REDWOOD TRUST INC - FORM 10-Q - August 8, 2018

Attached files

file filename
EX-32.2 - EXHIBIT 32.2 - REDWOOD TRUST INCrwtex3222q18.htm
EX-32.1 - EXHIBIT 32.1 - REDWOOD TRUST INCrwtex3212q18.htm
EX-31.2 - EXHIBIT 31.2 - REDWOOD TRUST INCrwtex3122q18.htm
EX-31.1 - EXHIBIT 31.1 - REDWOOD TRUST INCrwtex3112q18.htm
EX-10.5 - EXHIBIT 10.5 - REDWOOD TRUST INCrwtex1052q18.htm
EX-10.4 - EXHIBIT 10.4 - REDWOOD TRUST INCrwtex1042q18.htm
EX-10.3 - EXHIBIT 10.3 - REDWOOD TRUST INCrwtex1032q18.htm
EX-3.2.3 - EXHIBIT 3.2.3 - REDWOOD TRUST INCrwtex3232q18.htm
EX-3.2.2 - EXHIBIT 3.2.2 - REDWOOD TRUST INCrwtex322-2q18.htm
EX-3.2.1 - EXHIBIT 3.2.1 - REDWOOD TRUST INCrwtex321-2q18.htm
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
 
FORM 10-Q
 

x
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended: June 30, 2018

OR

o

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Transition Period from _______________ to _______________.
Commission File Number 1-13759
 
REDWOOD TRUST, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)
Maryland
 
68-0329422
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
Incorporation or Organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)

One Belvedere Place, Suite 300
Mill Valley, California
 
94941
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
 
(Zip Code)

(415) 389-7373
(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)
Not Applicable
(Former Name, Former Address and Former Fiscal Year, if Changed Since Last Report)
 
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
x
 
Accelerated filer
o
Non-accelerated filer
o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company
o
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
o
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Common Stock, $0.01 par value per share
 
82,929,990 shares outstanding as of August 6, 2018



REDWOOD TRUST, INC.
2018 FORM 10-Q REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
 
 
 
 
Page
PART I —
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
Item 3.
 
Item 4.
 
 
 
 
 
PART II —
OTHER INFORMATION
 
 
Item 1.
 
Item 1A.
 
Item 2.
 
Item 3.
 
Item 4.
 
Item 5.
 
Item 6.
 
 



i


PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements
REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In Thousands, except Share Data)
(Unaudited)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
ASSETS (1)
 
 
 
 
Residential loans, held-for-sale, at fair value
 
$
1,104,660

 
$
1,427,945

Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value
 
4,386,510

 
3,687,265

Real estate securities, at fair value
 
1,453,936

 
1,476,510

Cash and cash equivalents
 
184,779

 
144,663

Restricted cash
 
15,285

 
2,144

Accrued interest receivable
 
29,066

 
27,013

Derivative assets
 
65,645

 
15,718

Other assets
 
272,670

 
258,564

Total Assets
 
$
7,512,551

 
$
7,039,822

 
 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY (1)
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
Short-term debt (2)
 
$
1,426,288

 
$
1,938,682

Accrued interest payable
 
21,925

 
18,435

Derivative liabilities
 
55,929

 
63,081

Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 
79,571

 
67,729

Asset-backed securities issued, at fair value
 
1,929,662

 
1,164,585

Long-term debt, net
 
2,770,221

 
2,575,023

Total liabilities
 
6,283,596

 
5,827,535

Equity
 
 
 
 
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share, 180,000,000 shares authorized; 75,742,719 and 76,599,972 issued and outstanding
 
757

 
766

Additional paid-in capital
 
1,665,749

 
1,673,845

Accumulated other comprehensive income
 
75,620

 
85,248

Cumulative earnings
 
1,369,933

 
1,290,341

Cumulative distributions to stockholders
 
(1,883,104
)
 
(1,837,913
)
Total equity
 
1,228,955

 
1,212,287

Total Liabilities and Equity
 
$
7,512,551

 
$
7,039,822

——————
(1)
Our consolidated balance sheets include assets of consolidated variable interest entities (“VIEs”) that can only be used to settle obligations of these VIEs and liabilities of consolidated VIEs for which creditors do not have recourse to Redwood Trust, Inc. or its affiliates. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, assets of consolidated VIEs totaled $2,082,771 and $1,259,774, respectively. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, liabilities of consolidated VIEs totaled $1,935,299 and $1,167,157, respectively. See Note 4 for further discussion.
(2)
At December 31, 2017, balance includes $250 million of convertible notes, which were reclassified from Long-term debt, net to Short-term debt as the notes matured in April 2018. See Note 10 for further discussion.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

2

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(In Thousands, except Share Data)
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(Unaudited)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Interest Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans
 
$
55,514

 
$
36,635

 
$
105,745

 
$
70,997

Real estate securities
 
26,296

 
21,826

 
51,991

 
41,643

Other interest income
 
1,166

 
763

 
1,859

 
1,212

Total interest income
 
82,976

 
59,224

 
159,595

 
113,852

Interest Expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term debt
 
(13,175
)
 
(9,350
)
 
(26,610
)
 
(13,803
)
Asset-backed securities issued
 
(16,349
)
 
(3,705
)
 
(27,750
)
 
(7,235
)
Long-term debt
 
(18,689
)
 
(11,179
)
 
(35,367
)
 
(24,227
)
Total interest expense
 
(48,213
)
 
(24,234
)
 
(89,727
)
 
(45,265
)
Net Interest Income
 
34,763

 
34,990

 
69,868

 
68,587

Non-interest Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage banking activities, net
 
10,596

 
12,046

 
37,172

 
29,650

Investment fair value changes, net
 
889

 
8,115

 
2,498

 
9,666

Other income, net
 
3,322

 
3,764

 
5,440

 
6,661

Realized gains, net
 
4,714

 
1,372

 
14,077

 
7,075

Total non-interest income, net
 
19,521

 
25,297

 
59,187

 
53,052

Operating expenses
 
(19,009
)
 
(18,641
)
 
(42,039
)
 
(36,867
)
Net Income before Provision for Income Taxes
 
35,275

 
41,646

 
87,016

 
84,772

Provision for income taxes
 
(2,528
)
 
(5,322
)
 
(7,424
)
 
(11,479
)
Net Income
 
$
32,747

 
$
36,324

 
$
79,592

 
$
73,293

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic earnings per common share
 
$
0.42

 
$
0.46

 
$
1.02

 
$
0.93

Diluted earnings per common share
 
$
0.38

 
$
0.43

 
$
0.88

 
$
0.85

Regular dividends declared per common share
 
$
0.30

 
$
0.28

 
$
0.58

 
$
0.56

Basic weighted average shares outstanding
 
75,380,715

 
76,819,703

 
75,388,638

 
76,779,178

Diluted weighted average shares outstanding
 
100,431,993

 
97,494,144

 
104,291,180

 
97,718,550


The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.



3

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In Thousands)
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(Unaudited)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Net Income
 
$
32,747

 
$
36,324

 
$
79,592

 
$
73,293

Other comprehensive (loss) income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net unrealized (loss) gain on available-for-sale securities (1)
 
(3,104
)
 
1,811

 
(7,341
)
 
4,741

Reclassification of unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities to net income
 
(4,748
)
 
(2,322
)
 
(14,135
)
 
(6,250
)
Net unrealized gain (loss) on interest rate agreements
 
3,417

 
(2,429
)
 
11,848

 
(696
)
Reclassification of unrealized loss on interest rate agreements to net income
 
—

 
14

 
—

 
28

Total other comprehensive (loss) income
 
(4,435
)
 
(2,926
)
 
(9,628
)
 
(2,177
)
Total Comprehensive Income
 
$
28,312

 
$
33,398

 
$
69,964

 
$
71,116

——————
(1)
Amounts are presented net of tax benefit (provision) of $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, and $0.1 million and $(0.1) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.



4


REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands, except Share Data)
 
Common Stock
 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
 
Cumulative
 Earnings
 
Cumulative
Distributions
to Stockholders
 
Total
(Unaudited)
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
76,599,972

 
$
766

 
$
1,673,845

 
$
85,248

 
$
1,290,341

 
$
(1,837,913
)
 
$
1,212,287

Net income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
79,592

 
—

 
79,592

Other comprehensive loss
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(9,628
)
 
—

 
—

 
(9,628
)
Employee stock purchase and incentive plans
 
183,576

 
1

 
(195
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(194
)
Non-cash equity award compensation
 
—

 
—

 
7,633

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
7,633

Share repurchases
 
(1,040,829
)
 
(10
)
 
(15,534
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(15,544
)
Common dividends declared
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(45,191
)
 
(45,191
)
June 30, 2018
 
75,742,719

 
$
757

 
$
1,665,749

 
$
75,620

 
$
1,369,933

 
$
(1,883,104
)
 
$
1,228,955


For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands, except Share Data)
 
Common Stock
 
Additional
Paid-In
Capital
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Income
 
Cumulative
 Earnings
 
Cumulative
Distributions
to Stockholders
 
Total
(Unaudited)
 
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
76,834,663

 
$
768

 
$
1,676,486

 
$
71,853

 
$
1,149,935

 
$
(1,749,614
)
 
$
1,149,428

Net income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
73,293

 
—

 
73,293

Other comprehensive loss
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,177
)
 
—

 
—

 
(2,177
)
Employee stock purchase and incentive plans
 
282,212

 
3

 
(2,388
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,385
)
Non-cash equity award compensation
 
—

 
—

 
5,377

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,377

Common dividends declared
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(44,112
)
 
(44,112
)
June 30, 2017
 
77,116,875

 
$
771

 
$
1,679,475

 
$
69,676

 
$
1,223,228

 
$
(1,793,726
)
 
$
1,179,424



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.


5

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In Thousands)
(Unaudited)
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
Cash Flows From Operating Activities:
 
 
 
 
Net income
 
$
79,592

 
$
73,293

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash used in operating activities:
 
 
 
 
Amortization of premiums, discounts, and securities issuance costs, net
 
(7,963
)
 
(9,638
)
Depreciation and amortization of non-financial assets
 
582

 
605

Purchases of held-for-sale loans
 
(3,772,494
)
 
(2,309,856
)
Proceeds from sales of held-for-sale loans
 
2,966,508

 
2,031,326

Principal payments on held-for-sale loans
 
30,656

 
22,093

Net settlements of derivatives
 
40,426

 
776

Non-cash equity award compensation expense
 
7,633

 
5,377

Market valuation adjustments
 
(34,136
)
 
(30,743
)
Realized gains, net
 
(14,077
)
 
(7,075
)
Net change in:
 
 
 
 
Accrued interest receivable and other assets
 
32,478

 
(26,226
)
Accrued interest payable and accrued expenses and other liabilities
 
(3,582
)
 
(16,840
)
Net cash used in operating activities
 
(674,377
)
 
(266,908
)
Cash Flows From Investing Activities:
 
 
 
 
Principal payments on loans held-for-investment
 
335,720

 
258,267

Purchases of real estate securities
 
(319,975
)
 
(236,036
)
Proceeds from sales of real estate securities
 
352,563

 
99,121

Principal payments on real estate securities
 
33,974

 
34,752

Sales (purchases) of mortgage servicing rights, net
 
6,064

 
42,861

(Funding) payments of participation in loan warehouse facility, net
 
(34,333
)
 
—

Other investing activities, net
 
(9,999
)
 
—

Net cash provided by investing activities
 
364,014

 
198,965

Cash Flows From Financing Activities:
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from borrowings on short-term debt
 
3,219,350

 
2,070,873

Repayments on short-term debt
 
(3,731,917
)
 
(1,855,233
)
Proceeds from issuance of asset-backed securities
 
925,845

 
—

Repayments on asset-backed securities issued
 
(181,781
)
 
(103,371
)
Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt
 
199,000

 
—

Deferred long-term debt issuance costs paid
 
(4,940
)
 
—

Net settlements of derivatives
 
(237
)
 
(72
)
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock
 
177

 
145

Net payments on repurchase of common stock
 
(16,315
)
 
—

Taxes paid on equity award distributions
 
(371
)
 
(2,530
)
Dividends paid
 
(45,191
)
 
(44,112
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
 
363,620

 
65,700

Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
 
53,257

 
(2,243
)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period (1)
 
146,807

 
221,467

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period (1)
 
$
200,064

 
$
219,224

Supplemental Cash Flow Information:
 
 
 
 
Cash paid during the period for:
 
 
 
 
 Interest
 
$
83,781

 
$
44,274

 Taxes
 
3,722

 
1,040

Supplemental Noncash Information:
 
 
 
 
Real estate securities retained from loan securitizations
 
$
43,513

 
$
38,051

Retention of mortgage servicing rights from loan securitizations and sales
 
—

 
7,387

Transfers from loans held-for-sale to loans held-for-investment
 
1,069,326

 
247,377

Transfers from loans held-for-investment to loans held-for-sale
 
—

 
459

Transfers from residential loans to real estate owned
 
1,835

 
2,044

Transfers from long-term debt to short-term debt
 
—

 
285,900

——————
(1)
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at June 30, 2018 includes cash and cash equivalents of $185 million and restricted cash of $15 million, and at December 31, 2017 includes cash and cash equivalents of $145 million and restricted cash of $2 million.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

6

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)




Note 1. Organization
Redwood Trust, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, is a specialty finance company focused on making credit-sensitive investments in residential mortgages and related assets and engaging in mortgage banking activities. Our goal is to provide attractive returns to shareholders through a stable and growing stream of earnings and dividends, as well as through capital appreciation. We operate our business in two segments: Investment Portfolio and Residential Mortgage Banking.
Our primary sources of income are net interest income from our investment portfolios and non-interest income from our mortgage banking activities. Net interest income consists of the interest income we earn on investments less the interest expense we incur on borrowed funds and other liabilities. Income from mortgage banking activities is generated through the acquisition of loans and their subsequent sale or securitization.
Redwood Trust, Inc. has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994. We generally refer, collectively, to Redwood Trust, Inc. and those of its subsidiaries that are not subject to subsidiary-level corporate income tax as “the REIT” or “our REIT.” We generally refer to subsidiaries of Redwood Trust, Inc. that are subject to subsidiary-level corporate income tax as “our operating subsidiaries” or “our taxable REIT subsidiaries” or “TRS.”
Redwood was incorporated in the State of Maryland on April 11, 1994, and commenced operations on August 19, 1994. References herein to “Redwood,” the “company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” include Redwood Trust, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires.
Note 2. Basis of Presentation
The consolidated financial statements presented herein are at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. These interim unaudited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). Certain information and note disclosures normally included in our annual financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") — as prescribed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) — have been condensed or omitted in these interim financial statements according to these SEC rules and regulations. Management believes that the disclosures included in these interim financial statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. In the opinion of management, all normal and recurring adjustments to present fairly the financial condition of the company at June 30, 2018 and results of operations for all periods presented have been made. The results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 should not be construed as indicative of the results to be expected for the full year.
Principles of Consolidation
In accordance with GAAP, we determine whether we must consolidate transferred financial assets and variable interest entities (“VIEs”) for financial reporting purposes. We currently consolidate the assets and liabilities of certain Sequoia securitization entities issued prior to 2012 where we maintain an ongoing involvement ("Legacy Sequoia"), as well as entities formed in connection with the securitization of Redwood Choice expanded-prime loans beginning in the third quarter of 2017 ("Sequoia Choice"). Each securitization entity is independent of Redwood and of each other and the assets and liabilities are not owned by and are not legal obligations of Redwood Trust, Inc. Our exposure to these entities is primarily through the financial interests we have retained, although we are exposed to certain financial risks associated with our role as a sponsor, servicing administrator, or depositor of these entities or as a result of our having sold assets directly or indirectly to these entities.
For financial reporting purposes, the underlying loans owned at the consolidated Sequoia entities are shown under Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets. The asset-backed securities (“ABS”) issued to third parties by these entities are shown under ABS issued. In our consolidated statements of income, we recorded interest income on the loans owned at these entities and interest expense on the ABS issued by these entities as well as other income and expenses associated with these entities' activities. See Note 11 for further discussion on ABS issued.
See Note 4 for further discussion on principles of consolidation.

7

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 2. Basis of Presentation - (continued)

Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements requires us to make a number of significant estimates. These include estimates of fair value of certain assets and liabilities, amounts and timing of credit losses, prepayment rates, and other estimates that affect the reported amounts of certain assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of certain revenues and expenses during the reported periods. It is likely that changes in these estimates (e.g., valuation changes due to supply and demand, credit performance, prepayments, interest rates, or other reasons) will occur in the near term. Our estimates are inherently subjective in nature and actual results could differ from our estimates and the differences could be material.
Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Significant Accounting Policies
Included in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements of our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K is a summary of our significant accounting policies. Provided below is a summary of additional accounting policies that are significant to the company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Newly Adopted Accounting Standards Updates ("ASUs")
In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, "Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718)." This new guidance provides guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting in Topic 718. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and should be applied prospectively to an award modified on or after the adoption date. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the first quarter of 2018, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash." This new guidance amends previous guidance on how to classify and present changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the first quarter of 2018, which did not have a material impact on our results of operations but impacted the presentation of the statements of cash flows and related footnote disclosures.
In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-16, "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory." This new guidance allows an entity to recognize the income tax consequences of an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory when the transfer occurs. It also eliminates the exceptions for an intra-entity transfer of assets other than inventory. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the first quarter of 2018, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments." This new guidance provides guidance on how to present and classify certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the first quarter of 2018, which did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-01, "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities." This new guidance amends accounting related to the classification and measurement of investments in equity securities and the presentation of certain fair value changes for financial liabilities measured at fair value. This new guidance also amends certain disclosure requirements associated with the fair value of financial instruments and it is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-03, "Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments - Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities," which clarified certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the first quarter of 2018. This did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as our investments in debt securities and loans were not subject to the amendments in this ASU. In accordance with this guidance, we amended certain fair value disclosures related to financial instruments that are carried at amortized cost on the consolidated balance sheets.

8

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - (continued)

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers.” The update modifies the guidance companies use to recognize revenue from contracts with customers for transfers of goods or services and transfers of nonfinancial assets, unless those contracts are within the scope of other standards. The guidance also requires new qualitative and quantitative disclosures, including information about contract balances and performance obligations. In July 2015, the FASB approved a one-year deferral of the effective date. Accordingly, the update is effective for us in the first quarter of 2018 with retrospective application to prior periods presented or as a cumulative effect adjustment in the period of adoption. In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-08, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)." This new guidance provides additional implementation guidance on how an entity should identify the unit of accounting for the principal versus agent evaluations. In May 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-12, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients," and in December 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-20, "Technical Corrections and Improvements to Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers." These new ASUs provide more specific guidance on certain aspects of Topic 606. In September 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-13, "Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Leases (Topic 840), and Leases (Topic 842): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to the Staff Announcement at the July 20, 2017 EITF Meeting and Rescission of Prior SEC Staff Announcements and Observer Comments (SEC Update)." This new ASU allows certain public business entities to use the nonpublic business entity effective dates for adoption of the new revenue standard. In November 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-14, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Revenue Recognition (Topic 605), and Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Amendments to SEC Paragraphs Pursuant to Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 116 and SEC Release No. 33-10403." This new ASU amends various paragraphs that contain SEC guidance. We adopted this guidance, as required, in the first quarter of 2018. This did not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements as nearly all of our income is generated from financial instruments, which are explicitly scoped out of these standards. 
Other Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-02, "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220): Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income." This new guidance allows a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act"). This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and do not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, "Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities." This new guidance amends previous guidance to better align an entity's risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and do not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, "Earnings Per Share (Topic 260); Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (Topic 480); Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815): (Part I) Accounting for Certain Financial Instruments with Down Round Features, (Part II) Replacement of the Indefinite Deferral for Mandatorily Redeemable Financial Instruments of Certain Nonpublic Entities and Certain Mandatorily Redeemable Noncontrolling Interests with a Scope Exception." This new guidance changes the classification analysis of certain equity-linked financial instruments (or embedded conversion options) with down round features. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and do not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-08, "Receivables - Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20)." This new guidance shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities purchased at a premium by requiring the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and do not anticipate that this update will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

9

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - (continued)

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses." This new guidance provides a new impairment model that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses to determine the allowance for credit losses. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning December 15, 2018. We currently have only a small balance of loans receivable that are not carried at fair value and would be subject to this new guidance for allowance for credit losses. Separately, we account for our available-for-sale securities under the other-than-temporary impairment ("OTTI") model for debt securities. This new guidance requires that credit impairments on our available-for-sale securities be recorded in earnings using an allowance for credit losses, with the allowance limited to the amount by which the security's fair value is less than its amortized cost basis. Subsequent reversals in credit loss estimates are recognized in income. We plan to adopt this new guidance by the required date and continue to evaluate the impact that this update will have on our consolidated financial statements.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, "Leases." This new guidance requires lessees to recognize most leases on their balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and a lease liability. This new guidance retains a dual lease accounting model, which requires leases to be classified as either operating or capital leases for lessees, for purposes of income statement recognition. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-10, "Codification Improvements to Topic 842, Leases," which provides more specific guidance on certain aspects of Topic 842. Additionally, in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, "Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements." This new ASU introduces an additional transition method which allows entities to apply the new standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. As discussed in Note 13, our only material leases are those related to our leased office space, for which future payments under these leases totaled $17 million at June 30, 2018. Upon adoption of this standard in the first quarter of 2019, we will record a right-of-use asset and lease liability equal to the present value of these future lease payments discounted at our incremental borrowing rate. Based on our initial evaluation of this new guidance, and taking into consideration our current in-place leases, we do not expect that its adoption will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. We will continue evaluating this new standard and caution that any changes in our business or additional leases we may enter into could change our initial assessment.


10

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - (continued)

Balance Sheet Netting
Certain of our derivatives and short-term debt are subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements. Under GAAP, in certain circumstances we may elect to present certain financial assets, liabilities and related collateral subject to master netting arrangements in a net position on our consolidated balance sheets. However, we do not report any of these financial assets or liabilities on a net basis, and instead present them on a gross basis on our consolidated balance sheets.
The table below presents financial assets and liabilities that are subject to master netting arrangements or similar agreements categorized by financial instrument, together with corresponding financial instruments and corresponding collateral received or pledged at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 3.1 – Offsetting of Financial Assets, Liabilities, and Collateral
 
 
Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities)
 
Gross Amounts Offset in Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in Consolidated
Balance Sheet (1)
 
Net Amount
June 30, 2018
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
 
Financial Instruments
 
Cash Collateral (Received) Pledged
 
Assets (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate agreements
 
$
59,468

 
$
—

 
$
59,468

 
$
(12,372
)
 
$
(6,803
)
 
$
40,293

TBAs
 
3,186

 
—

 
3,186

 
(2,568
)
 
(481
)
 
137

Total Assets
 
$
62,654

 
$
—

 
$
62,654

 
$
(14,940
)
 
$
(7,284
)
 
$
40,430

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate agreements
 
$
(44,730
)
 
$
—

 
$
(44,730
)
 
$
12,372

 
$
32,358

 
$
—

TBAs
 
(6,372
)
 
—

 
(6,372
)
 
2,568

 
3,804

 
—

Futures
 
(126
)
 
—

 
(126
)
 
—

 
126

 
—

Loan warehouse debt
 
(719,394
)
 
—

 
(719,394
)
 
719,394

 
—

 
—

Security repurchase agreements
 
(706,894
)
 
—

 
(706,894
)
 
706,894

 
—

 
—

Total Liabilities
 
$
(1,477,516
)
 
$
—

 
$
(1,477,516
)
 
$
1,441,228

 
$
36,288

 
$
—


11

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies - (continued)

 
 
Gross Amounts of Recognized Assets (Liabilities)
 
Gross Amounts Offset in Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
Net Amounts of Assets (Liabilities) Presented in Consolidated Balance Sheet
 
Gross Amounts Not Offset in Consolidated
Balance Sheet (1)
 
Net Amount
December 31, 2017
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
 
Financial Instruments
 
Cash Collateral (Received) Pledged
 
Assets (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate agreements
 
$
10,164

 
$
—

 
$
10,164

 
$
(6,196
)
 
$
(42
)
 
$
3,926

TBAs
 
133

 
—

 
133

 
(133
)
 
—

 
—

Futures
 
1

 
—

 
1

 
—

 
—

 
1

Total Assets
 
$
10,298

 
$
—

 
$
10,298

 
$
(6,329
)
 
$
(42
)
 
$
3,927

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities (2)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate agreements
 
$
(55,567
)
 
$
—

 
$
(55,567
)
 
$
6,196

 
$
49,371

 
$
—

TBAs
 
(3,808
)
 
—

 
(3,808
)
 
133

 
1,376

 
(2,299
)
Loan warehouse debt
 
(1,039,666
)
 
—

 
(1,039,666
)
 
1,039,666

 
—

 
—

Security repurchase agreements
 
(648,746
)
 
—

 
(648,746
)
 
648,746

 
—

 
—

Total Liabilities
 
$
(1,747,787
)
 
$
—

 
$
(1,747,787
)
 
$
1,694,741

 
$
50,747

 
$
(2,299
)
(1)
Amounts presented in these columns are limited in total to the net amount of assets or liabilities presented in the prior column by instrument. In certain cases, there is excess cash collateral or financial assets we have pledged to a counterparty (which may, in certain circumstances, be a clearinghouse) that exceed the financial liabilities subject to a master netting arrangement or similar agreement. Additionally, in certain cases, counterparties may have pledged excess cash collateral to us that exceeds our corresponding financial assets. In each case, any of these excess amounts are excluded from the table although they are separately reported in our consolidated balance sheets as assets or liabilities, respectively.
(2)
Interest rate agreements, TBAs, and futures are components of derivatives instruments on our consolidated balance sheets. Loan warehouse debt, which is secured by residential mortgage loans, and security repurchase agreements are components of Short-term debt on our consolidated balance sheets.
For each category of financial instrument set forth in the table above, the assets and liabilities resulting from individual transactions within that category between us and a counterparty are subject to a master netting arrangement or similar agreement with that counterparty that provides for individual transactions to be aggregated and treated as a single transaction. For certain categories of these instruments, some of our transactions are cleared and settled through one or more clearinghouses that are substituted as our counterparty. References herein to master netting arrangements or similar agreements include the arrangements and agreements governing the clearing and settlement of these transactions through the clearinghouses. In the event of the termination and close-out of any of those transactions, the corresponding master netting agreement or similar agreement provides for settlement on a net basis. Any such settlement would include the proceeds of the liquidation of any corresponding collateral, subject to certain limitations on termination, settlement, and liquidation of collateral that may apply in the event of the bankruptcy or insolvency of a party. Such limitations should not inhibit the eventual practical realization of the principal benefits of those transactions or the corresponding master netting arrangement or similar agreement and any corresponding collateral.






12

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)



Note 4. Principles of Consolidation
GAAP requires us to consider whether securitizations we sponsor and other transfers of financial assets should be treated as sales or financings, as well as whether any VIEs that we hold variable interests in – for example, certain legal entities often used in securitization and other structured finance transactions – should be included in our consolidated financial statements. The GAAP principles we apply require us to reassess our requirement to consolidate VIEs each quarter and therefore our determination may change based upon new facts and circumstances pertaining to each VIE. This could result in a material impact to our consolidated financial statements during subsequent reporting periods.
Analysis of Consolidated VIEs
At June 30, 2018, we consolidated certain of our Legacy Sequoia and Sequoia Choice securitization entities that we determined were VIEs and for which we determined we were the primary beneficiary. Each of these entities is independent of Redwood and of each other and the assets and liabilities of these entities are not owned by and are not legal obligations of ours. Our exposure to these entities is primarily through the financial interests we have retained, although we are exposed to certain financial risks associated with our role as a sponsor, servicing administrator, or depositor of these entities or as a result of our having sold assets directly or indirectly to these entities. At June 30, 2018, the estimated fair value of our investments in the consolidated Legacy Sequoia and Sequoia Choice entities was $13 million and $135 million, respectively. The following table presents a summary of the assets and liabilities of these VIEs.
Table 4.1 – Assets and Liabilities of Consolidated VIEs
June 30, 2018
 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 
Total
Consolidated
VIEs
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
 
Residential loans, held-for-investment
 
$
592,029

 
$
1,481,145

 
$
2,073,174

Restricted cash
 
147

 
10

 
157

Accrued interest receivable
 
835

 
5,956

 
6,791

REO
 
2,649

 
—

 
2,649

Total Assets
 
$
595,660

 
$
1,487,111

 
$
2,082,771

Accrued interest payable
 
$
589

 
$
5,038

 
$
5,627

Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 
—

 
10

 
10

Asset-backed securities issued
 
582,235

 
1,347,427

 
1,929,662

Total Liabilities
 
$
582,824

 
$
1,352,475

 
$
1,935,299

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of VIEs
 
20

 
4

 
24


13

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 4. Principles of Consolidation - (continued)


December 31, 2017
 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 
Total
Consolidated
VIEs
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
 
Residential loans, held-for-investment
 
$
632,817

 
$
620,062

 
$
1,252,879

Restricted cash
 
147

 
4

 
151

Accrued interest receivable
 
867

 
2,524

 
3,391

REO
 
3,353

 
—

 
3,353

Total Assets
 
$
637,184

 
$
622,590

 
$
1,259,774

Accrued interest payable
 
$
537

 
$
2,031

 
$
2,568

Accrued expenses and other liabilities
 
—

 
4

 
4

Asset-backed securities issued
 
622,445

 
542,140

 
1,164,585

Total Liabilities
 
$
622,982

 
$
544,175

 
$
1,167,157

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of VIEs
 
20

 
2

 
22

We consolidate the assets and liabilities of certain Sequoia securitization entities, as we did not meet the GAAP sale criteria at the time we transferred financial assets to these entities. Our involvement in consolidated Sequoia entities continues in the following ways: (i) we continue to hold subordinate investments in each entity, and for certain entities, more senior investments; (ii) we maintain certain discretionary rights associated with our sponsorship of, or our subordinate investments in, each entity; and (iii) we continue to hold a right to call the assets of certain entities (once they have been paid down below a specified threshold) at a price equal to, or in excess of, the current outstanding principal amount of the entity’s asset-backed securities issued. These factors have resulted in our continuing to consolidate the assets and liabilities of these Sequoia entities in accordance with GAAP.
Analysis of Unconsolidated VIEs with Continuing Involvement
Since 2012, we have transferred residential loans to 42 Sequoia securitization entities sponsored by us and accounted for these transfers as sales for financial reporting purposes, in accordance with ASC 860. We also determined we were not the primary beneficiary of these VIEs as we lacked the power to direct the activities that will have the most significant economic impact on the entities. For certain of these transfers to securitization entities, for the transferred loans where we held the servicing rights prior to the transfer and continued to hold the servicing rights following the transfer, we recorded MSRs on our consolidated balance sheets, and classified those MSRs as Level 3 assets. We also retained senior and subordinate securities in these securitizations that we classified as Level 3 assets. Our continuing involvement in these securitizations is limited to customary servicing obligations associated with retaining servicing rights (which we retain a third-party sub-servicer to perform) and the receipt of interest income associated with the securities we retained.
The following table presents information related to securitization transactions that occurred during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 4.2 – Securitization Activity Related to Unconsolidated VIEs Sponsored by Redwood
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Principal balance of loans transferred
 
$
1,127,665

 
$
348,599

 
$
2,408,133

 
$
1,384,123

Trading securities retained, at fair value
 
33,757

 
10,287

 
46,248

 
30,990

AFS securities retained, at fair value
 
2,047

 
1,905

 
5,952

 
7,060

MSRs recognized
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
7,123


14

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 4. Principles of Consolidation - (continued)


