HIGHLANDS BANKSHARES INC /VA/ - FORM 10-K - April 2, 2018

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EX-31.2 - EXHIBIT 31.2 - HIGHLANDS BANKSHARES INC /VA/a201710-kex312.htm
EX-31.1 - EXHIBIT 31.1 - HIGHLANDS BANKSHARES INC /VA/a201710-kex311.htm
EX-24 - EXHIBIT 24 - HIGHLANDS BANKSHARES INC /VA/ex24-powerofattorney.htm
EX-23.1 - EXHIBIT 23.1 - HIGHLANDS BANKSHARES INC /VA/ex231-consent.htm
EX-21 - EXHIBIT 21 - HIGHLANDS BANKSHARES INC /VA/ex21-subsidiaries.htm


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C.  20549
FORM 10-K

Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017
[   ] Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934

For the transition period from ____________ to _____________

Commission File Number:  000-27622

HIGHLANDS BANKSHARES, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Virginia
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
54-1796693
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
P.O. Box 1128
Abingdon, Virginia
(Address of principal executive offices)
 24212-1128
(Zip Code)

276-628-9181
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
Common Stock, $0.625 par value
(Title of class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes No__X
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes__ No_X__
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes _X_ No ___
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [ X ] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ X ]
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,”and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large Accelerated Filer [ ] Accelerated Filer [ ] Non-Accelerated Filer [ ] Smaller Reporting Company [X] Emerging Growth Company [ ]
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act) Yes [ ] No [X ]
State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter. $49,735,450.
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer's classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 8,199,228 shares of common stock, par value $0.625 per share, outstanding as of April 2, 2018.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Consolidated Financial Report for year ended December 31, 2017 – Part II
Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders—Part III



Highlands Bankshares, Inc.
Form 10-K
For the Year Ended December 31, 2017

Table of Contents

 
Page
 
 
 
 
 


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PART I.
Item 1.  Business

History and Business
Highlands Bankshares, Inc. (the "Company") is a one-bank holding company organized under the laws of Virginia in 1995 and registered as a bank holding company under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 ("BHCA"). The Company conducts the majority of its business operations through its wholly-owned bank subsidiary, Highlands Union Bank (the "Bank"). The Company's single direct subsidiary as of December 31, 2017 is the Bank, which was formed in 1985.
Highlands Union Bank
The Bank is a Virginia state chartered bank that was incorporated in 1985. The Bank provides banking, insurance, wealth management, and other financial solutions through 14 banking offices, 3 loan production offices, and 160 full-time equivalent associates located in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.
The Bank offers retail and commercial banking products and services to individuals, businesses and local government customers. These products and services include traditional deposit and loan options, including checking accounts, money market deposit accounts, interest-bearing demand deposit accounts, savings accounts, time deposits, residential 1-4 family loans, owner occupied and non owner occupied commercial real estate loans, second mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit, consumer, commercial/industrial, credit card and agricultural loans. Other products and services offered include automatic funds transfer, night depository, safe deposit, and other miscellaneous services normally offered by commercial banks.
Highlands Union Insurance Services, Inc.
Highlands Union Insurance Services, Inc., ("HUIS") a wholly owned subsidiary of the Bank, was formed in 1999. The Bank, through HUIS, joined a consortium of approximately forty-seven other financial institutions to form Bankers' Insurance, LLC. Bankers' Insurance, LLC, as of December 31, 2017, had purchased multiple full service insurance agencies across the state of Virginia. HUIS sells insurance products and services through Bankers' Insurance, LLC.
Highlands Union Financial Services, Inc.
Highlands Union Financial Services, Inc., ("HUFS") a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Bank, was created to offer third party mutual funds and other financial services to its customers in all market areas served by the Bank. The only activity in Highlands Union Financial Services Inc. now relates to commissions from the sale of life insurance.
Russell Road Properties, LLC
Russell Road Properties, LLC, formed in March 2015 is also an entity in which the Bank has a significant interest and was created to hold and manage certain properties acquired by the Bank through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure.

Lending Activities
The Bank has written policies and procedures to help manage credit risk. The Bank's policy provides for three levels of lending authority. The first level of authority is granted to individual loan officers who have various levels of approval based upon their position and experience. The second level is the Credit Committee, which is comprised of senior officers of the Bank from all market areas. The Credit Committee considers loans that exceed the individual loan officers' lending authority and reviews loans to be presented to the Board's Risk Committee or the Board of Directors. In addition to approving loans that exceed the Credit Committee's authority, the board's Risk Committee reviews portfolio concentrations and other credit quality metrics. All lending policies are reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors. .
The Bank has engaged an external third part to perform an independent review of the Bank's loan portfolio to identify loss exposure and to monitor compliance with the Bank's loan policy. The independent credit review seeks to review approximately 50 percent of outstanding loan balances each year.
One-to-Four-Family Residential Real Estate Lending
Residential loan opportunities may be generated by the Bank's loan officers, referrals by real estate professionals, and by existing or new bank clients. Loan applications are taken by a Bank loan officer. As part of the application process, information is gathered concerning income, employment and credit history of the applicant and originations are underwritten using policy guidelines. Security for the majority of one to four family residential loans is owner occupied single family dwellings. Values of residential real estate collateral are provided by independent appraisers who have been approved by the Bank's Board of Directors.

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Second mortgages and Home Equity Lines of Credit are generated, underwritten and secured like single family residential real estate loans discussed above. Second mortgage loans are typically originated at higher interest rates than residential mortgage loans. Home equity lines of credit are typically variable-rate instruments based on a market index, although some have been originated with a promotional interest rate that reverts to standard pricing following a specified period of time. Second mortgages are typically made for no more than fifteen years. Home equity lines of credit mature in ten years.
The Bank also originates adjustable rate products ("ARM") secured by one to four family residential properties with a repricing interval of three and five years. These products provide another outlet instead of secondary market loans and are generated, underwritten and secured the same as single family residential real estate loans discussed above. The Bank retains these loans in its loan portfolio. Senior Management adjusts the ARM rates based on competitive rates within the Bank's market area. The ARM products contain interest rate caps at adjustment periods and rate ceilings based on a cap over and above the original interest rate. Adjustable rate mortgages are underwritten based on payment amounts at the interest rate reaching the lifetime cap.
At December 31, 2017, $214.0 million, or 49.5 percent, of the Bank's loan portfolio consisted of one-to four-family residential real estate loans, second mortgages, and home equity lines. Fixed rate loans are typically 3, 5, and 7 year balloon loans amortized over a 30 year period. In connection with residential real estate loans, the Bank requires hazard insurance, and if required, flood insurance.
Multifamily Residential Real Estate Lending
Loan applications for loans to be secured by multi-family residential properties are taken by a loan officer. As part of the application process, information is gathered concerning income, employment and credit history of the applicant, as well as rent rolls, operating costs and occupancy rates of the property to be financed. At December 31, 2017, $19.5 million, or 4.5 percent, of the Bank's loan portfolio consisted of multi-family residential properties. Loan originations are underwritten using the Bank's underwriting guidelines of a LTV of 80% and a cash flow coverage ratio of 1.25 or better. The valuation of multifamily residential collateral is provided by independent fee appraisers who have been approved by the Bank's Board of Directors.
The Bank originates fixed rate and adjustable rate loans secured by multi-family properties, which are retained in the Bank's portfolio. Adjustable rate mortgages are underwritten based on payment amounts at the interest rate reaching the lifetime cap.
Commercial, Construction, Farmland, Other Land Loans and Land Development Lending
The Bank makes commercial, construction, farmland and land acquisition and development loans. These loans generally have a higher degree of risk than residential mortgage loans, but also have higher yields. To minimize these risks, the Bank normally obtains appropriate collateral and requires the personal guarantees from the borrower's principal owners and monitors the financial condition of its business borrowers. Commercial business loans typically are made on the basis of the borrower's ability to make repayment from cash flow from its business. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial business loans is substantially dependent on the success of the business itself. Furthermore, the collateral for commercial business loans may depreciate over time and generally cannot be appraised with as much precision as historically been the case with residential real estate.
At December 31, 2017, commercial real estate loans aggregated $115.9 million, or 26.8 percent, of the Bank's total loans. In its underwriting of commercial real estate, the Bank may lend, under its policy, up to 80% of the secured property's appraised value. The Bank's commercial real estate loan underwriting criteria require an examination of debt service coverage ratios and the borrower's creditworthiness, prior credit history and reputation. The Bank also evaluates the location of the secured property, and as noted above, typically requires personal guarantees or endorsements of the borrowing entity's principal owners.
Construction and Land Development loans, including acquisition and development loans, are primarily those secured by residential houses and commercial structures under construction and the underlying land for which the loan was obtained. Over the past two years the Bank has significantly reduced the number of originations of construction and land development loans in all of its market areas in an effort to reduce portfolio risk.
At December 31, 2017, construction, farmland, and other land loans outstanding were $29.1 million, or 6.7 percent, of total loans. Construction lending entails significant additional risks and often involves larger loan balances concentrated with single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Another risk involved in construction lending is attributable to the fact that loan funds are advanced to fund construction, the value of which is estimated prior to the completion of construction on an "as built" basis. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately estimate the total loan funds required to complete the project and the completed loan-to-value ratios. To mitigate the risks associated with construction lending, the Bank generally limits loan amounts to 80% of as built appraised value, in addition to analyzing the creditworthiness of its borrowers. The Bank obtains a first lien on the property as security for construction loans, monitors the construction and advance process and, if a business entity, typically requires personal guarantees from the borrowing entity's principal owners.

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Commercial and Agricultural Lending-- Non-Real Estate Secured and Unsecured
The Bank makes local commercial and agricultural unsecured and non-real estate secured loans. These loans generally have a higher degree of risk than other loans. To manage these risks, the Bank generally obtains collateral, such as assignments of inventory or accounts receivable, equipment, and personal guarantees from the borrowing entity's principal owners. In its underwriting of commercial and agricultural non-real estate secured loans, the Bank may lend, under internal policy, up to 80% of the secured collateral appraised value. The Bank's commercial and agricultural non-real estate secured and unsecured underwriting criteria require adequate debt service coverage ratios and the borrower's creditworthiness, prior credit history and reputation. As commercial business and agricultural non-real estate secured loans typically are made on the basis of the borrower's ability to make repayment from cash flow, the availability of funds for the repayment is substantially dependent on the success of the business itself.
At December 31, 2017, commercial and agricultural non-real estate secured loans including unsecured loans aggregated $39.7 million, or 9.2 percent, of the Bank's total loans.
Consumer Lending-Non Real Estate Secured and Unsecured
The Bank offers various secured and unsecured consumer loans, including unsecured personal loans and lines of credit, automobile loans, deposit account loans made on both an installment and demand basis. At December 31, 2017, the Bank had consumer loans of $14.2 million or 3.3 percent of gross loans. Such loans are generally made to customers with whom the Bank has a pre-existing relationship, often deposit and residential mortgage relationships. The Bank only originates its consumer loans in its geographic market area. The underwriting standards employed by the Bank for consumer loans include a determination of the applicant's payment history on other debts and an assessment of the ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan. The stability of the applicant's monthly income may be determined by the verification of gross monthly income from primary employment and additionally from any verifiable secondary source. The applicant's FICO scores are also analyzed with the credit report analysis. Although creditworthiness of the applicant is of primary consideration, the underwriting process also includes an analysis of the value of the available collateral, if applicable.
Consumer loans may entail significant risk, particularly if unsecured, such as lines of credit, or secured by rapidly depreciable assets such as automobiles. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance. The remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower. In addition, consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower's continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be adversely affected by job loss, divorce, illness or personal bankruptcy. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount which can be recovered on such loans. Such loans may also give rise to claims and defenses by a consumer borrower against an assignee of collateral securing the loan such as the Bank and a borrower may raise claims which it has against the seller of the underlying collateral to prevent collection.
Participation Loans
In addition to secondary marketing activities related to 1-4 family residential mortgage loans, the Bank will occasionally buy or sell all or a portion of a loan. The Bank will consider selling a loan or a participation in a loan, if: (i) the full amount of the loan to a single borrower will exceed the Bank's legal lending limit, which is 15 percent of the unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus of the Bank; (ii) the full amount of the loan, when combined with a borrower's previously outstanding loans, will exceed the Bank's legal lending limit to a single borrower; (iii) the Board of Directors or the Senior Officer Loan Committee believes that a particular borrower has a sufficient level of debt with the Bank; (iv) the borrower requests the sale; (v) the loan to deposit ratio is at or above the optimal level as determined by Bank management; and/or (vi) the loan may create too great a concentration of loans in one particular location, one industry or in one particular type of loan. The Bank will consider purchasing a participation in a loan from another financial institution if the loan meets all applicable credit quality standards; (i) the Bank's loan to deposit ratio is at a level where additional loans would be desirable; and/or (ii) a common customer requests the purchase.
The following table sets forth, for the two fiscal years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the percentage of total operating revenue contributed by each class of similar services which contributed 15% or more of total operating revenues of the Company during such periods.
Year Ended
Class of Service
Percentage of Total Revenues
December 31, 2017
Interest and Fees on Loans
81.83%
December 31, 2016
Interest and Fees on Loans
79.21%


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Market Area
The Bank operates five offices in Southwest Virginia, five offices in the Tri-Cities area straddling the Tennessee/Virginia border, three offices in the vicinity of Knoxville, Tennessee, and two offices in the High County region of Northwestern North Carolina

Southwest Virginia Market Area
Bristol, Virginia is located in far southwestern Virginia and lies directly on the Virginia-Tennessee state line. Washington County surrounds Bristol to the west, north and east. In the Bristol/Washington County community, educational/health care services, manufacturing, and retail trade sectors are the largest industries, in terms of total number of jobs in 2017.
The Bank has a branch office located in Marion which is the county seat of Smyth County, Virginia. Marion is approximately 30 miles northeast of Abingdon, Virginia. In Smyth County, educational/health care services, manufacturing, and retail trade sectors are the largest industries.
Tri-Cities Market Area
Bristol, Tennessee is located in Sullivan County, Tennessee and is Bristol, Virginia's twin city. Bristol, Tennessee's three largest employment sectors are educational/health care services, manufacturing, and retail trade.
Rogersville, Tennessee is located in Hawkins County approximately 45 miles southwest of Bristol, Tennessee. Rogersville is the county seat for Hawkins County. Rogersville's and Hawkins County's largest employment sectors are educational/health care services, manufacturing, and retail trade.
Knoxville Market Area
Sevierville, Tennessee is located in Sevier County, Tennessee. Sevierville, Tennessee is located approximately 20 miles east of Knoxville, Tennessee. Sevierville serves as the county seat and is the largest city located in Sevier County. Major employers for the County include entertainment/recreation, retail trade, and educational/health care services. There is some industrial base that mitigates some of the seasonal employment fluctuation from the tourism and related businesses.
Knoxville, Tennessee is located in Knox County, Tennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee is located approximately 20 miles west of Sevierville, Tennessee. Knoxville serves as the county seat and is the third largest city in the state of Tennessee. Major employers for the County include educational/health care services, retail trade, and professional services. Knoxville's central location to two major interstate highways which link the eastern half of the United States continues to provide many opportunities for economic growth in the future.
High Country Market Area
Banner Elk, North Carolina is located in Avery County in the northwestern mountains of North Carolina. In Banner Elk, educational/health care services, retail trade, tourism and arts/entertainment are the largest industries.
Boone, North Carolina is located in Watauga County in the northwestern mountains of North Carolina. Boone's three largest employment sectors are educational/health care services, entertainment/recreation services, and retail trade.

Competition
The banking and financial service business in Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee generally, and in the Bank's market areas specifically, is highly competitive. The increasingly competitive environment is a result of changes in regulation, changes in technology and product delivery systems and new competition from non-traditional financial services. The Bank competes for loans and deposits with other commercial banks, savings and loan associations, securities and brokerage companies, mortgage companies, money market funds, credit unions and other non-bank financial service providers. Many of these competitors are much larger in total assets and capitalization, have greater access to capital markets and offer a broader array of financial services than the Bank.
In order to compete, the Bank relies upon service-based business philosophies, personal relationships with customers, specialized services tailored to meet customers' needs and the convenience of office locations and extended hours of operation. The Bank is generally competitive with other financial institutions in its market areas with respect to interest rates paid on deposit accounts, interest rates charged on loans and other service charges on loans and deposit accounts. Deposit market share for each of the Bank's market areas can be found on the FDIC's website at www.fdic.gov under the Industry Analysis/Summary of Deposits section.


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Regulatory Considerations
The Company and the Bank are subject to various state and federal banking laws and regulations which impose specific requirements or restrictions on and provide for general regulatory oversight with respect to virtually all aspects of operations. As a result of the substantial regulatory burdens on banking, financial institutions, including the Company and the Bank, are disadvantaged relative to other competitors who are not as highly regulated, and our costs of doing business are much higher.
The following is a summary of the material provisions of certain statutes, rules and regulations which affect the Company and the Bank. This summary is qualified in its entirety by reference to the particular statutory and regulatory provisions referred to below, and is not intended to be an exhaustive description of the statutes or regulations which are applicable to the business of the Company and the Bank. Any change in applicable laws or regulations could have a material adverse effect on the business and prospects of the Company and the Bank.

