorities, HMOs, MCOs and other third-party payors; healthcare reform and other future legislation creates uncertainty and may lead to reductions in coverage or reimbursement levels.

We have obtained from governmental payors, private health insurers and other third-party payors such as MCOs, agreements to cover and reimburse certain of our products and related treatments at varying levels. However, there is no assurance that any drug that we market will be covered by any third-party payor, or that, once a coverage determination has been made, the third-party payor will offer an adequate reimbursement level for our product. Third-party payors may limit coverage to specific products on an approved formulary, which might not include all of the approved products for a particular indication. In determining whether to approve reimbursement for our products and at what level, we expect that third-party payors will consider factors that include the efficacy, cost effectiveness and safety of our products, as well as the availability of other treatments including other generic prescription drugs and over-the-counter alternatives. Further, in order to obtain and maintain acceptable reimbursement levels and access for patients at copay levels that are reasonable and customary, we may face increasing pressure to offer discounts or rebates from list prices or discounts to a greater number of third-party payors or other unfavorable pricing modifications. Obtaining and maintaining favorable reimbursement can be a time consuming and expensive process, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to negotiate or continue to negotiate pricing terms with third-party payors at levels that are profitable to us, or at all. Additionally, any reimbursement granted may not be maintained, or limits on reimbursement available from third-party payors may reduce the demand for, or negatively affect the price of those products, and could significantly harm our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In particular, there is no assurance that drug plans participating under the Medicare Part D program will offer our products, or of the terms of any such coverage, or that covered drugs will be reimbursed at amounts that reflect current or historical levels. For the year ended December 31, 2017, $2.4 million, or 0.4%, of our total revenues was attributable to sales under drug plans participating in the Medicare Part D program. The Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit, which went into effect January 1, 2006, established a voluntary outpatient prescription drug benefit for Medicare beneficiaries (primarily the elderly over 65 and the disabled). These beneficiaries may enroll in private drug plans. There are multiple types of Part D plans and numerous plan sponsors, each with its own formulary and product access requirements. The plans have considerable discretion in establishing formularies and tiered co-pay structures and in placing prior authorization and other restrictions on the utilization of specific products. In addition, Part D plan sponsors are permitted and encouraged to negotiate rebates with manufacturers. The Medicare Part D program is administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, within the Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS.

Since Medicare Part D was first established in 2006, CMS has issued extensive regulations and other sub-regulatory guidance documents implementing the Medicare Part D benefit, and the HHS Office of Inspector General, or OIG, has issued regulations and other guidance in connection with the Medicare Part D program. The federal government may continue to issue guidance and regulations regarding the obligations of Part D sponsors and their subcontractors that affect program coverage of pharmaceutical products or their reimbursement levels. In addition, participating drug plans may establish drug formularies that exclude coverage of specific drugs, and payment levels for drugs negotiated with Part D drug plans may be lower than reimbursement levels available through private health plans or other payors. Moreover, beneficiary co-insurance requirements could influence which products are recommended by physicians and selected by patients.

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There is no assurance that Medicaid programs will continue to offer coverage, and adequate reimbursement levels, for our pharmaceutical products. Most state Medicaid programs have established preferred drug lists, and the process, criteria and timeframe for obtaining placement on the preferred drug list varies from state to state. Under the Medicaid drug rebate program, a manufacturer must pay a rebate for Medicaid utilization of a product. The rebate for single source products (including authorized generics) is based on the greater of (i) a specified percentage of the product's average manufacturer price or (ii) the difference between the product's average manufacturer price and the best price offered by the manufacturer. The rebate for multiple source products is a specified percentage of the product's average manufacturer price. In addition, many states have established supplemental rebate programs as a condition for including a drug product on a preferred drug list. The profitability of our products may depend on the extent to which they appear on the preferred drug lists of a significant number of state Medicaid programs and the amount of the rebates that must be paid to such states. In addition, there is significant fiscal pressure on the Medicaid program, and legislative action to lower the pharmaceutical costs of the program are possible. Such legislative action could materially adversely affect our anticipated total revenues and results of operations.

In addition, third-party payors are increasingly challenging pricing of pharmaceutical products, and imposing controls to manage costs. The trend toward managed healthcare in the United States, the growth of organizations such as HMOs and MCOs, and legislative proposals to reform healthcare and government insurance programs could significantly influence the purchase of pharmaceutical products, resulting in lower prices and a reduction in product demand. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, or collectively, the ACA, was signed into law in March 2010. A number of provisions of the ACA continue to have a negative impact on the price of our products sold to U.S. government entities. As examples, the legislation includes measures that (i) significantly increase Medicaid rebates through both the expansion of the program and significant increases in rebates; (ii) substantially expand the Public Health System (340B) program to allow other entities to purchase prescription drugs at substantial discounts; (iii) extend the Medicaid rebate rate to a significant portion of Managed Medicaid enrollees; (iv) apply a discount to Medicare Part D beneficiary spending in the coverage gap for branded and authorized generic prescription drugs (which discount was recently increased effective in 2019); and (v) levy a significant excise tax on the industry to fund the healthcare reform. Such cost containment measures and healthcare reform may affect our ability to sell our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. In August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, led to aggregate reductions of Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year. These reductions went into effect in April 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute will remain in effect through 2027 unless additional action is taken by Congress. In January 2013, the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was signed into law, which, among other things, further reduced Medicare payments to several types of providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover "without fault" overpayments to providers from three to five years.

With enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which was signed by President Trump on December 22, 2017, Congress removed the tax penalty applicable to the "individual mandate," which requires Americans to carry a minimal level of health insurance. Starting in 2019, the tax penalty for not carrying such insurance is zero. According to the Congressional Budget Office, the removal of the tax penalty will cause 13 million fewer Americans to be insured in 2027 and premiums in insurance markets may rise. Additionally, on January 22, 2018, President Trump signed a continuing resolution on appropriations for fiscal year 2018 that delayed the implementation of certain ACA-mandated fees, including the so-called "Cadillac" tax on certain high cost employer-sponsored insurance plans, the annual

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fee imposed on certain health insurance providers based on market share, and the medical device excise tax on non-exempt medical devices. Further, the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, among other things, amends the ACA, effective January 1, 2019, to increase from 50 percent to 70 percent the point-of-sale discount that is owed by pharmaceutical manufacturers who participate in Medicare Part D and to close the coverage gap in most Medicare drug plans, commonly referred to as the "donut hole." Further, each chamber of the Congress has put forth multiple bills designed to repeal or repeal and replace portions of the ACA. Although none of these measures has been enacted by Congress to date, Congress may consider other legislation to repeal and replace elements of the ACA.

The Trump Administration has also taken executive actions to undermine or delay implementation of the ACA. In January 2017, President Trump signed an Executive Order directing federal agencies with authorities and responsibilities under the ACA to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of any provision of the ACA that would impose a fiscal or regulatory burden on states, individuals, healthcare providers, health insurers, or manufacturers of pharmaceuticals or medical devices. In October 2017, the President signed a second Executive Order allowing for the use of association health plans and short-term health insurance, which may provide fewer health benefits than the plans sold through the ACA exchanges. At the same time, the Administration announced that it will discontinue the payment of cost-sharing reduction, or CSR, payments to insurance companies until Congress approves the appropriation of funds for such CSR payments. The loss of the CSR payments is expected to increase premiums on certain policies issued by qualified health plans under the ACA. Future healthcare legislation could also have a significant impact on our business. There is uncertainty with respect to the impact these changes, if any, may have, and any changes likely will take time to unfold. Any additional federal healthcare reform measures adopted in the future could limit the amounts that federal and state governments will pay for healthcare products and services, and, in turn, could significantly reduce the projected value of certain development projects and reduce our profitability. Due to the uncertainties regarding the outcome of future healthcare reform initiatives and their enactment and implementation, we cannot predict which, if any, of the future reform proposals will be adopted or the effect such adoption may have on us.

There has been heightened public pressure and government scrutiny over pharmaceutical pricing practices, which may negatively impact our ability to generate revenues from our products, which could result in material adverse effects to our business, financial position and results of operations.

There has been heightened governmental scrutiny recently over pharmaceutical pricing practices in light of the rising cost of prescription drugs. Such scrutiny has resulted in several recent Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing; review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient assistance programs, reduce the costs of drugs under Medicare, and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. At the federal level, the Trump Administration's budget proposal for fiscal year 2019 contains further drug price control measures that could be enacted during the 2019 budget process or in other future legislation, including, for example, measures to permit Medicare Part D plans to negotiate the price of certain drugs under Medicare Part B, to allow some states to negotiate drug prices under Medicaid, and to eliminate cost sharing for generic drugs for low-income patients. While any proposed measures will require authorization through additional legislation to become effective, Congress and the Trump Administration have each indicated an intent to continue to seek new legislative or administrative measures to control drug costs. At the state level, legislatures have become increasingly active in passing, or seeking to pass, legislation and regulations designed to control pharmaceutical and biological product pricing, including laws establishing maximum drug reimbursement rates for governmental or other payors within a state, laws limiting consumer copayment obligations, transparency and disclosure measures related to drug price increases and laws seeking to encourage drug importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. Reductions in reimbursement levels may negatively impact the prices we receive or the frequency with which our products are prescribed or administered. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar reduction

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in payments from private payors. Any downward pricing pressure on the price of certain of our products arising from social or political pressure to lower the cost of pharmaceutical products could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

There has also been increasing U.S. federal and state enforcement interest with respect to drug pricing. For instance, the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, issued subpoenas to pharmaceutical companies, seeking information about the sales, marketing and pricing of certain generic drugs. In addition to the effects of any investigations or claims brought against us, our business, results of operations and financial condition could also be adversely affected if any such inquiries, of us or of other pharmaceutical companies or the industry more generally, were to result in legislative or regulatory proposals that limit our ability to increase the prices of our products.

Certain prescription product coding databases may choose to reclassify prescription dietary supplements as non-prescription, or over-the-counter, which may result in limited or no insurance coverage for these products and a decrease in utilization of such products

Many private and government insurance plans refer to product listing databases to determine whether or not a product is a prescription product, a non-prescription, or over-the-counter product or a medical food product. How a product is listed in these databases impacts whether or not a product is covered by insurance, or whether it receives limited coverage, as many providers may choose not to cover over-the-counter products. For example, on May 15, 2017, First Databank, a prescription coding database, announced that starting in June 2017 it would classify all dietary supplements as non-prescription. Several companies have sued First Databank, in an effort to prevent or delay the implementation of the reclassification. On April 9, 2018, First Databank announced that it is proceeding with a reclassification of non-prenatal dietary supplements to non-prescription which may affect some of our products. First Databank has temporarily delayed implementing this reclassification for prenatal dietary supplements. If First Databank or other listing databases were to re-classify all dietary supplements, including prenatal dietary supplements, as non-prescription or over-the-counter, this could prevent insurance coverage for our prescription prenatal dietary supplements and negatively impact our future total revenues, profitability and cash flows.

We are subject to extensive governmental regulation and we face significant uncertainties and potentially significant costs associated with our efforts to comply with applicable regulations. Any non-compliance may result in fines or other sanctions, including debarment, product seizures, product recalls, injunctive actions and criminal prosecutions, which could result in material adverse effects to our business, financial position and results of operations.