The following table summarizes the cash flows during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 between us and the unconsolidated VIEs sponsored by us and accounted for as sales since 2012.
Table 4.3 – Cash Flows Related to Unconsolidated VIEs Sponsored by Redwood
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Proceeds from new transfers
 
$
1,104,094

 
$
351,485

 
$
2,393,781

 
$
1,373,509

MSR fees received
 
3,397

 
3,698

 
6,811

 
7,173

Funding of compensating interest, net
 
(31
)
 
(41
)
 
(56
)
 
(79
)
Cash flows received on retained securities
 
7,410

 
6,588

 
14,453

 
12,961

The following table presents the key weighted-average assumptions used to measure MSRs and securities retained at the date of securitization for securitizations completed during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 4.4 – Assumptions Related to Assets Retained from Unconsolidated VIEs Sponsored by Redwood

 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
At Date of Securitization
 
MSRs
 
Senior IO Securities
 
Subordinate Securities
 
MSRs
 
Senior IO Securities
 
Subordinate Securities
Prepayment rates
 
N/A
 
10
%
 
10
%
 
N/A
 
10
%
 
10
%
Discount rates
 
N/A
 
14
%
 
5
%
 
N/A
 
14
%
 
5
%
Credit loss assumptions
 
N/A
 
0.20
%
 
0.20
%
 
N/A
 
0.25
%
 
0.25
%
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
At Date of Securitization
 
MSRs
 
Senior IO Securities
 
Subordinate Securities
 
MSRs
 
Senior IO Securities
 
Subordinate Securities
Prepayment rates
 
N/A
 
9
%
 
10
%
 
9
%
 
10
%
 
10
%
Discount rates
 
N/A
 
14
%
 
5
%
 
11
%
 
12
%
 
5
%
Credit loss assumptions
 
N/A
 
0.20
%
 
0.20
%
 
N/A

 
0.25
%
 
0.25
%

15

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 4. Principles of Consolidation - (continued)


The following table presents additional information at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, related to unconsolidated VIEs sponsored by Redwood and accounted for as sales since 2012.
Table 4.5 – Unconsolidated VIEs Sponsored by Redwood
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
On-balance sheet assets, at fair value:
 
 
 
 
Interest-only, senior and subordinate securities, classified as trading
 
$
127,861

 
$
101,426

Subordinate securities, classified as AFS
 
164,498

 
219,255

Mortgage servicing rights
 
63,176

 
60,980

Maximum loss exposure (1)
 
$
355,535

 
$
381,661

Assets transferred:
 
 
 
 
Principal balance of loans outstanding
 
$
10,277,901

 
$
8,364,148

Principal balance of loans 30+ days delinquent
 
30,571

 
27,926

(1)
Maximum loss exposure from our involvement with unconsolidated VIEs pertains to the carrying value of our securities and MSRs retained from these VIEs and represents estimated losses that would be incurred under severe, hypothetical circumstances, such as if the value of our interests and any associated collateral declines to zero. This does not include, for example, any potential exposure to representation and warranty claims associated with our initial transfer of loans into a securitization.
The following table presents key economic assumptions for assets retained from unconsolidated VIEs and the sensitivity of their fair values to immediate adverse changes in those assumptions at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 4.6 – Key Assumptions and Sensitivity Analysis for Assets Retained from Unconsolidated VIEs Sponsored by Redwood
June 30, 2018
 
MSRs
 
Senior
Securities (1)
 
Subordinate Securities
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
 
Fair value at June 30, 2018
 
$
63,176

 
$
59,628

 
$
232,731

Expected life (in years) (2)
 
9

 
7

 
15

Prepayment speed assumption (annual CPR) (2)
 
7
%
 
10
%
 
10
%
Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
10% adverse change
 
$
1,742

 
$
2,142

 
$
603

25% adverse change
 
4,221

 
5,100

 
1,487

Discount rate assumption (2)
 
11
%
 
11
%
 
6
%
Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
100 basis point increase
 
$
2,571

 
$
2,204

 
$
22,194

200 basis point increase
 
4,972

 
4,249

 
41,045

Credit loss assumption (2)
 
N/A

 
0.20
%
 
0.20
%
Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
10% higher losses
 
N/A

 
$
—

 
$
1,384

25% higher losses
 
N/A

 
—

 
3,444


16

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 4. Principles of Consolidation - (continued)


December 31, 2017
 
MSRs
 
Senior
Securities (1)
 
Subordinate Securities
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
 
Fair value at December 31, 2017
 
$
60,980

 
$
33,773

 
$
286,908

Expected life (in years) (2)
 
8

 
6

 
13

Prepayment speed assumption (annual CPR) (2)
 
9
%
 
10
%
 
11
%
Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
10% adverse change
 
$
2,022

 
$
1,371

 
$
611

25% adverse change
 
4,839

 
3,289

 
1,506

Discount rate assumption (2)
 
11
%
 
11
%
 
5
%
Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
100 basis point increase
 
$
2,386

 
$
1,158

 
$
25,827

200 basis point increase
 
4,597

 
2,265

 
47,885

Credit loss assumption (2)
 
N/A

 
0.25
%
 
0.25
%
Decrease in fair value from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
10% higher losses
 
N/A

 
$
—

 
$
1,551

25% higher losses
 
N/A

 
—

 
3,873


(1)
Senior securities included $60 million and $34 million of interest-only securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
(2)
Expected life, prepayment speed assumption, discount rate assumption, and credit loss assumption presented in the tables above represent weighted averages.
Analysis of Third-Party VIEs
Third-party VIEs are securitization entities in which we maintain an economic interest, but do not sponsor. Our economic interest may include several securities from the same third-party VIE, and in those cases, the analysis is performed in consideration of all of our interests. The following table presents a summary of our interests in third-party VIEs at June 30, 2018, grouped by security type.
Table 4.7 – Third-Party Sponsored VIE Summary
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Mortgage-Backed Securities
 
 
 
 
Senior
 
$
226,191

 
$
177,191

Mezzanine
 
536,700

 
38,875

Subordinate
 
398,686

 
939,763

Total Investments in Third-Party Sponsored VIEs
 
$
1,161,577

 
$
1,155,829

We determined that we are not the primary beneficiary of any third-party VIEs, as we do not have the required power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of these entities. Specifically, we do not service or manage these entities or otherwise solely hold decision making powers that are significant. As a result of this assessment, we do not consolidate any of the underlying assets and liabilities of these third-party VIEs – we only account for our specific interests in them.
Our assessments of whether we are required to consolidate a VIE may change in subsequent reporting periods based upon changing facts and circumstances pertaining to each VIE. Any related accounting changes could result in a material impact to our financial statements.

17

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)



Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
For financial reporting purposes, we follow a fair value hierarchy established under GAAP that is used to determine the fair value of financial instruments. This hierarchy prioritizes relevant market inputs in order to determine an “exit price” at the measurement date, or the price at which an asset could be sold or a liability could be transferred in an orderly process that is not a forced liquidation or distressed sale. Level 1 inputs are observable inputs that reflect quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets. Level 2 inputs are observable inputs other than quoted prices for an asset or liability that are obtained through corroboration with observable market data. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs (e.g., our own data or assumptions) that are used when there is little, if any, relevant market activity for the asset or liability required to be measured at fair value.
In certain cases, inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the level at which the fair value measurement falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability being measured.


18

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


The following table presents the carrying values and estimated fair values of assets and liabilities that are required to be recorded or disclosed at fair value at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Table 5.1 – Carrying Values and Fair Values of Assets and Liabilities
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair
Value
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair
Value
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans, held-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
At fair value
 
$
1,104,545

 
$
1,104,545

 
$
1,427,052

 
$
1,427,052

At lower of cost or fair value
 
115

 
135

 
893

 
993

Residential loans, held-for-investment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
At fair value
 
4,386,510

 
4,386,510

 
3,687,265

 
3,687,265

Trading securities
 
1,054,295

 
1,054,295

 
968,844

 
968,844

Available-for-sale securities
 
399,641

 
399,641

 
507,666

 
507,666

Cash and cash equivalents
 
184,779

 
184,779

 
144,663

 
144,663

Restricted cash
 
15,285

 
15,285

 
2,144

 
2,144

Accrued interest receivable
 
29,066

 
29,066

 
27,013

 
27,013

Derivative assets
 
65,645

 
65,645

 
15,718

 
15,718

MSRs (1)
 
64,674

 
64,674

 
63,598

 
63,598

REO (1)
 
2,649

 
3,534

 
3,354

 
3,806

Margin receivable (1)
 
49,538

 
49,538

 
85,044

 
85,044

FHLBC stock (1)
 
43,393

 
43,393

 
43,393

 
43,393

Guarantee asset (1)
 
2,936

 
2,936

 
2,869

 
2,869

Pledged collateral (1)
 
42,201

 
42,201

 
42,615

 
42,615

Participation in loan warehouse facility (1)
 
41,658

 
41,658

 
—

 
—

Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term debt facilities
 
$
1,426,288

 
$
1,426,288

 
$
1,688,412

 
$
1,688,412

Accrued interest payable
 
21,925

 
21,925

 
18,435

 
18,435

Margin payable (2)
 
7,282

 
7,282

 
390

 
390

Guarantee obligation (2)
 
18,124

 
17,903

 
19,487

 
18,878

Derivative liabilities
 
55,929

 
55,929

 
63,081

 
63,081

ABS issued at fair value, net
 
1,929,662

 
1,929,662

 
1,164,585

 
1,164,585

FHLBC long-term borrowings
 
1,999,999

 
1,999,999

 
1,999,999

 
1,999,999

Convertible notes, net
 
631,663

 
639,204

 
686,759

 
692,369

Trust preferred securities and subordinated notes, net
 
138,559

 
107,415

 
138,535

 
103,230

(1)
These assets are included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
(2)
These liabilities are included in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we elected the fair value option for $60 million and $72 million of residential senior securities, $161 million and $289 million of subordinate securities, and $1.93 billion and $3.73 billion of residential loans (principal balance), respectively. We anticipate electing the fair value option for all future purchases of residential loans that we intend to sell to third parties or transfer to securitizations, as well as for MSRs retained from sales of residential loans, and for certain securities we purchase, including IO securities and fixed-rate securities rated investment grade or higher.

19

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


The following table presents the assets and liabilities that are reported at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets on a recurring basis at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, as well as the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs used to measure fair value.
Table 5.2 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
June 30, 2018
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans
 
$
5,491,055

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
5,491,055

Trading securities
 
1,054,295

 
—

 
—

 
1,054,295

Available-for-sale securities
 
399,641

 
—

 
—

 
399,641

Derivative assets
 
65,645

 
3,186

 
59,468

 
2,991

MSRs
 
64,674

 
—

 
—

 
64,674

Pledged collateral
 
42,201

 
42,201

 
—

 
—

FHLBC stock
 
43,393

 
—

 
43,393

 
—

Guarantee asset
 
2,936

 
—

 
—

 
2,936

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities
 
$
55,929

 
$
6,498

 
$
44,730

 
$
4,701

ABS issued
 
1,929,662

 
—

 
—

 
1,929,662


December 31, 2017
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair Value Measurements Using
(In Thousands)
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans
 
$
5,114,317

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
5,114,317

Trading securities
 
968,844

 
—

 
—

 
968,844

Available-for-sale securities
 
507,666

 
—

 
—

 
507,666

Derivative assets
 
15,718

 
134

 
10,164

 
5,420

MSRs
 
63,598

 
—

 
—

 
63,598

Pledged collateral
 
42,615

 
42,615

 
—

 
—

FHLBC stock
 
43,393

 
—

 
43,393

 
—

Guarantee asset
 
2,869

 
—

 
—

 
2,869

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Derivative liabilities
 
$
63,081

 
$
3,808

 
$
55,567

 
$
3,706

ABS issued
 
1,164,585

 
—

 
—

 
1,164,585


20

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


The following table presents additional information about Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis for the six months ended June 30, 2018.
Table 5.3 – Changes in Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
Residential Loans
 
Trading Securities
 
AFS
Securities
 
MSRs
 
Guarantee Asset
 
Derivatives(1)
 
ABS
Issued
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance -
   December 31, 2017
 
$
5,114,317

 
$
968,844

 
$
507,666

 
$
63,598

 
$
2,869

 
$
1,714

 
$
1,164,585

Acquisitions
 
3,766,510

 
361,535

 
5,952

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
925,845

Sales
 
(3,002,879
)
 
(260,119
)
 
(92,110
)
 
(1,077
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Principal paydowns
 
(365,392
)
 
(11,748
)
 
(22,226
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(181,782
)
Gains (losses) in net income, net
 
(19,665
)
 
(4,217
)
 
21,930

 
2,153

 
67

 
(9,681
)
 
21,014

Unrealized losses in OCI, net
 
—

 
—

 
(21,571
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other settlements, net (2)
 
(1,836
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
6,257

 
—

Ending Balance -
   June 30, 2018
 
$
5,491,055

 
$
1,054,295

 
$
399,641

 
$
64,674

 
$
2,936

 
$
(1,710
)
 
$
1,929,662

(1)
For the purpose of this presentation, derivative assets and liabilities, which consist of loan purchase and forward sale commitments, are presented on a net basis.
(2)
Other settlements, net for residential loans represents the transfer of loans to REO, and for derivatives, the settlement of forward sale commitments and the transfer of the fair value of loan purchase commitments at the time loans are acquired to the basis of residential loans.


21

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


The following table presents the portion of gains or losses included in our consolidated statements of income that were attributable to Level 3 assets and liabilities recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and held at June 30, 2018 and 2017. Gains or losses incurred on assets or liabilities sold, matured, called, or fully written down during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 are not included in this presentation.
Table 5.4 – Portion of Net Gains (Losses) Attributable to Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Still Held at June 30, 2018 and 2017 Included in Net Income
 
 
Included in Net Income
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans at Redwood
 
$
(12,981
)
 
$
16,506

 
$
(51,029
)
 
$
19,738

Residential loans at consolidated Sequoia entities
 
367

 
11,038

 
20,914

 
19,452

Trading securities
 
(1,989
)
 
15,880

 
(6,011
)
 
24,529

Available-for-sale securities
 
(56
)
 
(128
)
 
(56
)
 
(245
)
MSRs
 
689

 
(2,038
)
 
4,610

 
(1,354
)
Loan purchase commitments
 
2,835

 
994

 
2,901

 
1,111

Other assets - Guarantee asset
 
(120
)
 
(558
)
 
66

 
(804
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan purchase commitments
 
$
(4,646
)
 
$
—

 
$
(4,687
)
 
$
—

ABS issued
 
(279
)
 
(11,977
)
 
(21,014
)
 
(22,516
)
The following table presents information on assets recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis at June 30, 2018. This table does not include the carrying value and gains or losses associated with the asset types below that were not recorded at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets at June 30, 2018.
Table 5.5 – Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value on a Non-Recurring Basis at June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gain (Loss) for
June 30, 2018
 
Carrying
Value
 
Fair Value Measurements Using
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
(In Thousands)
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
June 30, 2018
 
June 30, 2018
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
REO
 
$
1,841

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,841

 
$
(4
)
 
$
(127
)

22

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


The following table presents the net market valuation gains and losses recorded in each line item of our consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 5.6 – Market Valuation Gains and Losses, Net
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans held-for-sale, at fair value
 
$
6,122

 
$
5,784

 
$
10,896

 
$
14,316

Residential loan purchase and forward sale commitments
 
(2,758
)
 
10,406

 
(9,726
)
 
20,671

Risk management derivatives, net
 
6,150

 
(5,310
)
 
34,582

 
(6,710
)
Total mortgage banking activities, net (1)
 
$
9,514

 
$
10,880

 
$
35,752

 
$
28,277

Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans held-for-investment, at Redwood
 
$
(15,010
)
 
$
8,354

 
$
(53,995
)
 
$
6,021

Trading securities
 
(930
)
 
18,926

 
(3,885
)
 
30,069

Valuation adjustments on commercial loans
held-for-sale
 
—

 
300

 
—

 
300

Net investments in Legacy Sequoia entities (2)
 
(720
)
 
(987
)
 
(728
)
 
(2,797
)
Net investments in Sequoia Choice entities (2)
 
1,072

 
—

 
986

 
—

Risk-sharing investments
 
(209
)
 
(513
)
 
(348
)
 
(718
)
Risk management derivatives, net
 
16,742

 
(17,838
)
 
60,524

 
(22,965
)
Impairments on AFS securities
 
(56
)
 
(127
)
 
(56
)
 
(244
)
Total investment fair value changes, net
 
$
889

 
$
8,115

 
$
2,498

 
$
9,666

Other Income, Net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MSRs
 
$
(745
)
 
$
(6,421
)
 
$
2,147

 
$
(9,491
)
MSR risk management derivatives, net
 
(1,122
)
 
3,040

 
(6,261
)
 
2,291

Total other income, net (3)
 
$
(1,867
)
 
$
(3,381
)
 
$
(4,114
)
 
$
(7,200
)
Total Market Valuation Gains, Net
 
$
8,536

 
$
15,614

 
$
34,136

 
$
30,743

(1)
Mortgage banking activities, net presented above does not include fee income or provisions for repurchases that are components of Mortgage banking activities, net presented on our consolidated statements of income, as these amounts do not represent market valuation changes.
(2)
Includes changes in fair value of the residential loans held-for-investment, REO and the ABS issued at the entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our retained investments at the consolidated VIEs.
(3)
Other income, net presented above does not include net MSR fee income or provisions for repurchases for MSRs, as these amounts do not represent market valuation adjustments.

23

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


At June 30, 2018, our valuation policy and processes had not changed from those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. The following table provides quantitative information about the significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of our Level 3 assets and liabilities measured at fair value.
Table 5.7 – Fair Value Methodology for Level 3 Financial Instruments
June 30, 2018
 
Fair
Value
 
 
 
Input Values
(Dollars in Thousands, except Input Values)
 
 
Unobservable Input
 
Range
 
 
Weighted
Average
Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans, at fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jumbo fixed-rate loans
 
$
2,676,132

 
Whole loan spread to TBA price
 
$
2.00

-
$
3.28

 
 
$
2.97

 
 
 
 
 
Whole loan spread to swap rate
 
90

-
206

bps
 
202

bps
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jumbo hybrid loans
 
276,844

 
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)
 
15

-
15

%
 
15

%
 
 
 
 
Whole loan spread to swap rate
 
75

-
160

bps
 
133

bps
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jumbo loans committed to sell
 
464,905

 
Whole loan committed sales price
 
$
100.58

-
$
101.94

 
 
$
101.45

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans held by Legacy
Sequoia (1)
 
592,029

 
Liability price
 
 
 
N/A

 
 
N/A

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans held by Sequoia
Choice (1)
 
1,481,145

 
Liability price
 
 
 
N/A

 
 
N/A

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trading and AFS securities
 
1,453,936

 
Discount rate
 
3

-
14

%
 
6

 %
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)
 
—

-
50

%
 
9

 %
 
 
 
 
Default rate
 
—

-
27

%
 
2

 %
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
—

-
40

%
 
22

 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
MSRs
 
64,674

 
Discount rate
 
11

-
43

%
 
11

 %
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)
 
6

-
26

%
 
7

 %
 
 
 
 
Per loan annual cost to service
 
$
82

-
$
82

 
 
$
82

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Guarantee asset
 
2,936

 
Discount rate
 
11

-
11

%
 
11

%
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)
 
8

-
8

%
 
8

%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
REO
 
1,841

 
Loss severity
 
13

-
43

%
 
29

%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ABS issued (1)
 
1,929,662

 
Discount rate
 
3

-
15

%
 
4

 %
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)
 
8

-
32

%
 
19

 %
 
 
 
 
Default rate
 
—

-
8

%
 
2

 %
 
 
 
 
Loss severity
 
20

-
60

%
 
21

 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan purchase commitments, net (2)
 
1,710

 
MSR multiple
 
1.0

-
5.3

x
 
3.5

x
 
 
 
 
Pull-through rate
 
13

-
100

%
 
72

%
 
 
 
 
Whole loan spread to TBA price
 
$
2.25

-
$
3.28

 
 
$
3.28

 
 
 
 
 
Whole loan spread to swap rate - fixed rate
 
90

-
206

bps
 
204

bps
 
 
 
 
Prepayment rate (annual CPR)
 
15

-
15

%
 
15

%
 
 
 
 
Whole loan spread to swap rate - hybrid
 
75

-
140

bps
 
107

bps
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
The fair value of the loans held by consolidated Sequoia entities was based on the fair value of the ABS issued by these entities, which we determined were more readily observable, in accordance with accounting guidance for collateralized financing entities.
(2)
For the purpose of this presentation, loan purchase commitment assets and liabilities are presented net.

24

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


Determination of Fair Value
A description of the instruments measured at fair value as well as the general classification of such instruments pursuant to the Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3 valuation hierarchy is listed herein. We generally use both market comparable information and discounted cash flow modeling techniques to determine the fair value of our Level 3 assets and liabilities. Use of these techniques requires determination of relevant inputs and assumptions, some of which represent significant unobservable inputs as indicated in the preceding table. Accordingly, a significant increase or decrease in any of these inputs – such as anticipated credit losses, prepayment rates, interest rates, or other valuation assumptions – in isolation would likely result in a significantly lower or higher fair value measurement.
Residential loans at Redwood
Estimated fair values for residential loans are determined using models that incorporate various observable inputs, including pricing information from whole loan sales and securitizations. Certain significant inputs in these models are considered unobservable and are therefore Level 3 in nature. Pricing inputs obtained from market whole loan transaction activity include indicative spreads to indexed to be announced ("TBA") prices and indexed swap rates for fixed-rate loans and indexed swap rates for hybrid loans (Level 3). Pricing inputs obtained from market securitization activity include indicative spreads to indexed TBA prices for senior residential mortgage-backed securities ("RMBS") and indexed swap rates for subordinate RMBS, and credit support levels (Level 3). Other unobservable inputs also include assumed future prepayment rates. Observable inputs include benchmark interest rates, swap rates, and TBA prices. These assets would generally decrease in value based upon an increase in the credit spread, prepayment speed, or credit support assumptions.
Residential loans at consolidated Sequoia entities
We have elected to account for the consolidated Sequoia securitization entities as collateralized financing entities ("CFEs") in accordance with GAAP. A CFE is a variable interest entity that holds financial assets and issues beneficial interests in those assets, and these beneficial interests have contractual recourse only to the related assets of the CFE. Accounting guidance for CFEs allow companies to elect to measure both the financial assets and financial liabilities of a CFE using the more observable of the fair value of the financial assets or fair value of the financial liabilities. Pursuant to this guidance, we use the fair value of the ABS issued by the Sequoia CFEs (which we determined to be more observable) to determine the fair value of the loans held at these entities, whereby the net assets we consolidate in our financial statements related to these entities represent the estimated fair value of our retained interests in the Sequoia CFEs. 
Real estate securities
Real estate securities include residential, commercial, and other asset-backed securities that are generally illiquid in nature and trade infrequently. Significant inputs in the valuation analysis are predominantly Level 3 in nature, due to the lack of readily available market quotes and related inputs. For real estate securities, we utilize both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flow analysis valuation techniques. Relevant market indicators that are factored into the analysis include bid/ask spreads, the amount and timing of credit losses, interest rates, and collateral prepayment rates. Estimated fair values are based on applying the market indicators to generate discounted cash flows (Level 3). These cash flow models use significant unobservable inputs such as a discount rate, prepayment rate, default rate and loss severity. The estimated fair value of our securities would generally decrease based upon an increase in default rates, loss severities, or a decrease in prepayment rates.
As part of our securities valuation process, we request and consider indications of value from third-party securities dealers. For purposes of pricing our securities at June 30, 2018, we received dealer price indications on 75% of our securities, representing 84% of our carrying value. In the aggregate, our internal valuations of the securities for which we received dealer price indications were within 1% of the aggregate average dealer valuations. Once we receive the price indications from dealers, they are compared to other relevant market inputs, such as actual or comparable trades, and the results of our discounted cash flow analysis. In circumstances where relevant market inputs cannot be obtained, increased reliance on discounted cash flow analysis and management judgment are required to estimate fair value.

25

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


Derivative assets and liabilities
Our derivative instruments include swaps, swaptions, TBAs, financial futures, loan purchase commitments ("LPCs"), and forward sale commitments ("FSCs"). Fair values of derivative instruments are determined using quoted prices from active markets, when available, or from valuation models and are supported by valuations provided by dealers active in derivative markets. Fair values of TBAs and financial futures are generally obtained using quoted prices from active markets (Level 1). Our derivative valuation models for swaps and swaptions require a variety of inputs, including contractual terms, market prices, yield curves, credit curves, measures of volatility, prepayment rates, and correlations of certain inputs. Model inputs can generally be verified and model selection does not involve significant management judgment (Level 2).
LPC and FSC fair values for jumbo loans are estimated based on the estimated fair values of the underlying loans (as described in "Residential loans at Redwood" above). In addition, fair values for LPCs are estimated based on the probability that the mortgage loan will be purchased (the "Pull-through rate") (Level 3).
For other derivatives, valuations are based on various factors such as liquidity, bid/ask spreads, and credit considerations for which we rely on available market inputs. In the absence of such inputs, management’s best estimate is used (Level 3).
MSRs
MSRs include the rights to service jumbo and conforming residential mortgage loans. Significant inputs in the valuation analysis are predominantly Level 3, due to the nature of these instruments and the lack of readily available market quotes. Changes in the fair value of MSRs occur primarily due to the collection/realization of expected cash flows, as well as changes in valuation inputs and assumptions. Estimated fair values are based on applying the inputs to generate the net present value of estimated future MSR income (Level 3). These discounted cash flow models utilize certain significant unobservable inputs including market discount rates, assumed future prepayment rates of serviced loans, and the market cost of servicing. An increase in these unobservable inputs would generally reduce the estimated fair value of the MSRs.
As part of our MSR valuation process, we received a valuation estimate from a third-party valuations firm. In the aggregate, our internal valuation of the MSRs were within 2% of the third-party valuation.
FHLBC stock
Our Federal Home Loan Bank ("FHLB") member subsidiary is required to purchase Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago ("FHLBC") stock under a borrowing agreement between our FHLB-member subsidiary and the FHLBC. Under this agreement, the stock is redeemable at face value, which represents the carrying value and fair value of the stock (Level 2).
Guarantee asset
The guarantee asset represents the estimated fair value of cash flows we are contractually entitled to receive related to a risk-sharing arrangement with Fannie Mae. Significant inputs in the valuation analysis are Level 3, due to the nature of this asset and the lack of market quotes. The fair value of the guarantee asset is determined using a discounted cash flow model, for which significant unobservable inputs include assumed future prepayment rates and market discount rate (Level 3). An increase in prepayment rates or discount rate would generally reduce the estimated fair value of the guarantee asset.
Pledged collateral
Pledged collateral consists of cash and U.S. Treasury securities held by a custodian in association with certain agreements we have entered into. Treasury securities are carried at their fair value, which is determined using quoted prices in active markets (Level 1).
Cash and cash equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand and highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less. Fair values equal carrying values (Level 1).

26

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


Restricted cash
Restricted cash primarily includes interest-earning cash balances related to risk-sharing transactions with the Agencies, cash held in association with borrowings from the FHLBC, and cash held at consolidated Sequoia entities for the purpose of distribution to investors and reinvestment. Due to the short-term nature of the restrictions, fair values approximate carrying values (Level 1).
Accrued interest receivable and payable
Accrued interest receivable and payable includes interest due on our assets and payable on our liabilities. Due to the short-term nature of when these interest payments will be received or paid, fair values approximate carrying values (Level 1).
REO
REO includes properties owned in satisfaction of foreclosed loans. Fair values are determined using available market quotes, appraisals, broker price opinions, comparable properties, or other indications of value (Level 3).
Margin receivable
Margin receivable reflects cash collateral we have posted with our various derivative and debt counterparties as required to satisfy margin requirements. Fair values approximate carrying values (Level 2).
Short-term debt
Short-term debt includes our credit facilities that mature within one year. As these borrowings are secured and subject to margin calls and as the rates on these borrowings reset frequently to market rates, we believe that carrying values approximate fair values (Level 2). Additionally, at December 31, 2017, short-term debt included unsecured convertible senior notes with a maturity of less than one year. The fair value of the convertible notes is determined using quoted prices in generally active markets (Level 2).
ABS issued
ABS issued includes asset-backed securities issued through the Legacy Sequoia and Sequoia Choice securitization entities. These instruments are generally illiquid in nature and trade infrequently. Significant inputs in the valuation analysis are predominantly Level 3, due to the nature of these instruments and the lack of readily available market quotes. For ABS issued, we utilize both market comparable pricing and discounted cash flow analysis valuation techniques. Relevant market indicators factored into the analysis include bid/ask spreads, the amount and timing of collateral credit losses, interest rates, and collateral prepayment rates. Estimated fair values are based on applying the market indicators to generate discounted cash flows (Level 3). These cash flow models use significant unobservable inputs such as a discount rate, prepayment rate, default rate, loss severity and credit support. A decrease in credit losses or discount rate, or an increase in prepayment rates, would generally cause the fair value of the ABS issued to decrease (i.e., become a larger liability).
FHLBC borrowings
FHLBC borrowings include amounts borrowed from the FHLBC that are secured, generally by residential mortgage loans. As these borrowings are secured and subject to margin calls and as the rates on these borrowings reset frequently to market rates, we believe that carrying values approximate fair values (Level 2).
Financial Instruments Carried at Amortized Cost
Participation in loan warehouse facility
Our participation in a loan warehouse facility is carried at amortized cost (Level 2).


27

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 5. Fair Value of Financial Instruments - (continued)


Guarantee obligations
In association with our risk-sharing transactions with the Agencies, we have made certain guarantees which are carried on our balance sheet at amortized cost (Level 3).
Convertible notes
Convertible notes include unsecured convertible and exchangeable senior notes that are carried at their unpaid principal balance net of any unamortized deferred issuance costs (Level 2).
Trust preferred securities and subordinated notes
Trust preferred securities and subordinated notes are carried at their unpaid principal balance net of any unamortized deferred issuance costs (Level 3).
Note 6. Residential Loans
We acquire residential loans from third-party originators and may sell or securitize these loans or hold them for investment. The following table summarizes the classifications and carrying values of the residential loans owned at Redwood and at consolidated Sequoia entities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 6.1 – Classifications and Carrying Values of Residential Loans
June 30, 2018
 
 
 
Legacy
 
Sequoia
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
Redwood
 
Sequoia
 
Choice
 
Total
Held-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
At fair value
 
$
1,104,545

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,104,545

At lower of cost or fair value
 
115

 
—

 
—

 
115

Total held-for-sale
 
1,104,660

 
—


—

 
1,104,660

Held-for-investment at fair value
 
2,313,336

 
592,029

 
1,481,145

 
4,386,510

Total Residential Loans
 
$
3,417,996

 
$
592,029


$
1,481,145

 
$
5,491,170

December 31, 2017
 
 
 
Legacy
 
Sequoia
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
Redwood
 
Sequoia
 
Choice
 
Total
Held-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
At fair value
 
$
1,427,052

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,427,052

At lower of cost or fair value
 
893

 
—

 
—

 
893

Total held-for-sale
 
1,427,945

 
—

 
—

 
1,427,945

Held-for-investment at fair value
 
2,434,386

 
632,817

 
620,062

 
3,687,265

Total Residential Loans
 
$
3,862,331

 
$
632,817

 
$
620,062

 
$
5,115,210

At June 30, 2018, we owned mortgage servicing rights associated with $2.72 billion (principal balance) of consolidated residential loans purchased from third-party originators. The value of these MSRs is included in the carrying value of the associated loans on our consolidated balance sheets. We contract with licensed sub-servicers that perform servicing functions for these loans.