Highlands Bankshares, Inc.
The Company is a bank holding company within the meaning of the BHCA and a financial institution holding company within the meaning of Chapter 7 of the Virginia Banking Act, as amended (the Virginia Banking Act). The activities of the Company also are governed by the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999.
The Bank Holding Company Act. The BHCA is administered by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board, and the Company is required to file with the Federal Reserve an annual report and any additional information the Federal Reserve Board may require under the BHCA. The Federal Reserve Board also is authorized to examine the Company and its subsidiaries. The BHCA requires every bank holding company to obtain the approval of the Federal Reserve Board before (i) it or any of its subsidiaries (other than a bank) acquires substantially all the assets of any bank; (ii) it acquires ownership or control of any voting shares of any bank if after the acquisition it would own or control, directly or indirectly, more than 5% of the voting shares of the bank; or (iii) it merges or consolidates with any other bank holding company.
The BHCA and the Change in Bank Control Act, together with regulations promulgated by the Federal Reserve Board, require that, depending on the particular circumstances, either Federal Reserve Board approval must be obtained or notice must be furnished to the Federal Reserve Board and not disapproved prior to any person or company acquiring "control" of a bank holding company, such as the Company, subject to certain exemptions. Control is conclusively presumed to exist if an individual or company acquires 25% or more of any class of voting securities of the Company. Control is presumed to exist (but rebuttable) if a person acquires 10% or more, but less than 25%, of any class of voting securities of the Company. The regulations provide a procedure for challenging the rebuttable control presumption.
Under the BHCA, a bank holding company is generally prohibited from engaging in, or acquiring direct or indirect control of more than 5% of the voting shares of any company engaged in non-banking activities, unless the Federal Reserve Board, by order or regulation, has found those activities to be so closely related to banking or managing or controlling banks as to be incident to banking. Subject to its capital requirements and certain other restrictions, the Company can borrow money to make a capital contribution to the Bank, and these loans may be repaid from dividends paid from the Bank to the Company (although the ability of the Bank to pay dividends are subject to regulatory restrictions). The Company can raise capital for contribution to the Bank by issuing securities without having to receive regulatory approval, subject to compliance with federal and state securities laws.
The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (the GLBA) permits significant combinations among different sectors of the financial services industry; allows for significant expansion of financial service activities by bank holding companies and provides for a regulatory framework by various governmental authorities responsible for different financial activities; and offers certain financial privacy protections to consumers. The GLBA repealed affiliation and management interlock prohibitions of the Depression-era Glass-Steagall Act and, by amending the Bank Holding Company Act, the GLBA added new substantive provisions to the non-banking activities permitted under the BHCA with the creation of the financial holding company. The GLBA preempts most state laws that prohibit financial holding companies from engaging in insurance activities. The GLBA permits affiliations between banks and securities firms within the same holding company structure, and the GLBA permits financial holding companies to directly engage in a broad range of securities and merchant banking activities. The Company has not elected to become a financial holding company. The GLBA has led to important changes in the manner in which financial services are delivered in the United States. Bank holding companies and their subsidiary banks are able to offer a much broader array of financial services; however, there is greater competition in all sectors of the financial services market.
The Virginia Banking Act. All Virginia bank holding companies must register with the Virginia State Corporation Commission (the "Commission") under the Virginia Banking Act. A registered bank holding company must provide the Commission with information with respect to the financial condition, operations, management and inter-company relationships of the holding company and its subsidiaries. The Commission also may require such other information as is necessary to keep informed about

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whether the provisions of Virginia law and the regulations and orders issued under Virginia law by the Commission have been complied with, and may make examinations of any bank holding company and its subsidiaries. The Virginia Banking Act allows bank holding companies located in any state to acquire a Virginia bank or bank holding company if the Virginia bank or bank holding company could acquire a bank holding company in their state and the Virginia bank or bank holding company to be acquired has been in existence and continuously operated for more than two years. The Virginia Banking Act permits bank holding companies from throughout the United States to enter the Virginia market, subject to federal and state approval.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the "SOX Act") implemented legislative reforms intended to address corporate and accounting fraud. In addition to the establishment of a new accounting oversight board that enforces auditing, quality control and independence standards and is funded by fees from all publicly traded companies, the law restricts provision of both auditing and consulting services by accounting firms. To ensure auditor independence, any non-audit services being provided to an audit client requires pre-approval by the issuer's audit committee members and the SOX Act also restricts certain services that the audit firm may perform. In addition, audit partners must be rotated. The SOX Act requires chief executive officers and chief financial officers, or their equivalent, to certify to the accuracy of periodic reports filed with the SEC, subject to civil and criminal penalties if they knowingly or willfully violate this certification requirement. In addition, under the SOX Act, legal counsel is required to report evidence of a material violation of the securities laws or a breach of fiduciary duty by a company to its chief executive officer or its chief financial officer, and, if such officer does not appropriately respond, to report such evidence to the audit committee or other similar committee of the board of directors or the board itself.
Dodd-Frank Act. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the "Dodd-Frank Act"), made significant changes in the regulation of financial institutions and the financial services industry. The Dodd-Frank Act included several provisions that will affect how community banks, thrifts, and small bank and thrift holding companies will be regulated in the future. Among other things, these provisions abolished the Office of Thrift Supervision and transferred its functions to the other federal banking agencies, relaxed rules regarding interstate branching, allowed financial institutions to pay interest on business checking accounts, changed the scope of federal deposit insurance coverage, and imposed new capital requirements on bank and thrift holding companies. The Dodd-Frank Act also established the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection, which is given the authority to promulgate consumer protection regulations applicable to all entities offering consumer financial services or products, including banks.
The Dodd-Frank Act also required the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau to issue regulations requiring lenders to make a reasonable good faith determination as to a prospective borrower's ability to repay a residential mortgage loan. The final "Ability to Repay" rules, which were effective January 4, 2013, established a "qualified mortgage" safe harbor for loans whose terms and features are deemed to make the loan less risky. In addition, on October 3, 2015, the new TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosure (TRID) rules for mortgage closings took effect for new loan applications.
Some provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act involved delayed effective dates and/or require implementing regulations or have not been issued in final form. Their full impact on our operations cannot yet fully be assessed. However, the Dodd-Frank Act has resulted in increased compliance and operating expense for the Company.

Highlands Union Bank
General. The Bank, as a state chartered member of the Federal Reserve, is subject to regulation and examination by the Virginia State Corporation Commission Bureau of Financial Institutions and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. In addition, the Bank is subject to the rules and regulations of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Deposits in the Bank are insured by the FDIC up to a maximum amount (generally $250,000 per depositor, subject to aggregation rules). The Federal Reserve Board and the Bureau of Financial Institutions regulate or monitor all areas of the Bank's operations, including security devices and procedures, adequacy of capitalization and loss reserves, loans, investments, borrowings, deposits, mergers, issuances of securities, payment of dividends, interest rates paid on deposits, interest rates or fees charged on loans, establishment of branches, corporate reorganizations and maintenance of books and records. The Federal Reserve Board requires the Bank to maintain certain capital ratios. The Bank is required by the Federal Reserve Board to prepare quarterly reports on the Bank's financial condition and to conduct an annual audit of its financial affairs in compliance with minimum standards and procedures prescribed by the Federal Reserve Board. The Bank also is required by the Federal Reserve Board to adopt internal control structures and procedures in order to safeguard assets and monitor and reduce risk exposure. While appropriate for safety and soundness of banks, these requirements impact banking overhead costs.
Under the provisions of federal law, federally insured banks are subject, with certain exceptions, to certain restrictions on extensions of credit to their affiliates, on investments in the stock or other securities of affiliates and on the taking of such stock or securities as collateral from any borrower. In addition, these banks are prohibited from engaging in certain tie-in arrangements in connection with any extension of credit or the providing of any property or service. The Virginia State Corporation Commission and the Federal Reserve Board conduct regular examinations of the Bank reviewing the adequacy of

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the loan loss reserves, quality of the loans and investments, propriety of management practices, compliance with laws and regulations and other aspects of the bank's operations. In addition to these regular examinations, Virginia chartered banks must furnish to the Federal Reserve Board quarterly reports containing detailed financial statements and schedules.
Community Reinvestment Act. The Bank is subject to the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 (the "CRA"), which requires the appropriate federal bank regulatory agency, in connection with its regular examination of a bank, to assess the bank's record in meeting the credit needs of the community served by the Bank, including low and moderate-income neighborhoods. The focus of the regulations is on the volume and distribution of a bank's loans, with particular emphasis on lending activity in low and moderate-income areas and to low and moderate-income persons. The regulations place substantial importance on a bank's product delivery system, particularly branch locations. The regulations require banks to comply with significant data collection requirements. The regulatory agency's assessment of the bank's record is made available to the public. Further, this assessment is required for any bank which has applied to, among other things, establish a new branch office that will accept deposits, relocate an existing office, or merge, consolidate with or acquire the assets or assume the liabilities of a federally regulated financial institution. Management expects that the Bank's compliance with the CRA, as well as other fair lending laws, will face ongoing government scrutiny and that costs associated with compliance will continue to increase. The Bank received a "Satisfactory" CRA rating in the last examination by bank regulators.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (FDICIA) requires each federal banking regulatory agency to prescribe, by regulation, standards for all insured depository institutions and depository institution holding companies relating to (i) internal controls, information systems and audit systems; (ii) loan documentation; (iii) credit underwriting; (iv) interest rate exposure; (v) asset growth; (vi) compensation, fees and benefits; and (vii) such other operational and managerial standards as the agency determines to be appropriate. The compensation standards prohibit employment contracts, compensation or benefit arrangements, stock option plans, fee arrangements or other compensatory arrangements that provide excessive compensation, fees or benefits or could lead to material financial loss. In addition, each federal banking regulatory agency must prescribe by regulation standards specifying (i) a maximum ratio of classified assets to capital; (ii) minimum earnings sufficient to absorb losses without impairing capital; (iii) to the extent feasible, a minimum ratio of market value to book value for publicly traded shares of depository institutions and depository institution holding companies; and (iv) such other standards relating to asset quality, earnings and valuation as the agency determines to be appropriate. If an insured institution fails to meet any of the standards promulgated by regulation, then such institution will be required to submit a plan to its federal regulatory agency specifying the steps it will take to correct the deficiency.
Prompt corrective action measures adopted in FDICIA impose significant restrictions and requirements on depository institutions that fail to meet their minimum capital requirements. Under Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act (the FDI Act), the federal banking regulatory agencies have developed a classification system pursuant to which all depository institutions are placed into one of five categories based on their capital levels and other supervisory criteria: well capitalized, adequately capitalized; undercapitalized; significantly undercapitalized; and critically undercapitalized.
The Bank met the requirements at December 31, 2017 to be classified as "well-capitalized." This classification is determined solely for the purposes of applying the prompt corrective action regulations and may not constitute an accurate representation of the Bank's overall financial condition.
If its principal federal regulator determines that an adequately capitalized institution is in an unsafe or unsound condition or is engaging in an unsafe or unsound practice, it may require the institution to submit a corrective action plan, restrict its asset growth and prohibit branching, new acquisitions and new lines of business. An institution's principal federal regulator may deem it to be engaging in unsafe or unsound practices if it receives a less than satisfactory rating for asset quality, management, earnings or liquidity in its most recent examination.
Section 36 of FDICIA requires insured depository institutions with at least $500 million but less than $1 billion in total assets to file annual reports that must include the following:
•
Audited comparative annual financial statements
•
The independent public accountant's report on the audited financial statements
•
A management report that contains a statement of management's responsibilities for preparing the financial statement, establishing and maintaining an adequate internal control structure over financial reporting and complying with the laws and regulations designed by the FDIC and appropriate banking regulators
•
An assessment by management of the institution's compliance with the designated laws and regulations during the year.
The Riegle-Neal Interstate Banking and Branching Efficiency Act of 1994 (the Interstate Act) allows bank holding companies to acquire banks in any state, without regard to state law, except that if the state has a minimum requirement for the amount of time a bank must be in existence, that law must be preserved. Under the Virginia Banking Act, a Virginia bank or all of the

9


subsidiaries of Virginia holding companies sought to be acquired must have been in continuous operation for more than two years before the date of such proposed acquisition. The Interstate Act also permits banks to acquire out-of-state branches through interstate mergers, if the state has not opted out of interstate branching. De novo branching, where an out-of-state bank holding company sets up a new branch in another state, requires a state's specific approval. An acquisition or merger is not permitted under the Interstate Act if the bank, including its insured depository affiliates, will control more than 10% of the total amount of deposits of insured depository institutions in the United States, or will control 30% or more of the total amount of deposits of insured depository institutions in any state.
Virginia has, by statute, elected to opt-in fully to interstate branching under the Interstate Act. Under the Virginia statute, Virginia state banks may, with the approval of the Virginia State Corporation Commission, establish and maintain a de novo branch or acquire one or more branches in a state other than Virginia, either separately or as part of a merger. Procedures also are established to allow out-of-state domiciled banks to establish or acquire branches in Virginia, provided the "home" state of the bank permits Virginia banks to establish or acquire branches within its borders. The activities of these branches are subject to the same laws as Virginia domiciled banks, unless such activities are prohibited by the law of the state where the bank is organized. The Virginia State Corporation Commission has the authority to examine and supervise out-of-state state banks to ensure that the branch is operating in a safe and sound manner and in compliance with the laws of Virginia. The Virginia statute authorizes the Bureau of Financial Institutions to enter into cooperative agreements with other state and federal regulators for the examination and supervision of out-of-state banks with Virginia operations, or Virginia domiciled banks with operations in other states. Likewise, national banks, with the approval of the OCC, may branch into and out of the state of Virginia. Any Virginia branch of an out-of-state state chartered bank is subject to Virginia law (enforced by the Virginia Bureau of Financial Institutions) with respect to intrastate branching, consumer protection, fair lending and community reinvestment as if it were a branch of a Virginia bank, unless preempted by federal law.
Deposit Insurance. The Bank's deposits are insured up to applicable limits by the Deposit Insurance Fund (DIF) of the FDIC. Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, FDIC insurance coverage limits on deposits were permanently increased to $250,000.
The FDIC has adopted a risk-based assessment system to determine assessment rates to be paid by member institutions, such as the Bank. The amount of the assessment is a function of the institution's assessment rate and its assessment base. Under this system, an institution's supervisory ratings, combined with certain other risk measures, including certain financial ratios. In February 2011, the FDIC revised the risk-based assessment system to set new assessment rates that were effective on April 1, 2011. The initial base assessment rates currently range from 3 to 30 basis points, subject to potential adjustments based on the amount of the institution's long-term unsecured debt. After the effect of potential base-rate adjustments, the total base assessment rate can range from 1.5 to 30 basis points. As the DIF reserve ratio grows, the rate schedule will be adjusted downward. Also effective April 1, 2011, the assessment base is an institution's average consolidated total assets less its average tangible equity.
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (the GLBA) allows banks, with primary regulator approval, to acquire financial subsidiaries to engage in any activity that is financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity, as defined in the Bank Holding Act, except (i) insurance underwriting, (ii) merchant or insurance portfolio investments, and (iii) real estate development or investment. Well-capitalized banks are also given the authority to engage in municipal bond underwriting.
To establish or acquire a financial subsidiary, a bank must be well-managed, and the consolidated assets of its financial subsidiary must not exceed the lesser of 45% of the consolidated total assets of the bank or $50 billion. The relationship between a bank and a financial subsidiary are subject to a variety of supervisory enhancements from regulators.
USA Patriot Act. The USA Patriot Act facilitates the sharing of information among government entities and financial institutions to combat terrorism and money laundering. The USA Patriot Act creates an obligation on banks to report customer activities that may involve terrorist activities or money laundering.
Government Policies. The operations of the Bank are affected not only by general economic conditions, but also by the policies of various regulatory authorities. In particular, the Federal Reserve Board regulates money and credit and interest rates in order to influence general economic conditions. These policies have a significant influence on overall growth and distribution of loans, investments and deposits and affect interest rates charged on loans or paid for time and savings deposits. Federal Reserve Board monetary policies have had a significant effect on the operating results of commercial banks in the past and are expected to continue to do so in the future.
Limits on Dividends and Other Payments. The Company is a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank; virtually all of the Company's cash reserves, and its ability to pay dividends to the Company's shareholders, are dependent on the ability of the Bank to upstream dividends to it. As a state member bank subject to the regulations of the Federal Reserve Board, the Bank must obtain the approval of the Federal Reserve Board for any dividend if the total of all dividends declared in any calendar year would exceed the total of its net profits, as defined by the Federal Reserve Board, for that year, combined with its retained net profits for the preceding two years. In addition, the Federal Reserve Board is authorized to determine, under certain

10


circumstances relating to the financial condition of a state member bank, that the payment of dividends would be an unsafe or unsound practice and to prohibit payment thereof. The payment of dividends that depletes a bank's capital base could be deemed to constitute such an unsafe or unsound practice.
Virginia law also imposes restrictions on the ability of the Bank to pay dividends. A Virginia state bank is permitted to declare a dividend out of its "net undivided profits", after providing for all expenses, losses, interest and taxes accrued or due by the bank. In addition, a deficit in capital originally paid in must be restored to its initial level, and no dividend can be paid which could impair the Bank's paid in capital. The Bureau of Financial Institutions further has authority to limit the payment of dividends by a Virginia bank if it determines the limitation is in the public interest and is necessary to ensure the bank's financial soundness.
The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 (FDICIA) provides that no insured depository institution may make any capital distribution (which would include a cash dividend) if, after making the distribution, the institution would not satisfy one or more of its minimum capital requirements. The Federal Reserve Board has indicated that banking organizations, including bank holding companies, should generally pay dividends only out of current operating earnings. Federal regulators also have indicated that bank holding companies generally should pay dividends only if the organization's net income available to company shareholders is sufficient to fully fund the dividends as well as maintaining sufficient capital levels.
Capital Requirements
The federal banking agencies adopted new regulations that implement the Basel III regulatory capital reforms and changes required by the Dodd-Frank Act.
Effective January 1, 2015, the Bank became subject to new capital requirements adopted by the Federal Reserve (with some changes transitioned into full effectiveness over two to four years). The new requirements created a new required ratio for common equity Tier 1 ("CET1") capital, increased the leverage and Tier 1 capital ratios, changed the risk weight of certain assets for purposes of the risk-based capital ratios, created an additional capital conservation buffer over the required capital ratios and changed what qualifies as capital for purposes of meeting these various capital requirements. CET1 generally consists of common stock and retained earnings, subject to applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions.
Beginning in 2016, failure to maintain the required capital conservation buffer will limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends or pay discretionary bonuses. The Company is exempt from consolidated capital requirements as those requirements do not apply to certain small bank holding companies with assets under $1 billion.
Under the new capital regulations, the minimum capital ratios are as follows:
•
CET1 capital ratio of 4.5% of risk-weighted assets (new);
•
Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0% of risk-weighted assets (increased from 4%);
•
Total capital ratio of 8.0% of risk-weighted assets (unchanged); and,
•
Leverage ratio of 4.0% (unchanged).
There are a number of changes in what constitutes regulatory capital, some of which are subject to transition periods. These changes include the phasing-out of certain instruments as qualifying capital. The Bank does not use any of these instruments. Under the new requirements for total capital, Tier 2 capital is no longer limited to the amount of Tier 1 capital included in total capital. Mortgage servicing rights, certain deferred tax assets and investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries over designated percentages of CET1 will be deducted from capital. The Bank has elected to permanently opt-out of the inclusion of accumulated other comprehensive income in our capital calculations, as permitted by the regulations. This opt-out will reduce the impact of market volatility on our regulatory capital levels.
The new requirements also include changes in the risk-weights of assets to better reflect credit risk and other risk exposures. These include a 150% risk weight (increased from 100%) for certain high volatility commercial real estate acquisition, development and construction loans and for non-residential mortgage loans that are 90 days past due or otherwise in non-accrual status; a 20% (increased from 0%) credit conversion factor for the unused portion of a commitment with an original maturity of one year or less that is not unconditionally cancellable; a 250% risk weight (increased from 100%) for mortgage servicing and deferred tax assets that are not deducted from capital; and increased risk weights (0% to 600%) for equity exposures.
In addition to the minimum CET1, Tier 1 and total capital ratios, the Bank will have to maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of additional CET1 capital greater than 2.5% of risk-weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends or paying discretionary bonuses based on percentages of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions. Phase-in of this new capital conservation buffer requirement commenced in January 2016 at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets and will increase each year until fully implemented in January 2019.