The pharmaceutical industry operates in a highly regulated environment subject to the actions of courts and governmental agencies that influence the ability of a company to successfully operate its business and is subject to regulation by various governmental authorities at the federal, state and local levels with respect to the development, manufacture, labeling, sale, distribution, marketing, advertising and promotion of pharmaceutical products. As a pharmaceutical manufacturer and distributor, we are subject to extensive regulation by the federal government, principally the FDA and the Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, as well as by state governments.

The FDCA, the Controlled Substances Act, the Generic Drug Enforcement Act of 1992, or the Generic Drug Act, and other federal, state and local statutes and regulations govern the testing, manufacture, safety, labeling, storage, disposal, tracking, recordkeeping, approval, advertising and promotion (including to the healthcare community) of our products. If we, our products, the manufacturing facilities for our products, our CROs, or other persons or entities working on our behalf fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements either before or after marketing approval, a regulatory agency, such as the FDA, may, depending on the stage of product development and approval, revoke, withdraw, or suspend approvals of previously approved products for cause, debar companies and individuals from participating in the drug-approval process, request or in certain circumstances mandate recalls of allegedly violative products, seize

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allegedly violative products, issue Warning Letters or Untitled Letters, mandate modifications to promotional materials or require the provision of corrective information to healthcare practitioners, amend and update labels or package inserts, suspend or terminate any ongoing clinical trials, refuse to approve pending applications or supplements to applications filed, refuse to allow entry into government contracts, obtain injunctions to close manufacturing plants allegedly not operating in conformity with FDA's cGMP requirements, stop shipments of allegedly violative products, impose fines perhaps significant in amount, require entry into a consent decree, which can include imposition of various fines, reimbursements for inspection costs, required due dates for specific actions and penalties for noncompliance and other sanctions imposed by courts or regulatory bodies, including criminal prosecutions. If we or a regulatory agency discovers previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory agency may impose restrictions relative to that product or the manufacturing facility, including requiring product recall, notice to physicians, withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. From time to time, we have voluntarily recalled our products and may do so in the future. For example, we have three active recalls of methylphenidate ER to the wholesale level. These recalls were each based on a complaint that indicated that a bottle had contained one tablet with the incorrect dosage strength. Our investigation revealed that the incorrect tablets were likely introduced at the first coating step of the manufacturing process and determined that the issue poses no potential risk to patients. In addition, in August 2017, we initiated a recall to the retail level of the prescription dietary supplement product, Zatean pN DHA. We initiated the recall because the product labeling listed an incorrect food coloring as one of the excipient ingredients. The recall is ongoing, and we do not have any reports of adverse reactions associated with the use of the affected product.

Because of the chemical ingredients of pharmaceutical products and the nature of the manufacturing process, the pharmaceutical industry is subject to extensive environmental laws and regulation and the risk of incurring liability for damages and the costs of remedying environmental problems. These requirements include regulation of the handling, manufacture, transportation, storage, use and disposal of materials, including the discharge of hazardous materials and pollutants into the environment. In the normal course of our business, we are exposed to risks relating to possible releases of hazardous substances into the environment, which could cause environmental or property damage or personal injuries, and which could result in (i) our noncompliance with such environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations and (ii) regulatory enforcement actions or claims for personal injury and property damage against us. If an unapproved or illegal environmental discharge or accident occurred or if we were to discover contamination caused by prior operations, including by prior owners and operators of properties we acquire, then we could be liable for cleanup, damages or fines, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flow. In the future, we may be required to increase expenditures in order to remedy environmental problems or comply with changes in applicable environmental laws and regulations. We could also become a party to environmental remediation investigations and activities. These obligations may relate to sites that we currently or in the future may own or lease, sites that we formerly owned or operated, or sites where waste from our operations was disposed. Additionally, if we fail to comply with environmental regulations to use, discharge or dispose of hazardous materials appropriately or otherwise to comply with the provisions of our operating licenses, the licenses could be revoked, and we could be subject to criminal sanctions or substantial civil liability or be required to suspend or modify our manufacturing operations. We currently operate in Florida, Georgia, New Jersey and North Carolina, and in overseas jurisdictions including Argentina and Hungary, and we are required to comply with the laws and regulations of those states or overseas jurisdictions in addition to any federal laws and regulations. We may in the future establish or acquire operations in other jurisdictions subject to equally or more stringent laws and regulations. Stricter environmental, safety and health laws and enforcement policies could result in substantial costs and liabilities to us, and could subject our handling, manufacture, use, reuse or disposal of substances or pollutants to more rigorous scrutiny than is currently

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the case. Consequently, compliance with these laws could result in significant capital expenditures, as well as other costs and liabilities, which could materially adversely affect us.

As part of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, companies are now required to file with the FTC, and the DOJ certain types of agreements entered into between brand and generic pharmaceutical companies related to the settlement of patent litigation or the manufacture, marketing and sale of generic versions of branded drugs. This requirement could affect the manner in which generic drug manufacturers resolve intellectual property litigation and other disputes with brand pharmaceutical companies and could result generally in an increase in private-party litigation against pharmaceutical companies or additional investigations or proceedings by the FTC or other governmental authorities. The potential for FTC investigations and litigation and private-party lawsuits associated with arrangements between brand and generic drug manufacturers could adversely affect our business. In recent years, the FTC has expressed its intention to take aggressive action to challenge settlements that include an alleged payment from the brand company to the generic company (so-called "pay for delay" patent litigation settlements) and to call on legislators to pass stronger laws prohibiting such settlements. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court held that certain of such settlements could violate anti-trust laws and must be evaluated under a "rule of reason" standard of review.

We are subject to the effects of changes in statutes, regulations and interpretative guidance that may adversely affect our business and that could require us to devote increased time and resources to our compliance efforts, which may not be successful. For example, the FDA has proposed revisions to regulations governing generic drugs with respect to both when and how a labeling change would be required, which could have negative consequences for our business. The proposed revisions could create a regulatory framework whereby multiple, different labeling, including different warnings, could simultaneously exist in the marketplace for multiple generic versions of a drug, which could adversely affect our customers' acceptance of our generic products or could place our products at a competitive disadvantage. Moreover, the proposed revisions could expose us to substantial new tort liability costs, which could cause us to withdraw or decline to pursue certain products. These or any other changes in statutes, regulations or interpretative guidance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

We also cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of adverse government regulation that may arise from pending or future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or abroad. Namely, the Trump Administration has taken several executive actions, including the issuance of a number of Executive Orders, that could impose significant burdens on, or otherwise materially delay, the FDA's ability to engage in routine regulatory and oversight activities such as implementing statutes through rulemaking, issuance of guidance, and review and approval of marketing applications. It is difficult to predict how these executive actions, including the Executive Orders, will be implemented, and the extent to which they will affect the FDA's ability to exercise its regulatory authority. If these executive actions impose constraints on the FDA's ability to engage in oversight and implementation activities in the normal course, our business may be negatively impacted, and if we are not able to achieve and maintain regulatory compliance, we may not be permitted to market our products or product candidates, which would adversely affect our ability to generate revenues and achieve or maintain profitability.

These risks, along with others, have the potential to materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations and prospects. Although we have developed compliance programs to address the regulatory environment, there is no guarantee that these programs will meet regulatory agency standards now or in the future. Additionally, despite our efforts at compliance, there is no guarantee that we may not be deemed to be deficient in some manner in the future. If we are deemed to be deficient in any significant way, our business, financial position and results of operations could be materially affected.

The manufacture, packaging, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution and sale of our dietary supplements are also subject to regulation by numerous national and local governmental agencies, including

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the FDA and FTC. Failure to comply with regulatory requirements pertaining to any of our products, including prescription drugs and dietary supplements, may result in various types of penalties or fines. These include injunctions, product withdrawals, recalls, product seizures, fines and criminal prosecutions. Individual U.S. states also regulate dietary supplements. A state may seek to interpret claims or products presumptively valid under federal law as illegal under that state's regulations. Any or all of these requirements could have a material adverse effect on us. In addition, the FDA's policies may change and additional government regulations could impose more stringent product labeling and post-marketing testing and other requirements. For example, the FDA has stated that there is no specific upper limit on the amount of folic acid permitted in dietary supplements. If the FDA were to regulate products with higher amounts of folic acid as drugs, it may require us to stop marketing and selling certain dietary supplement products. There can be no assurance that the regulatory environment in which we operate will not change or that such regulatory environment, or any specific action taken against us, will not result in a material adverse effect on us.

The drug regulatory approval processes of the FDA and comparable foreign authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable, and if we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, our business will be substantially harmed.

The time required to obtain approval by the FDA and comparable foreign authorities is unpredictable and typically takes many years following the commencement of clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, approval policies, regulations or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain approval may change during the course of a product candidate's clinical development and may vary among jurisdictions.

Our product candidates could fail to receive regulatory approval for many reasons. For example:

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the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may disagree that our product candidates meet the criteria for the NDA or ANDA regulatory pathway or foreign regulatory pathways;



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we may be unable to demonstrate to the satisfaction of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities that a product candidate is safe and effective or chemically identical and bioequivalent to its branded reference product for its proposed indication;



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the results of any clinical trials we conduct may not meet the level of statistical significance required by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities for approval;



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we may be unable to demonstrate that a product candidate's clinical and other benefits outweigh its safety risks;



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the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may fail to approve the manufacturing processes or facilities of third party manufacturers with which we contract for clinical and commercial supplies; and



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the approval policies or regulations of the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities may change significantly in a manner rendering our clinical data insufficient for approval.

This lengthy approval process as well as the unpredictability of future clinical trial results may result in our failing to obtain regulatory approval to market certain of our product candidates, which would harm our business, results of operations and prospects significantly. In addition, even if we obtain approval for our product candidates, regulatory authorities may approve any of our product candidates for fewer or more limited indications than we request or may grant approval contingent on the performance of costly post-marketing clinical trials or may approve a product candidate with a label that does not include the labeling claims necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of that product candidate. Any of the foregoing scenarios could harm the commercial prospects for our product candidates.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product or product candidate and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing our products and product candidates.

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If we are found to have improperly promoted our products, we may be subject to restrictions on the sale or marketing of our products and significant fines, penalties and sanctions, and our image and reputation within the industry and marketplace could be harmed.

The FDA and other regulatory agencies, including regulatory authorities outside the United States, strictly regulate the marketing and promotional claims that are made about drug products. In particular, promotion for a product must be balanced, truthful, non-misleading and consistent with its labeling approved by the FDA or by regulatory agencies in other countries. We cannot prevent physicians from prescribing our products for indications or uses that are inconsistent with the approved package insert. If, however, we are found to have promoted such unapproved uses prior to the FDA's approval for an additional indication, we may, among other consequences, receive Untitled or Warning Letters and become subject to significant liability, which would materially harm our business. Both the U.S. federal government and foreign regulatory authorities have levied significant civil and criminal fines against companies and individuals for alleged improper promotion and have entered into settlement agreements with pharmaceutical companies to limit inappropriate promotional activities. If we become the target of such an investigation or prosecution based on our marketing and promotional practices, we could face similar sanctions, which would materially harm our business. In addition, management's attention could be diverted from our business operations, significant legal expenses could be incurred and our reputation could be damaged.