28

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 6. Residential Loans - (continued)

Residential Loans Held-for-Sale
At Fair Value
At June 30, 2018, we owned 1,547 loans held-for-sale at fair value with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $1.09 billion and a fair value of $1.10 billion, compared to 2,009 loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $1.41 billion and a fair value of $1.43 billion at December 31, 2017. At June 30, 2018, one of these loans with a fair value of $0.6 million was greater than 90 days delinquent and none of these loans were in foreclosure. At December 31, 2017, one of these loans with a fair value of $0.5 million was greater than 90 days delinquent and none of these loans were in foreclosure.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we purchased $1.93 billion and $3.73 billion (principal balance) of loans, respectively, for which we elected the fair value option, and we sold $1.92 billion and $3.93 billion (principal balance) of loans, respectively, for which we recorded net market valuation gains of $6 million and $11 million, respectively, through Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income. At June 30, 2018, loans held-for-sale with a market value of $786 million were pledged as collateral under short-term borrowing agreements.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we purchased $1.20 billion and $2.29 billion (principal balance) of loans, respectively, for which we elected the fair value option, and we sold $0.67 billion and $2.04 billion (principal balance) of loans, respectively, for which we recorded net market valuation gains of $6 million and $14 million, respectively, through Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income.
At Lower of Cost or Fair Value
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we held two and four residential loans, respectively, at the lower of cost or fair value with $0.2 million and $1 million in outstanding principal balance, respectively, and carrying values of $0.1 million and $1 million, respectively. At June 30, 2018, none of these loans were greater than 90 days delinquent or in foreclosure. At December 31, 2017, one of these loans with an unpaid principal balance of $0.3 million was greater than 90 days delinquent and none of these loans were in foreclosure.
Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Fair Value
At Redwood
At June 30, 2018, we owned 3,224 held-for-investment loans at Redwood with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $2.34 billion and a fair value of $2.31 billion, compared to 3,292 loans with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $2.41 billion and a fair value of $2.43 billion at December 31, 2017. At June 30, 2018, three of these loans with a total fair value of $1 million were greater than 90 days delinquent and none of these loans were in foreclosure. At December 31, 2017, none of these loans were greater than 90 days delinquent or in foreclosure.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we transferred loans with a fair value of $32 million and $88 million, respectively, from held-for-sale to held-for-investment. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we did not transfer loans from held-for-investment to held-for-sale. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded net market valuation losses of $15 million and $54 million, respectively, on residential loans held-for-investment at fair value through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. At June 30, 2018, loans with a fair value of $2.31 billion were pledged as collateral under a borrowing agreement with the FHLBC.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we transferred loans with a fair value of $62 million and $247 million, respectively, from held-for-sale to held-for-investment. During both the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we transferred loans with a fair value of $0.5 million from held-for-investment to held-for-sale. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we recorded net market valuation gains of $8 million and $6 million, respectively, on residential loans held-for-investment at fair value through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income.

29

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 6. Residential Loans - (continued)

At June 30, 2018, the outstanding loans held-for-investment at Redwood were prime-quality, first lien loans, of which 96% were originated between 2013 and 2018, and 4% were originated in 2012 and prior years. The weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 770 (at origination) and the weighted average loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio of these loans was 66% (at origination). At June 30, 2018, these loans were comprised of 90% fixed-rate loans with a weighted average coupon of 4.08%, and the remainder were hybrid or ARM loans with a weighted average coupon of 4.09%.
At Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities
At June 30, 2018, we owned 2,924 held-for-investment loans at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities, with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $623 million and a fair value of $592 million, as compared to 3,178 loans at December 31, 2017, with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $698 million and a fair value of $633 million. At origination, the weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 728, the weighted average LTV ratio of these loans was 66%, and the loans were nearly all first lien and prime-quality.
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the unpaid principal balance of loans at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities delinquent greater than 90 days was $18 million and $25 million, respectively, of which the unpaid principal balance of loans in foreclosure was $7 million and $10 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded net market valuation gains of $4 million and $33 million, respectively, on these loans through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we recorded net market valuation gains of $11 million and $19 million, respectively, on these loans through Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. Pursuant to the collateralized financing entity guidelines, the market valuation changes of these loans are based on the estimated fair value of the associated ABS issued. The net impact to our income statement associated with our retained economic investment in the Legacy Sequoia securitization entities is presented in Note 5.
At Consolidated Sequoia Choice Entities
At June 30, 2018, we owned 1,990 held-for-investment loans at the consolidated Sequoia Choice entities, with an aggregate unpaid balance of $1.46 billion and a fair value of $1.48 billion, as compared to 806 loans at December 31, 2017 with an aggregate unpaid principal balance of $605 million and a fair value of $620 million. At origination, the weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 743, the weighted average LTV ratio of these loans was 74%, and the loans were all first lien and prime-quality. At both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, none of these loans were greater than 90 days delinquent or in foreclosure.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we transferred loans with a fair value of $530 million and $982 million, respectively, from held-for-sale to held-for-investment associated with Choice securitizations. Pursuant to the collateralized financing entity guidelines, the market valuation changes of these loans are based on the estimated fair value of the ABS issued associated with Choice securitizations. The net impact to our income statement associated with our retained economic investment in the Sequoia Choice securitization entities is presented in Note 5.
Note 7. Real Estate Securities
We invest in real estate securities that we acquire from third parties or create and retain from our Sequoia securitizations. The following table presents the fair values of our real estate securities by type at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 7.1 – Fair Values of Real Estate Securities by Type
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Trading
 
$
1,054,295

 
$
968,844

Available-for-sale
 
399,641

 
507,666

Total Real Estate Securities
 
$
1,453,936

 
$
1,476,510


30

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


Our real estate securities include mortgage-backed securities, which are presented in accordance with their general position within a securitization structure based on their rights to cash flows. Senior securities are those interests in a securitization that generally have the first right to cash flows and are last in line to absorb losses. Mezzanine securities are interests that are generally subordinate to senior securities in their rights to receive cash flows, and have subordinate securities below them that are first to absorb losses. Our mezzanine classified securities were initially rated AA through BBB- and issued in 2012 or later. Subordinate securities are all interests below mezzanine. Nearly all of our residential securities are supported by collateral that was designated as prime at the time of issuance.
Trading Securities
The following table presents the fair value of trading securities by position and collateral type at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 7.2 – Trading Securities by Position and Collateral Type
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Senior
 
$
138,329

 
$
69,974

Mezzanine
 
600,629

 
563,475

Subordinate
 
315,337

 
335,395

Total Trading Securities
 
$
1,054,295

 
$
968,844

We elected the fair value option for certain securities and classify them as trading securities. Our trading securities include both residential and commercial/multifamily securities. At June 30, 2018, trading securities with a carrying value of $613 million as well as $88 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations were pledged as collateral under short-term borrowing agreements. See Note 10 for additional information on short-term debt.
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our senior trading securities included $89 million and $70 million of interest-only securities, respectively, for which there is no principal balance, and the remaining unpaid principal balance of our senior trading securities was $50 million and zero, respectively. Our interest-only securities included $39 million and $15 million of A-IO-S securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, which are securities we retained from certain of our Sequoia securitizations that represent certificated servicing strips.
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our mezzanine and subordinate trading securities had an unpaid principal balance of $1.01 billion and $943 million, respectively, and included $240 million and $301 million, respectively, of Agency residential mortgage credit risk transfer (or "CRT") securities, $68 million and $68 million, respectively, of Sequoia securities, $209 million and $206 million, respectively, of other third-party residential securities, and $399 million and $324 million, respectively, of third-party commercial/multifamily securities.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we acquired $233 million and $378 million (principal balance), respectively, of securities for which we elected the fair value option and classified as trading, and sold $62 million and $244 million, respectively, of such securities. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we acquired $107 million and $261 million (principal balance), respectively, of securities for which we elected the fair value option and classified as trading, and sold $51 million and $60 million, respectively, of such securities.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded net market valuation losses of $1 million and $4 million, respectively, on trading securities, included in Investment fair value changes, net and Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we recorded net market valuation gains of $19 million and $30 million, respectively, on trading securities, included in Investment fair value changes, net and Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income.

31

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


AFS Securities
The following table presents the fair value of our available-for-sale securities by position and collateral type at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 7.3 – Available-for-Sale Securities by Position and Collateral Type
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Senior (1)
 
$
147,490

 
$
179,864

Mezzanine
 
37,263

 
92,002

Subordinate
 
214,888

 
235,800

Total AFS Securities
 
$
399,641

 
$
507,666

(1)
Includes $34 million and $39 million of re-REMIC securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Re-REMIC securities were created through the resecuritization of certain senior security interests to provide additional credit support to those interests. These re-REMIC securities are therefore subordinate to the remaining senior security interests, but senior to any subordinate tranches of the securitization from which they were created.
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, all of our available-for-sale securities were comprised of residential mortgage-backed securities. At June 30, 2018, AFS securities with a carrying value of $145 million were pledged as collateral under short-term borrowing agreements. See Note 10 for additional information on short-term debt.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we purchased $2 million and $6 million of AFS securities, respectively, and sold $41 million and $92 million of AFS securities, respectively, which resulted in net realized gains of $5 million and $14 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we purchased $2 million and $27 million of AFS securities, respectively, and sold $19 million and $38 million of AFS securities, respectively, which resulted in net realized gains of $3 million and $8 million, respectively.
We often purchase AFS securities at a discount to their outstanding principal balances. To the extent we purchase an AFS security that has a likelihood of incurring a loss, we do not amortize into income the portion of the purchase discount that we do not expect to collect due to the inherent credit risk of the security. We may also expense a portion of our investment in the security to the extent we believe that principal losses will exceed the purchase discount. We designate any amount of unpaid principal balance that we do not expect to receive and thus do not expect to earn or recover as a credit reserve on the security. Any remaining net unamortized discounts or premiums on the security are amortized into income over time using the effective yield method.
At June 30, 2018, there were less than $0.1 million of AFS securities with contractual maturities less than five years, $2 million with contractual maturities greater than five years but less than 10 years, and the remainder of our AFS securities had contractual maturities greater than 10 years.
The following table presents the components of carrying value (which equals fair value) of AFS securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 7.4 – Carrying Value of AFS Securities
June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
Senior
 
Mezzanine
 
Subordinate
 
Total
Principal balance
 
$
152,651

 
$
38,036

 
$
312,983

 
$
503,670

Credit reserve
 
(8,187
)
 
—

 
(34,004
)
 
(42,191
)
Unamortized discount, net
 
(34,376
)
 
(3,993
)
 
(131,721
)
 
(170,090
)
Amortized cost
 
110,088


34,043

 
147,258

 
291,389

Gross unrealized gains
 
38,153

 
3,220

 
68,236

 
109,609

Gross unrealized losses
 
(751
)
 
—

 
(606
)
 
(1,357
)
Carrying Value
 
$
147,490


$
37,263

 
$
214,888

 
$
399,641


32

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
Senior
 
Mezzanine
 
Subordinate
 
Total
Principal balance
 
$
189,125

 
$
91,471

 
$
327,549

 
$
608,145

Credit reserve
 
(8,756
)
 
—

 
(37,793
)
 
(46,549
)
Unamortized discount, net
 
(44,041
)
 
(9,407
)
 
(130,305
)
 
(183,753
)
Amortized cost
 
136,328


82,064

 
159,451

 
377,843

Gross unrealized gains
 
44,771

 
9,938

 
76,481

 
131,190

Gross unrealized losses
 
(1,235
)
 
—

 
(132
)
 
(1,367
)
Carrying Value
 
$
179,864


$
92,002

 
$
235,800

 
$
507,666

The following table presents the changes for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, in unamortized discount and designated credit reserves on residential AFS securities.
Table 7.5 – Changes in Unamortized Discount and Designated Credit Reserves on AFS Securities
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
 
Credit
Reserve
 
Unamortized
Discount, Net
 
Credit
Reserve
 
Unamortized
Discount, Net
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
 
Beginning balance
 
$
40,616

 
$
178,302

 
$
46,549

 
$
183,753

Amortization of net discount
 
—

 
(3,848
)
 
—

 
(7,908
)
Realized credit losses
 
(385
)
 
—

 
(1,341
)
 
—

Acquisitions
 
2,251

 
495

 
4,787

 
2,130

Sales, calls, other
 
(299
)
 
(4,907
)
 
(1,066
)
 
(14,679
)
Impairments
 
56

 
—

 
56

 
—

(Release of) transfers to credit reserves, net
 
(48
)
 
48

 
(6,794
)
 
6,794

Ending Balance
 
$
42,191

 
$
170,090

 
$
42,191

 
$
170,090

AFS Securities with Unrealized Losses
The following table presents the components comprising the total carrying value of residential AFS securities that were in a gross unrealized loss position at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 7.6 – Components of Fair Value of Residential AFS Securities by Holding Periods
 
 
Less Than 12 Consecutive Months
 
12 Consecutive Months or Longer
 
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
 
Amortized
Cost
 
Unrealized
Losses
 
Fair
Value
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
$
18,610

 
$
(606
)
 
$
18,004

 
$
25,887

 
$
(751
)
 
$
25,136

December 31, 2017
 
8,637

 
(132
)
 
8,505

 
28,557

 
(1,235
)
 
27,322

At June 30, 2018, after giving effect to purchases, sales, and extinguishment due to credit losses, our consolidated balance sheet included 145 AFS securities, of which 10 were in an unrealized loss position and three were in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer. At December 31, 2017, our consolidated balance sheet included 167 AFS securities, of which nine were in an unrealized loss position and three were in a continuous unrealized loss position for 12 consecutive months or longer.

33

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


Evaluating AFS Securities for Other-than-Temporary Impairments
Gross unrealized losses on our AFS securities were $1 million at June 30, 2018. We evaluate all securities in an unrealized loss position to determine if the impairment is temporary or other-than-temporary (resulting in an OTTI). At June 30, 2018, we did not intend to sell any of our AFS securities that were in an unrealized loss position, and it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell these securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis, which may be at their maturity. We review our AFS securities that are in an unrealized loss position to identify those securities with losses that are other-than-temporary based on an assessment of changes in expected cash flows for such securities, which considers recent security performance and expected future performance of the underlying collateral.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, other-than-temporary impairments were $0.3 million, of which $0.1 million were recognized through our consolidated statements of income and $0.2 million were recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of our consolidated balance sheet. AFS securities for which OTTI is recognized have experienced, or are expected to experience, credit-related adverse cash flow changes. In determining our estimate of cash flows for AFS securities we may consider factors such as structural credit enhancement, past and expected future performance of underlying mortgage loans, including timing of expected future cash flows, which are informed by prepayment rates, default rates, loss severities, delinquency rates, percentage of non-performing loans, FICO scores at loan origination, year of origination, loan-to-value ratios, and geographic concentrations, as well as general market assessments. Changes in our evaluation of these factors impacted the cash flows expected to be collected at the OTTI assessment date and were used to determine if there were credit-related adverse cash flows and if so, the amount of credit related losses. Significant judgment is used in both our analysis of the expected cash flows for our AFS securities and any determination of the credit loss component of OTTI.
The table below summarizes the significant valuation assumptions we used for our AFS securities in unrealized loss positions at June 30, 2018.
Table 7.7 – Significant Valuation Assumptions
June 30, 2018
 
Range for Securities
Prepayment rates
 
6%
-
10%
Projected losses
 
0.20%
-
3%
The following table details the activity related to the credit loss component of OTTI (i.e., OTTI recognized through earnings) for AFS securities held at June 30, 2018 and 2017, for which a portion of an OTTI was recognized in other comprehensive income.
Table 7.8 – Activity of the Credit Component of Other-than-Temporary Impairments
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
20,924

 
$
26,390

 
$
21,037

 
$
28,261

Additions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Initial credit impairments
 
43

 
81

 
43

 
178

Subsequent credit impairments
 
—

 
47

 
—

 
47

Reductions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities sold, or expected to sell
 
—

 
(716
)
 
(99
)
 
(2,282
)
Securities with no outstanding principal at period end
 
—

 
—

 
(14
)
 
(402
)
Balance at End of Period
 
$
20,967

 
$
25,802

 
$
20,967

 
$
25,802


34

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 7. Real Estate Securities - (continued)


Gains and losses from the sale of AFS securities are recorded as Realized gains, net, in our consolidated statements of income. The following table presents the gross realized gains and losses on sales and calls of AFS securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 7.9 – Gross Realized Gains and Losses on AFS Securities
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Gross realized gains - sales
 
$
4,674

 
$
2,555

 
$
14,037

 
$
7,647

Gross realized gains - calls
 
43

 
66

 
43

 
677

Gross realized losses - sales
 
(3
)
 
—

 
(3
)
 
—

Gross realized losses - calls
 
—

 
(497
)
 
—

 
(497
)
Total Realized Gains on Sales and Calls of AFS Securities, net
 
$
4,714

 
$
2,124

 
$
14,077

 
$
7,827

Note 8. Derivative Financial Instruments
The following table presents the fair value and notional amount of our derivative financial instruments at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 8.1 – Fair Value and Notional Amount of Derivative Financial Instruments
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
Fair
Value
 
Notional
Amount
 
Fair
Value
 
Notional
Amount
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
 
Assets - Risk Management Derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps
 
$
59,468

 
$
2,675,500

 
$
10,122

 
$
1,765,000

TBAs
 
3,186

 
1,230,000

 
133

 
295,000

Futures
 
—

 
—

 
1

 
7,500

Swaptions
 
—

 
—

 
42

 
200,000

Assets - Other Derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan purchase commitments
 
2,991

 
460,620

 
3,243

 
547,434

Loan forward sale commitments
 
—

 
—

 
2,177

 
343,681

Total Assets
 
$
65,645

 
$
4,366,120

 
$
15,718

 
$
3,158,615

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liabilities - Cash Flow Hedges
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps
 
$
(31,601
)
 
$
139,500

 
$
(43,679
)
 
$
139,500

Liabilities - Risk Management Derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps
 
(13,129
)
 
820,000

 
(11,888
)
 
1,248,000

TBAs
 
(6,372
)
 
1,485,000

 
(3,808
)
 
1,400,000

Futures
 
(126
)
 
15,000

 
—

 
—

Liabilities - Other Derivatives
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loan purchase commitments
 
(4,701
)
 
805,139

 
(3,706
)
 
697,966

Total Liabilities
 
$
(55,929
)
 
$
3,264,639

 
$
(63,081
)
 
$
3,485,466

Total Derivative Financial Instruments, Net
 
$
9,716

 
$
7,630,759

 
$
(47,363
)
 
$
6,644,081


35

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 8. Derivative Financial Instruments - (continued)


Risk Management Derivatives
To manage, to varying degrees, risks associated with certain assets and liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets, we may enter into derivative contracts. At June 30, 2018, we were party to swaps and swaptions with an aggregate notional amount of $3.50 billion, TBA agreements sold with an aggregate notional amount of $2.72 billion, and financial futures contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $15 million. At December 31, 2017, we were party to swaps and swaptions with an aggregate notional amount of $3.21 billion, TBA agreements sold with an aggregate notional amount of $1.70 billion, and financial futures contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $8 million.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, risk management derivatives had net market valuation gains of $22 million and $89 million, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, risk management derivatives had net market valuation losses of $20 million and $27 million, respectively. These market valuation gains and losses are recorded in Mortgage banking activities, net, Investment fair value changes, net, and Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income.
Loan Purchase and Forward Sale Commitments
LPCs and FSCs that qualify as derivatives are recorded at their estimated fair values. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, LPCs and FSCs had net market valuation losses of $3 million and $10 million, respectively, that were recorded in Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, LPCs had net market valuation gains of $10 million and $21 million, respectively, that were recorded in Mortgage banking activities, net on our consolidated statements of income.
Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow Hedges
To manage the variability in interest expense related to portions of our long-term debt and certain adjustable-rate securitization entity liabilities that are included in our consolidated balance sheets for financial reporting purposes, we designated certain interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges with an aggregate notional balance of $140 million.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, changes in the values of designated cash flow hedges were positive $3 million and positive $12 million, respectively, and were recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of equity. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, changes in the values of designated cash flow hedges were negative $2 million and negative $1 million, respectively, and were recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of equity. For interest rate agreements currently or previously designated as cash flow hedges, our total unrealized loss reported in Accumulated other comprehensive income was $31 million and $43 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
The following table illustrates the impact on interest expense of our interest rate agreements accounted for as cash flow hedges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 8.2 – Impact on Interest Expense of Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Net interest expense on cash flows hedges
 
$
(804
)
 
$
(1,172
)
 
$
(1,802
)
 
$
(2,397
)
Realized net losses reclassified from other comprehensive income
 
—

 
(14
)
 
—

 
(28
)
Total Interest Expense
 
$
(804
)
 
$
(1,186
)
 
$
(1,802
)
 
$
(2,425
)
Derivative Counterparty Credit Risk
As discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, we consider counterparty risk as part of our fair value assessments of all derivative financial instruments at each quarter-end. At June 30, 2018, we assessed this risk as remote and did not record a specific valuation adjustment.

36

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 8. Derivative Financial Instruments - (continued)


At June 30, 2018, we had outstanding derivative agreements with two counterparties (other than clearinghouses) and were in compliance with ISDA agreements governing our open derivative positions.
Note 9. Other Assets and Liabilities
Other assets at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, are summarized in the following table.
Table 9.1 – Components of Other Assets
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Mortgage servicing rights
 
$
64,674

 
$
63,598

Margin receivable
 
49,538

 
85,044

FHLBC stock
 
43,393

 
43,393

Pledged collateral
 
42,201

 
42,615

Participation in loan warehouse facility
 
41,658

 
—

Investment in 5 Arches
 
10,973

 
—

Fixed assets and leasehold improvements (1)
 
5,189

 
2,645

Guarantee asset
 
2,936

 
2,869

REO
 
2,649

 
3,354

Other
 
9,459

 
15,046

Total Other Assets
 
$
272,670

 
$
258,564

(1)
Fixed assets and leasehold improvements had a basis of $10 million and accumulated depreciation of $4 million at June 30, 2018.
Accrued expenses and other liabilities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized in the following table.
Table 9.2 – Components of Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Guarantee obligations
 
$
18,124

 
$
19,487

Accrued compensation
 
13,387

 
24,025

Deferred tax liabilities
 
11,764

 
11,764

Unsettled trades
 
11,328

 
13

Margin payable
 
7,282

 
390

Residential loan and MSR repurchase reserve
 
4,443

 
4,916

Accrued income taxes payable
 
2,547

 
—

Legal reserve
 
2,000

 
2,000

Other
 
8,696

 
5,134

Total Accrued Expenses and Other Liabilities
 
$
79,571

 
$
67,729

Mortgage Servicing Rights
We invest in mortgage servicing rights associated with residential mortgage loans and contract with licensed sub-servicers to perform all servicing functions for these loans. The majority of our investments in MSRs were made through the retention of servicing rights associated with the residential jumbo mortgage loans that we acquire and subsequently transfer to third parties. We hold our MSR investments at our taxable REIT subsidiary.
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our MSRs had a fair value of $65 million and $64 million, respectively, and were associated with loans with an aggregate principal balance of $5.16 billion and $5.56 billion, respectively.

37

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 9. Other Assets and Liabilities - (continued)


The following table presents activity for MSRs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 9.3 – Activity for MSRs
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
66,496

 
$
111,013

 
$
63,598

 
$
118,526

Additions
 
—

 
216

 
—

 
7,701

Sales
 
(1,077
)
 
(41,038
)
 
(1,077
)
 
(52,966
)
Changes in fair value due to:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Changes in assumptions (1)
 
943

 
(3,356
)
 
5,289

 
(4,013
)
Other changes (2)
 
(1,688
)
 
(3,065
)
 
(3,136
)
 
(5,478
)
Balance at End of Period
 
$
64,674

 
$
63,770

 
$
64,674

 
$
63,770

(1)
Primarily reflects changes in prepayment assumptions due to changes in market interest rates.
(2)
Represents changes due to the realization of expected cash flows.
The following table presents the components of our MSR income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 9.4 – Components of MSR Income, net
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Servicing income
 
$
3,802

 
$
6,511

 
$
7,597

 
$
13,418

Cost of sub-servicer
 
(338
)
 
(659
)
 
(930
)
 
(2,039
)
Net servicing fee income
 
3,464

 
5,852

 
6,667

 
11,379

Market valuation changes of MSRs
 
(745
)
 
(6,421
)
 
2,147

 
(9,491
)
Market valuation changes of associated derivatives
 
(1,122
)
 
3,040

 
(6,261
)
 
2,291

MSR reversal of provision for repurchases
 
277

 
307

 
277

 
312

MSR Income, Net (1)
 
$
1,874

 
$
2,778

 
$
2,830

 
$
4,491

(1)
MSR income, net is included in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income.
Margin Receivable and Payable
Margin receivable and payable resulted from margin calls between us and our counterparties under derivatives, master repurchase agreements, and warehouse facilities, whereby we or the counterparty posted collateral.
FHLB Stock
In accordance with our FHLB-member subsidiary's borrowing agreement with the FHLBC, our subsidiary is required to purchase and hold stock in the FHLBC. See Note 3 and Note 12 for additional information on this borrowing agreement.

38

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 9. Other Assets and Liabilities - (continued)


Participation in Loan Warehouse Facility
In the second quarter of 2018, we invested in a subordinated participation in a revolving mortgage loan warehouse credit facility of one of our loan sellers. While our interest is subordinated, it is secured by the loans collateralizing the facility and we have recourse to the loan seller. We account for this subordinated participation interest as a loan receivable at amortized cost, and all associated interest income is recorded as a component of Other interest income in our consolidated statements of income. We monitor the credit quality of the warehouse line of credit and utilize such information in our evaluation of the appropriateness of the allowance for credit losses. As of June 30, 2018, we determined no allowance for credit losses was required for this receivable.
Investment in 5 Arches
On May 1, 2018, we acquired a 20% minority interest in 5 Arches, LLC ("5 Arches") for $10 million, which included a one-year option to purchase all remaining equity in the company for a combination of cash and stock totaling $40 million. 5 Arches is an originator and asset manager of business-purpose residential mortgage loans, including loans to investors in single-family rental properties, bridge loans for investors in multifamily properties, and loans to investors rehabilitating and reselling residential properties. In connection with this investment, we also entered into a loan flow purchase agreement, which gives us exclusive access to 5 Arches' single-family rental loan production for a one-year period. At June 30, 2018, we had not purchased any loans under this agreement.
We account for our ownership interest in 5 Arches using the equity method of accounting as we are able to exert significant influence over but do not control the activities of the investee. At June 30, 2018, the carrying amount of our investment in 5 Arches was $7 million. We account for our purchase option as a cost method investment, which had a carrying value of $4 million at June 30, 2018. We have elected to record our share of earnings or losses from 5 Arches on a one-quarter lag, and as such, we did not record any equity method investment earnings or losses associated with this investment during the three months ended June 30, 2018.
Guarantee Asset, Pledged Collateral, and Guarantee Obligations
The pledged collateral, guarantee asset, and guarantee obligations presented in the tables above are related to our risk-sharing arrangements with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. In accordance with these arrangements, we are required to pledge collateral to secure our guarantee obligations. See Note 13 for additional information on our risk-sharing arrangements.
REO
The carrying value of REO at June 30, 2018 was $3 million, which includes the net effect of $2 million related to transfers into REO during the six months ended June 30, 2018, offset by $3 million of REO liquidations, and $0.4 million of unrealized gains resulting from market valuation adjustments. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were 9 and 14 REO properties, respectively, recorded on our consolidated balance sheets, all of which were owned at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities.
Legal and Repurchase Reserves
See Note 13 for additional information on the legal and residential repurchase reserves.
Note 10. Short-Term Debt
We enter into repurchase agreements, bank warehouse agreements, and other forms of collateralized (and generally uncommitted) short-term borrowings with several banks and major investment banking firms. At June 30, 2018, we had outstanding agreements with several counterparties and we were in compliance with all of the related covenants. For additional information about these financial covenants and our short-term debt, see Part I, Item 2 – Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

39

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 10. Short-Term Debt - (continued)


The table below summarizes our short-term debt, including the facilities that are available to us, the outstanding balances, the weighted average interest rate, and the maturity information at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 10.1 – Short-Term Debt
 
 
June 30, 2018
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
Number of Facilities
 
Outstanding Balance
 
Limit
 
Weighted Average Interest Rate
 
Maturity
 
Weighted Average Days Until Maturity
Facilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loan warehouse
 
4

 
$
719,394

 
$
1,425,000

 
3.69
%
 
8/2018-3/2019
 
141
Real estate securities repo
 
7

 
706,894

 
—

 
3.25
%
 
7/2018-9/2018
 
28
Total Short-Term Debt
 
11

 
$
1,426,288

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
Number of Facilities
 
Outstanding Balance
 
Limit
 
Weighted Average Interest Rate
 
Maturity
 
Weighted Average Days Until Maturity
Facilities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loan warehouse
 
4

 
$
1,039,666

 
$
1,575,000

 
3.17
%
 
1/2018-12/2018
 
197
Real estate securities repo
 
9

 
648,746

 
—

 
2.69
%
 
1/2018-3/2018
 
28
Total Short-Term Debt Facilities
 
13

 
1,688,412

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Convertible notes, net
 
N/A

 
250,270

 
—

 
4.63
%
 
4/2018
 
105
Total Short-Term Debt
 
 
 
$
1,938,682

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Borrowings under our facilities are generally charged interest based on a specified margin over the one-month LIBOR interest rate. At June 30, 2018, all of these borrowings were under uncommitted facilities and were due within 364 days (or less) of the borrowing date.
The fair value of held-for-sale residential loans and real estate securities pledged as collateral under our short-term debt facilities was $786 million and $846 million, respectively, at June 30, 2018 and $1.15 billion and $788 million, respectively, at December 31, 2017. At June 30, 2018, the fair value of our real estate securities pledged as collateral included $88 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the average balances of our short-term debt facilities were $1.48 billion and $1.42 billion, respectively. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, accrued interest payable on our short-term debt facilities was $3 million and $2 million, respectively.
During the second quarter of 2017, $288 million principal amount of 4.625% convertible senior notes and $2 million of unamortized deferred issuance costs were reclassified from long-term debt to short-term debt, as the maturity of the notes was less than one year as of April 2017. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2017, we repurchased $37 million par value of these notes at a premium and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. In April 2018, we repaid these $250 million convertible notes and all related accrued interest in full. See Note 12 for additional information on our convertible notes.
We also maintain a $10 million committed line of credit with a financial institution that is secured by certain mortgage-backed securities with a fair market value of $4 million at June 30, 2018. At both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had no outstanding borrowings on this facility.