11


Under the new standards, which became effective January 1, 2015, in order to be considered well-capitalized, the Bank must have a CET1 ratio of 6.5% (new), a Tier 1 ratio of 8.0% (increased from 6.0%), a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0% (unchanged), and a leverage ratio of 5.0% (unchanged).
The risk-based capital standards of the Federal Reserve explicitly identify concentrations of credit risk and the risk arising from non-traditional activities, as well as an institution's ability to manage these risks, as important factors to be taken into account by the agency in assessing an institution's overall capital adequacy. The capital guidelines also provide that an institution's exposure to a decline in the economic value of its capital due to changes in interest rates be considered by the agency as a factor in evaluating a banking organization's capital adequacy.
The FDIC may take various corrective actions against any undercapitalized bank and any bank that fails to submit an acceptable capital restoration plan or fails to implement a plan accepted by the FDIC. These powers include, but are not limited to, requiring the institution to be recapitalized, prohibiting asset growth, restricting interest rates paid, requiring prior approval of capital distributions by any bank holding company that controls the institution, requiring divestiture by the institution of its subsidiaries or by the holding company of the institution itself, requiring new election of directors, and requiring the dismissal of directors and officers. The Company and the Bank presently maintain sufficient capital to remain in compliance with these capital requirements.
Other Legislative and Regulatory Concerns
Other legislative and regulatory proposals regarding changes in banking and the regulation of banks, thrifts and other financial institutions are periodically considered by the executive branch of the federal government, Congress and various state governments, including Virginia. New proposals could significantly change the regulation of banks and the financial services industry. It cannot be predicted what might be proposed or adopted or how these proposals would affect the Company.
Formal Written Agreement
On October 13, 2010, the Company and Bank entered into a written agreement ("Written Agreement") with the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond (the "Reserve Bank"). Under the terms of the Written Agreement, the Bank has agreed to develop and submit to the Reserve Bank for approval within the time periods specified therein written plans or programs to:
•
strengthen board oversight of the management and operations of the Bank;
•
strengthen credit risk management and administration;
•
provide for the effective grading of the Bank's loan portfolio;
•
summarize the findings of its review of the adequacy of the staffing of its loan review function;
•
improve the Bank's position with respect to loans, relationships, or other assets in excess of $500,000 that currently are or in the future become past due more than 90 days, on the Bank's problem loan list, or adversely classified in any report of examination of the Bank;
•
review and revise the Bank's methodology for determining the allowance for loan and lease losses ("ALLL") and maintain an adequate ALLL;
•
maintain sufficient capital at the Company and the Bank;
•
establish a revised written contingency funding plan;
•
establish a revised written strategic and capital plan;
•
establish a revised investment policy;
•
improve the Bank's earnings and overall condition;
•
revise the Bank's information technology program;
•
establish a disaster recovery and business continuity program; and,
•
establish a committee to monitor compliance with all aspects of the written agreement.
Further, both the Company and the Bank have agreed to refrain from declaring or paying dividends without prior regulatory approval. The Company has agreed that it will not take any other form of payment representing a reduction in Bank's capital or make any distributions of interest, principal or other sums on subordinated debentures or trust preferred securities without prior regulatory approval. The Company also has agreed not to incur, increase or guarantee any debt or not to purchase or redeem any shares of its stock without prior regulatory approval.
The following summarizes the Company's progress to comply with the items in the Written Agreement as of December 31, 2017:
•
A new board oversight policy has been approved and implemented;
•
Revised the Bank's loan grading system and ALLL methodology;
•
Improved credit administration policies have been established; the Bank has engaged a third party to provide an independent credit review
•
Implemented problem loan action reports and problem asset reports for all assets over $500,000; these reports are reviewed with the Board and provided to the Federal Reserve Bank on a quarterly basis;

12


•
Revised the written contingency funding plan;
•
Implemented stress testing of the loan portfolio;
•
Revised the investment policy;
•
Completed a three year capital plan targeted to improve the Company's and Bank's capital levels to include strategically reducing the risk weighted assets of the Company and improving earnings;
•
Completed a business continuity plan and disaster recovery plan; and,
•
Formed a Directors' compliance committee to monitor the progress of each item in the written agreement. The committee meets at least quarterly and files a report with the Federal Reserve Bank.

Organization and Employment
The Company, the Bank, HUFS, HUIS, and Russell Road, LLC, are organized in a holding company/subsidiary structure. As of December 31, 2017, the Company had no employees, although certain Bank employees are designated as officers of the Company. The Bank pays all employee and officer salaries and director fees. At December 31, 2017, the Bank employed 153 full time equivalent employees at its main office, operations center, support centers and branch offices. The Company's relationship with its employees is considered to be good.
The Company executed an employment agreement with CEO Timothy Schools in December 2015, which was reported on the Company's Form 8-K on December 14, 2015. This is the only employment agreement in effect at December 31, 2017.

Company Website
The Bank maintains a website at www.hubank.com. The Company makes available through the Bank's website its annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after the material is electronically filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.


Item 1A. Risk Factors

Not applicable

Item 1B.  Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable

Item 2. Properties

The Company's and the Bank's headquarters are located at 340 W. Main Street, Abingdon, Virginia. In addition to the Bank's Main Office location, the Bank owns thirteen branch offices located in Southwest Virginia, the Tri-Cities area that straddles Virginia and Tennessee, the Knoxville area and the High Country area of Northwestern North Carolina. The Bank owns the land and buildings of all of these branch offices as well as the main office for the Company and Bank. The Bank also owns the land and three buildings used for its customer call center, computer, loan and deposit operations, and facilities departments in Abingdon, Virginia.

The Bank currently has four properties held for sale that were previously used for or purchased for banking operations.

All of the existing properties are in good operating condition and are adequate for the Company's present and anticipated future needs.

13




Item 3.  Legal Proceedings

On December 23, 2015, James M. Brock and Jean W. Brock (together, "Brock") filed a complaint in the Circuit Court of Grayson County, Virginia, alleging that the Bank acted negligently when it foreclosed on property adjacent to the Brock's property and allegedly failed to remediate the foreclosed property, allegedly causing damage to Brock's property. Brock seeks damages of $200,000 plus prejudgment interest, attorneys' fees, and costs. The Bank denies any wrongdoing in this matter and intends to vigorously defend itself.  No trial date has yet been set. The Company is unable to estimate the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome or the amount or range of potential loss.
The Company, the Bank and other subsidiaries are occasionally named as defendants in various legal actions arising from our normal business activities in which damages in various amounts are claimed. Although the amount of any ultimate liability with respect to those matters cannot be determined, in the opinion of management, no legal actions currently exist that are expected to have a material effect on the Company's consolidated financial statements.


Item 4.  Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable

14



PART II.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity,  Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Common Stock Information and Dividends

Trades in the Company's Common stock are reported on the OTCQX marketplace. These parties negotiate the per share price independent of the Company. The Company's transfer agent is Computershare. 

The following table provides market prices for trades in the Company's Common stock for each of the four quarters for 2017 and 2016.
Common Stock Performance – 2017
 
 
High
 
Low
 
Quarterly Average
 
Dividends per Share
First Quarter
 
$
7.28

 
$
5.95

 
$
6.86

 
$
—

Second Quarter
 
$
7.50

 
$
6.65

 
$
7.08

 
$
—

Third Quarter
 
$
7.25

 
$
6.86

 
$
7.04

 
$
—

Fourth Quarter
 
$
7.56

 
$
6.92

 
$
7.16

 
$
—

Common Stock Performance – 2016
 
 
High
 
Low
 
Quarterly Average
 
Dividends per Share
First Quarter
 
$
6.25

 
$
4.85

 
$
5.31

 
$
—

Second Quarter
 
$
7.00

 
$
5.15

 
$
5.89

 
$
—

Third Quarter
 
$
5.70

 
$
4.55

 
$
5.18

 
$
—

Fourth Quarter
 
$
5.95

 
$
4.90

 
$
5.03

 
$
—


The Company is currently prohibited from paying dividends without regulatory approval under the terms of the Written Agreement dated October 13, 2010. For additional information regarding regulatory restrictions on the Company's ability to pay dividends, see "Regulatory Considerations - Highlands Union Bank – Limits on Dividends and Other Payments" in Item 1 above.

In connection with its capital raise in 2014, the Company issued shares of Series A Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock (the "Series A Preferred Stock"). Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to receive, when and if declared by the Board of Directors or a duly authorized committee of the Board of Directors, out of funds legally available therefore, non-cumulative dividends in the same per share amount as the dividends paid on a share of common stock. The Company will not pay any dividends with respect to its common stock unless an equivalent dividend also is paid to the holders of the Series A Preferred Stock.

As of April 2, 2018, the Company had approximately 1,347 shareholders of record.

Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

The Company had no repurchases of common stock during the twelve months ended December 31, 2017.  The Company does not anticipate any repurchases during 2018 as the Company currently is prohibited from repurchasing its common stock without regulatory approval under the terms of the Written Agreement dated October 13, 2010.

The Company currently has 8,199,229 shares of common stock outstanding as of April 2, 2018.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Not Applicable

15




Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis is provided to address information about the Company's financial condition and results of operations that is not otherwise apparent from the Consolidated Financial Statements and the notes thereto or included in this report. Reference should be made to those statements and the notes thereto for an understanding of the following discussion and analysis.

Caution About Forward-Looking Statements
This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, including certain plans, expectations, goals and projections, which are inherently subject to numerous assumptions, risks and uncertainties. The Company's actual results could differ materially from those set forth or implied in the forward-looking statements.
Such forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks including, but not limited to, the following factors:
•
adverse economic conditions in the market areas we serve and the impact on credit quality of risks inherent in the loan portfolio, including repayment risk and fluctuations collateral values;
•
our ability to manage, dispose of and properly value non-performing assets and other real estate owned;
•
further deterioration in housing market and collateral values;
•
our ability to assess the creditworthiness of our loan customers and to maintain an adequate allowance for loan losses;
•
our ability to maintain adequate sources of funding and liquidity, including customer deposits and access to secondary sources such as Federal Home Loan Bank advances;
•
our ability to attract and maintain capital levels adequate to support our asset levels and risk profile;
•
our ability to comply with the October 13, 2010 written agreement with the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond;
•
our ability to successfully manage interest rate risk and changes in interest rates and interest rate policies;
•
reliance on our management team, including our ability to attract and retain key personnel;
•
our ability to successfully manage our strategic plan;
•
difficult market conditions in our industry that exist now or may develop in future periods;
•
problems with technology utilized by us;
•
our ability to successfully manage third-party vendors upon whom we are dependent;
•
competition with other banks, non-bank financial institutions, and companies outside of the banking industry, including companies that have substantially greater access to capital and other resources;
•
potential impact on us of recently-enacted legislation and future regulations;
•
changes in accounting policies or standards;
•
demand, development and acceptance of new products an services; and
•
changing trends in customer profiles and behavior.


Critical Accounting Policies
The financial condition and results of operations presented in the Consolidated Financial Statements, accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and management's discussion and analysis are, to a large degree, dependent upon the accounting policies of the Company. The selection and application of these accounting policies involve judgments, estimates, and uncertainties that are susceptible to change.
Presented below is a discussion of the Accounting Policies that management believes are important to the understanding of the Company's financial condition and results of operations. These critical accounting policies require management's most difficult, subjective and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. In the event that different assumptions or conditions were to prevail, and depending upon the severity of such changes, the possibility of materially different financial condition or results of operations is a reasonable likelihood. See also Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
The Company monitors credit quality and maintains an allowance for loan losses to absorb the estimate of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses is based on management's judgment and analysis of current and historical loss experience, risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, concentrations of credit and asset quality, as well as other internal and external factors, such as general economic conditions. The Company recognizes the inherent imprecision in estimates of losses due to various uncertainties, and variability related to the factors used. If different assumptions or conditions were to prevail and it is determined that the allowance is not adequate to absorb the new estimate of probable losses, an additional provision for loan losses would be made, which amount may be material to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

16



Performance Summary

The following table provides certain key performance ratios for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
 
2017
 
2016
Return on average assets
(0.07
)%
 
—

Return on average equity
(0.78
)%
 
0.02
%
Basic earnings (loss) per share
$
(0.05
)
 
$
—

Fully diluted earnings (loss) per share
$
(0.05
)
 
$
—

Net interest margin
3.54
 %
 
3.60
%
 
 
 
 


Results of Operations

The Company reported a consolidated net loss of $(437,000) for the year ended December 31, 2017, compared to net income of $12,000 for the year ended December 31, 2016. Income before income taxes totaled $5.3 million for 2017, compared to loss before income taxes of $(348,000) for 2016. The Company recorded income tax expense of $5.7 million during 2017, $4.0 million of which relates to the revaluation of the Company's net deferred tax asset resulting from enactment of the the Tax Cut and Jobs Act on December 22, 2017.

The following table provides summarized income statements for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
 
 
Year ended December 31,
 
(thousands)
 
2017
 
2016
 
Net interest income
 
$
18,928

 
$
19,219

 
Provision expense
 
120

 
1,526

 
Noninterest income
 
6,036

 
4,868

 
Noninterest expense
 
19,587

 
22,909

 
Income (loss) before income taxes
 
5,257

 
(348
)
 
Income tax expense (benefit)
 
5,694

 
(360
)
 
Net income (loss)
 
$
(437
)
 
$
12

 


Net interest income
Net interest income for the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased $291,000 or 1.5 percent compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily due to a $4.1 million reduction in average interest-earning assets. While average loan balances increased slightly during 2017, average investment securities declined $3.2 million or 3.3 percent and average fed funds sold declined $2.1 million or 9.2 percent. The reductions in average investment securities and average fed funds sold occurred as existing liquidity was used to fund repayment of FHLB advances.

Average interest-bearing liabilities decreased $20.3 million during 2017 due to repayments of FHLB advances and a $7.7 million reduction in average interest-bearing deposits. The rate on average interest-bearing liabilities declined from 0.98 percent during 2016, to 0.94 percent for 2017 due to the repayment of $27.5 million of FHLB advances and change in deposit mix.


17


The following table shows the major categories of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the related interest income or expense, the average yield or rate on the average balance outstanding, net interest income, interest rate spread and net yield on average interest-earning assets for the periods indicated.
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
($ thousands)
Average balance
Interest income/expense
Yield/rate
 
Average balance
Interest income/expense
Yield/rate
 
Average balance
Interest income/expense
Yield/rate
Loans
$
420,024

$
20,427

4.86
%
 
$
419,670

$
21,327

5.08
%
 
$
416,584

$
20,930

5.02
%
Investment securities available for sale
93,425

2,148

2.30
%
 
98,364

1,968

2.18
%
 
90,835

1,748

2.13
%
Fed funds sold
20,734

192

0.93
%
 
20,589

99

0.48
%
 
31,926

85

0.27
%
Total interest-earning assets
$
534,183

$
22,767

4.26
%
 
$
538,623

$
23,394

4.38
%
 
$
539,345

$
22,763

4.26
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest-bearing deposits
$
351,824

1,854

0.53
%
 
$
359,556

$
1,794

0.50
%
 
$
369,389

$
2,169

0.59
%
FHLB advances
55,164

1,985

3.60
%
 
67,725

2,381

3.52
%
 
67,780

2,388

3.52
%
Total interest-bearing liabilities
$
406,988

3,839

0.94
%
 
$
427,281

4,175

0.98
%
 
$
437,169

4,557

1.04
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income
 
$
18,928

 
 
 
$
19,219

 
 
 
$
18,206

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate spread
 
 
3.32
%
 
 
 
3.40
%
 
 
 
3.22
%
Net yield on interest-earning assets
3.54
%
 
 
 
3.60
%
 
 
 
3.41
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans includes loans held for sale and nonaccrual loans.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Company's primary source of revenue is net interest income, which is the difference between the interest and fees earned on loans and investments and the interest paid on deposits, FHLB borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities. The Company's net interest income is affected by changes in the amount and mix of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities and by changes in yields earned on interest-earning assets and rates paid on interest-bearing liabilities. The following table sets forth, for the years indicated, a summary of the changes in interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in average asset and liability balances (volume) and changes in average interest rates (rate). The increase (decrease) due to change in volume is computed using the change in the average balances between the current and prior period, multiplied by the corresponding current year average yield/rate. The remaining increase or decrease in net interest income is allocated between yield and rate.

 
2017
 
2016
 
Increase (decrease) due to change in
 
Increase (decrease) due to change in
(thousands)
Volume
Rate
Total
 
Volume
Rate
Total
Loans
$
18

$
(918
)
$
(900
)
 
$
157

$
240

$
397

Investment securities available for sale
(108
)
288

180

 
164

56

220

Fed funds sold
1

92

93

 
(55
)
69

14

Total interest income
$
(194
)
$
(433
)
$
(627
)
 
$
266

$
365

$
631

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

Interest-bearing deposits
$
(39
)
$
99

$
60

 
$
(49
)
$
(326
)
$
(375
)
FHLB advances
(442
)
46

(396
)
 
(2
)
(5
)
(7
)
Total interest expense
$
(199
)
$
(137
)
$
(336
)
 
$
(51
)
$
(331
)
$
(382
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase (decrease) in net interest income
$
5

$
(296
)
$
(291
)
 
$
317

$
696

$
1,013



18


Provision for loan losses
The provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2017 totaled $120,000, compared to $1.5 million during 2016, primarily due to lower net charge-offs during 2017. The Company continually monitors the loan portfolio for signs of credit weaknesses or developing collection problems. Loan loss provisions for each period are determined after evaluating the loan portfolio and determining the level necessary to absorb current charge-offs and maintain the reserve at adequate levels. 

The Company's allowance for loan losses at December 31, 2017 decreased to 0.92 percent of total loans, compared to December 31, 2016, when the allowance for loan losses as a percentage of total loans was 1.18 percent.

Noninterest income
Noninterest income for 2017 totaled $6.0 million, compared to $4.9 million during 2016. The $1.2 million increase in noninterest income during 2017 primarily resulted from growth in mortgage banking income, which was launched during early 2016. The Company's mortgage division originates loans to be sold on a servicing-released basis through its branch footprint and through offices in Raleigh and Greensboro, North Carolina. Income from the gain on sale of loans totaled $1.9 million during 2017. Previously, underwriting and other operational responsibilities related to originating and marketing these mortgage loans were performed by bank personnel. During early 2018, in an effort to reduce the costs associated with the mortgage division, the Company initiated a plan to outsource the underwriting and other operational areas to a third party. This outsourced model will result in lower mortgage banking income in future periods.

Other service charges, commissions and fees increased $133,000 compared to 2016, primarily due to higher financial services income. Service charge income decreased $218,000 during 2017, compared to 2016, primarily due to lower NSF income, while other noninterest income declined $178,000 during 2017.

Noninterest expense
Total noninterest expense for 2017 decreased $3.3 million from 2016, primarily resulting from lower OREO-related expenses and a reduction in salaries and employee benefits. OREO-related expenses declined $1.6 million from 2016, resulting from significant reductions in OREO losses and writedowns during 2017.

Salaries and employee benefits decreased $1.1 million for 2017, compared to the prior year, resulting from the impact of earlier workforce reductions and deferred salary costs from current year loan originations, net of higher salary and benefit costs related to the expansion of the mortgage division during 2017. Salary and employee benefits expense related to the mortgage division will decline during 2018 due to the planned outsourcing of the underwriting and secondary marketing function to a third party.

Income tax expense
Income tax expense for 2017 totaled $5.7 million, compared to tax benefit of $(360,000) recorded during 2016. Income tax expense for 2017 reflected the impact of the significant increase in pre-tax income and also included $4.0 million of income tax expense resulting from revaluation of the Company's net deferred tax asset resulting from enactment of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act on December 22, 2017. The Tax Cut and Jobs Act reduced the Company's future federal income tax rate to 21.0 percent.


19



Financial Position

Loans
Total loans, net of deferred fees, totaled $431.6 million at December 31, 2017, compared to $409.7 million at December 31, 2016. The loan to deposit ratio was 86.5 percent at December 31, 2017 compared to 83.6 percent at December 31, 2016. During 2017, the Company experienced growth among home equity lines of credit, commercial real estate, both owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied, and commercial loans. Residential 1-4 family, multifamily and personal loans all declined during 2017.