Our business operations and current and future relationships with investigators, healthcare professionals, third-party payors, patient organizations and customers are subject to applicable healthcare regulatory laws, which could expose us to penalties.

Our business operations and current and future arrangements with investigators, healthcare professionals, third-party payors, patient organizations and customers subject us and our customers to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations. These laws constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we conduct our operations, including how we research, market, sell and distribute our products and product candidates, if approved. Such laws include:

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the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, offering, receiving or providing any remuneration (including any kickback, bribe, or certain rebates), directly or indirectly, overtly or covertly, in cash or in kind, to induce or reward, or in return for, either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or arrangement for, any good, facility, item or service, for which payment may be made, in whole or in part, under U.S. federal and state healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;



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the U.S. federal civil and criminal false claims, including the civil False Claims Act, which prohibit, among other things, including through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the U.S. federal government, claims for payment or approval that are false or fraudulent, knowingly making, using or causing to be made or used, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim, or from knowingly making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the U.S. federal government. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items and services resulting from a violation of the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act;



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the U.S. federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, which created additional federal criminal statutes which prohibit, among other things, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, or knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false statement, in connection with the delivery of, or payment for, healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the U.S. federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation;

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HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 or HITECH and its implementing regulations, which imposes certain obligations, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information without appropriate authorization by covered entities subject to the rule, such as certain health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and healthcare providers as well as the covered entities' business associates, independent contractors of a covered entity that perform certain services involving the use or disclosure of individually identifiable health information;



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the federal civil monetary penalties statute, which prohibits, among other things, the offering or giving of remuneration to a Medicare or Medicaid beneficiary that the person knows or should know is likely to influence the beneficiary's selection of a particular supplier of items or services reimbursable by a federal or state governmental program;



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the FDCA, which prohibits, among other things, the adulteration or misbranding of drugs;



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the "Federal Sunshine Law," or Open Payments, and its implementing regulations, which require certain manufacturers of drugs and medical supplies that are reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children's Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to report annually to the government information related to certain payments and other transfers of value to physicians and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members;



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federal consumer protection and unfair competition laws, which broadly regulate marketplace activities and activities that potentially harm consumers;



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analogous U.S. state laws and regulations, including: state anti-kickback and false claims laws, which may apply to our business practices, including but not limited to, research, distribution, sales and marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including private insurers; state laws that require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry's voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the U.S. federal government, or otherwise restrict payments that may be made to healthcare providers and other potential referral sources; state laws and regulations that require drug manufacturers to file reports relating to pricing sales, shipping and marketing information, which includes tracking gifts and other remuneration and items of value provided to healthcare professionals and entities; state and local laws that require the registration of pharmaceutical sales representatives and reporting to certain states the shipment of opioid products into those states; and state laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts; and



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similar healthcare laws and regulations in the European Union, or the EU, and other jurisdictions, including reporting requirements detailing interactions with and payments to healthcare providers.

Ensuring that our internal operations and business arrangements with third parties comply with applicable healthcare laws and regulations involves substantial costs. It is possible that governmental authorities will conclude that our business practices, including our arrangements with physicians and other healthcare providers do not comply with current or future statutes, regulations, agency guidance or case law involving applicable fraud and abuse or other healthcare laws and regulations. If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental laws and regulations that may apply to us, we may be subject to significant penalties, including civil, criminal and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from government-funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid or similar programs in other countries or jurisdictions, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance, disgorgement, individual imprisonment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. If any of the physicians or other providers or entities with whom we do business are found to not be in compliance with applicable laws, they may be subject to criminal, civil or administrative sanctions, including exclusions from government funded healthcare programs and imprisonment, which could affect our ability to operate our

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business. Further, defending against any such actions can be costly, time-consuming and may require significant personnel resources. Therefore, even if we are successful in defending against any such actions that may be brought against us, our business may be impaired. To the extent our patient assistance programs are found to be inconsistent with applicable laws, we may be required to restructure or discontinue such programs, or be subject to other significant penalties.

We are subject to various laws protecting the confidentiality of certain patient health information, and our failure to comply could result in penalties and reputational damage.

Numerous countries in which we operate, manufacture and sell our products have, or are developing, laws protecting data privacy and the confidentiality of certain patient health information. EU member states and other jurisdictions have adopted data protection laws and regulations, which impose significant compliance obligations. For example, the EU General Data Protection Regulation, or the GDPR, which came into force on May 25, 2018, introduced new data protection requirements in the EU and substantial fines for breaches of the data protection rules. The GDPR imposes strict obligations and restrictions on controllers and processors of personal data including, for example, expanded disclosures about how personal data is to be used, increased requirements pertaining to health data and pseudonymised (i.e., key-coded) data, mandatory data breach notification requirements and expanded rights for individuals over their personal data. This could affect our ability to collect, analyze and transfer personal data, including health data from clinical trials and adverse event reporting, or could cause our costs to increase, and harm our business and financial condition.

While the GDPR, as a directly effective regulation, was designed to harmonize data protection law across the EU, it does permit member states to legislate in many areas (particularly with regard to the processing of genetic, biometric or health data), meaning that inconsistencies between different member states will still arise. EU member states have their own regimes on medical confidentiality and national and EU-level guidance on implementation and compliance practices is often updated or otherwise revised, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data in the EU.

European data protection law generally prohibits the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the EU that are not considered by the European Commission to provide an adequate level of data protection, unless there are specific frameworks or mechanisms in place or very narrow legal exceptions (such as consent) apply. However, the Privacy Shield framework (which permits transfers of personal data from the EU to the U.S.) is under review and there is currently litigation challenging other EU mechanisms for adequate data transfers (e.g. the standard contractual clauses). It is uncertain whether the Privacy Shield framework or the standard contractual clauses will be invalidated by the European courts. We could be impacted by changes in law as a result of a future review of these transfer mechanisms by European regulators under the GDPR, as well as current challenges to these mechanisms in the European courts.

In recent years, U.S. and European regulators have expressed concern over electronic marketing and the use of third-party cookies, web beacons and similar technology for online behavioral advertising. In the EU, informed consent is required for the placement of a cookie on a user's device. The current EU laws that cover the use of cookies and similar technology and marketing online or by electronic means are under reform. A draft of the new ePrivacy Regulation is currently going through the European legislative process. Unlike the current ePrivacy Directive, the draft ePrivacy Regulation will be directly implemented into the laws of each of the EU member states, without the need for further enactment. When implemented, it is expected to alter rules on third-party cookies, web beacons and similar technology for online behavioral advertising and to impose stricter requirements on companies using these tools. The current provisions of the draft ePrivacy Regulation also extend the strict opt-in marketing rules to business-to-business communications and significantly increase penalties.

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Our reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid rebate program and other governmental purchasing and rebate programs are complex and may involve subjective decisions. Any determination that we have failed to comply with those obligations could subject us to penalties and sanctions, which could have a material adverse effect.

The regulations regarding reporting and payment obligations with respect to Medicaid reimbursement and rebates and other governmental programs are complex. Many government and third-party payors, including Medicare, Medicaid, HMOs and others, reimburse doctors and others for the purchase of certain prescription drugs based on a drug's average wholesale price, or AWP. In the past several years, state and federal government agencies have conducted ongoing investigations of manufacturers' reporting practices with respect to AWP, in which the agencies have suggested that reporting of inflated AWPs by manufacturers have led to excessive payments for prescription drugs. We can give no assurance that we will be able to settle any future actions that may be brought against us on terms that we deem reasonable, or that such settlements or adverse judgments, if entered, will not exceed the amount of any reserve. Accordingly, such actions could adversely affect us and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our calculations and methodologies related to government pricing reporting are subject to review and challenge by the applicable governmental agencies, and it is possible that such reviews could result in material changes. In addition, because our processes for these calculations and the judgments involved in making these calculations involve, and will continue to involve, subjective decisions and complex methodologies, these calculations are subject to the risk of errors. Any governmental agencies that have commenced (or that may commence) an investigation of our company could impose, based on a claim of violation of fraud and false claims laws or otherwise, civil or criminal sanctions, including fines, penalties and possible exclusion from federal health care programs (including Medicaid and Medicare). Some of the applicable laws may impose liability even in the absence of specific intent to defraud. Furthermore, should there be ambiguity with regard to how to properly calculate and report payments, and even in the absence of any such ambiguity, a governmental authority may take a position contrary to a position that we have taken and may impose civil or criminal sanctions on us. Any such penalties, sanctions, or exclusion from federal health care programs could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations. From time to time we conduct routine reviews of our government pricing calculations. These reviews may have an impact on government price reporting and rebate calculations used to comply with various government regulations regarding reporting and payment obligations.

Increased scrutiny around the abuse of opioids, including law enforcement concerns over diversion and legislative and regulatory efforts to combat abuse, could impact some of our pharmaceutical products, and could reduce the demand and increase the cost, burden and liability associated with the commercialization of opioids.

Law enforcement and regulatory agencies may apply policies that seek to limit the availability of opioids. Such efforts may affect our opioid products, such as tramadol extended-release capsules and hydromorphone ER (hydromorphone hydrochloride extended-release tablets). For the year ended December 31, 2017, our opioid products represented 3% of our total revenues. Aggressive enforcement, unfavorable publicity regarding, for example, the use or misuse of opioid drugs or the limitations of abuse-deterrent formulations, litigation, public inquiries or investigations related to the abuse, sales, marketing, distribution or storage of our products could harm our reputation. Such negative publicity could reduce the potential size of the market for our drugs and decrease the total revenues we are able to generate from sales. In addition, efforts by the FDA and other regulatory bodies to combat the abuse of opioids may negatively impact the market for our products. The FDA continues to evaluate extended-release and abuse-deterrent opioids in the post-market setting. We expect that the FDA will continue to scrutinize the impact of abuse-deterrent opioids and in the future could impose further restrictions to products currently on the market, which may include changing labeling, imposing additional prescribing restrictions, or seeking a product's removal from the market, which could have an adverse effect on our financial performance.