40

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 10. Short-Term Debt - (continued)


Remaining Maturities of Short-Term Debt
The following table presents the remaining maturities of our secured short-term debt by the type of collateral securing the debt at June 30, 2018.
Table 10.2 – Short-Term Debt by Collateral Type and Remaining Maturities
 
 
June 30, 2018
(In Thousands)
 
Within 30 days
 
31 to 90 days
 
Over 90 days
 
Total
Collateral Type
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held-for-sale residential loans
 
$
—

 
$
334,775

 
$
384,619

 
$
719,394

Real estate securities
 
491,738

 
215,156

 
—

 
706,894

Total Short-Term Debt
 
$
491,738

 
$
549,931

 
$
384,619

 
$
1,426,288

Note 11. Asset-Backed Securities Issued
Through our Sequoia securitization program, we sponsor securitization transactions in which ABS backed by residential mortgage loans are issued by Sequoia entities. We consolidated the Legacy Sequoia securitization entities, and beginning in September 2017, the Sequoia Choice securitization entities, that we determined were VIEs and for which we determined we were the primary beneficiary. Each consolidated securitization entity is independent of Redwood and of each other and the assets and liabilities are not owned by and are not legal obligations of Redwood. Our exposure to these entities is primarily through the financial interests we have retained, although we are exposed to certain financial risks associated with our role as a sponsor, servicing administrator, or depositor of these entities or as a result of our having sold assets directly or indirectly to these entities.
We account for the ABS issued under our consolidated Sequoia entities at fair value, with periodic changes in fair value recorded in Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. Pursuant to the CFE guidelines, the market valuation changes on our Sequoia loans are based on the estimated fair value of the associated ABS issued. The net impact to our income statement associated with our retained economic investment in the Sequoia securitization entities is presented in Note 5.
The ABS issued by these entities consist of various classes of securities that pay interest on a monthly or quarterly basis. All ABS issued by the Sequoia Choice entities pay fixed rates of interest and substantially all ABS issued by the Legacy Sequoia entities pay variable rates of interest, which are indexed to one-, three-, or six-month LIBOR. ABS issued also includes some interest-only classes with coupons set at a fixed spread to a benchmark rate, or set at a spread to the interest rates earned on the assets less the interest rates paid on the liabilities of a securitization entity.
The carrying values of ABS issued by Sequoia securitization entities we sponsored at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, along with other selected information, are summarized in the following table.

Table 11.1 – Asset-Backed Securities Issued
June 30, 2018
 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 
Total
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
 
Certificates with principal balance
 
$
615,868

 
$
1,320,414

 
$
1,936,282

Interest-only certificates
 
1,578

 
21,843

 
23,421

Market valuation adjustments
 
(35,211
)
 
5,170

 
(30,041
)
ABS Issued, Net
 
$
582,235

 
$
1,347,427

 
$
1,929,662

Range of weighted average interest rates, by series
 
2.12% to 3.26%

 
4.48% to 4.65%

 
 
Stated maturities
 
2024 - 2036

 
2047 - 2048

 
 
Number of series
 
20

 
4

 
 

41

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 11. Asset-Backed Securities Issued - (continued)


December 31, 2017
 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 
Total
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
 
Certificates with principal balance
 
$
691,125

 
$
526,657

 
$
1,217,782

Interest-only certificates
 
1,972

 
7,695

 
9,667

Market valuation adjustments
 
(70,652
)
 
7,788

 
(62,864
)
ABS Issued, Net
 
$
622,445

 
$
542,140

 
$
1,164,585

Range of weighted average interest rates, by series
 
1.46% to 2.78%

 
4.52% to 4.73%

 
 
Stated maturities
 
2024 - 2036

 
2047

 
 
Number of series
 
20

 
2

 
 
The actual maturity of each class of ABS issued is primarily determined by the rate of principal prepayments on the assets of the issuing entity. Each series is also subject to redemption prior to the stated maturity according to the terms of the respective governing documents of each ABS issuing entity. As a result, the actual maturity of ABS issued may occur earlier than its stated maturity. At June 30, 2018, all of the ABS issued and outstanding had contractual maturities beyond five years.
At both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, accrued interest payable on ABS issued by the Legacy Sequoia entities was $1 million. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, accrued interest payable on ABS issued by the Sequoia Choice entities was $5 million and $2 million, respectively. Interest due on consolidated ABS issued is payable monthly.
The following table summarizes the carrying value components of the collateral for ABS issued and outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 11.2 – Collateral for Asset-Backed Securities Issued
June 30, 2018
 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 
Total
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
Residential loans
 
$
592,029

 
$
1,481,145

 
$
2,073,174

Restricted cash
 
147

 
10

 
157

Accrued interest receivable
 
835

 
5,956

 
6,791

REO
 
2,649

 
—

 
2,649

Total Collateral for ABS Issued
 
$
595,660

 
$
1,487,111

 
$
2,082,771

December 31, 2017
 
Legacy
Sequoia
 
Sequoia
Choice
 
Total
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
Residential loans
 
$
632,817

 
$
620,062

 
$
1,252,879

Restricted cash
 
147

 
4

 
151

Accrued interest receivable
 
867

 
2,524

 
3,391

REO
 
3,353

 
—

 
3,353

Total Collateral for ABS Issued
 
$
637,184

 
$
622,590

 
$
1,259,774


42

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)


Note 12. Long-Term Debt

FHLBC Borrowings

In July 2014, our FHLB-member subsidiary entered into a borrowing agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago. At June 30, 2018, under this agreement, our subsidiary could incur borrowings up to $2.00 billion, also referred to as “advances,” from the FHLBC secured by eligible collateral, including residential mortgage loans. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, our FHLB-member subsidiary made no additional borrowings under this agreement. Under a final rule published by the Federal Housing Finance Agency in January 2016, our FHLB-member subsidiary will remain an FHLB member through the five-year transition period for captive insurance companies. Our FHLB-member subsidiary's existing $2.00 billion of FHLB debt, which matures beyond this transition period, is permitted to remain outstanding until its stated maturity. As residential loans pledged as collateral for this debt pay down, we are permitted to pledge additional loans or other eligible assets to collateralize this debt; however, we do not expect to be able to increase our subsidiary's FHLB debt above the existing $2.00 billion maximum.
At June 30, 2018, $2.00 billion of advances were outstanding under this agreement, which were classified as long-term debt, with a weighted average interest rate of 2.03% and a weighted average maturity of approximately seven years. At December 31, 2017, $2.00 billion of advances were outstanding under this agreement, which were classified as long-term debt, with a weighted average interest rate of 1.38% and a weighted average maturity of eight years. Advances under this agreement incur interest charges based on a specified margin over the FHLBC’s 13-week discount note rate, which resets every 13 weeks. Total advances under this agreement were secured by residential mortgage loans with a fair value of $2.31 billion at June 30, 2018. This agreement also requires our subsidiary to purchase and hold stock in the FHLBC in an amount equal to a specified percentage of outstanding advances. At June 30, 2018, our subsidiary held $43 million of FHLBC stock that is included in Other assets in our consolidated balance sheets.
The following table presents maturities of our FHLBC borrowings by year at June 30, 2018.
Table 12.1 – Maturities of FHLBC Borrowings by Year
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
2024
 
$
470,171

2025
 
887,639

2026
 
642,189

Total FHLBC Borrowings
 
$
1,999,999

For additional information about our FHLBC borrowings, see Part I, Item 2 of Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q under the heading “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities.”
Convertible Notes
In June 2018, we issued $200 million principal amount of 5.625% convertible senior notes due 2024 at an issuance price of 99.5%. These convertible notes require semi-annual interest payments at a fixed coupon rate of 5.625% until maturity or conversion, which will be no later than July 15, 2024. After deducting the issuance discount, the underwriting discount and offering costs, we received $194 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred debt issuance costs and the debt discount, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes is approximately 6.2% per annum. These notes are convertible at the option of the holder at a conversion rate of 54.7645 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of convertible senior notes (equivalent to a conversion price of $18.26 per common share). Upon conversion of these notes by a holder, the holder will receive shares of our common stock. At June 30, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $200 million and the accrued interest payable on this debt was $0.2 million. At June 30, 2018, the unamortized deferred issuance costs and debt discount were $5 million and $1 million, respectively.

43

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 12. Long-Term Debt - (continued)


In August 2017, we issued $245 million principal amount of 4.75% convertible senior notes due 2023. These convertible notes require semi-annual interest payments at a fixed coupon rate of 4.75% until maturity or conversion, which will be no later than August 15, 2023. After deducting the underwriting discount and offering costs, we received $238 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred debt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes is approximately 5.3% per annum. At June 30, 2018, these notes were convertible at the option of the holder at a conversion rate of 53.9060 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of convertible senior notes (equivalent to a conversion price of $18.55 per common share). Upon conversion of these notes by a holder, the holder will receive shares of our common stock. At June 30, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $245 million. At June 30, 2018, the accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $4 million and the unamortized deferred issuance costs were $6 million.
In November 2014, RWT Holdings, Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary of Redwood Trust, Inc., issued $205 million principal amount of 5.625% exchangeable senior notes due 2019. These exchangeable notes require semi-annual interest payments at a fixed coupon rate of 5.625% until maturity or exchange, which will be no later than November 15, 2019. After deducting the underwriting discount and offering costs, we received $198 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred debt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these exchangeable notes is approximately 6.3% per annum. At June 30, 2018, these notes were convertible at the option of the holder at a conversion rate of 46.2370 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of convertible senior notes (equivalent to a conversion price of $21.63 per common share). Upon exchange of these notes by a holder, the holder will receive shares of our common stock. During the first quarter of 2016, we repurchased $4 million par value of these notes at a discount and recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt of $0.3 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. At June 30, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $201 million. At June 30, 2018, the accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $1 million and the unamortized deferred issuance costs were $2 million.
In March 2013, we issued $288 million principal amount of 4.625% convertible senior notes due in April 2018. These convertible notes required semi-annual interest payments at a fixed coupon rate of 4.625% until the debt matured on April 15, 2018. After deducting the underwriting discount and offering costs, we received $279 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred debt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes was approximately 4.8% per annum. Until maturity, these notes were convertible at the option of the holder at a conversion rate of 41.1320 common shares per $1,000 principal amount of convertible senior notes (equivalent to a conversion price of $24.31 per common share). During the second quarter of 2017, $288 million principal amount of these convertible notes and $2 million of unamortized deferred issuance costs were reclassified from long-term debt to short-term debt, as the maturity of the notes was less than one year as of April 2017. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2017, we repurchased $37 million par value of these notes at a premium and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. In April 2018, we repaid these $250 million convertible notes and all related accrued interest in full.
Trust Preferred Securities and Subordinated Notes
At June 30, 2018, we had trust preferred securities and subordinated notes outstanding of $100 million and $40 million, respectively. This debt requires quarterly interest payments at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% until the notes are redeemed. The $100 million trust preferred securities will be redeemed no later than January 30, 2037, and the $40 million subordinated notes will be redeemed no later than July 30, 2037. Prior to 2014, we entered into interest rate swaps with aggregate notional values totaling $140 million to hedge the variability in this long-term debt interest expense. Including hedging costs and amortization of deferred debt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on our trust preferred securities and subordinated notes is approximately 6.8% per annum. At both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the accrued interest payable balance on our trust preferred securities and subordinated notes was $1 million.
Under the terms of this debt, we covenant, among other things, to use our best efforts to continue to qualify as a REIT. If an event of default were to occur in respect of this debt, we would generally be restricted under its terms (subject to certain exceptions) from making dividend distributions to stockholders, from repurchasing common stock or repurchasing or redeeming any other then-outstanding equity securities, and from making any other payments in respect of any equity interests in us or in respect of any then-outstanding debt that is pari passu or subordinate to this debt.

44

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 12. Long-Term Debt - (continued)


Single-Family Rental Loan Warehouse Facilities
During the second quarter of 2018, we entered into repurchase facilities with two third-party financial institutions to finance purchases of mortgage loans secured by 1-4 unit residential rental real estate ("single-family rental loans"). The first facility has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $200 million and is scheduled to mature on June 29, 2020. The second facility has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $200 million and is scheduled to mature on June 29, 2021. Borrowings under these facilities are generally charged interest based on a specified margin over the one-month LIBOR interest rate. At June 30, 2018, there were no amounts outstanding under either of these facilities.
Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies
Lease Commitments
At June 30, 2018, we were obligated under four non-cancelable operating leases with expiration dates through 2028 for $17 million of cumulative lease payments. Our operating lease expense was $1 million for both six-month periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
The following table presents our future lease commitments at June 30, 2018.
Table 13.1 – Future Lease Commitments by Year
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
2018 (6 months)
 
$
982

2019
 
1,987

2020
 
1,965

2021
 
1,474

2022 and thereafter
 
10,217

Total Lease Commitments
 
$
16,625

Commitments to Fund Equity Investments
At June 30, 2018, we had committed to fund $50 million to a limited partnership created to finance clean energy projects. This obligation may be requested at any time by the investment manager and will be recorded on our balance sheet as an equity method investment upon funding. At June 30, 2018, no investments in this partnership had been funded.
Commitment to Participate in Loan Warehouse Facility
In the second quarter of 2018, we invested in a participation in the mortgage loan warehouse credit facility of one of our loan sellers. This investment includes a commitment to participate in (and an obligation to fund) a designated amount of the loan seller's borrowings under this warehouse credit facility. This obligation is subject to daily funding requests by the financial institution, and fundings are recorded on our balance sheet as a Participation in loan warehouse facility. At June 30, 2018, $42 million of our commitment had been funded, and we were committed to fund up to an additional $8 million. See Note 9 for additional detail on our participation in a loan warehouse facility.

45

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies - (continued)


Loss Contingencies — Risk-Sharing
During 2015 and 2016, we sold conforming loans to the Agencies with an original unpaid principal balance of $3.19 billion, subject to our risk-sharing arrangements with the Agencies. At June 30, 2018, the maximum potential amount of future payments we could be required to make under these arrangements was $44 million and this amount was fully collateralized by assets we transferred to pledged accounts and is presented as pledged collateral in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets. We have no recourse to any third parties that would allow us to recover any amounts related to our obligations under the arrangements. At June 30, 2018, we had not incurred any losses under these arrangements. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, other income related to these arrangements was $1 million and $2 million, respectively, and net market valuation losses related to these investments were $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, other income related to these arrangements was $1 million and $2 million, respectively, and net market valuation losses related to these investments were $1 million for both periods.
All of the loans in the reference pools subject to these risk-sharing arrangements were originated in 2014 and 2015, and at June 30, 2018, the loans had an unpaid principal balance of $1.95 billion and a weighted average FICO score of 758 (at origination) and LTV of 76% (at origination). At June 30, 2018, $5 million of the loans were 90 days or more delinquent, of which $1 million were in foreclosure. At June 30, 2018, the carrying value of our guarantee obligation was $18 million and included $6 million designated as a non-amortizing credit reserve, which we believe is sufficient to cover current expected losses under these obligations.
Our consolidated balance sheets include assets of special purpose entities ("SPEs") associated with these risk-sharing arrangements (i.e., the "pledged collateral" referred to above) that can only be used to settle obligations of these SPEs for which the creditors of these SPEs (the Agencies) do not have recourse to Redwood Trust, Inc. or its affiliates. At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, assets of such SPEs totaled $47 million and $48 million, respectively, and liabilities of such SPEs totaled $18 million and $19 million, respectively.
Loss Contingencies — Residential Repurchase Reserve
We maintain a repurchase reserve for potential obligations arising from representation and warranty violations related to residential loans we have sold to securitization trusts or third parties and for conforming residential loans associated with MSRs that we have purchased from third parties. We do not originate residential loans and we believe the initial risk of loss due to loan repurchases (i.e., due to a breach of representations and warranties) would generally be a contingency to the companies from whom we acquired the loans. However, in some cases, for example, where loans were acquired from companies that have since become insolvent, repurchase claims may result in our being liable for a repurchase obligation.
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, our repurchase reserve associated with our residential loans and MSRs was $4 million and $5 million, respectively, and was recorded in Accrued expenses and other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. We received two repurchase requests during the six months ended June 30, 2018, and did not repurchase any loans during this period. During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, we recorded reversals of repurchase provision of $0.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively, that were recorded in Mortgage banking activities, net and Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income.

46

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies - (continued)


Loss Contingencies — Litigation
On or about December 23, 2009, the Federal Home Loan Bank of Seattle (the “FHLB-Seattle”) filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the State of Washington (case number 09-2-46348-4 SEA) against Redwood Trust, Inc., our subsidiary, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc. (“SRF”), Morgan Stanley & Co., and Morgan Stanley Capital I, Inc. (collectively, the “FHLB-Seattle Defendants”), which alleged that the FHLB-Seattle Defendants made false or misleading statements in offering materials for a mortgage pass-through certificate (the “Seattle Certificate”) issued in the Sequoia Mortgage Trust 2005-4 securitization transaction (the “2005-4 RMBS”) and purchased by the FHLB-Seattle. Specifically, the complaint alleged that the alleged misstatements concerned the (1) loan-to-value ratio of mortgage loans and the appraisals of the properties that secured loans supporting the 2005-4 RMBS, (2) occupancy status of the properties, (3) standards used to underwrite the loans, and (4) ratings assigned to the Seattle Certificate. The FHLB-Seattle alleged claims under the Securities Act of Washington (Section 21.20.005, et seq.) and sought to rescind the purchase of the Seattle Certificate and to collect interest on the original purchase price at the statutory interest rate of 8% per annum from the date of original purchase (net of interest received) as well as attorneys’ fees and costs. The Seattle Certificate was issued with an original principal amount of approximately $133 million, and, at June 30, 2018, approximately $126 million of principal and $11 million of interest payments had been made in respect of the Seattle Certificate. The matter was subsequently resolved and the claims were dismissed by the FHLB Seattle as to all the FHLB Seattle Defendants. At the time the Seattle Certificate was issued, Redwood agreed to indemnify the underwriters of the 2005-4 RMBS, which underwriters were named as defendants in the action, for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to this RMBS, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the resolution of this litigation, we could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.
On or about July 15, 2010, The Charles Schwab Corporation (“Schwab”) filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the State of California in San Francisco (case number CGC-10-501610) against SRF and 26 other defendants (collectively, the “Schwab Defendants”), which alleged that the Schwab Defendants made false or misleading statements in offering materials for various residential mortgage-backed securities sold or issued by the Schwab Defendants. Schwab alleged only a claim for negligent misrepresentation under California state law against SRF and sought unspecified damages and attorneys’ fees and costs from SRF. Schwab claimed that SRF made false or misleading statements in offering materials for a mortgage pass-through certificate (the “Schwab Certificate”) issued in the 2005-4 RMBS and purchased by Schwab. Specifically, the complaint alleged that the misstatements for the 2005-4 RMBS concerned the (1) loan-to-value ratio of mortgage loans and the appraisals of the properties that secured loans supporting the 2005-4 RMBS, (2) occupancy status of the properties, (3) standards used to underwrite the loans, and (4) ratings assigned to the Schwab Certificate. The Schwab Certificate was issued with an original principal amount of approximately $15 million, and, at June 30, 2018, approximately $14 million of principal and $1 million of interest payments had been made in respect of the Schwab Certificate. On November 14, 2014, Schwab voluntarily dismissed with prejudice its negligent misrepresentation claim, which resulted in the dismissal with prejudice of SRF from the action. Subsequently, the matter was resolved and Schwab dismissed its claims against the lead underwriter of the 2005-4 RMBS. At the time the Schwab Certificate was issued, Redwood agreed to indemnify the underwriters of the 2005-4 RMBS, which underwriters were also named as defendants in the action, for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to this RMBS, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the resolution of this litigation, Redwood could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.

47

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 13. Commitments and Contingencies - (continued)


Through certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, we have in the past engaged in, and expect to continue to engage in, activities relating to the acquisition and securitization of residential mortgage loans. In addition, certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries have in the past engaged in activities relating to the acquisition and securitization of debt obligations and other assets through the issuance of collateralized debt obligations (commonly referred to as CDO transactions). Because of this involvement in the securitization and CDO businesses, we could become the subject of litigation relating to these businesses, including additional litigation of the type described above, and we could also become the subject of governmental investigations, enforcement actions, or lawsuits, and governmental authorities could allege that we violated applicable law or regulation in the conduct of our business. As an example, in July 2016 we became aware of a complaint filed by the State of California on April 1, 2016 against Morgan Stanley & Co. and certain of its affiliates alleging, among other things, that there were misleading statements contained in offering materials for 28 different mortgage pass-through certificates purchased by various California investors, including various California public pension systems, from Morgan Stanley and alleging that Morgan Stanley made false or fraudulent claims in connection with the sale of those certificates. Of the 28 mortgage pass-through certificates that were the subject of the complaint, two were Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2004 and two were Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2007. With respect to each of those certificates, our wholly-owned subsidiary, RWT Holdings, Inc., was the sponsor and our wholly-owned subsidiary, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc., was the depositor. The plaintiffs subsequently withdrew from the litigation their claims based on eight of the 28 mortgage pass-through certificates, including one of the Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2004. At the time these Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates were issued, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc. and Redwood Trust agreed to indemnify the underwriters of these certificates for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to these certificates, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the outcome of this litigation, we could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.
In accordance with GAAP, we review the need for any loss contingency reserves and establish reserves when, in the opinion of management, it is probable that a matter would result in a liability and the amount of loss, if any, can be reasonably estimated. Additionally, we record receivables for insurance recoveries relating to litigation-related losses and expenses if and when such amounts are covered by insurance and recovery of such losses or expenses are due. At June 30, 2018, the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves established in respect of the FHLB-Seattle and Schwab litigation matters described above was $2 million. We review our litigation matters each quarter to assess these loss contingency reserves and make adjustments in these reserves, upwards or downwards, as appropriate, in accordance with GAAP based on our review.
In the ordinary course of any litigation matter, including certain of the above-referenced matters, we have engaged and may continue to engage in formal or informal settlement communications with the plaintiffs or co-defendants. Settlement communications we have engaged in relating to certain of the above-referenced litigation matters are one of the factors that have resulted in our determination to establish the loss contingency reserves described above. We cannot be certain that any of these matters will be resolved through a settlement prior to trial and we cannot be certain that the resolution of these matters, whether through trial or settlement, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations in any future period.
Future developments (including resolution of substantive pre-trial motions relating to these matters, receipt of additional information and documents relating to these matters (such as through pre-trial discovery), new or additional settlement communications with plaintiffs relating to these matters, or resolutions of similar claims against other defendants in these matters) could result in our concluding in the future to establish additional loss contingency reserves or to disclose an estimate of reasonably possible losses in excess of our established reserves with respect to these matters. Our actual losses with respect to the above-referenced litigation matters may be materially higher than the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves we have established in respect of these litigation matters, including in the event that any of these matters proceeds to trial and the plaintiff prevails. Other factors that could result in our concluding to establish additional loss contingency reserves or estimate additional reasonably possible losses, or could result in our actual losses with respect to the above-referenced litigation matters being materially higher than the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves we have established in respect of these litigation matters include that: there are significant factual and legal issues to be resolved; information obtained or rulings made during the lawsuits could affect the methodology for calculation of the available remedies; and we may have additional obligations pursuant to indemnity agreements, representations and warranties, and other contractual provisions with other parties relating to these litigation matters that could increase our potential losses.

48

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 14. Equity
The following table provides a summary of changes to accumulated other comprehensive income by component for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 14.1 – Changes in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income by Component
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands)
 
Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities
 
Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges
 
Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities
 
Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
114,577

 
$
(34,522
)
 
$
114,875

 
$
(42,273
)
Other comprehensive (loss) income
before reclassifications (1)
 
(3,104
)
 
3,417

 
1,811

 
(2,429
)
Amounts reclassified from other
accumulated comprehensive income
 
(4,748
)
 
—

 
(2,322
)
 
14

Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income
 
(7,852
)
 
3,417

 
(511
)
 
(2,415
)
Balance at End of Period
 
$
106,725

 
$
(31,105
)
 
$
114,364

 
$
(44,688
)
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands)
 
Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities
 
Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges
 
Net Unrealized Gains on Available-for-Sale Securities
 
Net Unrealized Losses on Interest Rate Agreements Accounted for as Cash Flow Hedges
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
128,201

 
$
(42,953
)
 
$
115,873

 
$
(44,020
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
before reclassifications (1)
 
(7,341
)
 
11,848

 
4,741

 
(696
)
Amounts reclassified from other
accumulated comprehensive income
 
(14,135
)
 
—

 
(6,250
)
 
28

Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)
 
(21,476
)
 
11,848

 
(1,509
)
 
(668
)
Balance at End of Period
 
$
106,725

 
$
(31,105
)
 
$
114,364

 
$
(44,688
)
(1)
Amounts presented for net unrealized gains on available-for-sale securities are net of tax benefit (provision) of $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, and $0.1 million and $(0.1) million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively.

49

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 14. Equity - (continued)

The following table provides a summary of reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 14.2 – Reclassifications Out of Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amount Reclassified From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
 
 
Affected Line Item in the
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
Income Statement
 
2018
 
2017
Net Realized (Gain) Loss on AFS Securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other than temporary impairment (1)
 
Investment fair value changes, net
 
$
56

 
$
128

Gain on sale of AFS securities
 
Realized gains, net
 
(4,804
)
 
(2,450
)
 
 
 
 
$
(4,748
)
 
$
(2,322
)
Net Realized Loss on Interest Rate
Agreements Designated as Cash Flow Hedges
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amortization of deferred loss
 
Interest expense
 
$
—

 
$
14

 
 
 
 
$
—

 
$
14

 
 
 
 
Amount Reclassified From Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
 
 
Affected Line Item in the
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
Income Statement
 
2018
 
2017
Net Realized (Gain) Loss on AFS Securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other than temporary impairment (1)
 
Investment fair value changes, net
 
$
56

 
$
245

Gain on sale of AFS securities
 
Realized gains, net
 
(14,191
)
 
(6,495
)
 
 
 
 
$
(14,135
)
 
$
(6,250
)
Net Realized Loss on Interest Rate
Agreements Designated as Cash Flow Hedges
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amortization of deferred loss
 
Interest expense
 
$
—

 
$
28

 
 
 
 
$
—

 
$
28

(1)
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, other-than-temporary impairments were $0.3 million, of which $0.1 million were recognized through our consolidated statements of income and $0.2 million were recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of our consolidated balance sheet. For the three months ended June 30, 2017, other-than-temporary impairments were $0.5 million, of which $0.1 million were recognized through our consolidated statements of income and $0.3 million were recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of our consolidated balance sheet. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, other-than-temporary impairments were $0.6 million, of which $0.2 million were recognized through our consolidated statements of income and $0.4 million were recognized in Accumulated other comprehensive income, a component of our consolidated balance sheet.


50

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 14. Equity - (continued)

Earnings per Common Share
The following table provides the basic and diluted earnings per common share computations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 14.3 – Basic and Diluted Earnings per Common Share
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands, except Share Data)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Basic Earnings per Common Share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to Redwood
 
$
32,747

 
$
36,324

 
$
79,592

 
$
73,293

Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities
 
(1,074
)
 
(884
)
 
(2,535
)
 
(1,852
)
Net income allocated to common shareholders
 
$
31,673

 
$
35,440

 
$
77,057

 
$
71,441

Basic weighted average common shares outstanding
 
75,380,715

 
76,819,703

 
75,388,638

 
76,779,178

Basic Earnings per Common Share
 
$
0.42

 
$
0.46

 
$
1.02

 
$
0.93

Diluted Earnings per Common Share:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to Redwood
 
$
32,747

 
$
36,324

 
$
79,592

 
$
73,293

Less: Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities
 
(1,156
)
 
(935
)
 
(2,584
)
 
(1,940
)
Add back: Interest expense on convertible notes for the period, net of tax
 
6,335

 
6,205

 
14,976

 
12,075

Net income allocated to common shareholders
 
$
37,926

 
$
41,594

 
$
91,984

 
$
83,428

Weighted average common shares outstanding
 
75,380,715

 
76,819,703

 
75,388,638

 
76,779,178

Net effect of dilutive equity awards
 
277,788

 
235,273

 
156,307

 
173,235

Net effect of assumed convertible notes conversion to common shares
 
24,773,490

 
20,439,168

 
28,746,235

 
20,766,137

Diluted weighted average common shares outstanding
 
100,431,993

 
97,494,144

 
104,291,180

 
97,718,550

Diluted Earnings per Common Share
 
$
0.38

 
$
0.43

 
$
0.88

 
$
0.85

We included participating securities, which are certain equity awards that have non-forfeitable dividend participation rights, in the calculations of basic and diluted earnings per common share as we determined that the two-class method was more dilutive than the alternative treasury stock method for these shares. Dividends and undistributed earnings allocated to participating securities under the basic and diluted earnings per share calculations require specific shares to be included that may differ in certain circumstances.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, certain of our convertible notes were determined to be dilutive and were included in the calculation of diluted EPS under the "if-converted" method. Under this method, the periodic interest expense (net of applicable taxes) for dilutive notes is added back to the numerator and the weighted average number of shares that the notes are entitled to (if converted, regardless of whether they are in or out of the money) are included in the denominator.
For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the number of outstanding equity awards that were antidilutive totaled 7,091 and 6,965, respectively. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the number of outstanding equity awards that were antidilutive totaled 5,555 and 5,691, respectively.

51

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 14. Equity - (continued)

Stock Repurchases
In February 2016, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of up to $100 million of our common stock and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. This authorization replaced all previous share repurchase plans and has no expiration date. During the year ended December 31, 2017, we repurchased 610,342 shares of common stock pursuant to this authorization for $9 million. At December 31, 2017, approximately $77 million of this current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock. During January 2018, we repurchased 1,040,829 shares of our common stock pursuant to this authorization for $16 million.
In February 2018, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of an additional $39 million of our common stock, increasing the total amount authorized for repurchases of common stock to $100 million, and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. As noted above, this authorization increased the previous share repurchase authorization approved in February 2016 and has no expiration date. This repurchase authorization does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or securities. Under this authorization, shares or securities may be repurchased in privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. At June 30, 2018, $100 million of the current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock.
Note 15. Equity Compensation Plans
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, 4,882,986 and 1,356,438 shares of common stock, respectively, were available for grant under our Incentive Plan. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, Redwood shareholders approved for grant an additional 4,000,000 shares of common stock under our Incentive Plan. The unamortized compensation cost of awards issued under the Incentive Plan and purchases under the Employee Stock Purchase Plan totaled $23 million at June 30, 2018, as shown in the following table.
Table 15.1 – Activities of Equity Compensation Costs by Award Type
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands)
 
Restricted Stock
 
Deferred Stock Units
 
Performance Stock Units
 
Employee Stock Purchase Plan
 
Total
Unrecognized compensation cost at beginning of period
 
$
2,808

 
$
13,364

 
$
5,298

 
$
—

 
$
21,470

Equity grants
 
2,380

 
4,750

 
350

 
136

 
7,616

Equity grant forfeitures
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Equity compensation expense
 
(806
)
 
(4,371
)
 
(1,287
)
 
(68
)
 
(6,532
)
Unrecognized Compensation Cost at End of Period
 
$
4,382

 
$
13,743

 
$
4,361

 
$
68

 
$
22,554

At June 30, 2018, the weighted average amortization period remaining for all of our equity awards was less than two years.
Restricted Stock
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were 337,253 and 257,507 shares, respectively, of restricted stock outstanding. Restrictions on these shares lapse through 2022. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, there were 162,330 shares of restricted stock granted, restrictions on 82,584 shares of restricted stock lapsed and those shares were distributed, and no shares of restricted stock awards were forfeited.
Deferred Stock Units (“DSUs”)
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were 2,233,954 and 1,878,491 DSUs, respectively, outstanding of which 1,189,795 and 889,835, respectively, had vested. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, there were 387,984 DSUs granted, 32,521 DSUs distributed, and no DSUs forfeited. Unvested DSUs at June 30, 2018 vest through 2022.