The following table provides balance by loan class as of December 31 for past five years.
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
December 31, 2014
 
December 31, 2013
($ thousands)
Amount
Percent
 
Amount
Percent
 
Amount
Percent
 
Amount
Percent
 
Amount
Percent
Real estate secured:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
$
174,889

40.45
%
 
$
186,695

45.49
%
 
$
194,287

44.88
%
 
$
186,829

45.83
%
 
$
175,860

43.49
%
Multifamily
19,469

4.50
%
 
22,630

5.51
%
 
23,895

5.52
%
 
21,131

5.18
%
 
20,592

5.09
%
Construction and land loans
15,907

3.68
%
 
15,978

3.89
%
 
19,163

4.43
%
 
18,518

4.54
%
 
18,509

4.58
%
Commercial, owner occupied
82,121

19.00
%
 
72,383

17.64
%
 
73,031

16.87
%
 
70,748

17.35
%
 
71,459

17.67
%
Commercial, non-owner occupied
33,748

7.81
%
 
28,818

7.02
%
 
38,025

8.78
%
 
32,173

7.89
%
 
37,117

9.18
%
Second mortgages
4,684

1.08
%
 
6,934

1.69
%
 
8,169

1.89
%
 
8,075

1.97
%
 
7,934

1.96
%
Equity lines of credit
34,378

7.95
%
 
13,395

3.27
%
 
6,000

1.39
%
 
6,499

1.59
%
 
7,884

1.95
%
Farmland
13,188

3.05
%
 
12,194

2.97
%
 
11,283

2.61
%
 
8,246

2.02
%
 
9,322

2.31
%
Total real estate secured
378,384

87.53
%
 
359,027

87.48
%
 
373,853

86.37
%
 
352,219

86.40
%
 
348,677

86.22
%
Non-real estate secured:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Personal
14,192

3.28
%
 
17,887

4.36
%
 
20,914

4.83
%
 
21,186

5.20
%
 
20,776

5.14
%
Commercial
36,785

8.51
%
 
29,977

7.31
%
 
35,144

8.12
%
 
31,586

7.75
%
 
31,575

7.81
%
Agricultural
2,950

0.68
%
 
3,490

0.85
%
 
2,959

0.68
%
 
2,683

0.66
%
 
3,376

0.83
%
Total non-real estate secured
53,927

12.47
%
 
51,354

12.52
%
 
59,017

13.63
%
 
55,455

13.60
%
 
55,727

13.78
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
$
432,311

100.00
%
 
$
410,381

100.00
%
 
$
432,870

100.00
%
 
$
407,674

100.00
%
 
$
404,404

100.00
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


20


The following table provides loan maturity information as of December 31, 2017.

(thousands)
Within 1 year
 
1-5 years
 
After 5 years
 
 
Real estate secured:
Fixed
 
Variable
 
Fixed
 
Variable
 
Fixed
 
Variable
 
Total
Residential 1-4 family
$
26,359

 
$
12,923

 
$
67,796

 
$
34,111

 
$
20,665

 
$
13,035

 
$
174,889

Multifamily
3,722

 
2,120

 
6,601

 
4,911

 
—

 
2,115

 
19,469

Construction and land loans
5,187

 
—

 
10,720

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
15,907

Commercial, owner occupied
27,091

 
4,020

 
16,302

 
7,950

 
9,721

 
17,037

 
82,121

Commercial, non-owner occupied
 
 
 
 
33,748

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
33,748

Second mortgages
1,166

 
576

 
2,136

 
631

 
—

 
175

 
4,684

Equity lines of credit
—

 
8,040

 
—

 
19,110

 
—

 
7,228

 
34,378

Farmland
1,843

 
1,175

 
5,946

 
1,656

 
—

 
2,568

 
13,188

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

Non-real estate secured:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

Personal
4,332

 
2,669

 
5,976

 
739

 
—

 
476

 
14,192

Commercial
14,784

 
4,013

 
20,164

 
611

 
—

 
163

 
39,735

Agricultural
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
—

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
$
84,484

 
$
35,536

 
$
169,389

 
$
69,719

 
$
30,386

 
$
42,797

 
$
432,311

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Investment securities available for sale
Investment securities available for sale totaled $78.5 million at December 31, 2017, compared to $95.1 million at December 31, 2016. The $16.5 million reduction occurred as proceeds from maturing securities and proceeds from investment security sales were used to fund loan demand and to fund the repayment of FHLB advances during 2017.

Investment securities available for sale at December 31, 2017 included mortgage backed securities/CMOs (75.5 percent of the total securities portfolio), municipal issues (15.9 percent), and SBAs bonds (8.5 percent).  There were no investment securities held to maturity at December 31, 2017 or December 31, 2016.


21


The following table presents the maturity distribution, fair value, and taxable-equivalent yield of the investment portfolio at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.
 
 
Fair value maturing:
 
 
($ thousands)
 
Within 1 year
 
1-5 years
 
5-10 years
 
Beyond 10 years
 
Total
 
Yield
December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed rate
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
11,423

 
$
45,416

 
$
56,839

 
2.10
%
Variable rate
 
—

 
—

 
1

 
2,467

 
2,468

 
2.26
%
State and municipal securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tax-exempt
 
125

 
230

 
—

 
6,602

 
6,957

 
3.58
%
Taxable
 
—

 
301

 
197

 
5,056

 
5,554

 
2.92
%
SBA bonds:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed rate
 
—

 
502

 
644

 
5,563

 
6,709

 
2.29
%
Variable rate
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—
%
Total
 
$
125

 
$
1,033

 
$
12,265

 
$
65,104

 
$
78,527

 
2.31
%
Fixed rate
 
$
125

 
$
1,033

 
$
12,264

 
$
62,637

 
$
76,059

 
 
Variable rate
 
—

 
—

 
1

 
2,467

 
2,468

 
 
Total
 
$
125

 
$
1,033

 
$
12,265

 
$
65,104

 
$
78,527

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage-backed securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed rate
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
9,716

 
$
61,666

 
$
71,382

 
2.13
%
Variable rate
 
—

 
—

 
2

 
2,904

 
2,906

 
1.5
%
State and municipal securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tax-exempt
 
562

 
358

 
—

 
7,135

 
8,055

 
4.07
%
Taxable
 
—

 
1,068

 
—

 
3,328

 
4,396

 
2.61
%
SBA bonds:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed rate
 
—

 
846

 
—

 
7,485

 
8,331

 
2.23
%
Variable rate
 
—

 
—

 
3

 
—

 
3

 
1.12
%
Total
 
$
562

 
$
2,272

 
$
9,721

 
$
82,518

 
$
95,073

 
2.31
%
Fixed rate
 
$
562

 
$
2,272

 
$
9,716

 
$
79,614

 
$
92,164

 
 
Variable rate
 
—

 
—

 
5

 
2,904

 
2,909

 
 
Total
 
$
562

 
$
2,272

 
$
9,721

 
$
82,518

 
$
95,073

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

All of the mortgage-backed securities included above are agency-issued by FHLMC, FNMA or GNMA. The Company does not hold any non-agency mortgage-backed securities. All SBA bonds owned by the Company have the full faith and credit of the U.S. Government and carry a zero risk weighting.


22


The following table provides credit ratings for the Company's municipal securities assigned by Moody's and/or Standard & Poors as of December 31, 2017:
Moody's
 
Standard & Poor's
 
Fair value (thousands)
Aaa
 
AAA
 
$
629

Aa
 
AA
 
10,609

A
 
A
 
1,194

Baa
 
BBB
 
79

 
 
 
 
$
12,511

 
 
 
 
 

Other investments
Other investments include capital stock investments in the Federal Reserve, the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta, Community Bankers Bank, and Pacific Coast Bankers Bank. These investments had a carrying value of $3.1 million at December 31, 2017, and are considered to be non-marketable as the Company is required to hold these investments and the only market for these investments is the issuing agency. Also included in other investments are certificates of deposit purchased from other FDIC-insured institutions. The balance of these CDs totaled $748,000 at December 31, 2017.

Deposits
Deposits at December 31, 2017 increased $8.9 million since December 31, 2016. Deposit growth during 2017 has been primarily among non-interest bearing deposits, which increased $14.1 million since December 31, 2016.

The following table provides a breakdown of deposits at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, showing the amount and percent increase or decrease by deposit type.
(thousands)
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
 
Increase (decrease)
% increase (decrease)
Non-interest bearing demand
$
148,633

 
$
134,488

 
$
14,145

10.5
 %
Interest bearing demand
119,197

 
124,143

 
(4,946
)
(4.0
)%
Savings deposits
104,390

 
90,686

 
13,704

15.1
 %
Time deposits greater than $100,000
36,794

 
43,743

 
(6,949
)
(15.9
)%
Other time deposits
89,769

 
96,809

 
(7,040
)
(7.3
)%
Total deposits
$
498,783

 
$
489,869

 
$
8,914

1.8
 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The following table provides the scheduled maturities of time deposits greater than or equal to $100,000 at December 31, 2017.
(thousands)
 
< 3 months
$
4,379

3-6 months
4,732

6-12 months
9,864

> 12 months
17,819

Total time deposits greater than $100,000
$
36,794

 
 

Short-term borrowings and long-term debt
As of December 31, 2017, the Company has $40.1 million in FHLB advances. No new advances were originated during 2017. The Company currently secures all FHLB advances with 1-4 family residential mortgage, commercial real estate and multifamily loans. As of December 31, 2017, short-term borrowings included $10.0 million of the outstanding FHLB advances, scheduled to mature within one year. The remaining $30.1 million is included in long-term debt with scheduled maturities beyond one year.



23


Nonperforming assets
Nonperforming assets include nonaccrual loans, loans contractually past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest, other real estate owned and repossessions. Nonperforming assets were $4.4 million or 1.02 percent of loans held for investment and OREO at December 31, 2017, compared to $6.8 million or 1.64 percent of loans held for investment and OREO at December 31, 2016.  As demonstrated by the reductions in non-performing assets over the past 12 months, the Company continues its efforts to reduce non-performing assets, primarily by reducing nonaccrual loans and selling OREO.
(thousands)
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
December 31, 2014
 
December 31, 2013
Nonaccrual loans
$
2,064

 
$
3,999

 
$
9,456

 
$
11,666

 
$
10,986

Loans 90+ days past due and still accruing
26

 
2,210

 
—

 
22

 
2

Total nonperforming loans
2,090

 
6,209

 
9,456

 
11,688

 
10,988

Other real estate owned
2,350

 
2,768

 
5,694

 
—

 
—

Total nonperforming assets
$
4,440

 
$
8,977

 
$
15,150

 
$
11,688

 
$
10,988


At December 31, 2017, other real estate owned totaled $2.4 million and consisted of 15 relationships. At December 31, 2016 OREO balances were $2.8 million and consisted of 22 relationships. The following chart details each category type, number of relationships, and balance.

 
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
 
($ thousands)
 
Number
 
Balance
 
Number
 
Balance
 
Construction and land loans
 
10

 
$
663

 
9

 
$
597

 
Residential 1-4 family
 
2

 
142

 
6

 
340

 
Commercial real estate
 
3

 
1,545

 
7

 
1,831

 
Total
 
15

 
$
2,350

 
22

 
$
2,768

 
 
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 
 

The Company's major markets include: Southwestern Virginia, Tri-city Tennessee, Sevierville and Knoxville, Tennessee, and Boone/Banner Elk, North Carolina. The following table provides information about properties owned in each geographic area, the number of individual properties and book value.
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
 
($ thousands)
 
Number
 
Balance
 
Number
 
Balance
 
Sevierville and Knoxville TN Area
 
1

 
$
71

 
4

 
$
153

 
Southwest VA and Tri-city TN Area
 
12

 
2,209

 
16

 
2,525

 
Boone and Banner Elk NC Area
 
2

 
70

 
2

 
90

 
Total
 
15

 
$
2,350

 
22

 
$
2,768

 

The Company focuses on selling OREO properties and reducing other non-performing assets. The ability to sell OREO continues to be somewhat negatively affected by limited demand.

As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, loan balances totaling $8.0 million and $12.7 million, respectively, were classified as troubled debt restructurings. Nonperforming TDRs totaled $881,000 and $1.6 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.


Allowance for Loan Losses
The allowance for loan losses is calculated based on management's judgment and analysis of current and historical loss experience, risk characteristics of the loan portfolio, concentrations of credit and asset quality, as well as other internal and external factors, including general economic conditions. The internal credit review function includes pre-approval analyses of large credits and credit review activities that provide early warnings of loan deterioration. The senior credit administration officer prepares quarterly analyses of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. These analyses include individual loans considered impaired for direct exposure. In addition, potential losses on loan pools and pool allocations are estimated based upon historical losses and other

24


factors, as adjusted, for various loan types. The calculation of the allowance for loan losses is reviewed by the senior credit officers, the chief risk officer, senior financial officers and the board of directors.

At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, management determined that the Company's allowance for loan losses is sufficient and is appropriate based on the requirements of accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The following table provides an allocation of the allowance for loan losses as of the dates indicated.
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
December 31, 2014
 
December 31, 2013
($ thousands)
 
Allowance for loan losses
 
Percent of total loans
 
Allowance for loan losses
 
Percent of total loans
 
Allowance for loan losses
 
Percent of total loans
 
Allowance for loan losses
 
Percent of total loans
 
Allowance for loan losses
 
Percent of total loans
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
133

 
40.5
%
 
$
371

 
45.5
%
 
$
654

 
44.9
%
 
$
995

 
45.8
%
 
$
975

 
43.5
%
Multifamily
 
—

 
4.5
%
 
—

 
5.5
%
 
—

 
5.5
%
 
20

 
5.2
%
 
143

 
5.1
%
Construction and land loans
 
1

 
3.7
%
 
21

 
3.9
%
 
37

 
4.4
%
 
87

 
4.5
%
 
230

 
4.6
%
Commercial - owner-occupied
 
1,636

 
19.0
%
 
1,339

 
17.6
%
 
1,012

 
16.9
%
 
409

 
17.4
%
 
1,029

 
17.7
%
Commercial - non-owner-occupied
 
955

 
7.8
%
 
445

 
7.0
%
 
748

 
8.8
%
 
1,063

 
7.9
%
 
1,415

 
9.2
%
Second mortgages
 
12

 
1.1
%
 
15

 
1.7
%
 
43

 
1.9
%
 
67

 
2.0
%
 
153

 
2.0
%
Equity lines of credit
 
—

 
8.0
%
 
27

 
3.3
%
 
20

 
1.4
%
 
74

 
1.6
%
 
50

 
2.0
%
Farmland
 
54

 
3.1
%
 
16

 
3.0
%
 
7

 
2.6
%
 
12

 
2.0
%
 
65

 
2.3
%
Personal
 
265

 
3.3
%
 
802

 
4.4
%
 
704

 
4.8
%
 
665

 
5.2
%
 
483

 
5.1
%
Commercial/Agricultural
 
383

 
9.2
%
 
535

 
8.2
%
 
886

 
8.8
%
 
982

 
8.4
%
 
1,264

 
8.6
%
Unallocated
 
515

 
—

 
1,258

 
—
%
 
1,543

 
—
%
 
1,103

 
—
%
 
1,018

 
—
%
Total
 
$
3,954

 
100.0
%
 
$
4,829

 
100.0
%
 
$
5,654

 
100.0
%
 
$
5,477

 
100.0
%
 
$
6,825

 
100.0
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


25


The following table presents the Company's loan loss experience for the past five years.
(thousands)
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
 
2013
Allowance for loan losses at January 1
 
$
4,829

 
$
5,654

 
$
5,477

 
$
6,825

 
$
7,449

Provision for loan losses
 
120

 
1,526

 
1,469

 
1,324

 
1,320

Loans charged off:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
 
57

 
249

 
360

 
258

 
452

Multifamily
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Construction and land loans
 
—

 
28

 
12

 
18

 
127

Commercial - owner-occupied
 
755

 
1,245

 
407

 
345

 
52

Commercial - non-owner-occupied
 
—

 
—

 
12

 
1,239

 
408

Second mortgages
 
—

 
4

 
3

 
25

 
134

Equity lines of credit
 
—

 
8

 
—

 
116

 
3

Farmland
 
—

 
2

 
—

 
—

 
40

Personal
 
321

 
1,046

 
796

 
544

 
444

Commercial/Agricultural
 
470

 
164

 
257

 
407

 
420

Total charge-offs
 
1,603

 
2,746

 
1,847

 
2,952

 
2,080

Recoveries of loans previously charged off:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
 
39

 
32

 
3

 
1

 
19

Multifamily
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Construction and land loans
 
4

 
14

 
41

 
17

 
5

Commercial - owner-occupied
 
27

 
7

 
376

 
132

 
—

Commercial - non-owner-occupied
 
1

 
8

 
6

 
1

 
—

Second mortgages
 
1

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Equity lines of credit
 
1

 
2

 
41

 
—

 
—

Farmland
 
2

 
—

 
3

 
—

 
—

Personal
 
182

 
195

 
76

 
90

 
75

Commercial/Agricultural
 
448

 
137

 
9

 
39

 
37

Total recoveries
 
705

 
395

 
555

 
280

 
136

Net loan charge-offs
 
898

 
2,351

 
1,292

 
2,672

 
1,944

Establish reserve for unfunded commitments
 
97

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Allowance for loan losses at December 31
 
$
3,954

 
$
4,829

 
$
5,654

 
$
5,477

 
$
6,825

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Total stockholders' equity of the Company was $53.8 million at December 31, 2017. Total stockholders' equity at December 31, 2016 was $53.8 million. While total stockholders' equity was unchanged, there were changes within additional paid-in capital, retained earnings and accumulated other comprehensive income.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Company and the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of total risk-based capital and tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets (as defined in the regulations), and tier 1 capital to adjusted total assets (as defined). See Note 19 for a more detailed discussion of the Bank's regulatory capital ratios.

Liquidity is the ability to provide sufficient cash levels to meet financial commitments and to fund loan demand and deposit withdrawals. The Company and subsidiary Bank maintain a significant level of liquidity in the form of cash and cash equivalents ($30.8 million as of December 31, 2017) and unrestricted investment securities available for sale ($51.7 million as of December 31, 2017).  Cash and cash equivalents are immediately available for satisfaction of deposit withdrawals, customer credit needs, and operations of the Bank.  The Bank also maintains a significant amount of available credit with both the Federal Home Loan Bank and a correspondent financial institution. Unencumbered investment securities available for sale represent a secondary level of liquidity available for conversion to liquid funds in the event of extraordinary needs. The Company believes that it maintains sufficient liquidity to meet its current and projected requirements and needs.

26



Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk  

Not Applicable

Item 8.  Financial Statements

27




brownedwardslogo32018.jpg
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders
Highlands Bankshares, Inc. and Subsidiary
Abingdon, Virginia

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Highlands Bankshares, Inc. and Subsidiary (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2017, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
brownedwardssignaturea03.jpg
CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS

We have been the Company’s auditor since 1995.