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In addition, some states, including the Commonwealths of Massachusetts and Virginia and the States of New York, Ohio, Arizona, Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Colorado, Wisconsin, Alabama, South Carolina, Washington and New Jersey, have either recently enacted, intend to enact, or have pending legislation or regulations designed to, among other things, limit the duration and quantity of initial prescriptions of immediate-release forms of opiates, mandate the use by prescribers of prescription drug databases and mandate prescriber education. The attorneys general from the substantial majority of states have announced a joint investigation into the marketing and sales practices of drug companies that market opioid pain medications. At the state and local level, a number of states and cities have brought separate lawsuits against various pharmaceutical companies marketing and selling opioid pain medications, alleging misleading or otherwise improper promotion of opioid drugs to physicians and consumers. On March 15, 2018, a coalition of local governments in Arkansas, comprised of 75 counties and 15 cities, jointly filed a lawsuit in the Circuit Court of Crittenden County, Arkansas against more than 60 defendants, including us. The summons and complaint that we received on April 30, 2018 claimed that we and the other defendants, including prescription opioid manufacturers, distributors and retailers, and several physicians, were negligent and violated public nuisance law as well as various Arkansas controlled substance laws as a result of alleged opioid sales and marketing practices. The lawsuit sought damages and restitution for past and prospective spending related to opioid use, as well as punitive and treble damages. On July 17, 2018, the court entered an order in the Arkansas litigation voluntarily dismissing us from the lawsuit without prejudice. If similar lawsuits are filed against us in the future, we may be subject to excessive litigation or settlement costs, negative publicity, diversion of management time and attention, decreased sales or removal of one or more of our opioid products from the market, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In March 2017, President Trump announced the creation of a commission, through the Office of National Drug Control Policy, to make recommendations to the President on how to best combat opioid addiction and abuse. In August 2017, the commission issued a preliminary report calling on President Trump to officially declare the crisis of opioid abuse a national emergency. On October 26, 2017, President Trump declared the opioid crisis a "national public health emergency." The commission's final report was released in early November 2017. In July 2017, the Pharmaceutical Care Management Association, a trade association representing pharmacy benefit managers, wrote a letter to the commissioner of FDA in which it expressed support for, among other things, the CDC guidelines and a seven-day limit on the supply of opioids for acute pain. In September 2017, CVS Pharmacy announced that it would only fill first time opioid prescriptions for acute pain for a seven day supply. These and other similar initiatives and actions, whether taken by governmental authorities or other industry stakeholders, may result in the reduced prescribing and use of opioids, including our opioid products, which could adversely affect our ability to commercialize our opioid products, and in turn adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Some of our products, including methylphenidate ER, are stimulant products and face intense competition from existing or future stimulant products and also have the potential for misuse, which could reduce the demand and increase the cost, burden and liability associated with the commercialization of such products.

Some of our products and product candidates are stimulants, including methylphenidate ER. The markets for methylphenidate ER and other stimulants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, are well developed and populated with established drugs marketed by large pharmaceutical, biotechnology and generic drug companies. There have also been efforts to develop stimulant products that are less prone to abuse, and such products may compete with our products. Our competitors may succeed in developing, acquiring or licensing, on an exclusive basis or otherwise, drug products or drug delivery technologies that are more effective, less costly or less prone to abuse than our stimulant products, or any product candidate that we may develop. In addition, because of the potential for abuse of stimulant products, regulatory agencies may develop and apply policies that seek to limit the abuse of such stimulant products. If our competitors develop and market stimulant products that are more effective, safer or less expensive than our product or future product candidates, if any, or if abuse of our stimulant products result in increased liability or reduced demand for such products, this could impact our ability to generate revenues from such stimulant products and will adversely affect our business and financial condition.

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In addition, for some methylphenidate ER products when a patient switches from one medication to another, there may be an actual or perceived lack of efficacy or increase in side effects. For example, this could happen if a patient starts taking our methylphenidate ER product instead of the branded product. These lack of efficacy reports are submitted to the FDA and may result in the FDA reviewing previously submitted data, or generating data on its own, to confirm whether or not our product is therapeutically equivalent to the reference listed drug. If the FDA finds that our product is not therapeutically equivalent to the reference listed drug, FDA could change the designation of the product from AB to BX rated and request that we remove the product from the market. Either result would adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The DEA limits production of some of our products and limits the availability of certain of our products' active ingredients. Procurement and production quotas set by the DEA may not be sufficient to allow us to complete clinical trials or to meet commercial demand, and may result in clinical delays.

The DEA regulates chemical compounds as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances, with Schedule I substances considered to present the highest risk of substance abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest risk. Methylphenidate included in our methylphenidate ER and M-72 products and hydromorphone included in our hydromorphone ER product are listed as Schedule II drugs and tramadol hydrochloride included in our ConZip product is listed as a Schedule IV drug by the DEA under the Controlled Substances Act. The manufacture, shipment, storage, sale and use of Schedule II drugs are subject to a high degree of regulation. For example, Schedule II drug prescriptions generally must be signed by a physician and may not be refilled without a new prescription. Substances in Schedule IV are considered to have a lower potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule II. A prescription for controlled substances in Schedule IV may be issued by a practitioner through oral communication, in writing, or by facsimile to the pharmacist, and may be refilled if so authorized on the prescription or by call-in. In the future, our other potential products may also be listed by the DEA as controlled substances.

Furthermore, the DEA limits the availability of the active ingredients in certain of our current drug products and sets a quota on the production of these products. We, or our contract manufacturing organizations, must annually apply to the DEA for procurement and production quotas in order to obtain these substances and produce our products. As a result, our procurement and production quotas may not be sufficient to meet commercial demand or to complete clinical trials, which may result in delays in clinical trials or inability to meet commercial demand. Moreover, the DEA may adjust these quotas from time to time during the year. Any delay or refusal by the DEA to establish or modify our quotas for controlled substances could delay or stop clinical trials or product launches, or could cause trade inventory disruptions, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Litigation is common in our industry, can be protracted and expensive, and could delay or prevent entry of our products into the market, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Litigation concerning intellectual property rights in the pharmaceutical industry can be protracted and expensive. Pharmaceutical companies with patented branded products regularly sue companies that file applications to produce generic equivalents of their patented branded products for alleged patent infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights, which are expensive to defend and may delay or prevent the entry of such generic products into the market. Generally, a generic drug may not be marketed until the applicable patent(s) on the brand name drug expire or are held to be invalid, unenforceable or not infringed by the generic product at issue. When we or our development partners submit an ANDA to the FDA for approval of a generic drug, we or our development partners must certify either (i) that there is no patent listed with the FDA as covering the relevant branded product, (ii) that any patent listed as covering the branded product has expired, (iii) that the patent listed as covering the branded product will expire prior to the marketing of the generic product, in which case the ANDA will not be finally approved by the FDA until the expiration of such patent or (iv) that any patent listed as covering the branded drug is invalid or will not be infringed by the manufacture, sale or use of the generic product for which the ANDA is submitted, which we refer to as a "Paragraph IV" certification. Whenever we file an

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ANDA with a Paragraph IV certification, there is a high likelihood that a brand pharmaceutical company will sue us for alleged patent infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. Also, competing pharmaceutical companies may file lawsuits against us alleging patent infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights or may file declaratory judgment actions against us alleging non-infringement, invalidity, or unenforceability of our own patents. Because substantially all of our current business involves the development and marketing of products that are subject to potential claims of patent infringement by third parties or, with respect to our own branded products, are subject to third-party challenges, the threat of litigation, the outcome of which is inherently uncertain, is always present. Such litigation is often costly and time consuming and could result in a substantial delay in, or prevent, the introduction or marketing of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, prospects and results of operations.

We are susceptible to product liability claims that may not be covered by insurance, which, if successful, could require us to pay substantial sums.

Like all pharmaceutical companies, we face the risk of loss resulting from, and the adverse publicity associated with, product liability lawsuits, whether or not such claims are valid. We likely cannot avoid such claims. Unanticipated side effects or unfavorable publicity concerning any of our products would likely have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve acceptance by prescribing physicians, managed care providers, pharmacies and other retailers, customers, patients and clinical trial participants. Even unsuccessful product liability claims could require us to spend money on litigation, divert management's time, damage our reputation and impair the marketability of our products. In addition, although we believe that we have adequate product liability insurance coverage, we cannot be certain that our insurance will, in fact, be sufficient to cover such claims or that we will be able to obtain or maintain adequate insurance coverage in the future at acceptable prices. A successful product liability claim that is excluded from coverage or exceeds our policy limits could require us to pay substantial sums. In addition, insurance coverage for product liability may become prohibitively expensive in the future or, with respect to certain high-risk products, may not be available at all. For example, some product liability insurance carriers exclude some of our products from coverage, such as hydromorphone ER and ConZip, due to restrictions on covering certain controlled substances, including opioids. As a result we may not be able to maintain adequate product liability insurance coverage to mitigate the risk of large claims, or we may be required to maintain a larger self-insured retention than we would otherwise choose.

Manufacturing or quality control problems may damage our reputation for quality production, require costly remedial activities and negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As a pharmaceutical company, we are subject to substantial regulation by various governmental authorities. For instance, we must comply with requirements of the FDA and other healthcare regulators with respect to the manufacture of pharmaceutical products. We must register our facilities, whether located in the United States or elsewhere, with the FDA as well as regulators outside the United States. Also, our products, including our investigational products, must be made in a manner consistent with applicable cGMP regulations, or similar standards in each territory in which we manufacture. The failure of one of our facilities, or a facility of one of our third-party suppliers, to comply with applicable laws and regulations may lead to breach of representations made to our customers or to regulatory or government action against us related to products made in that facility.

In addition, the FDA and other agencies periodically inspect our manufacturing facilities. Following an inspection, an agency may issue a notice listing conditions that are believed to violate cGMP or other regulations, or a Warning Letter for violations of "regulatory significance" that may result in enforcement action if not promptly and adequately corrected. We have in the past received Warning Letters from the FDA regarding certain operations. In May 2017, the FDA issued a Warning Letter to us for violation of post-marketing adverse drug experience reporting requirements, specifically for (i) failing to develop written procedures for the surveillance, receipt, evaluation, and reporting of post-marketing adverse drug experiences, and (ii) failing to submit periodic adverse drug experience reports annually. This Warning Letter

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was based on an October-November 2016 FDA inspection. We have been providing periodic updates to FDA outlining our corrective steps taken in response to this Warning Letter. In July 2018, the FDA conducted an inspection of our pharmacovigilance function as follow up to the May 10, 2017 Warning Letter. We have responded to the single observation on the FDA Form 483. In addition, in August 2017, the FDA issued a Warning Letter to Cipher Pharmaceuticals Inc., the manufacturer for ConZip, for which we hold the exclusive license to market, sell and distribute. The FDA determined that a piece of promotional material for ConZip was false and misleading because it omitted important risk information. On November 30, 2017, the FDA issued a letter to Cipher Pharmaceuticals Inc. acknowledging Cipher Pharmaceuticals Inc.'s corrective actions as sufficient and concluding that the matter is considered closed. We remain committed to continuing to improve our quality control and manufacturing practices; however, we cannot be assured that the FDA will continue to be satisfied with our quality control and manufacturing systems and standards. Failure to comply strictly with these regulations and requirements may damage our reputation and lead to financial penalties, compliance expenditures, the recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, withdrawal or suspension of the applicable regulator's review of our submissions, enforcement actions, injunctions and criminal prosecution. Further, other federal agencies, our customers and partners in our development, manufacturing, collaboration and other partnership agreements with respect to our products and services may take any such FDA observations or Warning Letters into account when considering the award of contracts or the continuation or extension of such partnership agreements. The delay and cost of remedial actions, or obtaining approval to manufacture at a different facility, could negatively impact our business. Any failure by us to comply with applicable laws and regulations or any actions by the FDA and other agencies as described above could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

The illegal distribution and sale by third parties of counterfeit versions of our products or of stolen products could have a negative impact on our reputation and a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Third parties could illegally distribute and sell counterfeit versions of our products, which do not meet the rigorous manufacturing and testing standards that our products undergo. Counterfeit products are frequently unsafe or ineffective, and can be life-threatening. Counterfeit medicines may contain harmful substances, the wrong dose of the API or no API at all. However, to distributors and users, counterfeit products may be visually indistinguishable from the authentic version.

Reports of adverse reactions to counterfeit drugs or increased levels of counterfeiting could materially affect patient confidence in the authentic product. It is possible that adverse events caused by unsafe counterfeit products will mistakenly be attributed to the authentic product. In addition, thefts of inventory at warehouses, plants or while in-transit, which are not properly stored and which are sold through unauthorized channels could adversely impact patient safety, our reputation and our business.