52

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 15. Equity Compensation Plans - (continued)


Performance Stock Units (“PSUs”)
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the target number of PSUs that were unvested was 727,295 and 704,270, respectively. Vesting for these PSUs will generally occur at the end of three years from their grant date, with the level of vesting at that time contingent on total shareholder return ("TSR"). TSR for these PSUs is defined as the percentage by which our common stock "per share price" has increased or decreased as of the last day of the three-year vesting period relative to the first day of such vesting period, adjusted to reflect the reinvestment of all dividends declared and/or paid on our common stock ("Three-Year TSR"). The number of underlying shares of our common stock that will vest in future years will vary between 0% (if Three-Year TSR is zero or negative) and 200% (if Three-Year TSR is greater than or equal to 125%) of the target number of PSUs originally granted, adjusted upward (if vesting is greater than 0%) to reflect the value of dividends paid during the three-year vesting period.
During the three months ended June 30, 2018, 23,025 target number of PSUs with a per unit grant date fair value of $15.20 were granted to two executives in connection with their promotions. The grant date fair values of these PSUs were determined through Monte-Carlo simulations using the following assumptions: our common stock closing price at the grant date, the average closing price of our common stock price for the 60 trading days prior to the grant date and the range of performance-based vesting based on TSR over three years from the grant date. For this PSU grant, an implied volatility assumption of 27% (based on historical volatility), a risk-free rate of 2.71% (the three-year Treasury rate on the grant date), and a 0% dividend yield (the mathematical equivalent to reinvesting the dividends over the three-year performance period as is consistent with the terms of the PSUs) were used.
Vesting for all PSUs will generally occur at the end of three years from their grant date based on various TSR performance calculations, as discussed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP")
The ESPP allows a maximum of 450,000 shares of common stock to be purchased in aggregate for all employees. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, 374,935 and 361,006 shares had been purchased, respectively, and there remained a negligible amount of uninvested employee contributions in the ESPP at June 30, 2018.
Note 16. Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
The following table presents the components of Mortgage banking activities, net, recorded in our consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 16.1 – Mortgage Banking Activities
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Changes in fair value of:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans, at fair value (1)
 
$
3,364

 
$
16,190

 
$
1,170

 
$
34,986

Risk management derivatives (2)
 
6,150

 
(5,310
)
 
34,582

 
(6,710
)
Other income, net (3)
 
1,082

 
1,166

 
1,420

 
1,374

Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
 
$
10,596

 
$
12,046

 
$
37,172

 
$
29,650

(1)
Includes changes in fair value for associated loan purchase and forward sale commitments.
(2)
Represents market valuation changes of derivatives that were used to manage risks associated with our accumulation of residential loans.
(3)
Amounts in this line item include other fee income from loan acquisitions and the provision for repurchases expense, presented net.

53

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)


Note 17. Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
The following table presents the components of Investment fair value changes, net, recorded in our consolidated statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 17.1 – Investment Fair Value Changes
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Changes in fair value of:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans held-for-investment, at Redwood
 
$
(15,010
)
 
$
8,354

 
$
(53,995
)
 
$
6,021

Trading securities
 
(930
)
 
18,926

 
(3,885
)
 
30,069

Net investments in Legacy Sequoia entities (1)
 
(720
)
 
(987
)
 
(728
)
 
(2,797
)
Net investments in Sequoia Choice entities (1)
 
1,072

 
—

 
986

 
—

Risk-sharing investments
 
(209
)
 
(513
)
 
(348
)
 
(718
)
Risk management derivatives, net
 
16,742

 
(17,838
)
 
60,524

 
(22,965
)
Valuation adjustments on commercial loans
held-for-sale
 
—

 
300

 
—

 
300

Impairments on AFS securities
 
(56
)
 
(127
)
 
(56
)
 
(244
)
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
 
$
889

 
$
8,115

 
$
2,498

 
$
9,666

(1)
Includes changes in fair value of the residential loans held-for-investment, REO and the ABS issued at the entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our retained investments at the consolidated VIEs.

54

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 18. Operating Expenses
Components of our operating expenses for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 are presented in the following table.
Table 18.1 – Components of Operating Expenses
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Fixed compensation expense
 
$
5,775

 
$
5,321

 
$
12,214

 
$
11,323

Variable compensation expense
 
1,825

 
4,313

 
8,732

 
8,246

Equity compensation expense
 
3,835

 
3,121

 
6,532

 
5,297

Total compensation expense
 
11,435

 
12,755

 
27,478

 
24,866

Systems and consulting
 
1,774

 
1,689

 
3,640

 
3,327

Loan acquisition costs (1)
 
2,155

 
1,005

 
3,973

 
2,210

Office costs
 
1,084

 
1,140

 
2,224

 
2,243

Accounting and legal
 
1,074

 
877

 
1,908

 
1,803

Corporate costs
 
496

 
508

 
1,000

 
948

Other operating expenses
 
991

 
667

 
1,816

 
1,470

Total Operating Expenses
 
$
19,009

 
$
18,641

 
$
42,039

 
$
36,867

(1)
Loan acquisition costs primarily includes underwriting and due diligence costs related to the acquisition of residential loans held-for-sale at fair value.
Note 19. Taxes
For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, we recognized a provision for income taxes of $7 million and $11 million, respectively. The following is a reconciliation of the statutory federal and state tax rates to our effective tax rate at June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 19.1 – Reconciliation of Statutory Tax Rate to Effective Tax Rate
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
June 30, 2017
Federal statutory rate
 
21.0
 %
 
34.0
 %
State statutory rate, net of Federal tax effect
 
8.6
 %
 
7.2
 %
Differences in taxable (loss) income from GAAP income
 
(2.9
)%
 
(7.2
)%
Change in valuation allowance
 
(3.3
)%
 
(2.9
)%
Dividends paid deduction
 
(14.9
)%
 
(17.6
)%
Effective Tax Rate
 
8.5
 %
 
13.5
 %
The reduction of the federal statutory rate from 34% to 21% is due to the enactment of the Tax Act.
We assessed our tax positions for all open tax years (i.e., Federal, 2014 to 2018, and State, 2013 to 2018) at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, and concluded that we had no uncertain tax positions that resulted in material unrecognized tax benefits.

55

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)


Note 20. Segment Information
Redwood operates in two segments: Investment Portfolio and Residential Mortgage Banking. Our segments are based on our organizational and management structure, which aligns with how our results are monitored and performance is assessed. For a full description of our segments, see Item 1—Business in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Segment contribution represents the measure of profit that management uses to assess the performance of our business segments and make resource allocation and operating decisions. Certain corporate expenses not directly assigned or allocated to one of our two segments, as well as activity from certain consolidated Sequoia entities, are included in the Corporate/Other column as reconciling items to our consolidated financial statements. These unallocated corporate expenses primarily include interest expense associated with certain long-term debt, indirect operating expenses, and other expense.
The following tables present financial information by segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 20.1 – Business Segment Financial Information
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands)
 
Investment Portfolio
 
 Residential Mortgage Banking
 
 Corporate/
Other
 
 Total
Interest income
 
$
64,569

 
$
13,084

 
$
5,323

 
$
82,976

Interest expense
 
(27,004
)
 
(7,629
)
 
(13,580
)
 
(48,213
)
Net interest income (loss)
 
37,565


5,455


(8,257
)
 
34,763

Non-interest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage banking activities, net
 
—

 
10,596

 
—

 
10,596

Investment fair value changes, net
 
1,600

 
—

 
(711
)
 
889

Other income, net
 
3,322

 
—

 
—

 
3,322

Realized gains, net
 
4,714

 
—

 
—

 
4,714

Total non-interest income, net
 
9,636


10,596


(711
)
 
19,521

Direct operating expenses
 
(1,858
)
 
(5,611
)
 
(11,540
)
 
(19,009
)
Provision for income taxes
 
(1,130
)
 
(1,398
)
 
—

 
(2,528
)
Segment Contribution
 
$
44,213


$
9,042


$
(20,508
)
 
 
Net Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
32,747

Non-cash amortization income (expense), net
 
$
4,654

 
$
(23
)
 
$
(814
)
 
$
3,817


56

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 20. Segment Information - (continued)

 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands)
 
Investment Portfolio
 
 Residential Mortgage Banking
 
 Corporate/
Other
 
 Total
Interest income
 
$
45,833

 
$
8,415

 
$
4,976

 
$
59,224

Interest expense
 
(7,231
)
 
(4,403
)
 
(12,600
)
 
(24,234
)
Net interest income (loss)
 
38,602

 
4,012

 
(7,624
)
 
34,990

Non-interest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage banking activities, net
 
—

 
12,046

 
—

 
12,046

Investment fair value changes, net
 
9,115

 
—

 
(1,000
)
 
8,115

Other income, net
 
3,764

 
—

 
—

 
3,764

Realized gains, net
 
2,124

 
—

 
(752
)
 
1,372

Total non-interest income, net
 
15,003

 
12,046

 
(1,752
)
 
25,297

Direct operating expenses
 
(1,454
)
 
(6,021
)
 
(11,166
)
 
(18,641
)
Provision for income taxes
 
(2,320
)
 
(3,002
)
 
—

 
(5,322
)
Segment Contribution
 
$
49,831

 
$
7,035

 
$
(20,542
)
 
 
Net Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
36,324

Non-cash amortization income (expense)
 
$
5,194

 
$
(27
)
 
$
(744
)
 
$
4,423

 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands)
 
Investment Portfolio
 
 Residential Mortgage Banking
 
 Corporate/
Other
 
 Total
Interest income
 
$
123,326

 
$
25,981

 
$
10,288

 
$
159,595

Interest expense
 
(46,867
)
 
(13,766
)
 
(29,094
)
 
(89,727
)
Net interest income (loss)
 
76,459

 
12,215

 
(18,806
)
 
69,868

Non-interest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage banking activities, net
 
—

 
37,172

 
—

 
37,172

Investment fair value changes, net
 
3,190

 
—

 
(692
)
 
2,498

Other income, net
 
5,440

 
—

 
—

 
5,440

Realized gains, net
 
14,077

 
—

 
—

 
14,077

Total non-interest income, net
 
22,707

 
37,172

 
(692
)
 
59,187

Direct operating expenses
 
(3,865
)
 
(14,243
)
 
(23,931
)
 
(42,039
)
Provision for income taxes
 
(2,018
)
 
(5,406
)
 
—

 
(7,424
)
Segment Contribution
 
$
93,283

 
$
29,738

 
$
(43,429
)
 
 
Net Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
79,592

Non-cash amortization income (expense)
 
$
9,271

 
$
(45
)
 
$
(1,672
)
 
$
7,554



57

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 20. Segment Information - (continued)

 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
(In Thousands)
 
Investment Portfolio
 
 Residential Mortgage Banking
 
 Corporate/
Other
 
 Total
Interest income
 
$
88,083

 
$
15,889

 
$
9,880

 
$
113,852

Interest expense
 
(12,495
)
 
(7,327
)
 
(25,443
)
 
(45,265
)
Net interest income (loss)
 
75,588

 
8,562

 
(15,563
)
 
68,587

Non-interest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage banking activities, net
 
—

 
29,650

 
—

 
29,650

Investment fair value changes, net
 
12,474

 
—

 
(2,808
)
 
9,666

Other income, net
 
6,661

 
—

 
—

 
6,661

Realized gains, net
 
7,827

 
—

 
(752
)
 
7,075

Total non-interest income, net
 
26,962

 
29,650

 
(3,560
)
 
53,052

Direct operating expenses
 
(3,047
)
 
(11,902
)
 
(21,918
)
 
(36,867
)
Provision for income taxes
 
(4,057
)
 
(7,422
)
 
—

 
(11,479
)
Segment Contribution
 
$
95,446

 
$
18,888

 
$
(41,041
)
 
 
Net Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
73,293

Non-cash amortization income (expense)
 
$
11,041

 
$
(54
)
 
$
(1,741
)
 
$
9,246

The following table presents the components of Corporate/Other for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 20.2 – Components of Corporate/Other
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
(In Thousands)
 
Legacy Consolidated VIEs (1)
 
Other
 
Total
 
Legacy Consolidated VIEs (1)
 
Other
 
 Total
Interest income
 
$
5,017

 
$
306

 
$
5,323

 
$
4,863

 
$
113

 
$
4,976

Interest expense
 
(4,215
)
 
(9,365
)
 
(13,580
)
 
(3,692
)
 
(8,908
)
 
(12,600
)
Net interest income (loss)
 
802

 
(9,059
)
 
(8,257
)
 
1,171

 
(8,795
)
 
(7,624
)
Non-interest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment fair value changes, net
 
(720
)
 
9

 
(711
)
 
(987
)
 
(13
)
 
(1,000
)
Realized gains, net
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(752
)
 
(752
)
Total non-interest income, net
 
(720
)
 
9

 
(711
)
 
(987
)
 
(765
)
 
(1,752
)
Direct operating expenses
 
—

 
(11,540
)
 
(11,540
)
 
—

 
(11,166
)
 
(11,166
)
Total
 
$
82

 
$
(20,590
)
 
$
(20,508
)
 
$
184

 
$
(20,726
)
 
$
(20,542
)

58

REDWOOD TRUST, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
June 30, 2018
(Unaudited)
Note 20. Segment Information - (continued)

 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
(In Thousands)
 
Legacy Consolidated
VIEs (1)
 
Other
 
Total
 
Legacy Consolidated
VIEs (1)
 
Other
 
 Total
Interest income
 
$
9,829

 
$
459

 
$
10,288

 
$
9,701

 
$
179

 
$
9,880

Interest expense
 
(8,067
)
 
(21,027
)
 
(29,094
)
 
(7,208
)
 
(18,235
)
 
(25,443
)
Net interest income (loss)
 
1,762

 
(20,568
)
 
(18,806
)
 
2,493

 
(18,056
)
 
(15,563
)
Non-interest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment fair value changes, net
 
(728
)
 
36

 
(692
)
 
(2,797
)
 
(11
)
 
(2,808
)
Realized gains, net
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(752
)
 
(752
)
Total non-interest income, net
 
(728
)
 
36

 
(692
)
 
(2,797
)
 
(763
)
 
(3,560
)
Direct operating expenses
 
—

 
(23,931
)
 
(23,931
)
 
—

 
(21,918
)
 
(21,918
)
Total
 
$
1,034

 
$
(44,463
)
 
$
(43,429
)
 
$
(304
)
 
$
(40,737
)
 
$
(41,041
)
(1)
Legacy consolidated VIEs represent Legacy Sequoia entities that are consolidated for GAAP financial reporting purposes. See Note 4 for further discussion on VIEs.

The following table presents supplemental information by segment at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 20.3 – Supplemental Segment Information
(In Thousands)
 
Investment Portfolio
 
Residential Mortgage Banking
 
Corporate/
Other
 
Total
June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans
 
$
3,794,481

 
$
1,104,660

 
$
592,029

 
$
5,491,170

Real estate securities
 
1,453,936

 
—

 
—

 
1,453,936

Total assets
 
5,591,778

 
1,124,300

 
796,473

 
7,512,551

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans
 
$
3,054,448

 
$
1,427,945

 
$
632,817

 
$
5,115,210

Real estate securities
 
1,476,510

 
—

 
—

 
1,476,510

Total assets
 
4,743,873

 
1,453,069

 
842,880

 
7,039,822

Note 21. Subsequent Events
On July 24, 2018, we sold 7,187,500 shares of common stock in an underwritten public offering, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $117 million.
On August 7, 2018, we purchased approximately $100 million of mortgage loans to investors rehabilitating residential homes from an affiliate of 5 Arches LLC, a business-purpose lender and asset manager. As part of this transaction, from time to time, we will purchase 5 Arches' future originations of such loans. We currently own a 20% minority investment in 5 Arches, as described in Note 9.


59

Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
INTRODUCTION
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is intended to provide a reader of our financial statements with a narrative from the perspective of our management on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and certain other factors that may affect our future results. Our MD&A is presented in six main sections:
•
Overview
•
Results of Operations
•
Liquidity and Capital Resources
•
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations
•
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
•
New Accounting Standards
Our MD&A should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Part II, Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data in our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as the sections entitled “Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A of our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K and Part II, Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, as well as other cautionary statements and risks described elsewhere in this report and our most recent Annual Report on Form 10-K. The discussion in this MD&A contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, such as those discussed in the Cautionary Statement below.
References herein to “Redwood,” the “company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” include Redwood Trust, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries, unless the context otherwise requires. Financial information concerning our business is set forth in this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, which are included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Our website can be found at www.redwoodtrust.com. We make available, free of charge through the investor information section of our website, access to our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as well as proxy statements, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). We also make available, free of charge, access to our charters for our Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, and Governance and Nominating Committee, our Corporate Governance Standards, and our Code of Ethics governing our directors, officers, and employees. Within the time period required by the SEC and the New York Stock Exchange, we will post on our website any amendment to the Code of Ethics and any waiver applicable to any executive officer or director of Redwood. In addition, our website includes information concerning purchases and sales of our equity securities by our executive officers and directors, and may include disclosure relating to certain non-GAAP financial measures (as defined in the SEC’s Regulation G) that we may make public orally, telephonically, by webcast, by broadcast, or by similar means from time to time. The information on our website is not part of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Our Investor Relations Department can be contacted at One Belvedere Place, Suite 300, Mill Valley, CA 94941, Attn: Investor Relations, telephone (866) 269-4976.


60

Our Business
Redwood Trust, Inc., together with its subsidiaries, is a specialty finance company focused on making credit-sensitive investments in residential mortgages and related assets and engaging in mortgage banking activities. Our goal is to provide attractive returns to shareholders through a stable and growing stream of earnings and dividends, as well as through capital appreciation. We operate our business in two segments: Investment Portfolio and Residential Mortgage Banking. Our segments are based on our organizational and management structure, which aligns with how our results are monitored and performance is assessed. For a full description of our segments, see Item 1—Business in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Our primary sources of income are net interest income from our investment portfolio and non-interest income from our mortgage banking activities. Net interest income consists of the interest income we earn on investments less the interest expense we incur on borrowed funds and other liabilities. Income from mortgage banking activities is generated through the acquisition of loans and their subsequent sale or securitization.
Redwood Trust, Inc. has elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Internal Revenue Code”), beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994. We generally refer, collectively, to Redwood Trust, Inc. and those of its subsidiaries that are not subject to subsidiary-level corporate income tax as “the REIT” or “our REIT.” We generally refer to subsidiaries of Redwood Trust, Inc. that are subject to subsidiary-level corporate income tax as “our operating subsidiaries” or “our taxable REIT subsidiaries” or “TRS.” Our mortgage banking activities and investments in MSRs are generally carried out through our taxable REIT subsidiaries, while our portfolio of mortgage- and other real estate-related investments is primarily held at our REIT. We generally intend to retain profits generated and taxed at our taxable REIT subsidiaries, and to distribute as dividends at least 90% of the taxable income we generate at our REIT.
Redwood Trust, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Maryland on April 11, 1994, and commenced operations on August 19, 1994. Our executive offices are located at One Belvedere Place, Suite 300, Mill Valley, California 94941.
Cautionary Statement
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents incorporated by reference herein contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements involve numerous risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ from our beliefs, expectations, estimates, and projections and, consequently, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Forward-looking statements are not historical in nature and can be identified by words such as “anticipate,” “estimate,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “seek,” “plan” and similar expressions or their negative forms, or by references to strategy, plans, or intentions. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, those described in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 and this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, in each case under the caption “Risk Factors.” Other risks, uncertainties, and factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those projected may be described from time to time in reports we file with the SEC, including reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
Statements regarding the following subjects, among others, are forward-looking by their nature: (i) statements we make regarding Redwood’s business strategy and strategic focus, including statements relating to our overall market position, strategy and long-term prospects (including our strategic focus on areas in which our core business strengths are expected to lead to long-term, sustainable earnings growth); (ii) statements related to expanding our mortgage banking activities and investment portfolio to include mortgage loans secured by single-family rental properties; (iii) statements regarding our mortgage banking activities, including expectations relating to residential mortgage banking margins, loan purchase volume, and our expanded-prime Redwood Choice loan program; (iv) statements relating to acquiring residential mortgage loans in the future that we have identified for purchase or plan to purchase, including the amount of such loans that we identified for purchase during the second quarter of 2018 and at June 30, 2018, and expected fallout and the corresponding volume of residential mortgage loans expected to be available for purchase; (v) statements relating to our estimate of our available capital (including that we estimate our available capital at June 30, 2018 was approximately $200 million), and expectations relating to sourcing additional capital from continued optimization of our investment portfolio and from capital markets; (vi) statements we make regarding our dividend policy, including with respect to our regular quarterly dividends in 2018; and (vii) statements regarding our expectations and estimates relating to the characterization for income tax purposes of our dividend distributions, our expectations and estimates relating to tax accounting, tax liabilities and tax savings, and GAAP tax provisions, and our estimates of REIT taxable income and TRS taxable income.



61

Important factors, among others, that may affect our actual results include:
•
the pace at which we redeploy our available capital into new investments and initiatives;
•
our ability to scale our platform and systems, particularly with respect to our new initiatives;
•
interest rate volatility, changes in credit spreads, and changes in liquidity in the market for real estate securities and loans;
•
changes in the demand from investors for residential mortgages and investments, and our ability to distribute residential mortgages through our whole-loan distribution channel;
•
our ability to finance our investments in securities and our acquisition of residential mortgages with short-term debt;
•
changes in the values of assets we own;
•
general economic trends, the performance of the housing, real estate, mortgage, credit, and broader financial markets, and their effects on the prices of earning assets and the credit status of borrowers;
•
federal and state legislative and regulatory developments, and the actions of governmental authorities, including the new U.S. presidential administration, and in particular those affecting the mortgage industry or our business (including, but not limited to, the Federal Housing Finance Agency’s rules relating to FHLB membership requirements and the implications for our captive insurance subsidiary’s membership in the FHLB);
•
strategic business and capital deployment decisions we make;
•
developments related to the fixed income and mortgage finance markets and the Federal Reserve’s statements regarding its future open market activity and monetary policy;
•
our exposure to credit risk and the timing of credit losses within our portfolio;
•
the concentration of the credit risks we are exposed to, including due to the structure of assets we hold and the geographical concentration of real estate underlying assets we own;
•
our exposure to adjustable-rate mortgage loans;
•
the efficacy and expense of our efforts to manage or hedge credit risk, interest rate risk, and other financial and operational risks;
•
changes in credit ratings on assets we own and changes in the rating agencies’ credit rating methodologies;
•
changes in interest rates; changes in mortgage prepayment rates;
•
changes in liquidity in the market for real estate securities and loans;
•
our ability to finance the acquisition of real estate-related assets with short-term debt;
•
the ability of counterparties to satisfy their obligations to us;
•
our involvement in securitization transactions, the profitability of those transactions, and the risks we are exposed to in engaging in securitization transactions;
•
exposure to claims and litigation, including litigation arising from our involvement in securitization transactions;
•
ongoing litigation against various trustees of RMBS transactions;
•
whether we have sufficient liquid assets to meet short-term needs;
•
our ability to successfully compete and retain or attract key personnel;
•
our ability to adapt our business model and strategies to changing circumstances;
•
changes in our investment, financing, and hedging strategies and new risks we may be exposed to if we expand our business activities;
•
our exposure to a disruption or breach of the security of our technology infrastructure and systems;
•
exposure to environmental liabilities;
•
our failure to comply with applicable laws and regulations;
•
our failure to maintain appropriate internal controls over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures;
•
the impact on our reputation that could result from our actions or omissions or from those of others; changes in accounting principles and tax rules;
•
our ability to maintain our status as a REIT for tax purposes;
•
limitations imposed on our business due to our REIT status and our status as exempt from registration under the Investment Company Act of 1940;
•
decisions about raising, managing, and distributing capital; and
•
other factors not presently identified.
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q may contain statistics and other data that in some cases have been obtained from or compiled from information made available by servicers and other third-party service providers.

62

OVERVIEW
Business Update
Our business strategy is focused on areas in which our core competencies and competitive strengths are expected to lead to long-term, sustainable earnings growth for Redwood. Specifically, we plan to focus our business on areas that achieve the following:
•
Our capital deployment is value-added to the marketplace
•
There is a long runway of durable revenues available to us
•
Our core strengths are a competitive advantage
•
We can scale profitably and realize significant operating efficiencies
•
We feel the risks associated with investing can be prudently managed

Our recent and new initiatives are focused on advancing our business strategy. For example, Redwood Choice - our expanded-prime loan channel - now represents almost one-third of our mortgage banking volumes. Our total loan origination volume, meanwhile, remains on track to increase meaningfully from last year amidst declining industry originations. Our investment portfolio continues to deepen its purchasing power by diversifying into other housing investments, such as Freddie Mac-sponsored multifamily bonds. Most recently, our investment in mortgage originator and asset manager 5 Arches gives us access to an attractive pipeline of single-family rental and other “business-purpose” mortgage loans and a growing stream of asset management revenues.
Second Quarter Overview
We carried forward our momentum from earlier this year into the second quarter, making meaningful operational progress and producing solid financial performance. During the second quarter, we increased loan purchase volumes in our mortgage banking business, increased capital deployment in our investment portfolio, and completed our first "M&A" style transaction in several years, advancing on our strategic initiatives. Additionally, in June, we issued $200 million of convertible debt and, in July, after it was announced that we were being added to the S&P SmallCap 600 index, we successfully issued $117 million of common equity in our first follow-on stock offering since 2009.
Our second quarter earnings represented a more normalized level of earnings after outperformance from our mortgage banking operations and higher than usual gains from portfolio optimization in the first quarter. While many companies in our sector experienced book value declines in the second quarter as benchmark interest rates continued to rise, our credit-focused model and hedging strategy helped deliver our ninth consecutive quarterly book value increase. Further, this increase was after paying a second quarter $0.30 per share dividend, which represented a 7% increase from our first quarter dividend.
Investment Portfolio
During the second quarter, we continued to optimize our investment portfolio, selling lower-yielding securities and accelerating the deployment of capital into higher-yielding alternatives, including our new initiatives. Inclusive of the impact of our portfolio hedges, we saw increases in net interest income, resulting from both increased capital deployment and these optimization activities. On a hedge-adjusted basis, portfolio fair values were relatively flat overall during the quarter, with some marginal benefit from spread tightening in parts of our portfolio. Meanwhile, credit fundamentals in our portfolio remained strong, benefiting from continued housing price growth and improvements in the general economy.
Mortgage Banking
Loan purchase volumes in the second quarter increased 8% from the prior quarter and 60% from the same quarter last year, with expanded-prime Choice loans representing about one-third of our loan purchase commitments. Gross margins, which were well above our long-term expected run rate in the first quarter, fell within our long-term expected range in the second quarter as securitization pricing weakened, driven primarily by increased supply in the market. During the second quarter, we completed three traditional Select securitizations and one Choice securitization (our fourth since the inception of our Choice program).

63

Financial and Operational Overview - Second Quarter of 2018
Highlights
•
Our GAAP earnings were $0.38 per share for the second quarter of 2018, as compared with $0.50 per share for the first quarter of 2018. This change was driven primarily by mortgage banking margins which were consistent with our long-term expectations, but lower relative to the first quarter, and fewer realized gains relative to the first quarter.
•
Our GAAP book value was $16.23 per share at June 30, 2018, an increase of $0.11 per share from the first quarter, and represented an economic return of 2.5% for the quarter (economic return on book value is based on the change in GAAP book value per common share plus the dividend declared per common share during the quarter). This increase was driven primarily by our quarterly earnings exceeding our dividend and an increase in the value of our long-term debt hedge.
•
We deployed $186 million of capital in the second quarter of 2018 toward new investments, including $66 million in Sequoia and third-party RMBS, $65 million in Agency residential CRT securities, and $6 million in Agency multifamily securities. Additionally, we deployed $50 million into new initiatives, including $40 million in customized financing for our jumbo loan sellers and $10 million to acquire a minority interest in business-purpose lender 5 Arches, LLC.
•
We sold $108 million of securities during the second quarter of 2018, generating $91 million of capital for reinvestment after the repayment of associated debt.
•
We purchased $1.95 billion of residential jumbo loans during the second quarter of 2018. At June 30, 2018, our pipeline of jumbo residential loans identified for purchase was $1.27 billion.
•
Residential loan sales totaled $1.94 billion during the second quarter of 2018 and included $1.66 billion of loans that were securitized and $0.28 billion of whole loan sales to third parties.
•
We issued $200 million of six-year, 5.625% convertible debt during the second quarter of 2018.
•
Our recourse debt to equity leverage ratio was 3.4x at the end of the second quarter of 2018.
•
In late July, we raised $117 million of equity capital in our first follow-on stock offering since 2009.









64

Key Earnings Metrics
The following table presents key earnings metrics for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
Table 1 – Key Earnings and Return Metrics
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
(In Thousands, except per Share Data)
 
June 30, 2018
 
June 30, 2018
Net income
 
$
32,747

 
$
79,592

Net income per diluted common share
 
$
0.38

 
$
0.88

Annualized GAAP return on equity
 
11
%
 
13
%
REIT taxable income per share
 
$
0.35

 
$
0.79

Dividends per share
 
$
0.30

 
$
0.58


A detailed discussion of our second quarter of 2018 net income is included in the Results of Operations section of this MD&A that follows.
Book Value per Share
At June 30, 2018, our book value was $1.23 billion, or $16.23 per share, an increase from $16.12 per share at March 31, 2018. The following table sets forth the changes in our book value per share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
Table 2 – Changes in Book Value per Share
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
(In Dollars, per share basis)
 
June 30, 2018
 
June 30, 2018
Beginning book value per share
 
$
16.12

 
$
15.83

Net income
 
0.38

 
0.88

Changes in unrealized gains on securities, net, from:
 
 
 
 
Realized gains recognized in net income
 
(0.05
)
 
(0.14
)
Amortization income recognized in net income
 
(0.04
)
 
(0.08
)
Mark-to-market adjustments, net
 
0.01

 
0.01

Total change in unrealized gains on securities, net
 
(0.08
)
 
(0.21
)
Dividends
 
(0.30
)
 
(0.58
)
Share repurchases
 
—

 
0.01

Equity compensation, net
 
0.03

 
0.06

Changes in unrealized losses on derivatives hedging long-term debt
 
0.05

 
0.16

Other, net
 
0.03

 
0.08

Ending Book Value per Share
 
$
16.23

 
$
16.23

Our GAAP book value per share increased $0.11 per share to $16.23 per share during the second quarter of 2018. This increase was driven primarily by earnings exceeding the dividend payment and an increase in the value of our long-term debt hedge.
Unrealized gains on our available-for-sale securities decreased $0.08 per share during the three months ended June 30, 2018. This decrease primarily resulted from $0.05 per share of previously unrealized net gains that were realized as income from the sale of securities, as well as $0.04 per share of discount accretion income recognized in earnings from the appreciation in the amortized cost basis of our available-for-sale securities.
Higher benchmark interest rates during the second quarter of 2018 resulted in a $0.05 per share increase to book value due to a decrease in unrealized losses on the derivatives hedging a portion of our long-term debt. At June 30, 2018, the cumulative unrealized loss on these derivatives, which is included in our GAAP book value per share, was $0.41 per share.