Blacksburg, Virginia
April 2, 2018


28



Consolidated Balance Sheets
(Amounts in thousands) 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
ASSETS
 
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks
 
$
15,179

 
$
27,391

Federal funds sold
 
15,618

 
22,994

Total cash and cash equivalents
 
30,797

 
50,385

Investment securities available for sale (amortized cost $79,990 at December 31, 2017, $96,930 at December 31, 2016)
 
78,527

 
95,073

Other investments, at cost
 
3,116

 
6,637

Loans held for sale
 
4,808

 
1,255

Loans
 
431,574

 
409,667

Allowance for loan losses
 
(3,954
)
 
(4,829
)
Net loans
 
427,620

 
404,838

Premises and equipment, net
 
18,332

 
17,814

Real estate held for sale
 
1,430

 
1,680

Deferred tax assets
 
7,161

 
12,989

Interest receivable
 
1,987

 
2,047

Bank-owned life insurance
 
14,679

 
14,314

Other real estate owned
 
2,350

 
2,768

Other assets
 
3,290

 
2,878

Total assets
 
$
594,097

 
$
612,678

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES
 
 
 
 
Deposits:
 
 
 
 
Non-interest bearing
 
$
148,633

 
$
134,488

Interest bearing
 
350,150

 
355,381

Total deposits
 
498,783

 
489,869

Interest, taxes and other liabilities
 
1,364

 
1,353

Short-term borrowings
 
10,000

 
27,552

Long-term debt
 
30,146

 
40,146

Total liabilities
 
540,293

 
558,920

STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 
 
 
 
Common stock (8,199 shares issued and outstanding for each period presented)
 
5,124

 
5,124

Preferred stock (2,092 shares issued and outstanding for each period presented)
 
4,184

 
4,184

Additional paid-in capital
 
19,113

 
18,891

Retained earnings
 
26,539

 
26,785

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
 
(1,156
)
 
(1,226
)
Total stockholders' equity
 
53,804

 
53,758

Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
 
$
594,097

 
$
612,678

 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

29


Consolidated Statements of Income
(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)
 
 
Year ended December 31,
 
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
INTEREST INCOME
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans receivable and fees on loans
 
$
20,427

 
$
21,327

 
$
20,930

 
Investment securities
 
2,148

 
1,968

 
1,748

 
Federal funds sold
 
192

 
99

 
85

 
Total interest income
 
22,767

 
23,394

 
22,763

 
INTEREST EXPENSE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deposits
 
1,854

 
1,794

 
2,169

 
Other borrowed funds
 
1,985

 
2,381

 
2,388

 
Total interest expense
 
3,839

 
4,175

 
4,557

 
Net interest income
 
18,928

 
19,219

 
18,206

 
Provision for loan losses
 
120

 
1,526

 
1,469

 
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
 
18,808

 
17,693

 
16,737

 
NON-INTEREST INCOME
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Mortgage banking income
 
1,942

 
525

 
—

 
Securities gains, net
 
19

 
47

 
16

 
Service charges on deposit accounts
 
1,568

 
1,786

 
1,685

 
Other service charges, commissions and fees
 
1,881

 
1,748

 
1,647

 
Other operating income
 
626

 
762

 
584

 
Total non-interest income
 
6,036

 
4,868

 
3,932

 
NON-INTEREST EXPENSE
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Salaries and employee benefits
 
10,858

 
12,005

 
10,242

 
Occupancy and equipment expense
 
2,614

 
2,848

 
2,501

 
Foreclosed assets – write-down and operating expenses
 
301

 
1,883

 
1,745

 
Other operating expense
 
5,814

 
6,173

 
6,049

 
Total non-interest expense
 
19,587

 
22,909

 
20,537

 
Income (loss) before income taxes
 
5,257

 
(348
)
 
132

 
Income tax expense (benefit) (Note 5)
 
5,694

 
(360
)
 
(1,205
)
 
Net income (loss)
 
$
(437
)
 
$
12

 
$
1,337

 
Net income (loss) per common share (Note 8)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
 
(0.05
)
 
—

 
0.17

 
Fully diluted
 
(0.05
)
 
—

 
0.13

 

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

30


Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
(Amounts in thousands)
 
 
Year ended December 31,
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Net income (loss)
 
$
(437
)
 
$
12

 
$
1,337

Other comprehensive income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unrealized gains (losses) on securities during the period
 
413

 
(1,434
)
 
(504
)
Less: reclassification adjustment for (gains) included in net income
 
(19
)
 
(47
)
 
(16
)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before tax
 
394

 
(1,481
)
 
(520
)
Income tax expense related to other comprehensive income
 
133

 
(503
)
 
(177
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
261

 
(978
)
 
(343
)
Comprehensive income (loss)
 
$
(176
)
 
$
(966
)
 
$
994


See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

31


Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(Amounts in thousands)
 
 
Year ended December 31,
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING  ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income (loss)
 
$
(437
)
 
$
12

 
$
1,337

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 

 
 

 
 
Provision for loan losses
 
120

 
1,526

 
1,469

Depreciation and amortization
 
1,710

 
1,870

 
2,083

Provision for deferred tax assets
 
5,694

 
297

 
232

Reversal of valuation allowance for deferred tax assets
 
—

 
—

 
(1,000
)
Net realized gains on available for sale securities
 
(19
)
 
(47
)
 
(16
)
Restricted stock expense
 
222

 
54

 
—

Loss on sale of premises and equipment
 
34

 
—

 
—

Originations of loans held for sale
 
(19,050
)
 
(16,969
)
 
—

Proceeds from loans held for sale
 
15,497

 
15,714

 
—

(Increase) decrease in interest receivable
 
60

 
(286
)
 
(474
)
Valuation adjustment of other real estate owned
 
187

 
890

 
1,275

Valuation allowance of real estate held for sale
 
—

 
315

 
—

Increase in other assets
 
(840
)
 
(5
)
 
(175
)
Increase in interest, taxes and other liabilities
 
11

 
592

 
253

Net cash provided by operating activities
 
3,189

 
3,963

 
4,984

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 

 
 

 
 
Securities available for sale:
 
 

 
 

 
 
Proceeds from sale of securities
 
7,624

 
21,164

 
1,025

Proceeds from maturities of securities
 
15,599

 
19,035

 
17,759

Purchase of debt and equity securities
 
(6,938
)
 
(57,759
)
 
(15,875
)
Redemptions (purchases) of other investments, net
 
3,521

 
(45
)
 
175

Net (increase) decrease in loans
 
(23,286
)
 
18,433

 
(30,510
)
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned
 
712

 
3,060

 
3,447

Proceeds from sale of real estate held for sale
 
216

 
—

 
—

Premises and equipment expenditures
 
(1,832
)
 
(372
)
 
(1,288
)
Disposition of premises and equipment
 
245

 
—

 
—

Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities
 
(4,139
)
 
3,516

 
(25,267
)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 

 
 

 
 
Net decrease in time deposits
 
(13,922
)
 
(15,163
)
 
(14,089
)
Net increase in demand, savings and other deposits
 
22,836

 
10,120

 
25,504

Change in short-term borrowings
 
(17,552
)
 
7,500

 
1

Decrease in long-term debt
 
(10,000
)
 
(7,552
)
 
(52
)
Issuance of common stock
 
—

 
1,110

 
—

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities
 
(18,638
)
 
(3,985
)
 
11,364

Net change in cash and cash equivalents
 
(19,588
)
 
3,494

 
(8,919
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
 
50,385

 
46,891

 
55,810

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
 
$
30,797

 
$
50,385

 
$
46,891

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES
 
 

 
 

 
 
Cash payments for interest
 
$
3,888

 
$
4,186

 
$
6,630

Cash payments for income taxes
 
—

 
—

 
—

Non-cash transfers of loans to other real estate owned
 
481

 
1,632

 
4,131

Non-cash loans resulting from sales of other real estate owned
 
—

 
105

 
390

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

32


Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity
(Amounts in thousands)
 
 
Common stock shares
 
Common stock par value
 
Preferred stock shares
 
Preferred stock par value
 
Additional paid-in-capital
 
Retained earnings
 
Accumulated
other
comprehensive
income (loss)
 
Stockholders'
equity
Balance December 31, 2015
 
7,851

 
$
4,907

 
2,092

 
$
4,184

 
$
17,944

 
$
26,773

 
$
(248
)
 
$
53,560

Net income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
12

 
—

 
12

Other comprehensive loss
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(978
)
 
(978
)
Grant of restricted stock
 
86

 
54

 
—

 
—

 
(54
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Stock-based compensation
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
54

 
—

 
—

 
54

Common stock issued
 
262

 
163

 
—

 
—

 
947

 
—

 
—

 
1,110

Balance December 31, 2016
 
8,199

 
5,124

 
2,092

 
4,184

 
18,891

 
26,785

 
(1,226
)
 
53,758

Net loss
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(437
)
 
—

 
(437
)
Other comprehensive income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
261

 
261

ASU 2018-02 Topic 220 reclassification adjustment
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
191

 
(191
)
 
—

Stock-based compensation
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
222

 
—

 
—

 
222

Balance December 31, 2017
 
8,199

 
$
5,124

 
2,092

 
$
4,184

 
$
19,113

 
$
26,539

 
$
(1,156
)
 
$
53,804

 
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

33


Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(in thousands, except share, per share and percentage data)

Note 1  -  Basis of Presentation and Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Highlands Bankshares, Inc., (the "Parent Company") and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Highlands Union Bank (the "Bank"). The statements also include Highlands Union Insurance Services, Inc., Highlands Union Financial Services, Inc., and Russell Road Properties, LLC which are wholly owned subsidiaries of the Bank. Russell Road Properties, LLC, was formed in March of 2015 to hold and manage certain properties acquired by the Bank through foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure.
All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The accounting and reporting policies of Highlands Bankshares, Inc. and its subsidiaries, (collectively the "Company") conform to U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and to standard practices within the banking industry.
Nature of Operations
The Company operates in Abingdon, Virginia, and surrounding southwest Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and western North Carolina under the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Parent Company was organized on December 29, 1995. The Parent Company is supervised by the Federal Reserve Bank under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended. The Bank began banking operations on April 27, 1985 under a state bank charter and provides a wide range of financial services to individuals and businesses. The Bank provides mortgage, consumer and commercial loans, and various deposit products including checking, savings, and certificates of deposit. As a state bank and a member of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, the Bank is subject to regulation by the Virginia State Bureau of Financial Institutions, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, and the Federal Reserve Bank. Highlands Union Insurance Services, Inc. commenced operations on October 8, 1999 for the purpose of selling insurance through Bankers Insurance LLC. The only activity in Highlands Union Financial Services is the receipt of life insurance commissions.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash and due from banks and federal funds sold, all of which mature within ninety days. The Company maintains its cash in bank deposit accounts which, at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts. The Company believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk on cash and cash equivalents.
Investment Securities Available-for-Sale
Investment securities classified as available-for-sale are those debt and equity securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as available-for-sale would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of the Company's assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, regulatory capital considerations, and other factors. Investment securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses are reported as increases or decreases in other comprehensive income, net of the related deferred income tax effect. Realized gains or losses are included in earnings on the trade date and are determined on the basis of the amortized cost of specific securities sold. Premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the period to maturity. On a quarterly basis the Company reviews any securities that are considered to be impaired to determine if the impairment is other than temporary. If the impairment is other than temporary, the investment is written down by a charge to securities losses in the statement of income.
Loans
The Company's lending operation includes both real estate-secured and non-real estate-secured loans. Real estate secured loans include 1-4 family residential mortgage loans, loans secured by multifamily properties, construction and land loans, commercial real estate, both owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied, second mortgage loans, home equity lines of credit, and loans secure by farmland. Non-real estate-secured loans include personal loans to consumers, commercial loans, and agricultural loans.
Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or pay-off generally are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and amortized to income over the estimated lives of the loans using the straight-line method which is not materially different from the interest method.
The accrual of interest on a loan is discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the credit is well-secured and in process of collection. Credit card loans and other personal loans are typically charged off no later than 180 days past due. In

34


all cases, loans are placed on non-accrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful. Payments on non-accrual loans are applied to principal or applied on a cash basis. When a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all accrued interest receivable is reversed against interest income. The interest on these loans is accounted for on the cash-basis or cost-recovery method, until qualifying for return to accrual status. Loans are returned to accrual status when all the principal and interest amounts contractually due are brought current and future payments are reasonably assured.
Loans Held for Sale
The Company's mortgage division originates certain single family, residential mortgage loans for sale. The division began operations in the second quarter of 2016. The loans are sold to various investors on a servicing released basis using a best efforts approach. The Company does not consider either the rate lock commitment or the purchased commitment a derivative contract. Loans held for sale are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value, based on prices available as of the measurement date.
Allowance for Loan Losses and Reserve for Unfunded Commitments
The Company maintains an allowance for loan losses, representing an estimate of probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio existing as of the measurement date.
The Company's Credit Review and Analysis Department evaluates various loans individually for impairment as required by Financial Accounting Standards Board ASC 310, Receivables –Subsequent Measurement. Loans evaluated individually for impairment include adversely classified loans, non-performing loans, non-accrual loans, loans past due by 90 days or more, restructured loans and other loans selected by management. The evaluations are based upon discounted expected cash flows or collateral valuations. If the evaluation concludes that a loan is impaired, then a specific reserve is established for the amount of impairment. For loans that are not individually evaluated, the Company makes estimates of losses for groups of loans as required by ASC 450-20, Accounting for Contingencies. Loans are grouped by similar characteristics, including the type of loan, the assigned loan grade and the general collateral type. Assigned loan grades include Quality, Satisfactory, Acceptable, Special Mention, Substandard and Doubtful. A loss rate reflecting the expected loss inherent in a group of loans is derived based upon estimates of default rates for a given loan grade, the predominant collateral type for the group and the terms of the loan. The resulting estimate of losses for groups of loans are adjusted for relevant environmental factors and other conditions of the portfolio of loans, including: borrower and industry concentrations; levels and trends in delinquencies, charge-offs and recoveries; changes in underwriting standards and risk selection; level of experience and ability of lending management; and, national and local economic conditions.
The amounts of estimated impairment for individually evaluated loans and groups of loans are added together for a total estimate of loan losses. This estimate of losses is compared to the allowance for loan losses of the Company as of the measurement date and, if the estimate of losses is greater than the allowance, an additional provision to the allowance is made. If the estimate of losses is less than the allowance, the degree to which the allowance exceeds the estimate is evaluated to determine whether the allowance falls outside a range of estimates. If the estimate of losses is below the range of reasonable estimates, the allowance is reduced by adjusting the provision for loan losses. The Company recognizes the inherent imprecision in estimates of losses due to various uncertainties and variability related to the factors used, and therefore a reasonable range around the estimate of losses is derived and used to ascertain whether the allowance is too high or too low. If different assumptions or conditions were to prevail and it is determined that the allowance is not adequate to absorb the new estimate of probable losses, an additional provision for loan losses would be made, which amount may be material to the consolidated financial statements.
During 2017, the Company established a reserve for unfunded commitments, which represents an estimate of the potential losses related to commitment amounts that, as of the measurement date, have not yet been funded. The initial reserve for unfunded commitments was created by a reclassification from the allowance for loan losses to the reserve for unfunded commitments. Future adjustments to the reserve for unfunded commitments, whether increases due to higher loss estimates, or reductions resulting from lower loss estimates, will be offset by noninterest expense.
Premises and Equipment
Land is carried at cost. Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line method over each asset's estimated useful life. Maintenance and repairs are charged to current operations while improvements are capitalized. Disposition gains and losses are reflected in current operations. Purchased software is included in other assets and expensed over the estimated useful life.
Real Estate Held for Sale
Real estate held for sale is measured at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. A loss is recognized for any adjustment of the of the asset's carrying amount to its fair value less cost to sell in the period the held for sale criteria are met. Subsequent changes in the asset's fair value less cost to sell would be reported as an adjustment to its carrying amount,

35


except that the adjusted carrying amount will not exceed the carrying amount of the asset at the time it was initially classified as held for sale.
Other Real Estate Owned
Assets acquired through or in lieu of loan foreclosure are initially recorded at fair value at the date of foreclosure, establishing a new cost basis. Subsequent to foreclosure, valuations are periodically performed by management using updated appraisals and other information, and the assets are carried at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Generally, appraisals are updated every 24 months for all individually significant properties or when current events indicate that a property may have incurred a material decrease in value. Revenue and expenses from operations and gains and losses on disposals are reported as foreclosed assets-write-down and operating expenses within noninterest expense.
Income Taxes
Under the asset and liability method, deferred income taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences by applying enacted statutory tax rates to the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. Under ASC 740, the effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. The December 22, 2017 enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act resulted in a reduction in the Company's federal income tax rate, which resulted in a revaluation of the net deferred tax asset, the impact of which was is reflected in the 2017 consolidated financial statements.
Management evaluates the Company's tax circumstances and filings under the most current and relevant accounting rules and believes the Company has incurred no liability for uncertain tax positions (or any related penalties and interest) for the periods open to normal jurisdictional examinations (2014 through 2016).
Net Income (Loss) Per Common Share
Net income (loss) per common share is calculated based on the weighted average outstanding shares during the year. Net income per common share assumes dilution is calculated based on the weighted average outstanding shares during the year plus common stock equivalents at year end. Net loss per common share excludes the impact of common stock equivalents at year end due to the antidilutive nature of those securities.
Stock Compensation Plans
The Company accounts for stock compensation plans under the guidance of ASC 718 which requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized in the income statement based on their grant-date fair values. No stock options were granted during 2017 or 2016. No restricted stock was awarded during 2017. See Note 12 for information regarding restricted stock awarded during 2016.
Use of Estimates
In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the balance sheet and reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the valuation of other real estate, calculation of deferred tax assets and investment securities.
Business Segments
The Company reports its activities as a single business segment. In determining the appropriateness of segment definition, the Company considers components of the business about which financial information is available and regularly evaluated relative to resource allocation and performance assessment.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In February 2018, ASU No. 2018-02, Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income (ASU 2018-02) was issued by the FASB. ASU 2018-02 permits a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the newly enacted federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, which was enacted on December 22, 2017. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act included a reduction to the corporate income tax rate from 35 percent to 21 percent effective January 1, 2018.
The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The Company adopted the guidance during the fourth quarter of 2017.
In June 2016, ASU No. 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASU 2016-13) was issued by the FASB. ASU 2016-13 significantly changes how entities will measure credit losses for most financial assets and certain other instruments that aren't measured at fair value through net income. ASU 2016-13 is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments. ASU 2016-13 is effective for interim and

36


annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019; early adoption is permitted for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. Entities will apply the standard's provisions as a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (i.e., modified retrospective approach). The Company is currently evaluating the effect that implementation of the new standard will have on its financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.
In January 2016, ASU No. 2016-01 Financial Instruments--Overall (ASU 2016-01) was issued by the FASB.  ASU 2016-01 addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. ASU 2016-01 will be effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company does not expect ASU 2016-01 to have a material effect on its financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. ASU 2014-09 is a comprehensive revenue recognition model that requires a company to recognize revenue to depict the transfer of goods or services to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. ASU 2014-09 also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. ASU 2014-09 was effective for annual reporting periods, and interim periods within that period, beginning after December 15, 2016. ASU No. 2015-14 issued in August 2015 deferred the effective date of this Update to annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period. Earlier application is permitted only as of annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim reporting periods within that reporting period.  The adoption of ASU 2014-09 is not expected to have a material effect on the Company's current financial position or results of operations; however, it may impact the reporting of future financial statement disclosures.