Public loss of confidence in the integrity of our pharmaceutical products as a result of counterfeiting or theft could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our employees and independent contractors, including consultants, vendors and any third parties we may engage in connection with development and commercialization may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including noncompliance with regulatory standards and requirements, which could harm our business.

Misconduct by our employees and independent contractors, including consultants, vendors and any third parties we may engage in connection with development and commercialization, could include intentional, reckless or negligent conduct or unauthorized activities that violate: (i) the laws and regulations of the FDA and other similar regulatory authorities, including those laws that require the reporting of true, complete and accurate information to such authorities; (ii) manufacturing standards; (iii) data privacy, security, fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations; or (iv) laws that require the reporting of true,

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complete and accurate financial information and data. Specifically, sales, marketing and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Activities subject to these laws could also involve the improper use or misrepresentation of information obtained in the course of clinical trials, creation of fraudulent data in preclinical studies or clinical trials or illegal misappropriation of drug product, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. It is not always possible to identify and deter misconduct by employees and other third parties, and the precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with such laws or regulations. Additionally, we are subject to the risk that a person or government could allege such fraud or other misconduct, even if none occurred. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could have a significant impact on our business and results of operations.

Risks related to our indebtedness

Our operating subsidiaries' substantial indebtedness could adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital to fund our operations, limit our ability to react to changes in the economy or our industry and prevent us from meeting obligations on our indebtedness.

We currently have a substantial amount of indebtedness. As of June 30, 2018, our total indebtedness was $324.2 million (excluding original issue discount or upfront payments), with unused commitments of $50.0 million under the senior secured credit facilities. Upon completion of this offering and after giving effect to the use of proceeds described in this prospectus, we expect to have total indebtedness of $224.2 million (excluding original issue discount or upfront payments). We may also incur significant additional indebtedness in the future.

Subject to the limits contained in our senior secured credit facilities, we may be able to incur substantial additional debt from time to time to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions, or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks related to this high level of debt could intensify. Specifically, the high level of debt could have important consequences, including, but not limited to:

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making it more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations with respect to our debt;

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requiring a substantial portion of our cash flows to be dedicated to debt service payments instead of other purposes, thereby reducing the amount of cash flows available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes;

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limiting our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or other general corporate requirements;

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increasing our vulnerability to general adverse economic and industry conditions;

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exposing us to the risk of increased interest rates as certain of our borrowings, including borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities, which are at variable rates of interest;

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limiting our flexibility in planning for and reacting to changes in the industry in which we compete;

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placing us at a disadvantage compared to other, less leveraged competitors; and

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increasing our cost of borrowing.

The terms of the Credit Agreement restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to respond to changes or to take certain actions.

The Credit Agreement contains a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on our operating subsidiaries and may limit our ability to engage in acts that may be in our long-term best interest, including restrictions on our ability to:

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incur additional indebtedness;

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pay dividends or make other distributions or repurchase or redeem our share capital;

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prepay, redeem or repurchase certain debt;

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make loans and investments;

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sell assets or enter into sale and lease-back transactions;

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incur liens;

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enter into transactions with affiliates;

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alter the businesses we conduct;

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enter into agreements restricting our subsidiaries' ability to pay dividends;

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consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of our assets;

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amend or modify the organizational documents of our operating subsidiaries;

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amend or modify certain indebtedness of our operating subsidiaries;

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change our fiscal year; and

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enter into certain derivative transactions.

In addition, the restrictive covenants in the Credit Agreement require us to comply with certain financial covenants. As of the end of each fiscal quarter, commencing with the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2018, our operating subsidiaries must (i) maintain a Total Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) no greater than 4.75:1.00, which shall be reduced to 4.50:1.00 for the fiscal quarter ending March 31, 2020 and each subsequent fiscal quarter and (ii) maintain a Consolidated Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio not less than 1.25:1.00. Our ability to meet these financial ratios can be affected by events beyond our control.

A breach of the covenants under the Credit Agreement could result in an event of default under the Credit Agreement. Such an event of default may allow the creditors to accelerate the related debt and may result in the acceleration of any other debt to which a cross-acceleration or cross-default provision applies which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and financial results. In addition, an event of default under the Credit Agreement would permit the lenders under the senior secured credit facilities to terminate all commitments to extend further credit under that facility. Furthermore, if we were unable to repay the amounts due and payable under the senior secured credit facilities, those lenders could proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure that indebtedness which could force us into bankruptcy or liquidation. In the event our lenders accelerate the repayment of the borrowings, we and our subsidiaries may not have sufficient assets to repay that indebtedness. Any acceleration of amounts due under the Credit Agreement or the exercise by the applicable lenders of their rights under the related security documents would likely have a material adverse effect on us. As a result of these restrictions, we may be:

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limited in how we conduct our business;

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unable to raise additional debt or equity financing to operate during general economic or business downturns; or

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unable to compete effectively or to take advantage of new business opportunities. These restrictions may affect our ability to grow in accordance with our strategy.

We may not be able to generate sufficient cash to service all of our indebtedness and may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness, which may not be successful.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on or refinance our debt obligations depends on our financial condition and operating performance, which are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business, legislative, regulatory and other factors beyond our control. We may be unable to maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay the principal, premium, if any, and interest on our indebtedness.

If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we could face substantial liquidity problems and could be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures or to dispose of material assets or operations, seek additional debt or equity capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. We may not be able to effect any such alternative measures on commercially reasonable terms or at all and, even if successful, those alternative actions may not allow us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. The Credit Agreement restricts our ability to dispose of assets and use

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the proceeds from those dispositions and also restricts our ability to raise debt or equity capital to be used to repay other indebtedness when it becomes due. We may not be able to consummate those dispositions or to obtain proceeds in an amount sufficient to meet any debt service obligations when due.

Our inability to generate sufficient cash flows to satisfy our debt obligations, or to refinance our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all, would materially and adversely affect our financial position and results of operations and our ability to satisfy our obligations, including our indebtedness.

If we cannot make scheduled payments on our debt, we will be in default and, as a result:

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our debt holders could declare all outstanding principal and interest to be due and payable;

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the lenders under the senior secured credit facilities could terminate their commitments to loan us money and foreclose against the assets securing the borrowings; and

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we could be forced into bankruptcy or liquidation.

We will require a significant amount of cash to service our indebtedness. The ability to generate cash or refinance our indebtedness as it becomes due depends on many factors, some of which are beyond our control.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance our respective obligations under, our indebtedness and to fund planned capital expenditures and other corporate expenses will depend on the ability of our subsidiaries to make distributions, dividends or advances to us, which in turn will depend on our subsidiaries' future operating performance and on economic, financial, competitive, legislative, regulatory and other factors and any legal and regulatory restrictions on the payment of distributions and dividends to which they may be subject. Many of these factors are beyond our control. We cannot be certain that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available to us in an amount sufficient to enable us to satisfy our respective obligations under our indebtedness or to fund our other needs. In order for us to satisfy our obligations under our indebtedness and fund planned capital expenditures, we must continue to execute our business strategy. If we are unable to do so, we may need to reduce or delay our planned capital expenditures or refinance all or a portion of our indebtedness on or before maturity. Significant delays in our planned capital expenditures may materially and adversely affect our future revenue prospects. In addition, we cannot assure our creditors that we will be able to refinance any of our indebtedness on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

We are a holding company with nominal net worth and will depend on dividends and distributions from our subsidiaries, which are restricted from paying dividends and distributions to us pursuant to the terms of our existing indebtedness and may be restricted pursuant to the terms of future indebtedness, which as a result may restrict us from paying dividends to you.

We are a holding company with nominal net worth. We do not have any material assets or conduct any business operations other than our investments in our subsidiaries. Our business operations are conducted primarily out of our indirect operating subsidiaries, Vertical Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Trigen Laboratories, LLC and Osmotica Pharmaceutical US LLC. As a result, notwithstanding any restrictions on payment of dividends under our existing indebtedness, our ability to pay dividends, if any, will be dependent upon cash dividends and distributions or other transfers from our subsidiaries. Payments to us by our subsidiaries will be contingent upon their respective earnings and subject to any limitations on the ability of such entities to make payments or other distributions to us. The Credit Agreement restricts our subsidiaries from paying dividends and making distributions to its direct or indirect equity holders unless there are available exceptions thereunder. If we are not able to meet such available exceptions that would allow our subsidiaries to pay a dividend or make a distribution to us, and which would then allow us to pay a dividend to you, then we will need to obtain a waiver from the lenders under the senior secured credit facilities.

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Despite our current level of indebtedness, we and our subsidiaries may still be able to incur substantially more debt. This could further exacerbate the risks to our financial condition described above.

We and our subsidiaries may be able to incur significant additional indebtedness in the future. Although the Credit Agreement contains restrictions on the incurrence of additional indebtedness, these restrictions are subject to a number of qualifications and exceptions, and the additional indebtedness incurred in compliance with these restrictions could be substantial. These restrictions also will not prevent us from incurring obligations that do not constitute indebtedness. If new debt is added to our current debt levels, the related risks that we and the guarantors now face could intensify.

Our variable rate indebtedness subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase significantly.

Borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. Historically, we have elected that Borrowings under the senior secured credit facilities bear interest based upon the London Inter-Bank Offered Rate, or LIBOR. The senior secured credit facilities include a LIBOR floor of 1.00%. The interest period can be set at one, two, three or six months (or, to the extent available to all relevant lenders, twelve months or a shorter period) as selected by us in accordance with the terms of the senior secured credit facilities. An increase of 1.00% in LIBOR would result in a $3.2 million increase in our annual interest expense associated with the senior secured credit facilities.

Risks related to our ordinary shares and this offering

We are eligible to be treated as an "emerging growth company," as defined in the JOBS Act, and we cannot be certain if the reduced disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our ordinary shares less attractive to investors.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, (i) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, (ii) reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in this prospectus and our periodic reports and proxy statements and (iii) exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation. In addition, as an emerging growth company, we are only required to provide two years of audited financial statements and two years of selected financial data in this prospectus.

We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier, including if the market value of our ordinary shares held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of any June 30 before that time or if we have total annual gross revenues of $1.07 billion or more during any fiscal year before that time, in which cases, we would no longer be an emerging growth company as of the following December 31 or, if we issue more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during any three-year period before that time, we would cease to be an emerging growth company immediately. In addition, we qualify as a "smaller reporting company," which allows us to take advantage of many of the same exemptions from disclosure requirements, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements. We cannot predict if investors will find our ordinary shares less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our ordinary shares less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our ordinary shares and our share price may be more volatile. When these exemptions cease to apply, we expect to incur additional expenses and devote increased management effort toward ensuring compliance with them, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount or timing of such additional costs.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to

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the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

The Sponsors will continue to have significant influence over us after this offering, including control over decisions that require the approval of shareholders, which could limit your ability to influence the outcome of matters submitted to shareholders for a vote.