65

Capital Allocation Summary
This section provides an overview of our capital position and how it was allocated at June 30, 2018. A detailed discussion of our liquidity and capital resources is provided in the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of this MD&A that follows.
We use a combination of equity and corporate debt (which we collectively refer to as “capital”) to fund our business. Our total capital was $2.00 billion at June 30, 2018, and included $1.23 billion of equity capital and $0.77 billion of the total $2.77 billion of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheet. This portion of debt included $201 million of exchangeable debt due in 2019, $245 million of convertible debt due in 2023, $200 million of convertible debt due in 2024, and $140 million of trust-preferred securities due in 2037.
We also utilize various forms of collateralized short-term and long-term debt to finance certain investments and to warehouse some of our inventory of residential loans held-for-sale. We do not consider this collateralized debt as "capital" and, therefore, it is presented separately from allocated capital in the table below. The following table presents how our capital was allocated between business segments and investment types at June 30, 2018.
Table 3 – Capital Allocation Summary
At June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
Fair Value
 
Collateralized Debt
 
Allocated Capital
 
% of Total Capital
Investment portfolio
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans (1)
 
$
2,356,356

 
$
(1,999,999
)
 
$
356,357

 
18
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities portfolio
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Third party residential securities
 
762,792

 
(241,648
)
 
521,144

 
26
%
Sequoia residential securities (2)
 
426,077

 
(152,565
)
 
273,512

 
14
%
Multifamily securities (3)
 
398,785

 
(312,681
)
 
86,104

 
4
%
Total securities portfolio
 
1,587,654

 
(706,894
)
 
880,760

 
44
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other investments
 
145,792

 
—

 
145,792

 
7
%
Other assets/(liabilities)
 
154,549

 
(56,450
)
 
98,099

 
5
%
Cash and liquidity capital
 
 
 
 
 
308,169

 
N/A

Total investment portfolio
 
$
4,244,351

 
$
(2,763,343
)
 
1,789,177

 
90
%
Residential mortgage banking
 
 
 
 
 
210,000

 
10
%
Total
 
 
 
 
 
$
1,999,177

 
100
%
(1)
Includes $43 million of FHLB stock.
(2)
Sequoia residential securities presented above includes $134 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations. For GAAP purposes we consolidated $1.48 billion of residential loans and $1.35 billion of non-recourse ABS debt associated with these retained securities.
(3)
Includes $377 million of multifamily securities, $16 million of investment grade CMBS, and $6 million of single-family securities.
Of our $2.00 billion of total capital at June 30, 2018, $1.79 billion (or 90%) was allocated to our investments with the remaining $210 million (or 10%) allocated to our residential mortgage banking activities.
As of June 30, 2018, our cash and liquidity capital included $200 million of capital available for investment. Additionally, in July 2018, we raised $117 million of capital in an underwritten public offering of our common stock.

66

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Within this Results of Operations section, we provide commentary that compares results year-over-year for 2018 and 2017. Most tables include a "change" column that shows the amount by which the results from 2018 are greater or less than the results from the respective period in 2017. Unless otherwise specified, references in this section to increases or decreases during the "three-month periods" refer to the change in results for the second quarter of 2018, compared to the second quarter of 2017, and increases or decreases in the "six-month periods" refer to the change in results for the first six months of 2018, compared to the first six months of 2017.
The following table presents the components of our net income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 4 – Net Income
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
(In Thousands, except per Share Data)
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
Net Interest Income
 
$
34,763

 
$
34,990

 
$
(227
)
 
 
$
69,868

 
$
68,587

 
$
1,281

Non-interest Income
 
 
 
 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 


Mortgage banking activities, net
 
10,596

 
12,046

 
(1,450
)
 
 
37,172

 
29,650

 
7,522

Investment fair value changes, net
 
889

 
8,115

 
(7,226
)
 
 
2,498

 
9,666

 
(7,168
)
Other income, net
 
3,322

 
3,764

 
(442
)
 
 
5,440

 
6,661

 
(1,221
)
Realized gains, net
 
4,714

 
1,372

 
3,342

 
 
14,077

 
7,075

 
7,002

Total non-interest income, net
 
19,521

 
25,297

 
(5,776
)
 
 
59,187

 
53,052

 
6,135

Operating expenses
 
(19,009
)
 
(18,641
)
 
(368
)
 
 
(42,039
)
 
(36,867
)
 
(5,172
)
Net income before income taxes
 
35,275

 
41,646

 
(6,371
)
 
 
87,016

 
84,772

 
2,244

Provision for income taxes
 
(2,528
)
 
(5,322
)
 
2,794

 
 
(7,424
)
 
(11,479
)
 
4,055

Net Income
 
$
32,747

 
$
36,324

 
$
(3,577
)
 
 
$
79,592

 
$
73,293

 
$
6,299

Diluted earnings per common share
 
$
0.38

 
$
0.43

 
$
(0.05
)
 
 
$
0.88

 
$
0.85

 
$
0.03

Net Interest Income
Net interest income for both the three- and six-month periods benefited from higher interest income driven by higher average balances of securities in our investment portfolio and residential loans held-for-sale. It also benefited from higher returns on our investment portfolio resulting from our portfolio optimization activities. These increases were offset by higher interest expense on higher average balances and higher rates on our FHLBC borrowings and short-term facilities. We hedge our investment portfolio's exposure to interest rates and the benefit from these hedges is reported in our Investment fair value changes line item, which is discussed below. A more detailed analysis of the changes in net interest income is presented in the "Net Interest Income" section that follows.
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
The decrease in income from mortgage banking activities during the three-month periods was predominantly due to lower gross margins in 2018, relative to 2017. The increase in income from mortgage banking activities during the six-month periods was primarily due to higher loan purchase volume. A more detailed analysis of the changes in this line item is included in Residential Mortgage Banking portion of the “Results of Operations by Segment” section that follows.
Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
Investment fair value changes, net, is primarily comprised of the change in fair values of our residential loans held-for-investment and financed with FHLB borrowings, our investment securities classified as trading, and interest rate hedges associated with each of these investments. During both the three- and six-month periods, hedge costs and the effect of principal paydowns on our investments were more than offset by the net benefit from spread tightening on our securities portfolio. While net interest income from residential loans declined in the second quarter of 2018 due to rising benchmark interest rates, the net interest expense from the hedges associated with these loans also decreased, effectively offsetting this decline. Additional detail on our investment fair value changes is included in the Investment Portfolio portion of the “Results of Operations by Segment” section that follows.

67

Other Income, Net
Other income is primarily comprised of income from our residential loan risk-sharing arrangements with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, as well as the net fee income we earn from our MSR investments and the changes in their market value and the market value of their associated derivatives. The decrease in other income for both the three- and six-month periods was primarily from a decrease in income from our MSR investments due to the sale of most of our conforming MSRs in 2017.
Realized Gains, Net
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we realized gains of $5 million and $14 million, primarily from the sale of $41 million and $92 million of AFS securities, respectively, as part of our portfolio optimization. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, we realized gains of $2 million and $8 million, primarily from the sale of $19 million and $38 million of AFS securities, respectively. Additionally, during the three months ended June 30, 2017, we realized a $1 million loss from the repurchase of $37 million of convertible debt.
Operating Expenses
The increase in operating expenses during the three- and six-month periods primarily resulted from higher loan acquisition costs due to higher loan purchase volume in 2018, as well as higher expenses associated with implementing new investment initiatives.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes related almost entirely to activity at our taxable REIT subsidiaries, which primarily includes our mortgage banking activities and MSR investments, as well as certain other investment and hedging activities. For the three- and six-month periods, the decrease in provision for income taxes was driven primarily by the reduction in the federal corporate tax rate in 2018 resulting from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the "Tax Act"). For additional detail on income taxes, see the “Taxable Income and Tax Provision” section that follows.
Net Interest Income
The following tables present the components of net interest income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 5 – Net Interest Income
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
Interest Income/ (Expense)
 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 
Yield
 
Interest Income/ (Expense)
 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 
Yield
Interest Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans, held-for-sale
 
$
12,840

 
$
1,127,654

 
4.6
 %
 
$
8,364

 
$
809,231

 
4.1
 %
Residential loans - HFI at Redwood (2)
 
23,524

 
2,344,947

 
4.0
 %
 
23,408

 
2,358,355

 
4.0
 %
Residential loans - HFI at Legacy Sequoia (2)
 
5,015

 
599,203

 
3.3
 %
 
4,863

 
716,778

 
2.7
 %
Residential loans - HFI at Sequoia Choice (2)
 
14,135

 
1,192,756

 
4.7
 %
 
—

 
—

 
—
 %
Trading securities
 
17,368

 
956,365

 
7.3
 %
 
10,713

 
666,009

 
6.4
 %
Available-for-sale securities
 
8,928

 
313,530

 
11.4
 %
 
11,113

 
444,179

 
10.0
 %
Other interest income
 
1,166

 
183,095

 
2.5
 %
 
763

 
193,324

 
1.6
 %
Total interest income
 
82,976

 
6,717,550

 
4.9
 %
 
59,224

 
5,187,876

 
4.6
 %
Interest Expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term debt facilities
 
(12,666
)
 
1,478,332

 
(3.4
)%
 
(6,563
)
 
1,039,741

 
(2.5
)%
Short-term debt - convertible notes, net
 
(509
)
 
38,530

 
(5.3
)%
 
(2,787
)
 
226,385

 
(4.9
)%
ABS issued - Legacy Sequoia (2)
 
(4,215
)
 
589,261

 
(2.9
)%
 
(3,705
)
 
700,549

 
(2.1
)%
ABS issued - Sequoia Choice (2)
 
(12,134
)
 
1,086,602

 
(4.5
)%
 
—

 
—

 
—
 %
Long-term debt - FHLBC
 
(9,833
)
 
1,999,999

 
(2.0
)%
 
(5,071
)
 
1,999,999

 
(1.0
)%
Long-term debt - other
 
(8,856
)
 
588,765

 
(6.0
)%
 
(6,108
)
 
379,972

 
(6.4
)%
Total interest expense
 
(48,213
)
 
5,781,489

 
(3.3
)%
 
(24,234
)
 
4,346,646

 
(2.2
)%
Net Interest Income
 
$
34,763

 
 
 
 
 
$
34,990

 
 
 
 

68

 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
Interest Income/ (Expense)
 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 
Yield
 
Interest Income/ (Expense)
 
 Average
   Balance (1)
 
Yield
Interest Income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans, held-for-sale
 
$
25,532

 
$
1,164,138

 
4.4
 %
 
$
15,850

 
$
778,361

 
4.1
 %
Residential loans - HFI at Redwood (2)
 
47,317

 
2,370,132

 
4.0
 %
 
45,446

 
2,304,664

 
3.9
 %
Residential loans - HFI at Legacy Sequoia (2)
 
9,826

 
607,803

 
3.2
 %
 
9,701

 
736,948

 
2.6
 %
Residential loans - HFI at Sequoia Choice (2)
 
23,070

 
971,545

 
4.7
 %
 
—

 
—

 
—
 %
Trading securities
 
33,533

 
937,386

 
7.2
 %
 
18,930

 
596,236

 
6.3
 %
Available-for-sale securities
 
18,458

 
338,261

 
10.9
 %
 
22,713

 
451,275

 
10.1
 %
Other interest income
 
1,859

 
211,112

 
1.8
 %
 
1,212

 
217,359

 
1.1
 %
Total interest income
 
159,595

 
6,600,377

 
4.8
 %
 
113,852

 
5,084,843

 
4.5
 %
Interest Expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Short-term debt facilities
 
(23,092
)
 
1,424,185

 
(3.2
)%
 
(11,016
)
 
917,585

 
(2.4
)%
Short-term debt - convertible notes, net
 
(3,518
)
 
143,853

 
(4.9
)%
 
(2,787
)
 
113,818

 
(4.9
)%
ABS issued - Legacy Sequoia (2)
 
(8,067
)
 
597,859

 
(2.7
)%
 
(7,235
)
 
719,882

 
(2.0
)%
ABS issued - Sequoia Choice (2)
 
(19,683
)
 
880,387

 
(4.5
)%
 
—

 
—

 
—
 %
Long-term debt - FHLBC
 
(17,860
)
 
1,999,999

 
(1.8
)%
 
(8,806
)
 
1,999,999

 
(0.9
)%
Long-term debt - other
 
(17,507
)
 
582,120

 
(6.0
)%
 
(15,421
)
 
499,932

 
(6.2
)%
Total interest expense
 
(89,727
)
 
5,628,403

 
(3.2
)%
 
(45,265
)
 
4,251,216

 
(2.1
)%
Net Interest Income
 
$
69,868

 
 
 
 
 
$
68,587

 
 
 
 
(1)
Average balances for residential loans held-for-sale, residential loans held-for-investment, and trading securities are calculated based upon carrying values, which represent estimated fair values. Average balances for available-for-sale securities and debt are calculated based upon amortized historical cost, except for ABS issued, which is based upon fair value.
(2)
Interest income from residential loans held-for-investment ("HFI") at Redwood exclude loans HFI at consolidated Sequoia entities. Interest income from residential loans - HFI at Legacy Sequoia and the interest expense from ABS issued - Legacy Sequoia represent activity from our consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities. Interest income from residential loans - HFI at Sequoia Choice and the interest expense from ABS issued - Sequoia Choice represent activity from our consolidated Sequoia Choice entities.

The following table presents net interest income by segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 6 – Net Interest Income by Segment
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
Net Interest Income by Segment
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment Portfolio
 
$
37,565

 
$
38,602

 
$
(1,037
)
 
 
$
76,459

 
$
75,588

 
$
871

Residential Mortgage Banking
 
5,455

 
4,012

 
1,443

 
 
12,215

 
8,562

 
3,653

Corporate/Other
 
(8,257
)
 
(7,624
)
 
(633
)
 
 
(18,806
)
 
(15,563
)
 
(3,243
)
Net Interest Income
 
$
34,763

 
$
34,990

 
$
(227
)
 
 
$
69,868

 
$
68,587

 
$
1,281

Additional details regarding the activities impacting net interest income at each segment are included in the “Results of Operations by Segment” section that follows.

69

The Corporate/Other line item in the table above primarily includes interest expense related to long-term debt not directly allocated to our segments and net interest income from consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities. The increase in corporate net interest expense during the three- and six-month periods was primarily due to the issuance of $245 million of convertible notes in August 2017, which was partially offset by the repayment of $250 million of convertible notes in April 2018. Additionally, net interest income from our Legacy Sequoia entities has continued to decrease as the underlying residential loans and ABS issued pay down. Details regarding consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities are included in the "Results of Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities" section that follows.
The following table presents the net interest rate spread between the yield on unsecuritized loans and securities and the debt yield of the short-term debt used in part to finance each investment type at June 30, 2018.
Table 7 – Interest Expense — Specific Borrowing Costs
June 30, 2018
 
Residential Loans Held-for-Sale
 
Residential
Securities
Asset yield
 
4.75
%
 
5.85
%
Short-term debt yield
 
3.69
%
 
3.25
%
Net Spread
 
1.06
%
 
2.60
%
For additional discussion on short-term debt, including information regarding margin requirements and financial covenants, see “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short-Term and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities" in the Liquidity and Capital Resources section of this MD&A.
Results of Operations by Segment
We report on our business using two distinct segments: Investment Portfolio and Residential Mortgage Banking. Our segments are based on our organizational and management structure, which aligns with how our results are monitored and performance is assessed. For additional information on our segments, refer to Note 20 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q. The following table presents the segment contribution from our two segments, reconciled to our consolidated net income, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 8 – Segment Results Summary
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
Segment Contribution from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment Portfolio
 
$
44,213

 
$
49,831

 
$
(5,618
)
 
 
$
93,283

 
$
95,446

 
$
(2,163
)
Residential Mortgage Banking
 
9,042

 
7,035

 
2,007

 
 
29,738

 
18,888

 
10,850

Corporate/Other
 
(20,508
)
 
(20,542
)
 
34

 
 
(43,429
)
 
(41,041
)
 
(2,388
)
Net Income
 
$
32,747

 
$
36,324

 
$
(3,577
)
 
 
$
79,592

 
$
73,293

 
$
6,299

The following sections provide a detailed discussion of the results of operations at each of our two business segments for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
While the net expense from Corporate/Other was consistent for the three-month periods, the $2 million increase for the six-month periods was due primarily to higher convertible debt interest expense.

70

Investment Portfolio Segment

Our Investment Portfolio segment is primarily comprised of our portfolio of residential mortgage loans held-for-investment and financed through the FHLBC and our real estate securities portfolio. Additionally, beginning in the third quarter of 2017, this segment includes residential loans held-for-investment at our consolidated Sequoia Choice entities.
The following table presents the components of segment contribution for the Investment Portfolio segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 9 – Investment Portfolio Segment Contribution
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
Interest income
 
$
64,569

 
$
45,833

 
$
18,736

 
 
$
123,326

 
$
88,083

 
$
35,243

Interest expense
 
(27,004
)
 
(7,231
)
 
(19,773
)
 
 
(46,867
)
 
(12,495
)
 
(34,372
)
Net interest income
 
37,565

 
38,602

 
(1,037
)
 
 
76,459

 
75,588

 
871

Non-interest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment fair value changes, net
 
1,600

 
9,115

 
(7,515
)
 
 
3,190

 
12,474

 
(9,284
)
Other income, net
 
3,322

 
3,764

 
(442
)
 
 
5,440

 
6,661

 
(1,221
)
Realized gains, net
 
4,714

 
2,124

 
2,590

 
 
14,077

 
7,827

 
6,250

Total non-interest income, net
 
9,636

 
15,003

 
(5,367
)
 
 
22,707

 
26,962

 
(4,255
)
Direct operating expenses
 
(1,858
)
 
(1,454
)
 
(404
)
 
 
(3,865
)
 
(3,047
)
 
(818
)
Segment contribution before income taxes
 
45,343

 
52,151

 
(6,808
)
 
 
95,301

 
99,503

 
(4,202
)
Provision for income taxes
 
(1,130
)
 
(2,320
)
 
1,190

 
 
(2,018
)
 
(4,057
)
 
2,039

Total Segment Contribution
 
$
44,213

 
$
49,831

 
$
(5,618
)
 
 
$
93,283

 
$
95,446

 
$
(2,163
)
The following table presents our primary portfolios of investment assets in our Investment Portfolio segment at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.
Table 10 – Investment Portfolio
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
Change
Residential loans held-for-investment at Redwood
 
$
2,313,336

 
$
2,434,386

 
$
(121,050
)
Residential securities
 
1,055,151

 
1,152,485

 
(97,334
)
Commercial/Multifamily securities
 
398,785

 
324,025

 
74,760

Residential loans held-for-investment at Sequoia Choice (1)
 
1,481,145

 
620,062

 
861,083

Other assets
 
343,361

 
212,915

 
130,446

Total Assets at Investment Portfolio
 
$
5,591,778

 
$
4,743,873

 
$
847,905

(1)
Our economic investment in the consolidated Sequoia Choice entities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $135 million and $78 million, respectively. For additional details on our Choice loans, see the subsection titled "Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Sequoia Choice Portfolio" that follows.

71

Overview
During the first six months of 2018, we continued our focus on optimizing our investment portfolio by selling assets that had appreciated in value with lower current yields, and redeployed capital into higher-yielding opportunities. Our sales were mostly comprised of Agency CRT, mezzanine, and legacy securities and our purchases mostly comprised of Sequoia, multifamily securities, and third-party subordinate investments. Through these sales, we captured previously unrealized appreciation, which increased our realized gains during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018. While credit spreads continued to tighten during 2018, the benefit from spread tightening during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was lower than for those same periods in 2017, negatively impacting year-over-year results.
Net Interest Income
Net interest income from our Investment Portfolio primarily includes interest income from our residential loans held-for-investment and our securities, as well as the associated interest expense from short-term debt, FHLBC borrowings, and ABS issued. The following table presents the components of net interest income for our Investment Portfolio segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 11 - Net Interest Income ("NII") from Investment Portfolio
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
Net interest income from:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HFI residential loans at Redwood
 
$
13,685

 
$
18,337

 
$
(4,652
)
 
 
$
29,457

 
$
36,640

 
$
(7,183
)
HFI residential loans at Sequoia Choice
 
2,001

 
—

 
2,001

 
 
3,387

 
—

 
3,387

Residential securities
 
19,398

 
17,950

 
1,448

 
 
38,917

 
34,864

 
4,053

Commercial/Multifamily securities
 
1,861

 
1,716

 
145

 
 
3,750

 
3,090

 
660

Other interest income
 
620

 
599

 
21

 
 
948

 
994

 
(46
)
NII from Investment Portfolio
 
$
37,565

 
$
38,602

 
$
(1,037
)
 
 
$
76,459

 
$
75,588

 
$
871

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Supplemental information:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Hedge interest income (expense), net
 
$
25

 
$
(3,768
)
 
$
3,793

 
 
$
(2,858
)
 
$
(7,461
)
 
$
4,603

NII and hedge interest income (expense), net
 
$
37,590

 
$
34,834

 
$
2,756

 
 
$
73,601

 
$
68,127

 
$
5,474


The changes in net interest income for the three- and six-month periods were due primarily to lower net interest income from residential loans, which decreased primarily as a result of higher interest costs from rising benchmark rates during the past 12 months. These decreases were offset by an increase in net interest income from real estate securities, which mostly resulted from higher average balances in addition to higher yields on these investments, and an increase in net interest income from our investments in Sequoia Choice securitizations that we consolidated for GAAP purposes.

The table above also presents net interest income (expense) from hedges that we use to manage interest rate risk in our investment portfolio and are included as a component of Investment fair value changes, net on our consolidated statements of income. Inclusive of the hedge interest, net interest income increased in both the three- and six-month periods.
Investment fair value changes, net
Market valuation changes included in Investment fair value changes, net, result from changes in the fair value of investments and their associated hedges, generally due to changes in market interest rates, changes in credit spreads, and reductions in the basis of investments due to changes in principal balances. See Note 17 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for additional detail regarding the components of Investment fair value changes, net presented on our consolidated statements of income.

72

The following table presents the components of investment fair value changes for our Investment Portfolio segment, which is comprised of market valuation gains and losses by investment type, inclusive of fair value changes of associated risk management derivatives, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 12 - Investment Portfolio Fair Value Changes, Net by Investment Type
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
Market valuation changes:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans held-for-investment at Redwood
 
$
(1,457
)
 
$
(6,078
)
 
$
4,621

 
 
$
(4,195
)
 
$
(12,477
)
 
$
8,282

Net investments in Sequoia Choice entities (1)
 
1,072

 
—

 
1,072

 
 
986

 
—

 
986

Residential trading securities
 
(258
)
 
9,835

 
(10,093
)
 
 
654

 
13,795

 
(13,141
)
Commercial/Multifamily trading securities
 
2,508

 
5,997

 
(3,489
)
 
 
6,149

 
12,117

 
(5,968
)
Other valuation changes
 
(265
)
 
(639
)
 
374

 
 
(404
)
 
(961
)
 
557

Investment Fair Value Changes, Net
 
$
1,600

 
$
9,115

 
$
(7,515
)
 
 
$
3,190

 
$
12,474

 
$
(9,284
)
(1)
Includes changes in fair value of the residential loans held-for-investment and the ABS issued at the entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our retained investments (senior and subordinate securities) at the consolidated VIEs.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the negative investment fair value changes from loans and their associated derivatives primarily resulted from hedging costs, which decreased year-over-year due to rising interest rates. The increase in fair values from securities and their associated derivatives during both periods primarily resulted from tighter spreads on these investments, partially offset by hedging costs and decreases in fair value from reductions in the basis of IO securities from associated principal repayments.
Other Income, net
The following table presents the components of MSR income, net for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 13 – MSR Income, net
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Net servicing fee income
 
$
3,464

 
$
5,852

 
$
6,667

 
$
11,379

Changes in fair value of MSR from the receipt of expected cash flows
 
(1,688
)
 
(3,065
)
 
(3,142
)
 
(5,478
)
MSR reversal of provision for repurchases
 
277

 
307

 
277

 
312

MSR income before the effect of changes in interest rates and other assumptions
 
2,053

 
3,094

 
3,802

 
6,213

Changes in fair value of MSRs from interest rates and other assumptions (1)
 
943

 
(3,356
)
 
5,289

 
(4,013
)
Changes in fair value of associated derivatives
 
(1,122
)
 
3,040

 
(6,261
)
 
2,291

Total net effect of changes in assumptions and rates
 
(179
)
 
(316
)
 
(972
)
 
(1,722
)
MSR Income, Net (2)
 
$
1,874

 
$
2,778

 
$
2,830

 
$
4,491

(1)
Primarily reflects changes in prepayment assumptions on our MSRs due to changes in benchmark interest rates.
(2)
MSR income, net is included in Other income, net on our consolidated statements of income.
MSR income declined for the first six months of 2018 as compared with the same period last year, primarily due to the sale of most of our conforming MSRs in 2017.

73

Realized Gains, net
During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we realized gains of $5 million, primarily from the sale of $41 million of AFS securities. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, we realized gains of $2 million, primarily from the sale of $19 million of AFS securities.
Direct Operating Expenses and Provision for Income Taxes
The increase in operating expenses at our Investment Portfolio segment for the three- and six-month periods was primarily attributable to higher compensation expense, as we added resources to support our single-family rental and multifamily investments.
The provision for income taxes at our Investment Portfolio segment primarily results from GAAP income earned at our TRS from MSRs and certain securities. For the three- and six-month periods, the decrease in the tax provision primarily resulted from the reduction of the federal corporate tax rate due to the Tax Act.
Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Redwood Portfolio
The following table provides the activity of residential loans held-for-investment at Redwood during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 14 – Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Redwood - Activity
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
June 30, 2018
Fair value at beginning of period
 
$
2,375,785

 
$
2,434,386

Transfers between portfolios (1)
 
31,936

 
87,711

Principal repayments
 
(79,375
)
 
(154,329
)
Changes in fair value, net
 
(15,010
)
 
(54,432
)
Fair Value at End of Period
 
$
2,313,336

 
$
2,313,336

(1)
Represents the net transfers of loans into our Investment Portfolio segment from our Residential Mortgage Banking segment and their reclassification from held-for-sale to held-for-investment.
The decrease in the balance of loans held-for-investment during the three months ended June 30, 2018 was primarily due to principal repayments and a decrease in fair value of the loans during this period, resulting from rising benchmark interest rates. As our loans held-for-investment are generally fixed-rate and sensitive to changes in interest rates, we utilize various interest rate derivatives to hedge our interest rate risk for these investments. As a result of rising interest rates during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, interest rate derivatives associated with these investments increased in value by $14 million and $50 million, respectively.
At June 30, 2018, $2.31 billion of loans were held by our FHLB-member subsidiary and were financed with $2.00 billion of borrowings from the FHLBC. In connection with these borrowings, our FHLB-member subsidiary is required to hold $43 million of FHLB stock.
At June 30, 2018, the weighted average maturity of these FHLB borrowings was approximately seven years and they had a weighted average cost of 2.03% per annum. This interest cost resets every 13 weeks and we seek to fix the interest cost of these FHLB borrowings over their weighted average maturity by using a combination of swaps, TBAs and other derivatives.
Under a final rule published by the Federal Housing Finance Agency in January 2016, our FHLB-member subsidiary will remain an FHLB member through the five-year transition period for captive insurance companies. Our FHLB-member subsidiary's existing $2.00 billion of FHLB debt, which matures beyond this transition period, is permitted to remain outstanding until its stated maturity. As residential loans pledged as collateral for this debt pay down, we are permitted to pledge additional loans or other eligible assets to collateralize this debt; however, we do not expect to be able to increase our subsidiary's FHLB debt above the existing $2.00 billion.

74

The following table presents the unpaid principal balances for residential real estate loans held-for-investment at fair value by product type at June 30, 2018.
Table 15 – Characteristics of Residential Real Estate Loans Held-for-Investment at Redwood
June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
Principal Balance
 
Weighted Average Coupon
Fixed - 30 year
 
$
2,042,044

 
4.09
%
Fixed - 15, 20, & 25 year
 
66,031

 
3.66
%
Hybrid
 
233,292

 
4.09
%
Total Outstanding Principal
 
$
2,341,367

 
 
The outstanding loans held-for-investment at Redwood at June 30, 2018 were prime-quality, first lien loans, of which 96% were originated between 2013 and 2018 and 4% were originated in 2012 and prior years. The weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 770 (at origination) and the weighted average loan-to-value ("LTV") ratio was 66% (at origination). At June 30, 2018, three of these loans with a total unpaid principal balance of $1 million were greater than 90 days delinquent and none of these loans were in foreclosure.
Real Estate Securities Portfolio
The following table sets forth our real estate securities activity by collateral type in our Investment Portfolio segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
Table 16 – Real Estate Securities Activity by Collateral Type
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Residential
 
Commercial (2)
 
Total
(In Thousands)
 
Senior (1)
 
Mezzanine
 
Subordinate
 
Mezzanine
 
Beginning fair value
 
$
247,672

 
$
228,114

 
$
504,926

 
$
377,008

 
$
1,357,720

Acquisitions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sequoia securities
 
10,866

 
14,204

 
2,047

 
—

 
27,117

Third-party securities
 
49,031

 
28,964

 
88,101

 
29,809

 
195,905

Sales
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sequoia securities
 
—

 
(28,661
)
 
—

 
—

 
(28,661
)
Third-party securities
 
(10,409
)
 
—

 
(64,320
)
 
(4,969
)
 
(79,698
)
Gains on sales and calls, net
 
2,401

 
2,273

 
40

 
—

 
4,714

Effect of principal payments (3)
 
(8,612
)
 
(2,389
)
 
(2,685
)
 
(3,376
)
 
(17,062
)
Change in fair value, net
 
(5,130
)
 
(3,398
)
 
2,116

 
313

 
(6,099
)
Ending Fair Value (4)
 
$
285,819

 
$
239,107

 
$
530,225

 
$
398,785

 
$
1,453,936


75

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Residential
 
Commercial (2)
 
Total
(In Thousands)
 
Senior (1)
 
Mezzanine
 
Subordinate
 
Mezzanine
 
Beginning fair value
 
$
249,838

 
$
331,452

 
$
571,195

 
$
324,025

 
$
1,476,510

Acquisitions
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sequoia securities
 
23,357

 
14,204

 
5,952

 
—

 
43,513

Third-party securities
 
49,031

 
40,308

 
121,539

 
113,096

 
323,974

Sales
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Sequoia securities
 
—

 
(54,743
)
 
(12,052
)
 
—

 
(66,795
)
Third-party securities
 
(19,564
)
 
(81,432
)
 
(152,808
)
 
(31,632
)
 
(285,436
)
Gains on sales and calls, net
 
4,893

 
4,354

 
4,830

 
—

 
14,077

Effect of principal payments (3)
 
(15,960
)
 
(5,200
)
 
(5,047
)
 
(6,562
)
 
(32,769
)
Change in fair value, net
 
(5,776
)
 
(9,836
)
 
(3,384
)
 
(142
)
 
(19,138
)
Ending Fair Value (4)
 
$
285,819

 
$
239,107

 
$
530,225

 
$
398,785

 
$
1,453,936

(1)
Includes $34 million of re-REMIC securities at June 30, 2018.
(2)
Our commercial securities are primarily comprised of Agency multifamily securities.
(3)
The effect of principal payments reflects the change in fair value due to principal payments, which is calculated as the cash principal received on a given security during the period multiplied by the prior quarter ending price or acquisition price for that security.
(4)
Excludes $134 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations at June 30, 2018. For additional details on our Choice loans, see the subsection titled "Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Sequoia Choice Portfolio" that follows.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we sold $108 million and $352 million, respectively, of mostly lower-yielding securities as part of our ongoing portfolio optimization activities.
At June 30, 2018, our securities consisted of fixed-rate assets (65%), adjustable-rate assets (28%), hybrid assets that reset within the next year (6%), and hybrid assets that reset between 12 and 36 months (1%). For the portions of our securities portfolio that are sensitive to changes in interest rates, we seek to minimize this interest rate risk by using various derivative instruments.