Other accounting standards that have been issued or proposed by the FASB or other standards-setting bodies are not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Note 2 – Formal Written Agreement

On October 13, 2010, the Company and Bank entered into a written agreement ("Written Agreement") with the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond (the "Reserve Bank"). Under the terms of the Written Agreement, the Bank has agreed to develop and submit to the Reserve Bank for approval within the time periods specified therein written plans or programs to:

•
strengthen board oversight of the management and operations of the Bank;
•
strengthen credit risk management and administration;
•
provide for the effective grading of the Bank's loan portfolio;
•
summarize the findings of its review of the adequacy of the staffing of its loan review function;
•
improve the Bank's position with respect to loans, relationships, or other assets in excess of $500 that currently are, or in the future become past due more than 90 days, on the Bank's problem loan list, or adversely classified in any report of examination of the Bank;
•
review and revise the Bank's methodology for determining the allowance for loan and lease losses ("ALLL") and maintain an adequate ALLL;
•
maintain sufficient capital at the Company and the Bank;
•
establish a revised written contingency funding plan;
•
establish a revised written strategic and capital plan;
•
establish a revised investment policy;
•
improve the Bank's earnings and overall condition;
•
revise the Bank's information technology program;
•
establish a disaster recovery and business continuity program; and,
•
establish a committee to monitor compliance with all aspects of the written agreement.

Further, both the Company and the Bank have agreed to refrain from declaring or paying dividends without prior regulatory approval. The Company has agreed that it will not take any other form of payment representing a reduction in Bank's capital or make any distributions of interest, principal or other sums on subordinated debentures or trust preferred securities without prior regulatory approval. The Company also has agreed not to incur, increase or guarantee any debt or not to purchase or redeem any shares of its stock without prior regulatory approval.

37



Note 3 - Investment Securities Available For Sale

The amortized cost and market value of securities available for sale are as follows:
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
Amortized Cost
 
Gross Unrealized Gains
 
Gross Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
State and political subdivisions
 
$
12,766

 
$
44

 
$
299

 
$
12,511

Mortgage backed securities
 
60,383

 
12

 
1,088

 
59,307

SBA pools
 
6,841

 
1

 
133

 
6,709

 
 
$
79,990

 
$
57

 
$
1,520

 
$
78,527


 
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
Amortized Cost
 
Gross Unrealized Gains
 
Gross Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
State and political subdivisions
 
$
13,013

 
$
41

 
$
603

 
$
12,451

Mortgage backed securities
 
75,384

 
93

 
1,189

 
74,288

SBA pools
 
8,533

 
6

 
205

 
8,334

Investment securities available for sale
 
$
96,930

 
$
140

—

$
1,997

—

$
95,073


Investment securities available for sale with a fair value of $26,856 and $32,698 at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, were pledged as collateral on public deposits, FHLB advances and for other purposes as required or permitted by law.
The following table presents the age of gross unrealized losses and fair value by investment category:
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
Less Than 12 months
 
12 Months or More
 
Total
 
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
State and political subdivisions
 
$
1,744

 
$
18

 
$
7,158

 
$
281

 
$
8,902

 
$
299

Mortgage-backed securities
 
14,540

 
177

 
42,415

 
911

 
56,955

 
1,088

SBA pools
 
176

 
1

 
6,206

 
132

 
6,382

 
133

Total
 
$
16,460

 
$
196

 
$
55,779

 
$
1,324

 
$
72,239

 
$
1,520


 
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
Less Than 12 months
 
12 Months or More
 
Total
 
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
 
Fair Value
 
Unrealized Losses
State and political subdivisions
 
$
9,191

 
$
603

 
—

 
—

 
$
9,191

 
$
603

Mortgage-backed securities
 
66,878

 
1,189

 
—

 
—

 
66,878

 
1,189

SBA pools
 
7,587

 
205

 
—

 
—

 
7,587

 
205

Total
 
$
83,656

 
$
1,997

 
—

 
—

 
$
83,656

 
$
1,997


The Company assesses its securities for other than temporary impairment quarterly by reviewing credit ratings, financial and regulatory reports as well as other pertinent published financial data. As of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, the Company's assessment revealed no impairment other than that deemed temporary on those securities.


38


The amortized cost and estimated fair value of securities available for sale at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016,by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
 
Amortized Cost
 
Fair Value
 
Amortized Cost
 
Fair Value
 
 
Investment securities with scheduled maturities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Due in one year or less
 
$
125

 
$
125

 
$
555

 
$
562

 
Due after one year through five years
 
1,028

 
1,033

 
2,255

 
2,273

 
Due after five years through ten years
 
869

 
841

 
3

 
3

 
Due after ten years
 
17,585

 
17,221

 
18,733

 
17,947

 
Total investment securities with scheduled maturities
 
19,607

 
19,220

 
21,546

 
20,785

 
Mortgage-backed securities
 
60,383

 
59,307

 
75,384

 
74,288

 
Total investment securities available for sale
 
$
79,990

 
$
78,527

 
$
96,930

 
$
95,073


The following table summarizes the securities gains (losses) recognized for the periods presented:
 
 
Year ended December 31,
 
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
Gross gains
 
$
32

 
$
65

 
$
16

Gross losses
 
(13
)
 
(18
)
 
—

Securities gains, net
 
$
19

 
$
47

 
$
16



Note 4 - Other Investments

Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (FHLB) stock, Federal Reserve Bank (FRB) stock, Community Bankers' Bank stock and Pacific Coast Banker's Bank stock with a carrying value of $3,116 and $4,395 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively, are stated at cost and included as other investments on the Company's consolidated balance sheets. These investments are considered to be restricted as the Company is required by these entities to hold these investments, and the only market for these investments is stock is the issuer.  Also included in other investments are certificates of deposit purchased from other FDIC-insured institutions. The balances of these certificates of deposit totaled $748 and $2,242 at December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

39




Note 5  -  Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

The composition of net loans is as follows:
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
Real estate secured:
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
174,889

 
$
186,695

Multifamily
 
19,469

 
22,630

Construction and land loans
 
15,907

 
15,978

Commercial, owner occupied
 
82,121

 
72,383

Commercial, non-owner occupied
 
33,748

 
28,818

Second mortgages
 
4,684

 
6,934

Equity lines of credit
 
34,378

 
13,395

Farmland
 
13,188

 
12,194

Total real estate secured
 
378,384

 
359,027

Non-real estate secured:
 
 
 
 
Personal
 
14,192

 
17,887

Commercial
 
36,785

 
29,977

Agricultural
 
2,950

 
3,490

Total non-real estate secured
 
53,927

 
51,212

Gross loans
 
432,311

 
410,381

Less:
 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
 
3,954

 
4,829

Net deferred fees
 
737

 
714

Loans, net
 
$
427,620

 
$
404,838


As of December 31, 2017, loans totaling $130,773 were pledged to the Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta to secure existing short-term borrowings and long-term debt and to provide additional borrowing capacity, compared to $145,793 at December 31, 2016.


40


The following table is an analysis of past due loans as of December 31, 2017:
 
 
Past Due
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30-89 days
 
90 days and over
 
Total
 
Current
 
Total
 
> 90 Days and Accruing
Real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
1,092

 
$
566

 
$
1,658

 
$
173,231

 
$
174,889

 
$
—

Equity lines of credit
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
34,378

 
34,378

 
—

Multifamily
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
19,469

 
19,469

 
—

Farmland
 
234

 
50

 
284

 
12,904

 
13,188

 
—

Construction, land development, other land loans
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
15,907

 
15,907

 
—

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Owner-occupied
 
11

 
708

 
719

 
81,402

 
82,121

 
—

Non-owner-occupied
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
33,748

 
33,748

 
—

Second mortgages
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
4,684

 
4,684

 
—

Non-real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Personal
 
211

 
23

 
234

 
13,958

 
14,192

 
—

Commercial
 
502

 
279

 
781

 
36,004

 
36,785

 
26

Agricultural
 
49

 
—

 
49

 
2,901

 
2,950

 
—

Total
 
$
2,099

 
$
1,626

 
$
3,725

 
$
428,586

 
$
432,311

 
$
26


The following table is an analysis of past due loans as of December 31, 2016:
 
 
Past Due
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30-89 days
 
90 days and over
 
Total
 
Current
 
Total
 
> 90 Days and Accruing
Real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
1,083

 
$
1,000

 
$
2,083

 
$
184,612

 
$
186,695

 
$
—

Equity lines of credit
 
30

 
10

 
40

 
13,355

 
13,395

 
—

Multifamily
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
22,630

 
22,630

 
—

Farmland
 
47

 
564

 
611

 
11,583

 
12,194

 
—

Construction, land development, other land loans
 
39

 
—

 
39

 
15,939

 
15,978

 
—

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Owner-occupied
 
14

 
3,868

 
3,882

 
68,501

 
72,383

 
2,210

Non-owner-occupied
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
28,818

 
28,818

 
—

Second mortgages
 
161

 
18

 
179

 
6,755

 
6,934

 
—

Non-real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Personal
 
141

 
12

 
153

 
17,734

 
17,887

 
—

Commercial
 
196

 
462

 
658

 
29,319

 
29,977

 
—

Agricultural
 
7

 
—

 
7

 
3,483

 
3,490

 
—

Total
 
$
1,718

 
$
5,934

 
$
7,652

 
$
402,729

 
$
410,381

 
$
2,210


Loans are considered delinquent when payments have not been made according to the terms of the contract. The accrual of interest on loans is discontinued at the time the loan is 90 days delinquent unless the credit is well-secured and in process of collection.  Additionally, in certain instances, loans that have been restructured or modified may also be classified as non-accrual per regulatory guidance until a satisfactory payment history has been established. Credit card loans and other personal loans are typically charged off no later than 180 days past due. In all cases, loans are placed on non-accrual or charged-off at an earlier date if collection of principal or interest is considered doubtful.


41


The following is a summary of non-accrual loans at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016: 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
Real estate secured
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
887

 
$
1,275

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
Owner-occupied
 
708

 
1,658

Non-owner-occupied
 
—

 
—

Second mortgages
 
—

 
18

Equity lines of credit
 
—

 
10

Farmland
 
193

 
564

Non-real estate secured
 
 
 
 
Personal
 
23

 
12

Commercial
 
254

 
462

Total
 
$
2,065

 
$
3,999


The following is a summary of residential real estate currently in the process of foreclosure as well as foreclosed residential real estate as of December 31, 2017.
 
 
Number
 
Balance
Residential real estate in the process of foreclosure
 
6

 
$
556

Foreclosed residential real estate
 
3

 
228


The following tables represent a summary of credit quality indicators of the Company's loan portfolio at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.  The grades are assigned and/or modified by the Company's credit review and credit analysis departments based on the creditworthiness of the borrower and the overall strength of the loan.

The following tables provide the credit risk profile by internally assigned grade as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016: 
December 31, 2017
 
Residential 1-4 Family
 
Multifamily
 
Farmland
 
Construction, Land Loans
 
Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied
 
Commercial Real Estate Non-Owner Occupied
Quality
 
$
33,107

 
$
—

 
$
13

 
$
2,870

 
$
3,535

 
$
295

Satisfactory
 
95,659

 
10,653

 
4,419

 
5,445

 
45,906

 
13,602

Acceptable
 
40,487

 
8,816

 
3,333

 
5,906

 
28,344

 
15,609

Special Mention
 
388

 
—

 
3,206

 
1,565

 
2,542

 
2,226

Substandard
 
5,248

 
—

 
2,217

 
121

 
1,661

 
2,016

Doubtful
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
133

 
—

Total
 
$
174,889

 
$
19,469

 
$
13,188

 
$
15,907

 
$
82,121

 
$
33,748



42


December 31, 2016
 
Residential 1-4 Family
 
Multifamily
 
Farmland
 
Construction, Land Loans
 
Commercial Real Estate- Owner Occupied
 
Commercial Real Estate Non-Owner Occupied
Quality
 
$
32,054

 
$
—

 
$
19

 
$
1,941

 
$
3,686

 
$
387

Satisfactory
 
106,154

 
18,335

 
7,823

 
5,969

 
36,806

 
15,198

Acceptable
 
41,369

 
1,410

 
3,474

 
5,961

 
22,767

 
5,119

Special Mention
 
3,399

 
1,896

 
—

 
—

 
4,435

 
4,221

Substandard
 
3,719

 
989

 
878

 
2,107

 
4,689

 
3,893

Doubtful
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total
 
$
186,695

 
$
22,630

 
$
12,194

 
$
15,978

 
$
72,383

 
$
28,818


Explanation of credit grades:
Quality - This grade is reserved for the Bank's top quality loans. These loans have excellent sources of repayment, with no significant identifiable risk of collection. Generally, loans assigned this rating will demonstrate the following characteristics:
•
Conformity in all respects with Bank policy, guidelines, underwriting standards, and Federal and State regulations (no exceptions of any kind).
•
Documented historical cash flow that meets or exceeds required minimum Bank guidelines, or that can be supplemented with verifiable cash flow from other sources.
•
Adequate secondary sources to liquidate the debt, including combinations of liquidity, liquidation of collateral, or liquidation value to the net worth of the borrower or guarantor.
For existing loans, all of the requirements above apply plus all payments have been made as agreed, current financial information on all borrowers and guarantors has been obtained and analyzed, and overall business operating trends are either stable or improving.
Satisfactory - This grade is given to performing loans. These loans have adequate sources of repayment, with little identifiable risk of collection. Loans assigned this rating will demonstrate the following characteristics:
•
General conformity to the Bank's policy requirements, product guidelines and underwriting standards.  Any exceptions that are identified during the underwriting and approval process have been adequately mitigated by other factors.
•
Documented historical cash flow that meets or exceeds required minimum Bank guidelines, or that can be supplemented with verifiable cash flow from other sources.  
•
Adequate secondary sources to liquidate the debt, including combinations of liquidity, liquidation of collateral, or liquidation value to the net worth of the borrower or guarantor.
For existing loans, all of the requirements outlined above will apply, plus all payments have been made as agreed, current financial information on all borrowers and guarantors has been obtained and analyzed, and overall business operating trends are stable with any declines considered minor and temporary.
Acceptable - This grade is given to loans that show signs of weakness in either adequate sources of repayment or collateral, but have demonstrated mitigating factors that minimize the risk of delinquency or loss.  Loans assigned this rating may demonstrate some or all of the following characteristics:
•
Additional exceptions to the Bank's policy requirements, product guidelines or underwriting standards that present a higher degree of risk to the Bank.  Although the combination and/or severity of identified exceptions is greater, all exceptions have been properly mitigated by other factors.
•
Unproved, insufficient or marginal primary sources of repayment that appear sufficient to service the debt at this time.  Repayment weaknesses may be due to minor operational issues, financial trends, or reliance on projected (not historic) performance.
•
Marginal or unproven secondary sources to liquidate the debt, including combinations of liquidation of collateral and liquidation value to the net worth of the borrower or guarantor.
For existing loans, payments have generally been made as agreed with only minor and isolated delinquencies.
Special Mention -This grade is given to Watch List loans that include the following characteristics:
•
Loans with underwriting guideline tolerances and/or exceptions with no identifiable mitigating factors.
•
Extending loans that are currently performing satisfactorily but with potential weaknesses that may, if not corrected, weaken the asset or inadequately protect the Bank's position at some future date. Potential weaknesses are the result of deviations from prudent lending practices.

43


•
Loans where adverse economic conditions that develop subsequent to the loan origination do not jeopardize liquidation of the debt, but do substantially increase the level of risk may also warrant this rating.
Substandard - Loans in this category are characterized by deterioration in quality exhibited by any number of well-defined weaknesses requiring corrective action. A substandard loan is inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified as substandard must have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt; they are characterized by the distinct possibility that the institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.
The weaknesses may include, but are not limited to:
•
High debt to worth ratios and or declining or negative earnings trends
•
Declining or inadequate liquidity
•
Improper loan structure  or questionable repayment sources
•
Lack of well-defined secondary repayment source, and
•
Unfavorable competitive comparisons.
Such loans are no longer considered to be adequately protected due to the borrower's declining net worth, lack of earnings capacity, declining collateral margins and/or unperfected collateral positions. A possibility of loss of a portion of the loan balance cannot be ruled out. The repayment ability of the borrower is marginal or weak and the loan may have exhibited excessive overdue status or extensions and/or renewals.
Doubtful - Loans classified Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified Substandard, plus the added characteristic that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values highly questionable and improbable. The ability of the borrower to service the debt is extremely weak, overdue status is constant, the debt has been placed on non-accrual status, and no definite repayment schedule exists.
However, these loans are not yet rated as loss because certain events may occur which would salvage the debt. Among these events are:
•
Injection of capital
•
Alternative financing
•
Liquidation of assets or the pledging of additional collateral.

The credit risk profile based on payment activity as of December 31, 2017:
 
 
Consumer - Non Real Estate
 
Equity Line of Credit /Second Mortgages
 
Commercial - Non Real Estate
 
Agricultural - Non Real Estate
Performing
 
$
14,169

 
$
39,062

 
$
36,506

 
$
2,950

Nonperforming (>90 days past due)
 
23

 
—

 
279

 
—

Total
 
$
14,192

 
$
39,062

 
$
36,785

 
$
2,950


The credit risk profile based on payment activity as of December 31, 2016:
 
 
Consumer - Non Real Estate
 
Equity Line of Credit /Second Mortgages
 
Commercial - Non Real Estate
 
Agricultural - Non Real Estate
Performing
 
$
17,875

 
$
20,301

 
$
29,515

 
$
3,490

Nonperforming (>90 days past due)
 
12

 
28

 
462

 
—

Total
 
$
17,887

 
$
20,329

 
$
29,977

 
$
3,490



44


The following tables reflect the Bank's impaired loans at December 31, 2017:
December 31, 2017
 
Recorded Investment
 
Unpaid Principal Balance
 
Related Allowance
 
Average Recorded Investment
 
Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
7,398

 
$
7,398

 
$
—

 
$
6,123

 
$
279

Equity lines of credit
 
49

 
49

 
—

 
37

 
—

Multifamily
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
495

 
56

Farmland
 
486

 
486

 
—

 
586

 
42

Construction, land development, other land loans
 
1,765

 
1,765

 
—

 
1,753

 
67

Commercial real estate- owner occupied
 
1,552

 
1,552

 
—

 
3,677

 
22

Commercial real estate- non owner occupied
 
63

 
63

 
—

 
973

 
19

Second mortgages
 
209

 
209

 
—

 
198

 
3

Non-real estate secured
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Personal
 
95

 
95

 
—

 
55

 
—

Commercial
 
504

 
504

 
—

 
274

 
—

Agricultural
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total
 
$
12,121

 
$
12,121

 
$
—

 
$
14,171

 
$
488


December 31, 2017
 
Recorded Investment
 
Unpaid Principal Balance
 
Related Allowance
 
Average Recorded Investment
 
Interest Income Recognized
With an allowance recorded
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
74

 
$
74

 
$
11

 
$
267

 
$
24

Equity lines of credit
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Multifamily
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Farmland
 
1,731

 
1,731

 
257

 
962

 
13

Construction, land development, other land loans
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
183

 
24

Commercial real estate- owner occupied
 
1,873

 
1,873

 
465

 
1,506

 
196

Commercial real estate- non owner occupied
 
3,892

 
3,892

 
955

 
2,951

 
141

Second mortgages
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
9

 
—

Non-real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Personal
 
2

 
2

 
2

 
27

 
—

Commercial
 
502

 
502

 
418

 
568

 
4

Agricultural
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total
 
$
8,074

 
$
8,074

 
$
2,108

 
$
6,473

 
$
402



45



The following tables reflect the Bank's impaired loans at December 31, 2016:
December 31, 2016
 
Recorded Investment
 
Unpaid Principal Balance
 
Related Allowance
 
Average Recorded Investment
 
Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
4,848

 
$
4,848

 
$
—

 
$
5,963

 
$
200

Equity lines of credit
 
25

 
25

 
—

 
38

 
1

Multifamily
 
989

 
989

 
—

 
1,005

 
1

Farmland
 
685

 
685

 
—

 
750

 
24

Construction, land development, other land loans
 
1,741

 
1,741

 
—

 
1,643

 
114

Commercial real estate- owner occupied
 
5,802

 
5,802

 
—

 
5,685

 
390

Commercial real estate- non owner occupied
 
1,883

 
1,883

 
—

 
941

 
39

Second mortgages
 
186

 
186

 
—

 
292

 
8

Non real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Personal
 
14

 
14

 
—

 
41

 
1

Commercial and agricultural
 
43

 
43

 
—

 
179

 
3

Total
 
$
16,216

 
$
16,216

 
$
—

 
$
16,537

 
$
781


December 31, 2016
 
Recorded Investment
 
Unpaid Principal Balance
 
Related Allowance
 
Average Recorded Investment
 
Interest Income Recognized
With an allowance recorded
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
 
$
460

 
$
460

 
$
36

 
$
1,153

 
$
14

Equity lines of credit
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Multifamily
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Farmland
 
192

 
192

 
16

 
96

 
11

Construction, land development, other land loans
 
366

 
366

 
20

 
406

 
22

Commercial real estate- owner occupied
 
1,139

 
2,139

 
558

 
1,629

 
—

Commercial real estate- non owner occupied
 
2,009

 
2,009

 
314

 
1,947

 
41

Second mortgages
 
18

 
18

 
9

 
18

 
—

Non real estate secured
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Personal
 
51

 
51

 
29

 
82

 
3

Commercial and agricultural
 
634

 
634

 
365

 
652

 
16

Total
 
$
4,869

 
$
5,869

 
$
1,347

 
$
5,983

 
$
107




46


The following tables present the balance in the allowance for loan losses and the recorded investment in loans by loan category and is segregated by impairment evaluation method as of and for the years ended December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016.