We are currently controlled, and after this offering is completed will continue to be controlled, by the Sponsors. Upon completion of this offering, investment funds affiliated with the Sponsors will beneficially own approximately 79.9% of our outstanding ordinary shares (or 78.0% if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares). For as long as the Sponsors own or control at least a majority of our outstanding voting power, they will have the ability to exercise substantial control over all corporate actions requiring shareholder approval, irrespective of how our other shareholders may vote, including the election and removal of directors and the size of our board of directors, any amendment to our Memorandum and Articles of Association, the approval of any merger or other significant corporate transaction, including a sale of substantially all of our assets. Even if their ownership falls below 50%, they will continue to be able to strongly influence or effectively control our decisions so long as they continue to hold a significant portion of our ordinary shares. In addition, each of the Sponsors will have a contractual right to nominate two directors for so long as such Sponsor owns at least 20% of our outstanding ordinary shares, and one director for so long as such Sponsor owns less than 20% but more than 10% of our outstanding ordinary shares.

Additionally, the Sponsors' interests may not align with the interests of our other shareholders. Avista and Altchem are in the business of making investments in companies and may acquire and hold interests in businesses that compete directly or indirectly with us. The Sponsors may also pursue acquisition opportunities that may be complementary to our business, and, as a result, those acquisition opportunities may not be available to us.

Upon the listing of our shares, we will be a "controlled company" within the meaning of the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market and, as a result, will qualify for, and intend to rely on, exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements; you will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to such requirements.

Because the Sponsors will continue to control a majority of the voting power of our outstanding ordinary shares after completion of this offering, we will be a "controlled company" within the meaning of the corporate governance standards of the Nasdaq Global Market. Under these rules, a company of which more than 50% of the voting power for the election of directors is held by an individual, group or another company is a "controlled company" and may elect not to comply with certain corporate governance requirements, including the requirements that, within one year of the date of the listing of our ordinary shares:

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we have a board of directors that is composed of a majority of "independent directors," as defined under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market;

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we have a compensation committee that is composed entirely of independent directors; and

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we have a nominating and corporate governance committee that is composed entirely of independent directors.

Following this offering, we intend to utilize all of these exemptions. Accordingly, for so long as we are a "controlled company," you will not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the corporate governance requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market. Our status as a controlled company could make our ordinary shares less attractive to some investors or otherwise harm our share price.

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Our directors who have relationships with Avista or Altchem may have conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving our company.

Following this offering, two of our six directors will be affiliated with Avista and two directors will be affiliated with Altchem. In addition, our Chief Executive Officer, Brian Markison, serves as an operating executive at Avista Capital Partners. Our directors have fiduciary duties to us and, in addition, will have duties to Avista or Altchem, as applicable. As a result, these directors may face real or apparent conflicts of interest with respect to matters affecting both us and Avista or Altchem, as applicable, whose interests, in some circumstances, may be adverse to ours.

If you purchase our ordinary shares in this offering, you will suffer immediate and substantial dilution of your investment.

The initial public offering price of our ordinary shares is substantially higher than the net tangible book deficit per ordinary share. Therefore, if you purchase our ordinary shares in this offering, you will pay a price per share that substantially exceeds our net tangible book deficit per share after this offering.

Based on an assumed initial public offering price of $15.00 per share, the midpoint of the range set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, you will experience immediate dilution of $18.41 per share, representing the difference between our pro forma net tangible book deficit per share after giving effect to this offering and the initial public offering price. For more information, see "Dilution."

Your percentage ownership in us may be diluted in the future, which could reduce your influence over matters on which shareholders vote.

In the future, your percentage ownership in us may be diluted because of equity issuances for acquisitions, capital market transactions or otherwise, including equity awards that we may grant to directors, officers and employees. From time to time, we may issue additional options or other share based awards to our directors, officers and employees under our benefits plans.

Pursuant to our Articles of Association, our board of directors has the authority, without action or vote of our shareholders, to issue all or any part of our authorized but unissued ordinary shares, and one or more classes or series of preferred shares having such powers, preferences and relative, participating, optional and other special rights, including preferences over our ordinary shares respecting dividends and distributions, as our board of directors generally may determine. The terms of one or more classes or series of preferred shares could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our ordinary shares. For example, our board of directors could grant the holders of preferred shares the right to elect some number of our directors in all events or on the happening of specified events or the right to veto specified transactions. Similarly, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences our board of directors could assign to holders of preferred shares could affect the residual value of our ordinary shares.

Issuances of ordinary shares or voting preferred shares in the manner outlined above may reduce your influence over matters on which our shareholders vote.

An active, liquid trading market for our ordinary shares may not develop, which may limit your ability to sell your shares.

Prior to this offering, there was no public market for our ordinary shares. Although we intend to list our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol "OSMT," an active trading market for our shares may never develop or be sustained following this offering. The initial public offering price will be determined by negotiations between us and the underwriters and may not be indicative of market prices of our ordinary shares that will prevail in the open market after the offering. A public trading market having the desirable characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends upon the existence of willing buyers and sellers at any given time, such existence being dependent upon the individual decisions of buyers and sellers over which neither we nor any market maker has control. The failure of an active and liquid trading market to develop and continue would likely have a material adverse effect on the value of our ordinary shares. The market price of our ordinary shares may decline below the initial public offering price, and you

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may not be able to sell our ordinary shares at or above the price you paid in this offering, or at all. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital to continue to fund operations by selling shares and may impair our ability to acquire other companies or technologies by using our shares as consideration.

As a public company, we will become subject to additional laws, regulations and stock exchange listing standards, which will impose additional costs on us and may strain our resources and divert our management's attention.

Prior to this offering, we operated our company on a private basis. After this offering, we will be subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010, the listing requirements of the Nasdaq Stock Market and other applicable securities laws and regulations. Compliance with these laws and regulations will increase our legal and financial compliance costs and make some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly. In connection with preparation for providing this attestation, our independent auditors may identify deficiencies or weaknesses in our controls. We also expect that being a public company and being subject to new rules and regulations will make it more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. These factors may therefore strain our resources, divert management's attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and effective disclosure controls and procedures, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results in a timely manner or prevent fraud, which may adversely affect investor confidence in our company.

We are not currently required to comply with the rules of the SEC implementing Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and therefore are not required to make a formal assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for that purpose. Upon becoming a public company, we will be required to comply with the SEC's rules implementing Sections 302 and 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, which will require management to certify financial and other information in our quarterly and annual reports and provide an annual management report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting. Although we will be required to disclose changes that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting on a quarterly basis, we will not be required to make our first annual assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to Section 404 until our second annual report required to be filed with the SEC.

To comply with the requirements of being a public company, we may need to undertake various actions to develop, implement and test additional processes and other controls, including compliance training for our directors, officers and employees, hiring of additional finance, accounting and other personnel and modifications to our existing accounting systems, any of which could entail substantial cost or take a significant period of time to complete. Testing and maintaining internal controls can divert our management's attention from other matters related to the operation of our business. In addition, when evaluating our internal control over financial reporting, we may identify material weaknesses that we may not be able to remediate resulting in our management being unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

In connection with the preparation of our audited consolidated financial statements as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, we identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. This material weakness related to our failure to maintain an effective control environment around our period-end financial closing and reporting process. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Internal Controls and Procedures."

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Maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and is important to help prevent financial fraud. If we are unable to maintain adequate internal controls, our business and operating results could be harmed. If we fail to complete the remediation of this material weakness in our internal control, or after having remediated such material weakness, thereafter fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures, we could be subjected to regulatory scrutiny, civil or criminal penalties or stockholder litigation, the defense of any of which could cause the diversion of management's attention and resources, we could incur significant legal and other expenses, and we could be required to pay damages to settle such actions if any such actions were not resolved in our favor. Moreover, we may be the subject of negative publicity focusing on this material weakness and we may be subject to negative reactions from stockholders and others with whom we do business. Further, we may not be able to remediate the material weakness in a timely manner and our management may be required to devote significant time and expense to remediate the material weakness. Continued or future failure to maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting could also result in financial statements that do not accurately reflect our financial condition or results of operations, which could result in the need to restate previously issued financial statements. There can be no assurance that we will not conclude in the future that this material weakness continues to exist or that we will not identify any significant deficiencies or other material weaknesses that will impair our ability to report our financial condition and results of operations accurately or on a timely basis. In addition, if we are unable to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner or assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion as to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in future periods, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports. In the event that any of the foregoing occurs, the market price of our ordinary shares could be negatively affected.

We have identified errors in our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2017 related to our accounting for certain aspects of the Business Combination, which required us to restate those financial statements. If we identify errors in our financial reporting in the future, we may be required to restate previously issued financial statements and any such restatement may subject us to regulatory penalties and could cause investors to lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial statements, which could cause the price of our ordinary shares to decline.

In connection with the preparation of the prospectus for this offering, we identified errors in our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2017 related to our accounting for certain aspects of the Business Combination. The required adjustments to address these errors led to restatements of those financial statements. If we are required to restate any of our financial statements in the future due to our inability to adequately remedy the issues that gave rise to these restatements or for any other reason, we may be subject to regulatory penalties and investors could lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial statements, which could cause our share price to decline.

Registration of the beneficial interests in our shares will subject us and the holders of such beneficial interests to certain risks.

We will enter into a Depository Agreement, or DTC Agreement, with the Depository Trust Company, or DTC, in connection with the proposed listing and trading of our shares on the Nasdaq Global Market. In accordance with the DTC Agreement, following completion of the initial public offering of our shares, DTC's nominee, Cede & Co., will be registered as the legal owner of certain of our ordinary shares in the Irish shareholder register that we are required to maintain pursuant to the Companies Act 2014 of Ireland, or the Irish Companies Act. Under the DTC Agreement, DTC will credit the beneficial interests in those ordinary shares in book entry form to its participants. Accordingly, while the ordinary shares issued in accordance with Irish law will be listed on the Nasdaq Global Market and traded on the Nasdaq Global Market, it will be the beneficial interests in such ordinary shares that are settled and held in DTC. In accordance with market practice and system requirements of the Nasdaq Global Market, the ordinary shares will be listed

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and traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the category of "Common Share." In respect of beneficial interests in ordinary shares held in DTC, such beneficial ownership would not necessarily be recognized by an Irish court. As such, investors holding beneficial interests in our ordinary shares within DTC may have no direct rights against us and our officers and directors and may be required to obtain the cooperation of DTC in order to assert claims against us and our officers and directors, and to look solely to DTC for the payment of any dividends, for exercise of voting rights attaching to the underlying ordinary shares and for all other rights arising in respect of the underlying ordinary shares. We cannot guarantee that DTC will be able to execute its obligations under the DTC Agreement, including that the beneficial owners of the ordinary shares within DTC will receive notice of general meetings in time to instruct DTC to either effect registration of their ordinary shares or otherwise vote their ordinary shares in the manner desired by such beneficial owners. Any such failure may, inter alia, limit the access for, delay or prevent, such beneficial shareholders being able to exercise the rights attaching to the underlying ordinary shares.