76

We directly finance our holdings of real estate securities with a combination of capital and collateralized debt in the form of repurchase (or “repo”) financing. The following table presents the fair value of our residential securities that were financed with repurchase debt at June 30, 2018.
Table 17 – Real Estate Securities Financed with Repurchase Debt
June 30, 2018
 
Real Estate Securities (1)
 
Repurchase Debt
 
Allocated Capital
 
Weighted Average
Price(2)
 
Financing Haircut(3)
(Dollars in Thousands, except Weighted Average Price)
 
 
 
 
 
Residential Securities
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior
 
$
161,038

 
$
(142,106
)
 
$
18,932

 
$
98

 
12
%
Mezzanine (4)
 
292,571

 
(252,107
)
 
40,464

 
96

 
14
%
Total Residential Securities
 
453,609

 
(394,213
)
 
59,396

 
95

 
13
%
Commercial/Multifamily Securities
 
392,383

 
(312,681
)
 
79,702

 
96

 
20
%
Total
 
$
845,992

 
$
(706,894
)
 
$
139,098

 
 
 

(1)
Amounts represent carrying value of securities, which are held at GAAP fair value.
(2)
GAAP fair value per $100 of principal.
(3)
Allocated capital divided by GAAP fair value.
(4)
Includes $88 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations at June 30, 2018.
At June 30, 2018, we had short-term debt incurred through repurchase facilities of $707 million, which was secured by $846 million of real estate securities. The remaining $742 million of our securities, including certain securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations, were financed with capital. Our repo borrowings were made under facilities with seven different counterparties, and the weighted average cost of funds for these facilities during the second quarter of 2018 was approximately 3.20% per annum.
At June 30, 2018, the securities we financed through repurchase facilities had no material credit issues. In addition to the allocated capital listed in the table above that directly supports our repurchase facilities (the "financing haircut”), we continue to hold a designated amount of supplemental risk capital available for potential margin calls or future obligations relating to these facilities.
The majority of the $161 million of senior securities noted in the table above are supported by seasoned residential loans originated prior to 2008. The $293 million of mezzanine securities financed through repurchase facilities at June 30, 2018 carry investment grade credit ratings and are supported by residential loans originated between 2012 and 2018. The loans underlying these securities have experienced minimal delinquencies to date. The $392 million of multifamily securities financed through repurchase facilities at June 30, 2018 carry investment grade credit ratings with 7%-8% of structural credit enhancement.
The following table presents our real estate securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, categorized by portfolio vintage (the years the securities were issued), and by priority of cash flows (senior, mezzanine, and subordinate). We have additionally separated securities issued through our Sequoia platform or by third parties, including the Agencies.
Table 18 – Real Estate Securities by Vintage and Type
June 30, 2018
 
Sequoia 2012-2018
 
Third Party 2013-2018
 
Agency CRT 2013-2018
 
Third Party <=2008
 
Total Residential Securities
 
Commercial 2015-2018
 
Total Real Estate Securities
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
Senior (1)(2)
 
$
59,628

 
$
76,848

 
$
—

 
$
149,343

 
$
285,819

 
$
—

 
$
285,819

Mezzanine (3)
 
101,192

 
137,915

 
—

 
—

 
239,107

 
398,785

 
637,892

Subordinate (1)
 
131,539

 
140,969

 
239,767

 
17,950

 
530,225

 
—

 
530,225

Total Securities (4)
 
$
292,359

 
$
355,732

 
$
239,767

 
$
167,293

 
$
1,055,151

 
$
398,785

 
$
1,453,936


77

December 31, 2017
 
Sequoia 2012-2017
 
Third Party 2013-2017
 
Agency CRT 2013-2017
 
Third Party <=2008
 
Total Residential Securities
 
Commercial 2015-2017
 
Total Real Estate Securities
(In Thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
Senior (1)(2)
 
$
33,773

 
$
33,517

 
$
—

 
$
182,548

 
$
249,838

 
$
—

 
$
249,838

Mezzanine (3)
 
147,466

 
183,985

 
—

 
—

 
331,451

 
324,025

 
655,476

Subordinate (1)
 
139,442

 
108,455

 
300,713

 
22,586

 
571,196

 
—

 
571,196

Total Securities (4)
 
$
320,681

 
$
325,957

 
$
300,713

 
$
205,134

 
$
1,152,485


$
324,025

 
$
1,476,510

(1)
At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, senior Sequoia and third-party securities included $89 million and $70 million of IO securities, respectively. At both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, subordinate third-party securities included $12 million of IO securities.
(2)
Our interest-only securities included $39 million and $15 million of A-IO-S securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, which are securities we retained from certain of our Sequoia securitizations. These securities represent certificated servicing strips and therefore may be negatively impacted by the operating and funding costs related to servicing the associated securitized mortgage loans.
(3)
Mezzanine includes securities initially rated AA through BBB- and issued in 2012 or later.
(4)
Excludes $134 million and $78 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. For GAAP purposes we consolidated $1.48 billion of residential loans and $1.35 billion of non-recourse ABS debt associated with these retained securities.
The following tables present the components of the interest income we earned on AFS securities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 19 – Interest Income — AFS Securities
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yield as a Result of
 
 
Interest Income
 
Discount (Premium) Amortization
 
Total Interest Income
 
Average Amortized Cost
 
Interest Income
 
Discount (Premium) Amortization
 
Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior
 
$
1,741

 
$
2,185

 
$
3,926

 
$
116,862

 
5.96
%
 
7.48
%
 
13.44
%
Mezzanine
 
532

 
226

 
758

 
49,951

 
4.26
%
 
1.81
%
 
6.07
%
Subordinate
 
2,807

 
1,437

 
4,244

 
146,717

 
7.65
%
 
3.92
%
 
11.57
%
Total AFS Securities
 
$
5,080

 
$
3,848

 
$
8,928

 
$
313,530

 
6.48
%
 
4.91
%
 
11.39
%
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yield as a Result of
 
 
Interest Income
 
Discount (Premium) Amortization
 
Total Interest Income
 
Average Amortized Cost
 
Interest Income
 
Discount (Premium) Amortization
 
Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior
 
$
2,173

 
$
2,812

 
$
4,985

 
$
158,659

 
5.48
%
 
7.09
%
 
12.57
%
Mezzanine
 
1,263

 
614

 
1,877

 
131,574

 
3.84
%
 
1.87
%
 
5.71
%
Subordinate
 
2,872

 
1,379

 
4,251

 
153,946

 
7.46
%
 
3.58
%
 
11.04
%
Total AFS Securities
 
$
6,308

 
$
4,805

 
$
11,113

 
$
444,179

 
5.68
%
 
4.33
%
 
10.01
%
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yield as a Result of
 
 
Interest Income
 
Discount (Premium) Amortization
 
Total Interest Income
 
Average Amortized Cost
 
Interest Income
 
Discount (Premium) Amortization
 
Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior
 
$
3,567

   
$
4,671

 
$
8,238

 
$
123,924

 
5.76
%
 
7.54
%
 
13.30
%
Mezzanine
 
1,298

   
542

 
1,840

 
61,467

 
4.22
%
 
1.76
%
 
5.98
%
Subordinate
 
5,685

   
2,695

 
8,380

 
152,870

 
7.44
%
 
3.53
%
 
10.97
%
Total AFS Securities
 
$
10,550

 
$
7,908

 
$
18,458

 
$
338,261

 
6.24
%
 
4.68
%
 
10.92
%

78

Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Yield as a Result of
 
 
Interest Income
 
Discount (Premium) Amortization
 
Total Interest Income
 
Average Amortized Cost
 
Interest Income
 
Discount (Premium) Amortization
 
Total Interest Income
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Senior
 
$
4,382

   
$
5,928

 
$
10,310

 
$
161,987

 
5.41
%
 
7.32
%
 
12.73
%
Mezzanine
 
2,682

 
1,268

 
3,950

 
139,538

 
3.84
%
 
1.82
%
 
5.66
%
Subordinate
 
5,583

 
2,870

 
8,453

 
149,750

 
7.46
%
 
3.83
%
 
11.29
%
Total AFS Securities
 
$
12,647

 
$
10,066

 
$
22,713

 
$
451,275

 
5.61
%
 
4.46
%
 
10.07
%
Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Sequoia Choice Portfolio

During the second half of 2017 and the first half of 2018, we issued four securitizations primarily comprised of expanded-prime Choice loans. We consolidate the Sequoia Choice securitization entities for financial reporting purposes in accordance with GAAP. These entities are independent of Redwood and the assets and liabilities of these entities are not, respectively, owned by us or legal obligations of ours. We record the assets and liabilities of the consolidated Sequoia Choice entities at fair value, based on the estimated fair value of the debt securities (ABS) issued from the securitizations, in accordance with GAAP provisions for collateralized financing entities. At June 30, 2018, the estimated fair value of our economic investments in the consolidated Sequoia Choice entities was $135 million, and was comprised of retained senior and subordinate securities.
The following tables present the statements of income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and the balance sheets of the consolidated Sequoia Choice entities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. All amounts in the statements of income and balance sheets presented below are included in our consolidated financial statements and are included in our Investment Portfolio segment.
Table 20 – Consolidated Sequoia Choice Entities Statements of Income
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
Interest income
 
$
14,135

 
$
—

 
$
14,135

 
 
$
23,070

 
$
—

 
$
23,070

Interest expense
 
(12,134
)
 
—

 
(12,134
)
 
 
(19,683
)
 
—

 
(19,683
)
Net interest income
 
2,001

 
—

 
2,001

 
 
3,387

 
—

 
3,387

Investment fair value changes, net
 
1,073

 
—

 
1,073

 
 
987

 
—

 
987

Net Income from Consolidated Sequoia Choice Entities
 
$
3,074

 
$
—

 
$
3,074

 
 
$
4,374

 
$
—

 
$
4,374

Table 21 – Consolidated Sequoia Choice Entities Balance Sheets
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value
 
$
1,481,145

 
$
620,062

Other assets
 
5,966

 
2,528

Total Assets
 
$
1,487,111


$
622,590

Other liabilities
 
$
5,048

 
$
2,035

Asset-backed securities issued, at fair value
 
1,347,427

 
542,140

Total liabilities
 
1,352,475


544,175

Equity (fair value of Redwood's retained investments in entities)
 
134,636

 
78,415

Total Liabilities and Equity
 
$
1,487,111


$
622,590


79

The following table presents residential loan activity at the consolidated Sequoia Choice entities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 22 – Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Sequoia Choice - Activity
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
June 30, 2018
Balance at beginning of period 
 
$
1,013,619

 
$
620,062

New securitization issuance
 
529,773

 
981,633

Principal repayments
 
(58,299
)
 
(108,326
)
Changes in fair value, net
 
(3,948
)
 
(12,224
)
Balance at End of Period
 
$
1,481,145


$
1,481,145

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we had transfers of $530 million and $982 million of consolidated Sequoia Choice loans, respectively, from our Residential Mortgage banking segment to our Investment Portfolio segment. The outstanding loans held-for-investment at our Sequoia Choice entities at June 30, 2018 were primarily comprised of prime-quality, first lien, 30-year, fixed-rate loans and were originated in 2012 or later. The gross weighted average coupon of these loans was 4.62%, the weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 743 (at origination) and the weighted average original LTV ratio was 74% (at origination). At both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, none of these loans were greater than 90 days delinquent or in foreclosure.
Mortgage Servicing Rights Portfolio
Our MSRs are held and managed at our taxable REIT subsidiary and typically are acquired together with loans from originators and then separately recognized under GAAP when the MSR is retained and the associated loan is sold to a third party or transferred to a Sequoia residential securitization sponsored by us that meets the GAAP criteria for sale. In addition, we have also purchased MSRs on a flow basis from third parties that sold the associated loans directly to the Agencies. Although we own the rights to service loans, we contract with sub-servicers to perform these activities. Our receipt of MSR income is not subject to any covenants other than customary performance obligations associated with servicing residential loans. If a sub-servicer we contract with was to fail to perform these obligations, our servicing rights could be terminated and we would evaluate our MSR asset for impairment at that time.
The following table provides the activity for MSRs for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.
Table 23 – MSR Activity
(In Thousands)
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Balance at beginning of period
 
$
66,496

 
$
63,598

Sold MSRs
 
(1,077
)
 
(1,077
)
Market valuation adjustments
 
(745
)
 
2,153

Balance at End of Period
 
$
64,674

 
$
64,674


80

The following table presents characteristics of our MSR investments and their associated loans at June 30, 2018.
Table 24 – Characteristics of MSR Investments Portfolio
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
Unpaid principal balance
 
$
5,160,140

Fair value of MSRs
 
$
64,674

MSR values as percent of unpaid principal balance
 
1.25
%
Gross cash yield (1)
 
0.26
%
Number of loans
 
7,777

Average loan size
 
$
664

Average coupon
 
3.96
%
Average loan age (months)
 
48

Average original loan-to-value
 
67
%
Average original FICO score
 
771

60+ day delinquencies
 
0.20
%
(1)
Gross cash yield is calculated by dividing the annualized quarterly gross servicing fees we received for the three months ended June 30, 2018, by the weighted average notional balance of loans associated with MSRs we owned during that period.
At June 30, 2018, nearly all of our MSRs were comprised of base MSRs and we did not own any portion of a servicing right related to any loan where we did not own the entire servicing right. At both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had $1 million of servicer advances outstanding related to our MSRs, which are presented in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
Residential Mortgage Banking Segment
The following table presents the components of segment contribution for the Residential Mortgage Banking segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 25 – Residential Mortgage Banking Segment Contribution
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
Interest income
 
$
13,084

 
$
8,415

 
$
4,669

 
 
$
25,981

 
$
15,889

 
$
10,092

Interest expense
 
(7,629
)
 
(4,403
)
 
(3,226
)
 
 
(13,766
)
 
(7,327
)
 
(6,439
)
Net interest income
 
5,455

 
4,012

 
1,443

 
 
12,215

 
8,562

 
3,653

Mortgage banking activities, net
 
10,596

 
12,046

 
(1,450
)
 
 
37,172

 
29,650

 
7,522

Direct operating expenses
 
(5,611
)
 
(6,021
)
 
410

 
 
(14,243
)
 
(11,902
)
 
(2,341
)
Segment contribution before income taxes
 
10,440

 
10,037

 
403

 
 
35,144

 
26,310

 
8,834

Provision for income taxes
 
(1,398
)
 
(3,002
)
 
1,604

 
 
(5,406
)
 
(7,422
)
 
2,016

Segment Contribution
 
$
9,042

 
$
7,035

 
$
2,007

 
 
$
29,738

 
$
18,888

 
$
10,850


81

The following tables provide the activity of unsecuritized residential loans during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 26 – Residential Loans Held-for-Sale — Activity
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
(In Thousands)
 
Select
 
Choice
 
Total
 
Select
 
Choice
 
Total
Balance at beginning of period 
 
$
766,105

     
$
364,080

 
$
1,130,185

 
$
345,397

     
$
31,210

 
$
376,607

Acquisitions
 
1,343,224

     
608,342

 
1,951,566

 
1,082,645

     
138,406

 
1,221,051

Sales
 
(1,399,862
)
     
(8,496
)
 
(1,408,358
)
 
(684,016
)
     
(10,859
)
 
(694,875
)
Transfers between portfolios (1)
 
(22,542
)
     
(539,168
)
 
(561,710
)
 
(15,741
)
     
(46,181
)
 
(61,922
)
Principal repayments
 
(7,374
)
     
(7,238
)
 
(14,612
)
 
(9,215
)
     
(58
)
 
(9,273
)
Changes in fair value, net
 
1,265

     
6,324

 
7,589

 
6,298

     
(515
)
 
5,783

Balance at End of Period
 
$
680,816

 
$
423,844

 
$
1,104,660

 
$
725,368

 
$
112,003

 
$
837,371

 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
(In Thousands)
 
Select
 
Choice
 
Total
 
Select
 
Choice
 
Total
Balance at beginning of period 
 
$
1,101,356

     
$
326,589

 
$
1,427,945

 
$
765,058

     
$
70,341

 
$
835,399

Acquisitions
 
2,611,154

     
1,155,706

 
3,766,860

 
2,049,481

     
279,874

 
2,329,355

Sales
 
(2,990,603
)
     
(12,286
)
 
(3,002,889
)
 
(1,959,148
)
     
(113,364
)
 
(2,072,512
)
Transfers between portfolios (1)
 
(22,542
)
     
(1,046,784
)
 
(1,069,326
)
 
(123,054
)
     
(123,864
)
 
(246,918
)
Principal repayments
 
(20,608
)
     
(11,021
)
 
(31,629
)
 
(20,092
)
     
(2,176
)
 
(22,268
)
Changes in fair value, net
 
2,059

     
11,640

 
13,699

 
13,123

     
1,192

 
14,315

Balance at End of Period
 
$
680,816

 
$
423,844

 
$
1,104,660

 
$
725,368

 
$
112,003

 
$
837,371

(1)
Represents the net transfers of loans out of our Residential Mortgage Banking segment into our Investment Portfolio segment and their reclassification from held-for-sale to held-for-investment. Includes $530 million and $982 million of Choice loans securitized during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively, which were not treated as sales for GAAP purposes and continue to be reported on our consolidated balance sheets within our Investment Portfolio segment.
Overview
During the first six months of 2018, we purchased $3.77 billion of predominately prime residential jumbo loans, securitized $2.43 billion of jumbo Select loans that were accounted for as sales, and sold $570 million of jumbo loans to third parties. Additionally, we transferred $982 million of jumbo Choice loans that did not qualify for sales accounting treatment under GAAP to Sequoia securitization entities and we had net transfers of $88 million of loans to our Investment Portfolio segment that were financed with borrowings from the FHLBC. Our pipeline of loans identified for purchase at June 30, 2018 included $1.27 billion of jumbo loans.
We utilize a combination of capital and our residential loan warehouse facilities to manage our inventory of residential loans held-for-sale. At June 30, 2018, we had $719 million of warehouse debt outstanding to fund our residential loans held-for-sale. The weighted average cost of the borrowings outstanding under these facilities during the second quarter of 2018 was 3.60% per annum. Our warehouse capacity at June 30, 2018 totaled $1.43 billion across four separate counterparties, which should continue to provide sufficient liquidity to fund our residential mortgage banking operations in the near-term.
Our residential mortgage banking operations created investments that allowed us to deploy $63 million of capital into our investment portfolio during the first half of 2018. At June 30, 2018, we had 470 loan sellers, up from 451 at the end of 2017. This included 181 jumbo sellers and 289 sellers from various FHLB districts participating in the FHLB's MPF Direct program.

82

Net Interest Income
Net interest income from residential mortgage banking is primarily comprised of interest income earned on residential loans from the time we purchase the loans to when we sell or securitize them, offset by interest expense incurred on short-term warehouse debt used in part to finance the loans while we hold them on our consolidated balance sheet.
The increase in net interest income during the three- and six-month periods was primarily due to a higher average balance of residential loans held in inventory, net of higher warehouse borrowings used to finance our residential loans held-for-sale during 2018.
The amount of net interest income we earn on loans held-for-sale is dependent on many variables, including the amount of loans and the time they are outstanding on our consolidated balance sheet and their interest rates, as well as the amount of leverage we employ through the use of short-term debt to finance the loans and the interest rates on that debt. These factors will impact net interest income in future periods.
Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
Mortgage banking activities, net, includes the changes in market value of both the loans we hold for sale and commitments for loans we intend to purchase (collectively, our loan pipeline), as well as the effect of hedges we utilize to manage risks associated with our loan pipeline. Our loan sale profit margins are measured over the period from when we commit to purchase a loan and subsequently sell or securitize the loan. Accordingly, these profit margins may encompass positive or negative market valuation adjustments on loans, hedging gains or losses associated with our loan pipeline, and any other related transaction expenses, and may be realized over the course of one or more quarters for financial reporting purposes.
The following table presents the components of residential mortgage banking activities, net. Amounts presented include both the changes in market values for loans that were sold and associated derivative positions that were settled during the periods presented, as well as changes in market values of loans, derivatives and hedges outstanding at the end of each period.
Table 27 – Components of Residential Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
Changes in fair value of:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential loans, at fair value (1)
 
$
3,364

 
$
16,190

 
$
(12,826
)
 
 
$
1,170

 
$
34,986

 
$
(33,816
)
Risk management derivatives (2)
 
6,150

 
(5,310
)
 
11,460

 
 
34,582

 
(6,710
)
 
41,292

Other income, net (3)
 
1,082

 
1,166

 
(84
)
 
 
1,420

 
1,374

 
46

Total Residential Mortgage Banking Activities, Net
 
$
10,596

 
$
12,046

 
$
(1,450
)
 
 
$
37,172

 
$
29,650

 
$
7,522

(1)
Includes changes in fair value for loan purchase and forward sale commitments.
(2)
Represents market valuation changes of derivatives that are used to manage risks associated with our accumulation of residential loans.
(3)
Amounts in this line include other fee income from loan acquisitions and the provision for repurchase expense, presented net.
The decrease in mortgage banking activities, net for the three-month periods was mostly the result of lower gross margins as compared to the prior year period. The increase in mortgage banking activities, net for the six-month periods was mostly the result of higher loan purchase volume in 2018 compared to 2017, with the majority of the increase being from Choice loans.
Loan purchase commitments ("LPCs"), adjusted for fallout expectations, were $2.01 billion and $3.73 billion for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively. Our gross margins for our jumbo loans, which we define as net interest income plus income from mortgage banking activities, divided by LPCs, declined as a result of gross margins that were lower relative to the first quarter of 2018 but remained within our long-term expectations.

83

At both June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had repurchase reserves of $4 million outstanding related to residential loans sold through this segment. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, we recorded $0.2 million and $0.6 million of reversal of provision for repurchases, respectively, that were included in income from mortgage banking activities, net, in this segment. We review our loan repurchase reserves each quarter and adjust them as necessary based on current information available at each reporting date.
The following table details outstanding principal balances for residential loans held-for-sale by product type at June 30, 2018.
Table 28 – Characteristics of Residential Loans Held-for-Sale
June 30, 2018
 
Principal Value
 
Weighted Average Coupon
(Dollars in Thousands)
 
 
First Lien Prime
 
 
 
 
 Fixed - 30 year
 
$
999,324

 
4.79
%
 Fixed - 10, 15, 20, & 25 year
 
22,717

 
4.29
%
 Hybrid
 
69,145

 
4.24
%
 ARM
 
153

 
4.33
%
Total Outstanding Principal
 
$
1,091,339

 


Operating Expenses and Taxes
Operating expenses for this segment primarily include costs associated with the underwriting, purchase and sale of jumbo residential loans. Operating expenses were consistent for the three-month periods and increased for the six-month periods primarily as a result of higher loan acquisition costs due to higher loan purchase volume in 2018.
All residential mortgage banking activities are performed at our taxable REIT subsidiary and the provision for income taxes is generally correlated to the amount of this segment's contribution before income taxes in relation to the TRS's overall GAAP income and associated tax provision. The decrease in provision for income taxes resulted primarily from the reduction of the federal corporate tax rate due to the Tax Act.
Results of Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities

We sponsored Sequoia securitization entities prior to 2012 that are reported on our consolidated balance sheets for financial reporting purposes in accordance with GAAP. Each of these entities is independent of Redwood and of each other and the assets and liabilities of these entities are not, respectively, owned by us or legal obligations of ours. We record the assets and liabilities of the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities at fair value, based on the estimated fair value of the debt securities (ABS) issued from the securitizations, in accordance with GAAP provisions for collateralized financing entities. At June 30, 2018, the estimated fair value of our investments in the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities was $13 million.

The following tables present the statements of income (loss) for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and the balance sheets of the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. All amounts in the statements of income and balance sheets presented below are included in our consolidated financial statements.
Table 29 – Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities Statements of Income (Loss)
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
Change

 
2018
 
2017
 
Change
Interest income
 
$
5,017

 
$
4,863

 
$
154

 
 
$
9,829

 
$
9,701

 
$
128

Interest expense
 
(4,215
)
 
(3,692
)
 
(523
)
 
 
(8,067
)
 
(7,208
)
 
(859
)
Net interest income
 
802

 
1,171

 
(369
)
 
 
1,762

 
2,493

 
(731
)
Investment fair value changes, net
 
(720
)
 
(987
)
 
267

 
 
(728
)
 
(2,797
)
 
2,069

Net Income (Loss) from Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities
 
$
82

 
$
184

 
$
(102
)
 
 
$
1,034

 
$
(304
)
 
$
1,338


84

Table 30 – Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities Balance Sheets
(In Thousands)
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Residential loans, held-for-investment, at fair value
 
$
592,029

 
$
632,817

Other assets
 
3,631

 
4,367

Total Assets
 
$
595,660

 
$
637,184

Other liabilities
 
$
589

 
$
537

Asset-backed securities issued, at fair value
 
582,235

 
622,445

Total liabilities
 
582,824

 
622,982

Equity (fair value of Redwood's retained investments in entities)
 
12,836

 
14,202

Total Liabilities and Equity
 
$
595,660

 
$
637,184


Net Interest Income at Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities     
The decrease in net interest income for the three- and six-month periods was primarily attributable to the continued paydown of loans at the consolidated entities.
Investment Fair Value Changes, net at Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities

Investment fair value changes, net at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities includes the change in fair value of the residential loans held-for-investment, REO, and the ABS issued at the entities, which netted together represent the change in value of our retained investments in the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities. The decrease in negative investment fair value changes in the three- and six-month periods was primarily related to the decline in fair value changes on retained IO securities, as the basis of these assets continue to diminish.
Residential Loans at Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities
The following table provides details of residential loan activity at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 31 – Residential Loans at Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities — Activity
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands)
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Balance at beginning of period 
 
$
626,151

 
$
745,621

 
$
632,817

 
$
791,636

Principal repayments
 
(37,869
)
 
(47,896
)
 
(72,091
)
 
(101,357
)
Transfers to REO
 
(567
)
 
(1,076
)
 
(1,835
)
 
(2,044
)
Changes in fair value, net
 
4,314

 
11,037

 
33,138

 
19,451

Balance at End of Period
 
$
592,029

 
$
707,686

 
$
592,029

 
$
707,686

First lien adjustable rate mortgage ("ARM") and hybrid loans comprise all of the loans in the consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities and were primarily originated in 2006 or prior. For outstanding loans at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities at June 30, 2018, the weighted average FICO score of borrowers backing these loans was 728 (at origination) and the weighted average original LTV ratio was 66% (at origination). At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the unpaid principal balance of loans at consolidated Legacy Sequoia entities delinquent greater than 90 days was $18 million and $25 million, respectively, of which the unpaid principal balance of loans in foreclosure was $7 million and $10 million, respectively.

85

Taxable Income and Tax Provision
Taxable Income
The following table summarizes our taxable income and distributions to shareholders for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Table 32 – Taxable Income
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
(In Thousands, except per Share Data)
 
2018 est. (1)
 
2017 est. (1)
 
2018 est. (1)
 
2017 est. (1)
REIT taxable income
 
$
26,794

 
$
19,440

 
$
60,268

 
$
36,119

Taxable REIT subsidiary income
 
11,883

 
13,532

 
35,964

 
18,747

Total Taxable Income
 
$
38,677

 
$
32,972

 
$
96,232

 
$
54,866

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
REIT taxable income per share
 
$
0.35

 
$
0.25

 
$
0.79

 
$
0.47

Total taxable income per share
 
$
0.51

 
$
0.43

 
$
1.27

 
$
0.72

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Distributions to shareholders
 
$
22,721

 
$
21,591

 
$
43,916

 
$
43,160

Distributions to shareholders per share
 
$
0.30

 
$
0.28

 
$
0.58

 
$
0.56

(1)
Our tax results for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 are estimates until we file tax returns for these years.

Under normal circumstances, our minimum REIT dividend requirement would be 90% of our annual REIT taxable income. However, we currently maintain a $57 million federal net operating loss carry forward (NOL) at the REIT that affords us the option of retaining REIT taxable income up to the NOL amount, tax free, rather than distributing it as dividends. Federal income tax rules require the dividends paid deduction to be applied to reduce REIT taxable income before the applicability of NOLs is considered. It is possible that our estimated REIT taxable income will exceed our dividend distributions in 2018; therefore, we may utilize a portion of our NOL in 2018 and any remaining amount will carry forward into 2019.

We currently expect all or nearly all of the distributions to shareholders in 2018 will be taxable as dividend income and a smaller portion, if any, will be a return of capital, which is generally non-taxable. Additionally, a portion of our 2018 dividend distributions are expected to be characterized as long-term capital gains for federal income tax purposes.
Tax Provision under GAAP

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded tax provisions of $3 million and $7 million, respectively, compared to tax provisions of $5 million and $11 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively. Our tax provision is primarily derived from the activities at our TRS as we do not book a material tax provision associated with income generated at our REIT. The reduction in tax provision year-over-year was primarily the result of the lower federal corporate tax rate resulting from the Tax Act, even though the GAAP income earned at our TRS was slightly higher than the prior year period. Our TRS effective tax rate in 2018 is expected to be approximately equal to the federal corporate tax rate. The income or loss generated at our TRS will not directly affect the tax characterization of our 2018 dividends.

Realization of our DTAs is dependent on many factors, including generating sufficient taxable income prior to the expiration of NOL carryforwards and generating sufficient capital gains in future periods prior to the expiration of capital loss carryforwards. We determine the extent to which realization of our DTAs is not assured and establish a valuation allowance accordingly. At December 31, 2017, we reported net federal ordinary and capital deferred tax liabilities ("DTLs"), and, as such, had no associated valuation allowance. As a result of GAAP income at our TRS, we forecast that we will report net federal ordinary and capital DTLs at December 31, 2018 and consequently no valuation allowance is expected to be recorded against any federal DTA. Consistent with prior periods, we continued to maintain a valuation allowance against our net state DTAs. Our estimate of net deferred tax assets could change in future periods to the extent that actual or revised estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward periods change from current expectations.

86

Differences between Estimated Total Taxable Income and GAAP Income
Differences between estimated taxable income and GAAP income are largely due to the following: (i) we cannot establish loss reserves for future anticipated events for tax but we can for GAAP, as realized credit losses are expensed when incurred for tax and these losses are anticipated through lower yields on assets or through loss provisions for GAAP; (ii) the timing, and possibly the amount, of some expenses (e.g., certain compensation expenses) are different for tax than for GAAP; (iii) since amortization and impairments differ for tax and GAAP, the tax and GAAP gains and losses on sales may differ, resulting in differences in realized gains on sale; (iv) at the REIT and certain TRS entities, unrealized gains and losses on market valuation adjustments of securities and derivatives are not recognized for tax until the instrument is sold or extinguished; (v) for tax, basis may not be assigned to mortgage servicing rights retained when whole loans are sold resulting in lower tax gain on sale; (vi) for tax, we do not consolidate securitization entities as we do under GAAP; and, (vii) dividend distributions to our REIT from our TRS are included in REIT taxable income, but not GAAP income. As a result of these differences in accounting, our estimated taxable income can vary significantly from our GAAP income during certain reporting periods.
The table below reconciles our estimated total taxable income to our GAAP income for the six months ended June 30, 2018.
Table 33 – Differences between Estimated Total Taxable Income and GAAP Net Income
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
(In Thousands, except per Share Data)
 
REIT (Est.)
 
TRS (Est.)
 
 
Total Tax (Est.)
 