Year ended December 31, 2017
 
Residential
1-4 Family
 
Multifamily
 
Construction and Land Loans
 
Commercial Owner Occupied
 
Commercial Non-Owner Occupied
 
Second Mortgages
 
Equity Line of Credit
 
Farmland
 
Personal and  Overdrafts
 
Commercial and Agricultural
 
Unallocated
 
Total
Allowance for Loan Losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31,  2016
 
$
371

 
—

 
$
21

 
$
1,339

 
$
445

 
$
15

 
$
27

 
$
16

 
$
802

 
$
535

 
$
1,258

 
$
4,829

Provision for credit losses
 
(220
)
 
—

 
(24
)
 
1,025

 
509

 
(4
)
 
(28
)
 
36

 
(398
)
 
(130
)
 
(646
)
 
120

Charge-offs
 
57

 
—

 
—

 
755

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
321

 
470

 
—

 
1,603

Recoveries
 
(39
)
 
—

 
(4
)
 
(27
)
 
(1
)
 
(1
)
 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
(182
)
 
(448
)
 
—

 
(705
)
Net charge-offs
 
18

 
—

 
(4
)
 
728

 
(1
)
 
(1
)
 
(1
)
 
(2
)
 
139

 
22

 
—

 
898

Reclassification of reserve for unfunded commitments
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(97
)
 
(97
)
Balance at December 31, 2017
 
$
133

 
$
—

 
$
1

 
$
1,636

 
$
955

 
$
12

 
$
—

 
$
54

 
$
265

 
$
383

 
$
515

 
$
3,954

Allowance allocated by impairment method:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated
 
$
11

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
772

 
$
955

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
2

 
$
368

 
$
—

 
$
2,108

Collectively evaluated
 
122

 
—

 
1

 
864

 
—

 
12

 
—

 
54

 
263

 
15

 
515

 
1,846

Loan balances by impairment method used:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated
 
$
7,472

 
$
—

 
$
1,766

 
$
3,425

 
$
3,954

 
$
209

 
$
49

 
$
2,217

 
$
97

 
$
1,006

 
$
—

 
$
20,195

Collectively evaluated
 
167,417

 
19,469

 
14,141

 
78,696

 
29,794

 
4,475

 
34,329

 
10,971

 
14,095

 
38,729

 
—

 
412,116

Balance at December 31, 2017
 
$
174,889

 
$
19,469

 
$
15,907

 
$
82,121

 
$
33,748

 
$
4,684

 
$
34,378

 
$
13,188

 
$
14,192

 
$
39,735

 
—

 
$
432,311



47


Year ended December 31, 2016
 
Residential
1-4 Family
 
Multifamily
 
Construction and Land Loans
 
Commercial Owner Occupied
 
Commercial Non-Owner Occupied
 
Second Mortgages
 
Equity Line of Credit
 
Farmland
 
Personal and  Overdrafts
 
Commercial and Agricultural
 
Unallocated
 
Total
Allowance for Loan Losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2015
 
$
654

 
—

 
$
37

 
$
1,012

 
$
748

 
$
43

 
$
20

 
$
7

 
$
704

 
$
886

 
$
1,543

 
$
5,654

Provision for credit losses
 
(66
)
 
—

 
(2
)
 
1,564

 
(310
)
 
(24
)
 
14

 
11

 
947

 
(323
)
 
(285
)
 
1,526

Charge-offs
 
249

 
—

 
28

 
1,245

 
—

 
4

 
9

 
2

 
1,044

 
165

 
—

 
2,746

Recoveries
 
(32
)
 
—

 
(14
)
 
(8
)
 
(7
)
 
—

 
(2
)
 
—

 
(195
)
 
(137
)
 
—

 
(395
)
Net charge-offs
 
217

 
—

 
14

 
1,237

 
(7
)
 
4

 
7

 
2

 
849

 
28

 
—

 
2,351

Balance at December 31, 2016
 
$
371

 
$
—

 
$
21

 
$
1,339

 
$
445

 
$
15

 
$
27

 
$
16

 
$
802

 
$
535

 
$
1,258

 
$
4,829

Allowance allocated by impairment method:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated
 
$
36

 
$
—

 
$
20

 
$
558

 
$
314

 
$
9

 
$
—

 
$
16

 
$
29

 
$
365

 
$
—

 
$
1,347

Collectively evaluated
 
335

 
—

 
1

 
781

 
131

 
6

 
27

 
—

 
773

 
170

 
1,258

 
3,482

Loan balances by impairment method used:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated
 
$
5,308

 
$
989

 
$
2,107

 
$
6,941

 
$
3,892

 
$
204

 
$
25

 
$
877

 
$
65

 
$
677

 
$
—

 
$
21,085

Collectively evaluated
 
181,387

 
21,641

 
13,871

 
65,442

 
24,926

 
6,730

 
13,370

 
11,317

 
17,822

 
32,790

 
—

 
389,296

Balance at December 31, 2016
 
$
186,695

 
$
22,630

 
$
15,978

 
$
72,383

 
$
28,818

 
$
6,934

 
$
13,395

 
$
12,194

 
$
17,887

 
$
33,467

 
—

 
$
410,381



 

48


The Company's credit administration personnel and senior financial officers are responsible for tracking, coding, and monitoring troubled debt restructurings ("TDRs"). Concessions are made to existing borrowers in the form of modified interest rates and / or payment terms. The loans are segregated for regulatory and external reporting. Each specific TDR is reviewed to determine if the accrual of interest should be discontinued and also reviewed for impairment. The Company's senior credit officer performs this analysis on a quarterly basis in addition to determining any other loans that are impaired within the loan portfolio. The Company had a total of $8,005 and $12,660 of loans categorized as TDRs as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Interest is accrued on TDRs if the loan is not otherwise impaired and the full collection of principal and interest under the modified terms is deemed probable.

In the determination of the allowance for loan losses, management considers subsequent TDR defaults by adjusting the TDR loan risk grades. Defaults resulting in charge-offs affect the historical loss experience ratios which are a component of the allowance calculation. Additionally, specific reserves may be established on restructured loans evaluated individually.

There were no new TDRs in the year ended December 31, 2017. The following table summarizes TDRs during 2016.
 
Number of Contracts
 
 
Post - Modification Recorded Investment
December 31, 2016
Number
Pre-Modification Recorded Investment
Post-Modification Recorded Investment
Interest only



Residential 1-4 family
1

$
180

$
180

Farmland
1

57

57

Commercial real estate-owner occupied
4

4,288

4,288

Second mortgages
1

64

64

Total interest only
7

4,589

4,589

Below Market Rate
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
1

848

848

Commercial real estate-non owner occupied
1

1,516

1,516

Total below market rate
2

2,364

2,364

Loan term extension
 
 
 
Residential 1-4 family
2

452

452

Multifamily
1

999

999

Farmland
2

193

193

Total
5

1,644

1,644

 
 
 
 
Total restructurings
14

$
8,597

$
8,597

 
There were no defaults in the year ended December 31, 2017.

The following table summarizes previously-identified TDRs that defaulted during the 12 months ended December 31, 2016:
Troubled Debt Restructurings
That Subsequently Defaulted
Number of Contracts
 
Pre- Modification  Outstanding Recorded Investment
Post - Modification Recorded Investment
Residential 1-4 family
1

$
175

$
175

Farmland
2

193

193

Total
3

$
368

$
368

 
 
 
 

The Bank has engaged an external third party to perform its loan review function in order to identify weaknesses within the loan portfolio. The review, which seeks to cover 50 percent of loan balances each year, considers collateral, repayment history, guarantor strength, debt service coverage, and other relevant information on an individual and global level. These reviews consider borrower cash flow capacity, using financial statements, income tax returns and internally prepared interim statements for borrowers and guarantors. Debt service coverage (DSC) is calculated on each individual customer, or guarantor, as well as the aggregate or global

49


DSC. The DSC is discounted to determine a stressed DSC. Collateral evaluation includes an inspection of the collateral file to determine if the Bank is properly secured.  Collateral is discounted, when appropriate, to determine a stressed loan to value (LTV) ratio. 
The Company also seeks to identify potential problem relationships through a monthly watch list review, which includes a review of past due loans, as well as any other information that might be presented by loan officers, regarding a particular loan relationship that is exhibiting stress. Watch list relationships display distinct characteristics including, but not limited to, late payments greater than 60 days, a low DSC calculation, bankruptcy filings, casualty losses, or other issues that would cause a perceived increase in the risk of loss to the Bank.

The segments of the Company's loan portfolio are disaggregated to a level that allows management to monitor risk and performance. In reviewing risk, management has determined there to be several different risk categories within the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses consists of amounts applicable to: (i) the commercial loan portfolio; (ii) the commercial real estate loan portfolio; (iii) the construction loan portfolio; (iv) the consumer loan portfolio; and, (v) the residential loan portfolio. The commercial real estate ("CRE") loan segment is further disaggregated into two classes. Non-owner occupied CRE loans, which include loans secured by non-owner occupied nonfarm nonresidential properties, generally have a greater risk profile than all other CRE loans, which include multifamily structures and owner-occupied commercial structures. The construction loan segment is further disaggregated into two classes. One-to-four family residential construction loans are generally made to individuals for the acquisition of and/or construction on a lot or lots on which a residential dwelling is to be built. Commercial construction loans are generally made to developers or investors for the purpose of acquiring, developing and constructing residential or commercial structures. Construction lending is generally considered to involve a higher degree of credit risk than long-term permanent financing.

The following describes the Company's basic methodology for computing its ALLL.

On a quarterly basis, the ALLL methodology begins with the identification of loans subject to ASC 310.  All loans that are rated "7" (Doubtful) are assessed as impaired based on the expectation that the full collection of principal and interest is in doubt. All loans that are rated "6" (Substandard) or are expected to be downgraded to "6", require additional analysis to determine whether they may be impaired under ASC 310. All loans that are rated "5" (Special Mention) are presumed not to be impaired. However, "5" rated loans, together with any Troubled Debt Restructured (TDR) loan, may warrant further analysis before completing an assessment of impairment.

A loan is considered impaired and an allowance for loan losses is established on loans for which it is probable that the full collection of principal and interest is in doubt. Once a loan is identified as individually impaired, management measures impairment using one of several methods, including collateral value based on recent appraisal and /or tax assessment value, liquidation value and/or discounted cash flows. Those impaired loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans. At December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, all of the total impaired loans were evaluated based on either the fair value of the collateral or the discounted cash flows.

For ASC 310 loans that are individually evaluated and found to be impaired (primarily those designated as Substandard and Doubtful), the associated ALLL will be based upon one of the three impairment measurement methods specified within ASC 310:

(1)
Present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate;
(2)
Loan's observable market price; or
(3)
Fair value of the collateral.

To determine the amount of loan loss exposure for the impaired ASC 310 loans, the value of collateral for secured loans is evaluated to determine the current value and potential exposure.  The collateral value is adjusted for its age and condition, and, for real estate, adjusted for condition, location, and age of the most current appraisal.  If the adjusted value of the collateral is less than the current principal balance, the difference is designated as direct exposure for loan loss calculations.  The total balance of unsecured loans is considered as direct exposure.

ASC 450 Loan Loss:

For all other loans, including individual loans determined not to be impaired under ASC 310, the associated ALLL is calculated in accordance with ASC 450 that provides for estimated credit losses likely to be realized on groups of loans with similar risk characteristics. The Company uses standard call report categories to segregate loans into groups with similar risk characteristics. Estimated credit losses reflect significant factors that affect the collectability of the portfolio as of the evaluation date. Key factors that influence risk within the Company's loan portfolio are divided into three major categories:


50


(1) Historical Loss Factor: To calculate the anticipated loan loss in each call report category for ASC 450 loans, the Company begins with the net loss in each category for each of the last twelve quarters. The Company uses a rolling twelve quarter weighted historical loss average where the most recent quarters are weighted heavier than the earlier quarters so that the calculation reflects current risk trends within the portfolio.  The weighting used by the Company is similar to the Rule of 78's with the net losses of the most recent quarter weighted at 12/78ths and those in the first quarter in the twelve quarter period weighted at 1/78th.   Therefore, the net losses of the most recent year represent approximately 54% of the calculation compared with 33% if a simple average of losses over the three-year period was used.  The total of weighted factors for each call report category is applied to the current outstanding loan balance in each category to calculate expected loss based on historical data for a group of loans with similar risk characteristics.  The same weighting is applied to all loan types .

(2)External economic factors:  Economic conditions have a significant impact on Company's loan portfolio because deteriorating conditions can adversely impact both collateral values and the customer's ability to service debt.  Management has selected the following external factors as indicators of economic conditions:

a. National GDP growth rate
b. Local unemployment rates
c. Prime interest rate

The values for external factors are updated on a quarterly basis based on current data.

(3)Internal process factors:  Internal factors that influence loss rates as a result of risk management and control practices include the following:

d. Past-due loans
e. Non-accrual loans
f. Commercial real estate concentrations
f. Loan volume
g. Level and trend of classified loans

The values for internal factors are updated on a quarterly basis based on current portfolio metrics.

Once the quarterly ALLL is computed, the calculations are reviewed by the Company's management. The ALLL is then reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors.

Loans Held for Sale

The Company's mortgage division, Highlands Home Mortgage, originates certain single family, residential first mortgage loans for sale on a presold basis. Loan sale activity is summarized below. This division began operations in the second quarter of 2016. Loans are typically sold to one of the various investors within 20 days of closing. Management believes that, for each period presented, the carrying amount approximates the fair value of loans held for sale.

 
 
Year ended December 31,
 
 
2017
 
2016
Loans held for sale at end of period
 
$
4,808

 
$
1,255

Proceeds from sales of mortgage loans originated for sale
 
15,497

 
15,714

Gain on sales of mortgage loans originated for sale
 
1,942

 
525


51



Note 6 - Premises and Equipment / Real Estate Held for Sale

Premises and equipment include the following as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:

 
2017
 
2016
Land
$
7,238

 
$
7,471

Buildings
14,520

 
13,681

Equipment
16,182

 
15,314

Gross investment in premises and equipment
37,940

 
36,466

Less: accumulated depreciation
19,608

 
18,770

Construction in progress
—

 
118

Total premises and equipment
$
18,332

 
$
17,814


Depreciation expense was $1,042 and $967 for 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The Company also has real estate held for sale totaling $1,430 and $1,680 as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively. Real estate held for sale includes vacant lots that were originally purchased for future branch expansion or bank operations.

Total rent expense for all operating leases amounted to $212 in 2017, compared to $45 in 2016.
 
Future minimum rental commitments for noncancellable operating leases with initial or remaining terms of one or more years consisted of the following as of December 31, 2017:

 
Year ended December 31
2018
$
223

2019
91

2020
35

2021
35

2022
15

Beyond
—

Total
$
399

 
 



Note 7 - Bank Owned Life Insurance

The Company maintains insurance on the lives of certain current and former directors and officers. As beneficiary, the Company receives the cash surrender value if the policy is terminated, and upon death of the insured, receives all benefits payable.  The current value of the policies at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $14,679 and $14,314, respectively.


52



Note 8 - Income Taxes


The components of income tax expense (benefit) related to continuing operations are as follows:
 
2017
 
2016
Federal:
 
 
 
Current
$
—

 
$
(657
)
Deferred
5,694

 
297

Total
$
5,694

 
$
(360
)

The Company's income tax expense (benefit) differs from tax expense (benefit) calculated at a statutory federal rate of 34 percent as follows:

 
2017
 
2016
Statutory rate applied to income (loss) before income taxes
$
1,787

 
$
(118
)
Tax exempt interest
(108
)
 
(113
)
Life insurance proceeds
—

 
(30
)
Revaluation of deferred tax asset due to change in enacted federal income tax rate
3,960

 
—

Other, net
55

 
(99
)
Income tax expense (benefit)
$
5,694

 
$
(360
)

The components of the net deferred tax asset (DTA) are as follows:
 
2017
 
2016
Deferred tax asset:
 
 
 
Allowance for loan loss
$
830

 
$
1,642

Previous years AMT
742

 
802

Loss on other equity investments
—

 
51

Net operating loss carry-forwards  (20 year carry-forward period) and other
5,571

 
10,286

Net unrealized loss on securities available-for-sale
423

 
632

Deferred tax asset
7,566

 
13,413

Deferred tax liability:
 

 
 

Depreciation
(405
)
 
(424
)
Net deferred tax asset
$
7,161

 
$
12,989


The deferred tax asset related to the Company's net operating losses represent future benefits that will expire in periods ranging from 2030 to 2036.

The Company evaluates the carrying amount of its DTA in accordance with the guidance provided in FASB ASC Topic 740 (ASC 740), in particular, applying the criteria set forth therein to determine whether it is more likely than not (i.e., a likelihood of more than 50 percent) that some portion, or all, of the DTA will not be realized within its life cycle, based on the weight of available evidence. In most cases, the realization of the DTA is dependent upon the Company generating a sufficient level of taxable income in future periods, which can be difficult to predict. If the Company's forecast of taxable income within the carry forward periods available under applicable law is not sufficient to cover the amount of net deferred assets, such assets may be impaired. Management considers the reversal of deferred tax liabilities (including the impact of available carry-back and carry-forward periods), projected future taxable income and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment.