DTC will have certain termination rights under the DTC Agreement. In the event that the DTC Agreement is terminated, we will use our reasonable best efforts to enter into a replacement agreement for purposes of permitting the uninterrupted registration of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Market. There can be no assurance, however, that it would be possible to enter into such new agreements on substantially the same terms as the DTC Agreement or at all. A termination of the DTC Agreement could, therefore, have a material and adverse effect on us and the beneficial shareholders holding their ordinary shares within DTC. The DTC Agreement limits DTC's liability for any loss suffered by us. DTC disclaims any liability for any loss attributable to circumstances beyond DTC's control, including, but not limited to, errors committed by others. DTC is liable for direct losses incurred as a result of events within DTC's control. Thus, we may not be able to recover our entire loss if DTC does not perform its obligations under the DTC Agreement.

Our share price may be volatile, and the market price of our ordinary shares after this offering may drop below the price you pay.

Our share price is likely to fluctuate in the future as a publicly traded company. In addition, securities markets worldwide have experienced, and are likely to continue to experience, significant price and volume fluctuations. This market volatility, as well as general economic, market or political conditions, could subject the market price of our shares to wide price fluctuations regardless of our operating performance. We and the underwriters will negotiate to determine the initial public offering price. You may not be able to resell your shares at or above the initial public offering price or at all. The trading price of our shares may fluctuate in response to various factors, including:

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market conditions in the broader stock market;



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actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly financial and operating results;



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introduction of new products or services by us or our competitors;



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issuance of new or changed securities analysts' reports or recommendations;



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results of operations that vary from expectations of securities analysts and investors;



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results of operations that vary from those of our competitors;



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guidance, if any, that we provide to the public, any changes in this guidance or our failure to meet this guidance;



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strategic actions by us or our competitors;



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announcement by us, our competitors or our vendors of significant contracts or acquisitions;



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sales, or anticipated sales, of large blocks of our shares;



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additions or departures of key personnel;



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regulatory, legal or political developments;



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public response to press releases or other public announcements by us or third parties, including our filings with the SEC;



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litigation and governmental investigations;

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changing economic conditions;



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changes in accounting principles;



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default under agreements governing our indebtedness;



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exchange rate fluctuations; and



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other events or factors, including those from natural disasters, war, acts of terrorism or responses to these events.

These and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, may cause our market price and demand for our shares to fluctuate substantially. Fluctuations in our share price could limit or prevent investors from readily selling their shares and may otherwise negatively affect the market price and liquidity of our shares. In addition, in the past, when the market price of shares have been volatile, holders of those shares have sometimes instituted securities class action litigation against the company that issued the shares. If any of our shareholders brought a lawsuit against us, we could incur substantial costs defending the lawsuit. Such a lawsuit could also divert the time and attention of our management from our business, which could significantly harm our profitability and reputation.

A significant portion of our total outstanding ordinary shares are restricted from immediate resale but may be sold into the market in the near future. This could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our ordinary shares in the public market could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our ordinary shares. After this offering, we will have 51,157,139 ordinary shares outstanding based on the number of ordinary shares outstanding as of September 30, 2018. This includes shares that we are selling in this offering, which may be resold in the public market immediately, and assumes no exercises of outstanding options. Substantially all of the shares that are not being sold in this offering will be subject to a 180-day lock-up period provided under agreements executed in connection with this offering. These shares will, however, be able to be resold after the expiration of the lock-up agreement as described in the "Shares Eligible for Future Sale" section of this prospectus. We also intend to file a Form S-8 under the Securities Act, to register all of our ordinary shares that we may issue under our equity compensation plans. In addition, Avista and Altchem have certain demand registration rights that could require us in the future to file registration statements in connection with sales of our shares by them. For more information, see "Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions — Shareholders' Agreement." Such sales could be significant. Once we register these shares, they can be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, subject to the lock-up agreements described in the "Underwriting" section of this prospectus. As restrictions on resale end, the market price of our shares could decline if the holders of currently restricted shares sell them or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them.

Since we have no current plans to pay regular cash dividends on our ordinary shares following this offering, you may not receive any return on investment unless you sell our ordinary shares for a price greater than that which you paid for it.

We do not anticipate paying any regular cash dividends on our ordinary shares following this offering. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Our ability to pay dividends is, and may be, limited by covenants of existing and any future outstanding indebtedness we or our subsidiaries incur. In addition, our ability to pay cash dividends may be limited by Irish law, as discussed under the risk factor titled "The rights of our shareholders may differ from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation and these differences may make our ordinary shares less attractive to investors." Therefore, any return on investment in our ordinary shares is solely dependent upon the appreciation of the price of our ordinary shares on the open market, which may not occur. For more information, see "Dividend Policy."

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If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, if they adversely change their recommendations regarding our shares or if our results of operations do not meet their expectations, our share price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our shares will be influenced by the research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our share price or trading volume to decline. Moreover, if one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ordinary shares, or if our results of operations do not meet their expectations, our share price could decline.

Risks related to being an Irish corporation listing ordinary shares

Provisions contained in our Articles of Association, as well as provisions of Irish law, could impair a takeover attempt, limit attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current directors and management team, and limit the market price of our ordinary shares.

Our Articles of Association that will come into effect immediately prior to the completion of this offering, together with certain provisions of the Irish Companies Act could have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in control or changes in our management without the consent of our board of directors.

There are a number of approaches for acquiring an Irish public limited company, including a court-approved scheme of arrangement under the Irish Companies Act, through a tender offer by a third party, by way of a merger with a company incorporated in the European Economic Area, or EEA, under the European Communities (Cross-Border Mergers) Regulations 2008 (as amended) and by way of a merger with a company incorporated in Ireland under the Irish Companies Act. Each method requires shareholder approval or acceptance and different thresholds apply.

The Irish Takeover Panel Act 1997 and the Irish Takeover Rules 2013 made thereunder, or the Irish Takeover Rules, will govern a takeover or attempted takeover of our company by means of a court-approved scheme of arrangement or a tender offer. The Irish Takeover Rules contain detailed provisions for takeovers, including as to disclosure, process, dealing and timetable. The Irish Takeover Rules could discourage an investor from acquiring 30% or more of our outstanding ordinary shares unless such investor was prepared to make a bid to acquire all outstanding ordinary shares.

Our Articles of Association will contain provisions that may delay or prevent a change of control, discourage bids at a premium over the market price of our ordinary shares and adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares. These provisions include:

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permitting our board of directors to issue preference shares without shareholder approval, with such rights, preferences and privileges as they may designate;



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provisions that allow our board of directors to adopt a shareholder rights plan upon such terms and conditions as it deems expedient and in our best interests;



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establishing an advance notice procedure for shareholder proposals to be brought before shareholder meetings, including proposed nominations of persons for election to our board of directors;



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the ability of our board of directors to fill vacancies on our board in certain circumstances; and



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imposing particular approval and other requirements in relation to certain business combinations.

These provisions do not make us immune from takeovers. However, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our shareholders to replace or remove our current management team by making it more difficult for shareholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management.

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Our board of directors may be limited by the Irish Takeover Rules in its ability to defend an unsolicited takeover attempt.

Following the authorization for trading of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Market, we will become subject to the Irish Takeover Panel Act 1997 and the Irish Takeover Rules. Under the Irish Takeover Rules, our board of directors is not permitted to take any action that might frustrate an offer for our ordinary shares once our board of directors has received an approach that may lead to an offer or has reason to believe that such an offer is or may be imminent, subject to certain exceptions. Potentially frustrating actions, such as (i) the issue of shares, options, restricted share units or convertible securities, (ii) material acquisitions or disposals, (iii) entering into contracts other than in the ordinary course of business or (iv) any action, other than seeking alternative offers, which may result in frustration of an offer, are prohibited during the course of an offer or at any earlier time during which our board of directors has reason to believe an offer is or may be imminent. These provisions may give our board of directors less ability to control negotiations with hostile offerors than would be the case for a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States.

The operation of the Irish Takeover Rules may affect the ability of certain parties to acquire our ordinary shares.

Under the Irish Takeover Rules, if an acquisition of ordinary shares were to increase the aggregate holding of the acquirer and its concert parties to ordinary shares that represent 30% or more of the voting rights of a company, the acquirer and, in certain circumstances, its concert parties would be required (except with the consent of the Irish Takeover Panel) to make an offer for the outstanding ordinary shares at a price not less than the highest price paid for the ordinary shares by the acquirer or its concert parties during the previous 12 months. This requirement would also be triggered by an acquisition of ordinary shares by a person holding (together with its concert parties) ordinary shares that represent between 30% and 50% of the voting rights in the company if the effect of such acquisition were to increase that person's percentage of the voting rights by 0.05% within a 12-month period. Following the authorization for trading of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Market, under the Irish Takeover Rules, certain separate concert parties will be presumed to be acting in concert. Our board of directors and their relevant family members, related trusts and "controlled companies" are presumed to be acting in concert with any corporate shareholder who holds 20% or more of the company. The application of these presumptions may result in restrictions upon the ability of any of the concert parties and members of our board of directors to acquire more of our securities, including under the terms of any executive incentive arrangements. Following the listing of our ordinary shares on the Nasdaq Global Market, we may consult with the Irish Takeover Panel with respect to the application of this presumption and the restrictions on the ability to acquire further securities, although we are unable to provide any assurance as to whether the Irish Takeover Panel will overrule this presumption. For a description of certain takeover provisions applicable to us, see "Description of Share Capital — Irish Takeover Rules and Substantial Acquisition Rules."

Our Articles of Association designate the courts of Ireland for all actions and proceedings, other than those relating to U.S. securities law, which could limit our shareholders' ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with us or our directors, officers or employees and will require shareholders to pursue certain claims outside the United States.

Our Articles of Association provide that, unless our board of directors or one of its duly authorized committees approves the selection of an alternate forum and to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law, the courts of Ireland shall be the exclusive forum for all actions or proceedings, other than those related to U.S. securities law, but including (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of us, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a fiduciary duty owed by any of our directors, officers or employees to us or our shareholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to any provision of Irish law or our Articles of Association and (iv) any action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of our Articles of Association. Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring any interest in our shares shall be deemed to have notice of and to have consented to the provisions of our

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Articles of Association and waived any argument relating to the inconvenience of the forums described above. As a result, certain shareholder actions and proceedings may only be brought in Ireland and our shareholders would not have access to any U.S. courts with respect to such actions. This choice of forum provision may limit a shareholder's ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with us or our directors, officers or other employees, which may discourage such lawsuits against us and our directors, officers and employees. Alternatively, if a court were to find these provisions of our Articles of Association inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such matters in other jurisdictions, which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

Irish law differs from the laws in effect in the United States and U.S. investors may have difficulty enforcing civil liabilities against us, our directors or members of senior management named in this prospectus.

A number of our directors named in this prospectus are non-residents of the United States, and all or a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible to serve process on these directors, or us, in the United States or to enforce court judgments obtained in the United States against these individuals or us in Ireland based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal or state securities laws. In addition, there is some uncertainty as to whether the courts of Ireland would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts obtained against us or our directors based on the civil liabilities provisions of the U.S. federal or state securities laws or hear actions against us or those persons based on those laws. The United States currently does not have a treaty with Ireland providing for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters. Therefore, a final judgment for the payment of money rendered by any U.S. federal or state court based on civil liability, whether or not based solely on U.S. federal or state securities laws, would not automatically be enforceable in Ireland. A judgment obtained against us will be enforced by the courts of Ireland if the following general requirements are met:

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U.S. courts must have had jurisdiction in relation to the particular defendant according to Irish conflict of law rules (the submission to jurisdiction by the defendant would satisfy this rule); and



§

the judgment must be final and conclusive and the decree must be final and unalterable in the court which pronounces it.