GAAP
 
Differences
Interest income
 
$
100,965

 
$
23,920

 
 
$
124,885

 
$
159,595

 
$
(34,710
)
Interest expense
 
(42,063
)
 
(20,193
)
 
 
(62,256
)
 
(89,727
)
 
27,471

Net interest income
 
58,902

 
3,727

 
 
62,629

 
69,868

 
(7,239
)
Realized credit losses
 
(966
)
 
—

 
 
(966
)
 
—

 
(966
)
Mortgage banking activities, net
 
—

 
36,097

 
 
36,097

 
37,172

 
(1,075
)
Investment fair value changes, net
 
229

 
(270
)
 
 
(41
)
 
2,498

 
(2,539
)
Operating expenses
 
(22,283
)
 
(16,091
)
 
 
(38,374
)
 
(42,039
)
 
3,665

Other income, net
 
811

 
7,726

 
 
8,537

 
5,440

 
3,097

Realized gains, net
 
23,750

 
4,857

 
 
28,607

 
14,077

 
14,530

Provision for income taxes
 
(175
)
 
(82
)
 
 
(257
)
 
(7,424
)
 
7,167

Net Income
 
$
60,268

 
$
35,964

 
 
$
96,232

 
$
79,592

 
$
16,640

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income per basic common share
 
$
0.79

 
$
0.48

 
 
$
1.27

 
$
1.02

 
$
0.25

Potential Taxable Income Volatility
We expect period-to-period volatility in our estimated taxable income. A description of the factors that can cause this volatility is described in the Taxable Income portion of the Results of Operations section in the MD&A included in Part II, Item 7, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K.

87

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Summary
Our principal sources of cash consist of borrowings under mortgage loan warehouse facilities, securities repurchase agreements, payments of principal and interest we receive from our investment portfolios, and cash generated from our operating activities. Our most significant uses of cash are to purchase mortgage loans for our mortgage banking operations, to fund investments in loans and investment securities, to repay principal and interest on our warehouse facilities, repurchase agreements, and long-term debt, to make dividend payments on our capital stock, and to fund our operations.
Our total capital was $2.00 billion at June 30, 2018, and included $1.23 billion of equity capital and $0.77 billion of the total $2.77 billion of long-term debt on our consolidated balance sheet. This portion of debt included $201 million of exchangeable debt due in 2019, $245 million of convertible debt due in 2023, $200 million of convertible debt due in 2024, and $140 million of trust-preferred securities due in 2037.
As of June 30, 2018, we estimate that our available capital was approximately $200 million. Additionally, in July of 2018, we issued $117 million of common equity, which will provide additional capital for us going forward.
In February 2016, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of up to $100 million of our common stock and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. This authorization replaced all previous share repurchase plans and has no expiration date. At December 31, 2017, approximately $77 million of this current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock. During January 2018, we repurchased 1,040,829 shares of our common stock pursuant to this authorization for $16 million.
In February 2018, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of an additional $39 million of our common stock, increasing the total amount authorized for repurchases of common stock to $100 million, and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. As noted above, this authorization increased the previous share repurchase authorization approved in February 2016 and has no expiration date. This repurchase authorization does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or securities. Under this authorization, shares or securities may be repurchased in privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. At June 30, 2018, $100 million of the current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock. Like other investments we may make, any repurchases of our common stock or debt securities under this authorization would reduce our available capital described above.
While we believe our available capital is sufficient to fund our currently contemplated investment activities and repay existing debt, we may raise capital from time-to-time to make long-term investments or for other purposes. To the extent we seek additional capital to fund our operations and investment activities, our approach to raising capital will continue to be based on what we believe to be in the best interests of shareholders.
We are subject to risks relating to our liquidity and capital resources, including risks relating to incurring debt under residential loan warehouse facilities, securities repurchase facilities, and other short- and long-term debt facilities and other risks relating to our use of derivatives. A further discussion of these risks is set forth below under the heading “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short-and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities."
Cash Flows and Liquidity for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Cash flows from our mortgage banking activities and our investments can be volatile from quarter to quarter depending on many factors, including the timing and amount of loan and securities acquisitions and sales and repayments, the profitability of mortgage banking activities, as well as changes in interest rates, prepayments, and credit losses. Therefore, cash flows generated in the current period are not necessarily reflective of the long-term cash flows we will receive from these investments or activities.

88

Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Cash flows from operating activities were negative $674 million during the six months ended June 30, 2018. This amount includes the net cash utilized during the period from the purchase and sale of residential mortgage loans associated with our mortgage banking activities. Purchases of loans are financed to a large extent with short-term debt, for which changes in cash are included as a component of financing activities. Excluding cash flows from the purchase, sale, and principal payments of loans classified as held-for-sale, cash flows from operating activities were positive $101 million and negative $10 million during the first six months of 2018 and 2017, respectively.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
During the six months ended June 30, 2018, our net cash provided by investing activities was $364 million and primarily resulted from principal payments on loans held-for-investment at Redwood and at our consolidated Sequoia entities, and principal payments from, and proceeds from net sales of, real estate securities. Although we generally intend to hold our investment securities as long-term investments, we may sell certain of these securities in order to meet our operating objectives, and to adapt to market conditions. We cannot predict the timing and impact of future sales of investment securities.
Because many of our investment securities are financed through repurchase agreements, a significant portion of the proceeds from any sales or principal payments of our investment securities could be used to repay balances under these financing sources. Similarly, all or a significant portion of cash flows from principal payments of loans at consolidated Sequoia entities would generally be used to repay ABS issued by those entities.
During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we deployed $50 million into new initiatives, including $40 million in customized financing for our jumbo loan sellers and $10 million to acquire a minority interest in business-purpose mortgage lender 5 Arches, LLC.
As presented in the "Supplemental Noncash Information" subsection of our consolidated statements of cash flows, during the six months ended June 30, 2018, we had transfers of residential loans from held-for-sale to held-for-investment classification, and also retained securities from Sequoia securitizations we sponsored, which represent non-cash transactions that were not included in cash flows from investing activities.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, our net cash provided by financing activities was $364 million. This primarily resulted from proceeds of $926 million from the issuance of asset-backed securities from our Sequoia Choice securitizations and proceeds of $199 million from the issuance of convertible debt in June 2018. These cash inflows were partially offset by $513 million of net repayments of short-term debt, including the repayment of our $250 million of convertible notes that matured in April, and $182 million of repayments of ABS issued.
 In December 2017, our Board of Directors announced its intention to pay a regular dividend of $0.28 per share per quarter in 2018. In May 2018, the Board of Directors declared an increase in the regular dividend to $0.30 per share for the second quarter of 2018. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we paid $45 million of cash dividends on our common stock, representing cumulative dividends of $0.58 per share. Additionally, in August 2018, the Board of Directors declared a regular dividend of $0.30 per share for the third quarter of 2018, which is payable on September 28, 2018 to shareholders of record on September 14, 2018.
In accordance with the terms of our outstanding deferred stock units, which are stock-based compensation awards, each time we declare and pay a dividend on our common stock, we are required to make a dividend equivalent payment in that same per share amount on each outstanding deferred stock unit.
Short-Term Debt
In the ordinary course of our business, we use recourse debt through several different types of borrowing facilities and use cash borrowings under these facilities to, among other things, fund the acquisition of residential loans (including those we acquire and originate in anticipation of securitization), finance investments in securities and other investments, and otherwise fund our business and operations.

89


At June 30, 2018, we had four short-term residential loan warehouse facilities with a total outstanding debt balance of $719 million (secured by residential loans with an aggregate fair value of $786 million) and a total uncommitted borrowing limit of $1.43 billion. In addition, at June 30, 2018, we had an aggregate outstanding short-term debt balance of $707 million under seven securities repurchase facilities, which were secured by securities with a fair market value of $846 million. At June 30, 2018, the fair value of our real estate securities pledged as collateral included $88 million of securities retained from our consolidated Sequoia Choice securitizations. We also had a secured line of credit with no outstanding debt balance and a total borrowing limit of $10 million (secured by securities with a fair market value of $4 million) at June 30, 2018.
During the second quarter of 2017, $288 million principal amount of our convertible notes due in 2018 and $2 million of associated unamortized deferred issuance costs were reclassified from long-term debt to short-term debt, as the maturity of the notes was less than one year as of April 2017. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2017, we repurchased $37 million par value of these notes at a premium and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. In April 2018, we repaid these $250 million convertible notes and all related accrued interest in full.
At June 30, 2018, we had $1.43 billion of short-term debt outstanding. During the first six months of 2018, the highest balance of our short-term debt outstanding was $2.26 billion.
Long-Term Debt
FHLBC Borrowings
In July 2014, our FHLB-member subsidiary entered into a borrowing agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago. At June 30, 2018, under this agreement, our subsidiary could incur borrowings up to $2.00 billion, also referred to as “advances,” from the FHLBC secured by eligible collateral, including, but not limited to residential mortgage loans. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, our FHLB-member subsidiary made no additional borrowings under this agreement. Under a final rule published by the Federal Housing Finance Agency in January 2016, our FHLB-member subsidiary will remain an FHLB member through a five-year transition period for captive insurance companies. Our FHLB-member subsidiary's existing $2.00 billion of FHLB debt, which matures beyond this transition period, is permitted to remain outstanding until stated maturity. As residential loans pledged as collateral for this debt pay down, we are permitted to pledge additional loans or other eligible assets to collateralize this debt; however, we do not expect to be able to increase our subsidiary's FHLB debt above the existing $2.00 billion maximum.
At June 30, 2018, $2.00 billion of advances were outstanding under this agreement, which were classified as long-term debt, with a weighted average interest rate of 2.03% per annum and a weighted average maturity of seven years. At June 30, 2018, accrued interest payable on these borrowings was $6 million. Advances under this agreement are charged interest based on a specified margin over the FHLBC’s 13-week discount note rate, which resets every 13 weeks. Our total advances under this agreement were secured by residential mortgage loans with a fair value of $2.31 billion at June 30, 2018. This agreement also requires our subsidiary to purchase and hold stock in the FHLBC in an amount equal to a specified percentage of outstanding advances. At June 30, 2018, our subsidiary held $43 million of FHLBC stock that is included in Other assets on our consolidated balance sheets.
Convertible Notes
In June 2018, we issued $200 million principal amount of 5.625% convertible senior notes due 2024 at an issuance price of 99.5%. After deducting the issuance discount, the underwriting discount and issuance costs, we received approximately $194 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred debt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes is approximately 6.2% per annum. At June 30, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $200 million. At June 30, 2018, the accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $0.2 million.
In August 2017, we issued $245 million principal amount of 4.75% convertible senior notes due 2023. After deducting the underwriting discount and issuance costs, we received approximately $238 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred debt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes is approximately 5.3% per annum. At June 30, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $245 million. At June 30, 2018, the accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $4 million.
In November 2014, one of our taxable subsidiaries issued $205 million principal amount of 5.625% exchangeable senior notes due 2019. After deducting the underwriting discount and issuance costs, we received approximately $198 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred debt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these exchangeable notes is approximately 6.3% per annum. During the first quarter of 2016, we repurchased $4 million par value of these notes at a discount and recorded a gain on extinguishment of debt of $0.3 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. At June 30, 2018, the outstanding principal amount of these notes was $201 million. At June 30, 2018, the accrued interest payable balance on this debt was $1 million.
 

90

In March 2013, we issued $288 million principal amount of 4.625% convertible senior notes due 2018. After deducting the underwriting discount and issuance costs, we received approximately $279 million of net proceeds. Including amortization of deferred debt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on these convertible notes was approximately 4.8% per annum. During the second quarter of 2017, $288 million principal amount of these convertible notes and $2 million of unamortized deferred issuance costs were reclassified from long-term debt to short-term debt, as the maturity of the notes was less than one year as of April 2017. Additionally, during the second quarter of 2017, we repurchased $37 million par value of these notes at a premium and recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $1 million in Realized gains, net on our consolidated statements of income. In April 2018, we repaid these $250 million convertible notes and all related accrued interest in full.
Trust Preferred Securities and Subordinated Notes
At June 30, 2018, we had trust preferred securities and subordinated notes outstanding of $100 million and $40 million, respectively, issued by us in 2006 and 2007. This debt requires quarterly interest payments at a floating rate equal to three-month LIBOR plus 2.25% and must be redeemed no later than 2037. Prior to 2014, we entered into interest rate swaps with aggregate notional values totaling $140 million to hedge the variability in this long-term debt interest expense. Including hedging costs and amortization of deferred debt issuance costs, the weighted average interest expense yield on our trust preferred securities and subordinated notes is approximately 6.8% per annum. These swaps are accounted for as cash flow hedges with all interest recorded as a component of net interest income and other valuation changes recorded as a component of equity.
Single-Family Rental Loan Warehouse Facilities
During the second quarter of 2018, we entered into repurchase facilities with two third-party financial institutions to finance the purchase of single-family rental loans. The first facility has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $200 million and is scheduled to mature on June 29, 2020. The second facility has an aggregate maximum borrowing capacity of $200 million and is scheduled to mature on June 29, 2021. Borrowings under these facilities are generally charged interest based on a specified margin over the one-month LIBOR interest rate. At June 30, 2018, there were no amounts outstanding under either of these facilities.
 Asset-Backed Securities
At June 30, 2018, there were $623 million (principal balance) of loans owned at consolidated Legacy Sequoia securitization entities, which were funded with $616 million (principal balance) of ABS issued at these entities. In addition, at June 30, 2018, there were $1.46 billion (principal balance) of loans owned at the consolidated Sequoia Choice securitization entities, which were funded with $1.32 billion (principal balance) of ABS issued at these entities. The loans and ABS issued from these entities are reported at estimated fair value. See the subsections titled "Residential Loans Held-for-Investment at Sequoia Choice Portfolio" and "Results of Consolidated Legacy Sequoia Entities" in the Results of Operations section of this MD&A for additional details on these entities.
Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities
As described above under the heading “Results of Operations,” in the ordinary course of our business, we use debt financing obtained through several different types of borrowing facilities to, among other things, finance the acquisition of mortgage loans (including those we acquire in anticipation of sale or securitization), and finance investments in loans, securities, and other investments. We may also use short- and long-term borrowings to fund other aspects of our business and operations, including the repurchase of shares of our common stock. Debt incurred under these facilities is generally either the direct obligation of Redwood Trust, Inc., or the direct obligation of subsidiaries of Redwood Trust, Inc. and guaranteed by Redwood Trust, Inc. Risks relating to debt incurred under these facilities are described in Part I, Item 2 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, under the caption “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities.”

Our sources of debt financing include short-term secured borrowings under mortgage loan warehouse facilities, short-term securities repurchase facilities, a $10 million committed line of short-term secured credit from a bank, and secured borrowings by our wholly-owned subsidiary, RWT Financial, LLC, under its borrowing facility with the FHLBC.


91

Aggregate borrowing limits are stated under certain of these facilities, and certain other facilities have no stated borrowing limit, but each of the facilities (with the exception of the $10 million committed line of short-term secured credit) is uncommitted, which means that any request we make to borrow funds under these uncommitted facilities may be declined for any reason, even if at the time of the borrowing request we have then-outstanding borrowings that are less than the borrowing limits under these facilities. In general, financing under these facilities is obtained by transferring or pledging mortgage loans or securities to the counterparty in exchange for cash proceeds (in an amount less than 100% of the principal amount of the transferred or pledged assets). While transferred or pledged assets are financed under a facility, to the extent the market value of the assets declines, we are generally required to either immediately reacquire the assets or meet a margin requirement to transfer or pledge additional assets or cash in an amount at least equal to the decline in value. Margin call provisions under these facilities are further described in Part I, Item 2 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 under the caption “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities - Margin Call Provisions Associated with Short-Term Debt and Other Debt Financing.” Financial covenants included in these facilities are further described Part I, Item 2 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 under the caption “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities - Financial Covenants Associated with Short-Term Debt and Other Debt Financing.” Financial covenants included in these facilities are further described Part I, Item 2 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 under the caption “Risks Relating to Debt Incurred under Short- and Long-Term Borrowing Facilities - Financial Covenants Associated with Short-Term Debt and Other Debt Financing.”

Because these warehouse facilities are uncommitted, at any given time we may not be able to obtain additional financing under them when we need it, exposing us to, among other things, liquidity risks of the types described in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 under the heading “Risk Factors,” and in Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 under the heading “Market Risks.” In addition, with respect to mortgage loans that at any given time are already being financed through these warehouse facilities, we are exposed to market, credit, liquidity, and other risks of the types described in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 under the heading “Risk Factors,” and in Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 under the heading “Market Risks,” if and when those loans or securities become ineligible to be financed, decline in value, or have been financed for the maximum term permitted under the applicable facility. Additionally, our access to financing under the borrowing facility with the FHLBC is subject to the risks described under the heading “Risk Factors - Recently adopted Federal regulations may limit, eliminate, or reduce the attractiveness of our subsidiary’s ability to use borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Chicago to finance the mortgage loans and securities it holds and acquires, which could negatively impact our business and operating results” in Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

At June 30, 2018, and through the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, we were in compliance with the financial covenants associated with our short-term debt and other debt financing facilities. In particular, with respect to: (i) financial covenants that require us to maintain a minimum dollar amount of stockholders’ equity or tangible net worth, at June 30, 2018 our level of stockholders’ equity and tangible net worth resulted in our being in compliance with these covenants by more than $200 million; and (ii) financial covenants that require us to maintain recourse indebtedness below a specified ratio, at June 30, 2018 our level of recourse indebtedness resulted in our being in compliance with these covenants at a level such that we could incur at least $600 million in additional recourse indebtedness.

92

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS AND CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS
In the ordinary course of business, we enter into transactions that may require future cash payments. As required by GAAP, some of these obligations are recorded on the balance sheet, while others are off-balance sheet or recorded on the balance sheet in amounts different from the full contract or notional amount of the transaction.
For additional information on our contractual obligations, see the Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations section in the MD&A included in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
For additional information on our commitments and contingencies as of June 30, 2018, see Note 13 of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part I, Item I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.


93

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. A discussion of critical accounting policies and the possible effects of changes in estimates on our consolidated financial statements is included in Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and in Part I, Item 8 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Management discusses the ongoing development and selection of these critical accounting policies with the audit committee of the board of directors.
We expect quarter-to-quarter GAAP earnings volatility from our business activities. This volatility can occur for a variety of reasons, including the timing and amount of purchases, sales, calls, and repayment of consolidated assets, changes in the fair values of consolidated assets and liabilities, increases or decreases in earnings from mortgage banking activities, and certain non-recurring events. In addition, the amount or timing of our reported earnings may be impacted by technical accounting issues and estimates. Our critical accounting policies and the possible effects of changes in estimates on our consolidated financial statements are included in the "Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates" section of Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Market Risks
We seek to manage risks inherent in our business — including but not limited to credit risk, interest rate risk, prepayment risk, liquidity risk, and fair value risk — in a prudent manner designed to enhance our earnings and dividends and preserve our capital. In general, we seek to assume risks that can be quantified from historical experience, to actively manage such risks, and to maintain capital levels consistent with these risks. Information concerning the risks we are managing, how these risks are changing over time, and potential GAAP earnings and taxable income volatility we may experience as a result of these risks is discussed in Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.
Other Risks
In addition to the market and other risks described above, our business and results of operations are subject to a variety of types of risks and uncertainties, including, among other things, those described under the caption “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017.
NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
A discussion of new accounting standards and the possible effects of these standards on our consolidated financial statements is included in Note 3 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
Information concerning market risk is incorporated herein by reference to Part II, Item 7A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, as supplemented by the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Market Risks” within Item 2 above. Other than the developments described thereunder, including changes in the fair values of our assets, there have been no other material changes in our quantitative or qualitative exposure to market risk since December 31, 2017.

94

Item 4. Controls and Procedures
We have adopted and maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed on our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and that the information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) of the Exchange Act, we have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our chief executive officer and chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the quarter covered by this report. Based on the foregoing, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at a reasonable assurance level.
There have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the second quarter of 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

95

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
On or about December 23, 2009, the Federal Home Loan Bank of Seattle (the “FHLB-Seattle”) filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the State of Washington (case number 09-2-46348-4 SEA) against Redwood Trust, Inc., our subsidiary, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc. (“SRF”), Morgan Stanley & Co., and Morgan Stanley Capital I, Inc. (collectively, the “FHLB-Seattle Defendants”), which alleged that the FHLB-Seattle Defendants made false or misleading statements in offering materials for a mortgage pass-through certificate (the “Seattle Certificate”) issued in the Sequoia Mortgage Trust 2005-4 securitization transaction (the “2005-4 RMBS”) and purchased by the FHLB-Seattle. Specifically, the complaint alleged that the alleged misstatements concerned the (1) loan-to-value ratio of mortgage loans and the appraisals of the properties that secured loans supporting the 2005-4 RMBS, (2) occupancy status of the properties, (3) standards used to underwrite the loans, and (4) ratings assigned to the Seattle Certificate. The FHLB-Seattle alleged claims under the Securities Act of Washington (Section 21.20.005, et seq.) and sought to rescind the purchase of the Seattle Certificate and to collect interest on the original purchase price at the statutory interest rate of 8% per annum from the date of original purchase (net of interest received) as well as attorneys’ fees and costs. The Seattle Certificate was issued with an original principal amount of approximately $133 million, and, at June 30, 2018, approximately $126 million of principal and $11 million of interest payments had been made in respect of the Seattle Certificate. As of June 30, 2018, the Seattle Certificate had a remaining outstanding principal amount of approximately $8 million. The matter was subsequently resolved and the claims were dismissed by the FHLB Seattle as to all the FHLB Seattle Defendants. At the time the Seattle Certificate was issued, Redwood agreed to indemnify the underwriters of the 2005-4 RMBS, which underwriters were named as defendants in the action, for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to this RMBS, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the resolution of this litigation, we could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.
On or about July 15, 2010, The Charles Schwab Corporation (“Schwab”) filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the State of California in San Francisco (case number CGC-10-501610) against SRF and 26 other defendants (collectively, the “Schwab Defendants”), which alleged that the Schwab Defendants made false or misleading statements in offering materials for various residential mortgage-backed securities sold or issued by the Schwab Defendants. Schwab alleged only a claim for negligent misrepresentation under California state law against SRF and sought unspecified damages and attorneys’ fees and costs from SRF. Schwab claimed that SRF made false or misleading statements in offering materials for a mortgage pass-through certificate (the “Schwab Certificate”) issued in the 2005-4 RMBS and purchased by Schwab. Specifically, the complaint alleged that the misstatements for the 2005-4 RMBS concerned the (1) loan-to-value ratio of mortgage loans and the appraisals of the properties that secured loans supporting the 2005-4 RMBS, (2) occupancy status of the properties, (3) standards used to underwrite the loans, and (4) ratings assigned to the Schwab Certificate. The Schwab Certificate was issued with an original principal amount of approximately $15 million, and, at June 30, 2018, approximately $14 million of principal and $1 million of interest payments had been made in respect of the Schwab Certificate. As of June 30, 2018, the Schwab Certificate had a remaining outstanding principal amount of approximately $1 million. On November 14, 2014, Schwab voluntarily dismissed with prejudice its negligent misrepresentation claim, which resulted in the dismissal with prejudice of SRF from the action. Subsequently, the matter was resolved and Schwab dismissed its claims against the lead underwriter of the 2005-4 RMBS. At the time the Schwab Certificate was issued, Redwood agreed to indemnify the underwriters of the 2005-4 RMBS, which underwriters were also named as defendants in the action, for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to this RMBS, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the resolution of this litigation, Redwood could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.

96

Through certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries, we have in the past engaged in, and expect to continue to engage in, activities relating to the acquisition and securitization of residential mortgage loans. In addition, certain of our wholly-owned subsidiaries have in the past engaged in activities relating to the acquisition and securitization of debt obligations and other assets through the issuance of collateralized debt obligations (commonly referred to as CDO transactions). Because of this involvement in the securitization and CDO businesses, we could become the subject of litigation relating to these businesses, including additional litigation of the type described above, and we could also become the subject of governmental investigations, enforcement actions, or lawsuits, and governmental authorities could allege that we violated applicable law or regulation in the conduct of our business. As an example, in July 2016 we became aware of a complaint filed by the State of California on April 1, 2016 against Morgan Stanley & Co. and certain of its affiliates alleging, among other things, that there were misleading statements contained in offering materials for 28 different mortgage pass-through certificates purchased by various California investors, including various California public pension systems, from Morgan Stanley and alleging that Morgan Stanley made false or fraudulent claims in connection with the sale of those certificates. Of the 28 mortgage pass-through certificates that were the subject of the complaint, two were Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2004 and two were Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2007. With respect to each of those certificates, our wholly-owned subsidiary, RWT Holdings, Inc., was the sponsor and our wholly-owned subsidiary, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc., was the depositor. The plaintiffs subsequently withdrew from the litigation their claims based on eight of the 28 mortgage pass-through certificates, including one of the Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates issued in 2004. At the time these Sequoia mortgage pass-through certificates were issued, Sequoia Residential Funding, Inc. and Redwood Trust agreed to indemnify the underwriters of these certificates for certain losses and expenses they might incur as a result of claims made against them relating to these certificates, including, without limitation, certain legal expenses. Regardless of the outcome of this litigation, we could incur a loss as a result of these indemnities.
In accordance with GAAP, we review the need for any loss contingency reserves and establish reserves when, in the opinion of management, it is probable that a matter would result in a liability and the amount of loss, if any, can be reasonably estimated. Additionally, we record receivables for insurance recoveries relating to litigation-related losses and expenses if and when such amounts are covered by insurance and recovery of such losses or expenses are due. At June 30, 2018, the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves established in respect of the FHLB-Seattle and Schwab litigation matters described above was $2 million. We review our litigation matters each quarter to assess these loss contingency reserves and make adjustments in these reserves, upwards or downwards, as appropriate, in accordance with GAAP based on our review.
In the ordinary course of any litigation matter, including certain of the above-referenced matters, we have engaged and may continue to engage in formal or informal settlement communications with the plaintiffs or co-defendants. Settlement communications we have engaged in relating to certain of the above-referenced litigation matters are one of the factors that have resulted in our determination to establish the loss contingency reserves described above. We cannot be certain that any of these matters will be resolved through a settlement prior to trial and we cannot be certain that the resolution of these matters, whether through trial or settlement, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations in any future period.
Future developments (including resolution of substantive pre-trial motions relating to these matters, receipt of additional information and documents relating to these matters (such as through pre-trial discovery), new or additional settlement communications with plaintiffs relating to these matters, or resolutions of similar claims against other defendants in these matters) could result in our concluding in the future to establish additional loss contingency reserves or to disclose an estimate of reasonably possible losses in excess of our established reserves with respect to these matters. Our actual losses with respect to the above-referenced litigation matters may be materially higher than the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves we have established in respect of these litigation matters, including in the event that any of these matters proceeds to trial and the plaintiff prevails. Other factors that could result in our concluding to establish additional loss contingency reserves or estimate additional reasonably possible losses, or could result in our actual losses with respect to the above-referenced litigation matters being materially higher than the aggregate amount of loss contingency reserves we have established in respect of these litigation matters include that: there are significant factual and legal issues to be resolved; information obtained or rulings made during the lawsuits could affect the methodology for calculation of the available remedies; and we may have additional obligations pursuant to indemnity agreements, representations and warranties, and other contractual provisions with other parties relating to these litigation matters that could increase our potential losses.

97


Item 1A. Risk Factors
Our risk factors are discussed under Part I, Item 1A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we did not sell any equity securities that were not registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
In February 2016, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of up to $100 million of our common stock and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. This authorization replaced all previous share repurchase plans and has no expiration date. At December 31, 2017, approximately $77 million of this current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock. During January 2018, we repurchased 1,040,829 shares of our common stock pursuant to this authorization for $16 million.
In February 2018, our Board of Directors approved an authorization for the repurchase of an additional $39 million of our common stock, increasing the total amount authorized for repurchases of common stock to $100 million, and also authorized the repurchase of outstanding debt securities, including convertible and exchangeable debt. As noted above, this authorization increased the previous share repurchase authorization approved in February 2016 and has no expiration date. This repurchase authorization does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares or securities. Under this authorization, shares or securities may be repurchased in privately negotiated and/or open market transactions, including under plans complying with Rule 10b5-1 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. At June 30, 2018, $100 million of this current authorization remained available for the repurchase of shares of our common stock.
The following table contains information on the shares of our common stock that we purchased or otherwise acquired during the three months ended June 30, 2018.
 
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased or Acquired
 
Average
Price per
Share Paid
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 
Maximum Number (or approximate dollar value) of Shares that May Yet be Purchased under the Plans or Programs
(In Thousands, except per Share Data)
 
 
 
 
April 1, 2018 - April 30, 2018
 
—

 
$
—

 
—

     
$
—

May 1, 2018 - May 31, 2018
 
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
—

June 1, 2018 - June 30, 2018
 
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
100,000

Total
 
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
100,000

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Not Applicable

98

Item 5. Other Information
On August 2, 2018, Lola Bondar was appointed principal accounting officer of Redwood Trust, Inc. Ms. Bondar, age 40, commenced employment with Redwood Trust, Inc. in January 2018 as Managing Director and Corporate Controller. Prior to joining Redwood, Ms. Bondar spent eleven years at Wells Fargo Bank, where she most recently served as Vice President and Group Controller for Wells Fargo’s Commercial Real Estate and Community Lending and Investments businesses in San Francisco. Ms. Bondar also held several finance, accounting, and audit leadership roles at Wells Fargo Wholesale division with an emphasis on commercial lending and derivative instruments. Ms. Bondar’s previous experience also includes employment at OpenTable, Inc. as Senior Risk Manager, as well as Auditor positions at KPMG LLP and Arthur Andersen LLP. Ms. Bondar is a CPA (inactive) and has a B.S. Accounting and Audit degree from the Finance Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia. In connection with commencing her employment, Ms. Bondar and Redwood Trust, Inc. agreed to the following compensation and employment terms: an annual base salary for 2018 of $260,000; a sign-on cash award of $70,000; and an award of deferred stock units (made pursuant to the 2014 Incentive Plan and granted upon the commencement of employment) with an equivalent market value of $125,000, which award will vest over a four-year period. Ms. Bondar will be eligible to receive a 2018 year-end cash incentive award and an equity award of deferred stock units, with any such awards to be at the discretion of the Board of Directors of Redwood Trust, Inc.

99

Item 6. Exhibits
Exhibit
Number
 
Exhibit
3.1
 
3.1.1
 
3.1.2
 
3.1.3
 
3.1.4
 
3.1.5
 
3.1.6
 
3.1.7
 
3.1.8
 
3.1.9
 
3.1.10
 
3.2.1
 
3.2.2
 
3.2.3
 
4.1
 
10.1*
 
10.2*
 
10.3*
 
10.4*
 
10.5*
 
31.1
 
31.2
 
32.1
 
32.2
 
101
 
Pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T, the following financial information from the Company’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2018, is filed in XBRL-formatted interactive data files:
 
(i) Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017;
(ii) Consolidated Statements of Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017;
(iii) Statements of Consolidated Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017;
(iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017;
(v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017; and
(vi) Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
* Indicates exhibits that include management contracts or compensatory plan or arrangements.

100

SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 
REDWOOD TRUST, INC.
 
 
 
 
Date:
August 8, 2018
By:
/s/ Christopher J. Abate
 
 
 
Christopher J. Abate
 
 
 
Chief Executive Officer
 
 
 
(Principal Executive Officer)
 
 
 
 
Date:
August 8, 2018
By:
/s/ Collin L. Cochrane
 
 
 
Collin L. Cochrane
 
 
 
Chief Financial Officer
 
 
 
(Principal Financial Officer)
 
 
 
 
Date:
August 8, 2018
By:
/s/ Lola Bondar
 
 
 
Lola Bondar
 
 
 
Controller
 
 
 
(Principal Accounting Officer)

101

Stock widget

Investing forum

REDWOOD TRUST INC Reports