A judgment can be final and conclusive even if it is subject to appeal or even if an appeal is pending. But where the effect of lodging an appeal under the applicable law is to stay execution of the judgment, it is possible that in the meantime the judgment may not be actionable in Ireland. It remains to be determined whether a final judgment given in default of appearance is final and conclusive. Irish courts may also refuse to enforce a judgment of the U.S. courts that meets the above requirements for one of the following reasons:

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the judgment is not for a definite sum of money;



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the judgment was obtained by fraud;



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the enforcement of the judgment in Ireland would be contrary to natural or constitutional justice;



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the judgment is contrary to Irish public policy or involves certain U.S. laws that will not be enforced in Ireland; or



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jurisdiction cannot be obtained by the Irish courts over the judgment debtors in the enforcement proceedings by personal service in Ireland or outside Ireland under Order 11 of the Irish Superior Courts Rules.

As an Irish company, we are principally governed by Irish law, which differs in some material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and shareholders, including, among others, differences relating to interested director and officer transactions and shareholder lawsuits. Likewise, the duties of directors and officers of an Irish company generally are owed to the company only. Shareholders of Irish companies generally do not have a personal right of action against directors or other officers of the company

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and may exercise such rights of action on behalf of the company only in limited circumstances. Accordingly, holders of our ordinary shares may have more difficulty protecting their interests than would holders of shares of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States.

The rights of our shareholders may differ from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation and these differences may make our ordinary shares less attractive to investors.

We are incorporated under Irish law and, therefore, certain of the rights of holders of our shares are governed by Irish law, including the provisions of the Irish Companies Act, and by our Articles of Association. These rights differ in certain respects from the rights of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations and these differences may make our ordinary shares less attractive to investors. The principal differences include the following:

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under Irish law, dividends may only be declared if we have, on an individual entity basis, profits available for distribution, within the meaning of the Irish Companies Act. In addition, no distribution or dividend may be paid or made by us unless our net assets are equal to, or exceed, the aggregate of our called up share capital plus non-distributable reserves and the distribution does not reduce our net assets below such aggregate;



§

under Irish law, each shareholder generally has preemptive rights to subscribe on a proportionate basis to any issuance of shares. Preemption rights may be disapplied under Irish law for renewable five-year periods by Irish companies by way of a provision in such companies' articles of association or a special resolution of their shareholders, which is an option we will avail ourselves of prior to the completion of this offering;



§

under Irish law, certain matters require the approval of holders of 75% of the votes cast at a general meeting of our shareholders, including amendments to our Articles of Association, which may limit our flexibility to manage our capital structure;



§

under Irish law, a bidder seeking to acquire us would need, on a tender offer, to receive shareholder acceptance in respect of 80% of our outstanding shares. If this 80% threshold is not achieved in the offer, under Irish law, the bidder cannot complete a "second step merger" to obtain 100% control of us. Accordingly, tender of 80% of our outstanding shares will likely be a condition in a tender offer to acquire us, not 50% as is more common in tender offers for corporations organized under U.S. law; and



§

under Irish law, shareholders may be required to disclose information regarding their equity interests upon our request, and the failure to provide the required information could result in the loss or restriction of rights attaching to the shares, including prohibitions on the transfer of the shares, as well as restrictions on voting, dividends and other payments.

For further information with respect to your rights as a holder of our ordinary shares, see the section of this prospectus titled "Description of Share Capital."

Risks related to taxation

Changes in our effective tax rate may reduce our net income in future periods.

We cannot give any assurance as to what our effective tax rate will be because of, among other things, uncertainty regarding the tax policies of the jurisdictions in which we operate and the varying applications of statutes, regulations and related interpretations.

A number of factors may increase our future effective tax rates, including: the jurisdictions in which profits are determined to be earned and taxed (which may vary depending on our taxable presence in such jurisdictions as may be determined by tax authorities in such jurisdictions); the resolution of issues arising from tax audits that may be undertaken by various tax authorities; changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities due to changes in applicable tax legislation; increases in expenses that are not deductible for tax purposes, including transaction costs and impairments of goodwill in connection with acquisitions; changes in available tax credits; changes in share-based compensation; changes in tax laws or

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the interpretation of such tax laws (including in respect of new U.S. tax legislation passed last year); changes to currently applicable tax treaties, including those resulting in a loss of treaty benefits; changes in generally accepted accounting principles; and challenges to the transfer pricing policies related to our structure undertaken by various tax authorities. Currently, jurisdictions within the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, or the OECD, are reviewing OECD proposals relating to base erosion and profit shifting. Our effective tax rate could be affected to the extent that countries adopt such OECD proposals.

Recently enacted U.S. tax legislation has significantly changed the U.S. federal income taxation of corporations and multinational consolidated groups, including by reducing the U.S. corporate income tax rate, limiting interest deduction, adopting elements of a territorial international tax system and introducing new anti-base erosion provisions. Many of these changes are effective immediately, without any transition periods or grandfathering for existing transactions and may affect our actual effective tax rate. The legislation is unclear in many respects and could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections, as well as interpretations and implementing regulations by the U.S. Department of Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service, any of which could lessen or increase certain adverse impacts of the legislation. Further, it is reasonable to expect that non-U.S. taxing authorities will be reviewing current law for potential modifications in reaction to the implementations of the new U.S. tax legislation.

It is possible that in the future, whether as a result of a change in law or the practice of any relevant tax authority or as a result of any change in the conduct of our affairs, we could become, or be regarded as having become tax resident in a jurisdiction other than Ireland. Should we cease to be an Irish tax resident, we may be subject to a charge of Irish capital gains tax as a result of a deemed disposal of our assets. Our actual effective tax rate may vary from our expectation and that variance may be material. Additionally, the tax laws of Ireland and other jurisdictions in which we operate could change in the future, and such changes could cause a material adverse change in our effective tax rate.

If our tax rates or tax expenses were to increase as described above, such increases could cause a material and adverse change in our worldwide effective tax rate and we may have to take action, at potentially significant expense, to seek to mitigate the effect of such changes. In addition, any amendments to the current double taxation treaties between Ireland and other jurisdictions could subject us to increased taxation. Any such amendments to double taxation treaties or increases in taxation based on examinations by taxing authorities, if such increases are ultimately sustained, could result in increased charges, financial loss, including penalties, and reputational damage and materially and adversely affect our results, financial condition and prospects.

If we are a passive foreign investment company, U.S. investors in our ordinary shares could be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences.

The rules governing passive foreign investment companies, or PFICs, can have adverse effects for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We would be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year in which either: (i) at least 75% of our gross income is classified as "passive income" for purposes of the PFIC rules, or (ii) at least 50% of the fair market value of our assets (determined on the basis of a quarterly average) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of "passive income." For this purpose, we will be treated as owning our proportionate share of the assets and earning our proportionate share of the income of any other corporation we own, directly or indirectly, 25% or more (by value) of its stock. As discussed in " — Material Tax Considerations — Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations," we do not believe that we are currently a PFIC, and we do not anticipate becoming a PFIC for the 2018 taxable year, however such a determination cannot be made until following the end of such taxable year. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the determination of whether we are a PFIC must be made annually after the close of each taxable year, depends on the particular facts and circumstances (such as the valuation of our assets, including goodwill and other intangible assets) and may also be affected by the interpretation and application of the PFIC rules. The fair market value of our assets is expected to depend, in part, upon (a)

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the market price of our ordinary shares and (b) the composition of our income and assets, which will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend any cash that is raised in any financing transaction, including this offering. In light of the foregoing, no assurance can be provided that we are not a PFIC for the current taxable year or that we will not become a PFIC for any future taxable year.

If we are a PFIC, U.S. holders of our ordinary shares would be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as ineligibility for any preferred tax rates on capital gains or on actual or deemed dividends, interest charges on certain taxes treated as deferred, and additional reporting requirements under U.S. federal income tax laws and regulations. Whether or not U.S. holders of our ordinary shares make timely qualified electing fund, or QEF, elections, if we provide the necessary information to U.S. holders to make such elections, or mark-to-market elections may affect the U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders with respect to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares and any distributions such U.S. holders may receive. Investors should consult their own tax advisors regarding all aspects of the application of the PFIC rules to our ordinary shares.

U.S. holders of 10% or more of the voting power or value of our ordinary shares may be subject to U.S. federal income taxation at ordinary income tax rates on undistributed earnings and profits.

There is a risk that we will be classified as a "controlled foreign corporation," or CFC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes. We will generally be classified as a CFC if more than 50% of our outstanding shares, measured by reference to voting power or value, are owned (directly, indirectly or by attribution) by "U.S. Shareholders." For this purpose, a "U.S. Shareholder" is any U.S. person that owns directly, indirectly or by attribution, 10% or more of the total voting power or total value of our outstanding shares. If we are classified as a CFC, a U.S. Shareholder may be subject to U.S. income taxation at ordinary income tax rates on its proportionate share of our undistributed earnings and profits attributable to "subpart F income" or undistributed earnings and profits invested in certain U.S. property and may also be subject to tax at ordinary income tax rates on any gain realized on a sale of ordinary shares, to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits attributable to such shares. U.S. Shareholders of a CFC are also required to include in gross income for a taxable year, at a reduced effective tax rate, its proportionate share of certain non-U.S. active business income of a CFC not included in a CFC's "subpart F income," or "global intangible low-taxed income," to the extent such "global intangible low-taxed income" is in excess of 10% of the adjusted U.S. federal income tax basis of depreciable tangible assets used in the CFC's trade or business (reduced by a U.S. Shareholder's allocable net interest expense). Foreign taxes paid by a CFC attributable to the CFC's "subpart F income" and "global intangible low-taxed income" and any corresponding foreign tax credits may affect the amount of income includible in a U.S. Shareholder's gross income for U.S. tax purposes. Even if we are not classified as a CFC, certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries could be treated as CFCs due to the application of certain new attribution rules that currently apply in determining CFC status. If certain non-U.S. subsidiaries are classified as CFCs, any U.S. Shareholder may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of "subpart F income," "global intangible low-taxed income" and investments in U.S. property attributable to those non-U.S. subsidiaries. The CFC rules are complex and U.S. Shareholders and U.S. holders of our ordinary shares are urged to consult their own tax advisors regarding the possible application of the CFC, "subpart F income," and "global intangible low-taxed income" rules (including applicable direct and indirect attribution rules) to them based on their particular circumstances.

A future transfer of your ordinary shares, other than one effected by means of the transfer of book entry interests in DTC, may be subject to Irish stamp duty.

Transfers of ordinary shares effected by means of the transfer of book entry interests in the DTC should not be subject to Irish stamp duty where ordinary shares are traded through DTC, either directly or through brokers that hold such shares on behalf of customers through DTC. However, if you hold your ordinary shares as of record rather than beneficially through DTC, any transfer of your ordinary shares could be subject to Irish stamp duty (currently at the rate of 1% of the higher of the price paid or the market value of the shares acquired). Payment of Irish stamp duty is generally a legal obligation of the transferee. The potential for stamp duty to arise could adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares. For more information, see "Material Tax Considerations — Material Irish Tax Considerations — Stamp Duty."

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