Management periodically evaluates the carrying value of the Company's DTA in accordance with ASC 740, to determine whether a valuation allowance is required based upon circumstances and expectations then in existence. 


53



Note 9 - Deposits

The composition of deposits is as follows:

 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
Non-interest bearing demand
$
148,633

 
$
134,488

Interest bearing demand
119,197

 
124,143

Savings deposits
104,390

 
90,686

Time deposits, in amounts of $100,000 or more
36,794

 
43,743

Other time deposits
89,769

 
96,809

Total deposits
$
498,783

 
$
489,869


The scheduled maturities of time deposits at December 31, 2017 are as follows:

Year
Amount
2018
$
60,013

2019
20,766

2020
12,546

2021
8,962

2022
11,260

Thereafter
13,016

 
$
126,563


Time deposits greater than $250 totaled $6,019 and $6,308 at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively.


Note 10 - Short-Term Borrowings

Short-term borrowings at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 include Federal Home Loan Bank advances that are secured by blanket liens on the Bank's 1-4 family residential mortgage loans, commercial mortgage loans and multifamily loans. Also included in other short-term borrowings are the contractual principal payments due over the next 12 months on an FHLB advance granted through the FHLB's Affordable Housing Program.

 
Interest rate
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
FHLB advances maturing:
 
 
 
 
 
August 29, 2018
2.855
%
 
$
5,000

 
$
—

August 29, 2018
2.733
%
 
5,000

 
—

September 13, 2017
3.840
%
 
—

 
15,000

August 29, 2017
2.430
%
 
—

 
7,500

May 18, 2017
4.341
%
 
—

 
5,000

FHLB Affordable Housing Program payable
—

 
—

 
52

 
 
 
$
10,000

 
$
27,552

 
 
 
 
 
 

54



Note 11 - Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt includes the following obligations as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:
 
Interest rate
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
FHLB advances maturing:
 
 
 
 
August 29, 2019
3.53
%
$
12,500

 
$
12,500

August 29, 2019
3.70
%
12,500

 
12,500

August 29, 2018
2.73
%
—

 
5,000

August 29, 2019
3.74
%
5,000

 
5,000

August 29, 2018
2.86
%
—

 
5,000

FHLB Affordable Housing Program payable
—
%
146

 
146

Total
 
$
30,146

 
$
40,146


FHLB advances require quarterly interest payments.

Certain commercial real estate, multi-family, and residential mortgage loans, with a balance of $130,773 and $145,794 at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, respectively, were pledged to the FHLB as collateral short-term borrowings, long-term debt, and to secure additional available lines of credit.

Contractual principal maturities of long-term debt at December 31, 2017 are as follows:

2018
$
53

2019
30,053

2020
40

 
$
30,146


Note 12 - Stock Issuances / Equity Compensation Plan

On April 16, 2014, management and board of directors of Highlands Bankshares, Inc. announced the completion of a $16,525 private placement capital raise. Purchasers in the private placement included outside investors, as well as certain directors and executive officers of the Company. The Company sold 2,673,249 newly issued shares of the Company's common stock at $3.50 per share, and 2,048,179 shares of Series-A convertible perpetual preferred stock at $3.50 per share. The private placement was disclosed on Form 8-K on April 16, 2014. The Company immediately repaid a $3,440 holding company loan on April 16, 2014. The Company also repaid $3,150 of trust preferred securities and related accrued interest. The payoff totaling $4,802 was completed on July 15, 2014. The Company down-streamed $7,500 to the subsidiary Bank in June 2014.

During the third quarter of 2014, the Company conducted a rights offering to its existing shareholders other than directors and executive officers. The Company raised a total of $556 as a result of the offering. The Company immediately down-streamed $400 of the $556 to the Bank in September of 2014. In October 2014, one of the private placement purchasers, TNH Financial Fund, LP, purchased another $183 of common and preferred stock which allowed them to maintain the same ownership percentage that was held immediately prior to the rights offering. Net proceeds received from the private placement issues and rights offering totaled $16,123.

In January 2016, the Company's CEO purchased 235,294 shares of the Company's common stock at a price of $4.25 per share in a private placement.  In February 2016, two of the private placement purchasers participating in the capital raise in 2014, MFP Partners LP and Deerhill Pond Investment Partners, LP, each purchased another 12,744 shares of common stock at $4.25 per share which allowed them to maintain the same ownership percentage that was held immediately prior to the CEO's purchase. The Company down-streamed $1,150 to the Bank.

During 2006, the Company's board of directors approved an equity compensation plan, which authorized up to 200,000 shares of common stock to be used for nonqualified stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock awards and stock units to directors, officers and employees. During September 2016, the Company granted 86,667 restricted shares of the Company's common stock pursuant to the equity compensation plan. The restricted shares will vest 50 percent on the first anniversary of the award

55


date and 50 percent on the second anniversary of the award date. The restricted shares are being expensed over the 2 year vesting period based on the grant date fair value of the shares. The equity compensation plan expired during 2016.

The Company did not grant any equity compensation in 2017.


Note 13 - Stock and Net Income Per Share

Net income (loss) per common share is computed using the weighted average outstanding shares for the years ended December 31. The impact of restricted stock on net income per share is determined using the treasury stock method.

During 2014, the Company issued a total of 2,092,287 shares of Series A preferred stock. These preferred shares are non-voting mandatorily convertible non-cumulative preferred shares which are entitled to receive dividends equal to dividends paid on the Company's common shares. The Series A preferred shares will rank pari passu with the common stock with respect to all terms (other than voting), including, the payment of dividends or distributions, and payments and rights upon liquidation and dissolution. The restricted stock awards issued by the Company to Mr. Schools are also included in the diluted shares total. See Note 12.

The following is a calculation of the basic and diluted net (loss) income per common share for 2017 and 2016:

 
2017
 
2016
Net (loss) income available to common stockholders
$
(437
)
 
$
12

Weighted average shares outstanding
8,199,000

 
8,107,000

Weighted average shares outstanding including assumed conversion of potential stock
8,199,000

 
10,285,000

Basic net (loss) income per common share
$
(0.05
)
 
$
—

Fully diluted net (loss) income per share (including convertible preferred shares outstanding)
$
(0.05
)
 
$
—


At December 31, 2017, 2,092,287 shares of convertible preferred stock were not included in the diluted calculation as their effect would be anti-dilutive.


Note 14 - Profit Sharing and Retirement Savings Plan

The Bank has a 401(k) savings plan available to substantially all employees meeting minimum eligibility requirements. 

Employees may elect to make voluntary contributions to the plan up to the maximum allowed by law. The Bank also matches 100% of the employee's initial 1% contribution and 50% of the next 5%.  The cost of Bank contributions under the savings plan was $190 and $216 in 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Prior to July 1, 2016, the Bank made a discretionary 1.5% profit sharing contribution to all employees exclusive of employee contributions and employer matching. Effective July 1, 2016 this discretionary 1.5% contribution was replaced with a performance based program tied to certain profitability goals, etc. being achieved.


Note 15 - Off-Balance Sheet Activities

The Bank is party to various financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk arising in the normal course of business to meet customers' financing needs. Those financial instruments include unfunded commitments under lines of credit, commitments to extend credit, and commercial standby letters of credit.

Unfunded commitments under lines of credit, revolving credit lines and overdraft protection agreements are commitments for possible future extensions of credit to existing customers. These lines of credit may or may not contain a specified maturity date and may or may not be drawn upon to the total extent to which the Company is committed.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The total commitment amount does not necessarily represent future cash requirements since commitments could expire

56


with ever being accessed. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company, is based on management's credit evaluation of the customer.

Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party. Standby letters of credit are primarily issued to support public and private borrowing arrangements. Essentially all letters of credit issued have expiration dates within one year. The credit risk involved in issuing letters of credit is essentially the same as that involved in extending loan facilities to customers. The Company holds collateral supporting those commitments if deemed necessary.

 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
Unfunded commitments
$
46,119

 
$
34,469

Commitments to extend credit
8,919

 
10,334

Standby letters of credit
991

 
373


These instruments contain credit risk for potential non-performance by the borrower following assumed funding of the commitment. The Bank uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations that is used for instruments recorded on the consolidated balance sheet. As of December 31, 2017, other liabilities included a $97 reserve for unfunded commitments, representing management's estimate of potential losses. There was no reserve for unfunded commitments as of December 31, 2016. These commitments also present interest rate risk.



Note 16 – Fair Value

The Company utilizes fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and to determine fair value disclosures. Securities available-for-sale are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Additionally, from time to time, the Company may be required to record financial instruments at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. These nonrecurring fair value adjustments typically involve application of lower of cost or market accounting or write-downs of individual assets.

Fair Value Hierarchy
        
Under ASC Topic 820 on Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, the Company groups assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels, based on the markets in which the assets and liabilities are traded and the reliability of the assumptions used to determine fair value. These levels are:

 
Level 1 
 
Valuation is based upon quoted prices for identical instruments traded in active markets.
 
 
 
 
 
Level 2 
 
Valuation is based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant assumptions are observable in the market.
 
 
 
 
 
Level 3 
 
Valuation is generated from model-based techniques that use at least one significant assumption not observable in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques include use of option pricing models, discounted cash flow models and similar techniques.
        
In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon third party models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to determine fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality, the borrower's creditworthiness, among other things, as well as unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. The Company's valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company's valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.


57


Recurring - Investment Securities Available for Sale

Securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value utilizing level 2. For level 2 securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from multiple independent third party sources. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the bond's terms and conditions, among other things.

The following tables summarize the Company's available for sale securities portfolio measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy.
December 31, 2017
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total Fair Value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
State and political subdivisions
 
$
—

 
$
12,511

 
$
—

 
$
12,511

Mortgage backed securities
 
—

 
59,307

 
—

 
59,307

SBA pools
 
—

 
6,709

 
—

 
6,709

Total available for sale securities
 
$
—

 
$
78,527

 
$
—

 
$
78,527


December 31, 2016
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total Fair Value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
State and political subdivisions
 
$
—

 
$
12,451

 
$
—

 
$
12,451

Mortgage backed securities
 
—

 
74,288

 
—

 
74,288

SBA pools
 
—

 
8,334

 
—

 
8,334

Total available for sale securities
 
—

 
$
95,073

 
—

 
$
95,073


Recurring - Derivatives

Beginning in 2017, the Company entered into interest rate swaps related to customer loan transactions to manage its interest rate risk. These interest rate swaps, which had a notional value of $3,702 as of December 31, 2017, are considered to be derivative financial instruments and are recorded at fair value, based on third party pricing models that are sensitive to market observable data and are therefore classified as level 2 values. The fair value of derivative financial instruments as of December 31, 2017 totaled $12. No interest rate swaps were outstanding as of December 31, 2016.

Non Recurring - Loans

The Company does not record loans at fair value on a recurring basis. However, from time to time, a loan is considered impaired and an allowance for loan loss is established. Loans for which it is probable that payment of interest and principal will not be made in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement are considered impaired. Once a loan is identified as individually impaired, management measures impairment using one of several methods, including appraised collateral value and /or tax assessed value, liquidation value and discounted expected cash flow. Those impaired loans not requiring an allowance represent loans for which the fair value of the expected repayments or collateral exceed the recorded investments in such loans. The Company frequently obtains appraisals prepared by external professional appraisers and applies discounts ranging from 8% to 40% depending on type of property, condition, location, etc. The Company also, in certain instances, prepares internally generated valuations from on-site inspections, third-party valuation models or other information.

Non Recurring – Loans Held for Sale

Loans held for sale are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. The fair value of loans held for sale is based on inputs derived from secondary markets for loans with similar characteristics. The Company considers loans held for sale as non-recurring level 2.

Non Recurring –Other Real Estate Owned  / Repossessions / Real Estate Held for Sale

Other real estate owned and repossessions are adjusted to fair value upon transfer of the loans to other real estate owned and repossessions. Subsequently, foreclosed assets and repossessions are carried at the lower of carrying value or fair value. Fair value

58


is based upon independent market prices or recent appraised values of the collateral which the Company considers as nonrecurring level 2.  When the current appraised value is not available or is further discounted below the most recent appraised value less selling costs due to absorption rates and market conditions, the Company records the foreclosed assets within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
Real estate held for sale is adjusted to fair value upon transfer from fixed assets or when no longer being used for banking purposes.

The following table summarizes the Company's assets at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016, segregated by the level of the valuation inputs within the fair value hierarchy. The tables disclose the recorded investment of impaired loans requiring a specific allowance.
December 31, 2017
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total Fair Value
Impaired loans
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
5,967

 
$
5,967

OREO
 
—

 
—

 
2,350

 
2,350

Real estate held for sale
 
—

 
—

 
1,430

 
1,430

December 31, 2016
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total Fair Value
Impaired loans
 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
4,869

 
$
4,869

OREO
 
—

 
—

 
2,768

 
2,768

Real estate held for sale
 
—

 
—

 
1,680

 
1,680


The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis for which the Company uses level 3 inputs to determine fair value:
 
 
 
 
 
Quantitative Information about Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
 
 
12/31/16
 
12/31/2017
 
Valuation
Techniques
 
Unobservable
Input (2)
 
Range
OREO, net
 
$
2,768

 
$
2,350

 
Appraisals (1)
 
Appraisal adjustments
 
0% to 45%
 
 

 
 

 
 
 
Liquidation expenses
 
0% to 10%
Real estate held for sale
 
$
1,680

 
$
1,430

 
Appraisals (1)
 
Appraisal adjustments
 
0% to 50%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liquidation expenses
 
0% to 10%
Impaired loans
 
$
4,869

 
$
5,967

 
Fair value of collateral –real estate  (1), (3)
 
Appraisal adjustments
 
0% to 10%
 
 

 
 

 
Fair value of collateral –equipment, inventory, other  (1), (3)
 
Appraisal adjustments
 
25% to 50%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Liquidation expenses
 
0% to 10%
Valuation adjustments and liquidation cost adjustments represent unobservable inputs for OREO and impaired loans.  The ranges of discounts applied are based on age of independent appraisals, type and condition of collateral, current market conditions, and experience with the local market.
(1)  Fair value is generally determined through independent appraisals of the underlying collateral, which generally include various level 3 inputs which are not identifiable.
(2)  Appraisals may be adjusted by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions and estimated liquidation expenses.  The range and weighted average of liquidation expenses and other appraisal adjustments are presented as a percent of the appraisal.
(3)  Includes qualitative adjustments by management.

59



Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Fair value is best determined based upon quoted market prices. However, in many instances, there are no quoted market prices for the Company's various financial instruments. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based on estimates using present value or other valuation techniques. Those techniques are significantly affected by the assumptions used, including the discount rate and estimates of future cash flows. Fair value estimates may not be realized in an immediate settlement, and the aggregate fair value amounts presented may not necessarily represent the underlying fair value of the Company.

Cash and Cash Equivalents
The carrying amount reported in the balance sheets for cash, short-term investments and federal funds sold approximates fair value.

Investment Securities Available for Sale
Fair values are determined in the manner as described above.

Other Investments
Other investments include Federal Home Loan Bank stock, Federal Reserve Bank stock, Community Bankers Bank stock, and Pacific Coast Bankers Bank stock. The carrying value of those securities approximates fair value based on the redemption provisions of those Banks. Also included in other investments are certificates of deposit purchased from other FDIC insured banks in which the carrying amount approximates fair value.

Loans
The fair value of loans represent the amount at which the loans of the Bank could be exchanged on the open market, based upon the current lending rate for similar types of lending arrangements discounted over the remaining life of the loans .  For fixed rate loans and for variable rate loans with infrequent re-pricing or re-pricing limits, fair value is based on discounted cash flows using current market rates applied to the cash flow analysis.

Deposits
The fair value of time deposits is based on discounted cash flows using current market rates applied to the cash flow analysis for each time deposit. Other non-maturity deposits are reported at their carrying values.
Short-Term Borrowings
Fair values of short-term borrowings are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on the Company's current incremental borrowing rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. Estimated maturity dates are also included in the calculation of fair value for these borrowings.

Long-term Debt
Rates currently available to the Company for debt with similar terms and remaining maturities or established call prices are used to estimate fair value of existing debt.

Off-Balance Sheet Instruments
Off-balance sheet instruments include commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and financial guarantees.  Because of the uncertainty involved in attempting to assess the likelihood and timing of commitments being drawn upon, coupled with the lack of an established market and the wide diversity of fee structures, the Company does not believe it is meaningful to provide an estimate of fair value for these instruments.


60


The carrying amounts and fair values of the Company's financial instruments at December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were as follows:
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
 
 
Carrying Amount
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying Amount
 
Fair Value
Cash and cash equivalents
 
$
27,016

 
$
27,016

 
$
50,385

 
$
50,385

Securities available for sale
 
78,527

 
78,527

 
95,073

 
95,073

Other investments
 
3,116

 
3,116

 
6,637

 
6,637

Loans held for sale
 
4,808

 
4,808

 
1,255

 
1,255

Loans, net
 
427,620

 
429,467

 
404,838

 
406,851

Interest rate swaps
 
12

 
12

 
—

 
—

Deposits
 
498,783

 
424,664

 
489,869

 
422,730

Other short-term borrowings
 
10,000

 
10,000

 
27,552

 
27,958

Long-term debt
 
30,243

 
30,780

 
40,146

 
41,825


Note 17 - Related Party Transactions

In the normal course of business, the Bank has made loans to its directors and officers and their affiliates.  All loans and commitments made to such officers and directors and to companies in which they are officers or have significant ownership interest have been made on substantially the same terms, including interest rates and collateral, as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with unrelated persons, and did not, in the opinion of management, involve more than normal credit risk or present other unfavorable features. The activity in such loans is as follows:
 
2017
 
2016
Balance, beginning of period
$
4,703

 
$
7,723

Additions
211

 
1,354

Reductions
(3,029
)
 
(4,374
)
Balance, end of period
$
1,885

 
$
4,703


Deposits from related parties held by the Bank at December 31, 2017 and 2016 were $1,156 and $3,784 respectively.


Note 18 - Restrictions on Cash

The Federal Reserve Bank requires the Bank to maintain reserve balances. The total of those reserve balances including available vault cash at December 31, 2017 and 2016 was $6,046 and $4,346 respectively.


Note 19 - Minimum Regulatory Capital Requirements

Regulators of the Company and its subsidiary, Highlands Union Bank (the "Bank"), have implemented risk-based capital guidelines that require compliance with certain minimum capital ratios as a percent of assets and other certain off-balance sheet items, which are adjusted for predefined credit risk factors. Effective January 1, 2015 (with some changes transitioned into full effectiveness over the following two to four years), the Bank became subject to new capital requirements adopted by the Federal Reserve. These new requirements create a new required ratio for common equity tier 1 ("CET1") capital, increase the tier 1 capital ratio, change the risk weight of certain assets for purposes of the risk-based capital ratios, create an additional capital conservation buffer over the required capital ratios and change what qualifies as capital for purposes of meeting these various capital requirements. Beginning in 2016, failure to maintain the required capital conservation buffer will limit the ability of the Bank to pay dividends, repurchase shares or pay discretionary bonuses.

Under the new capital regulations, the minimum capital ratios are: (1) CET1 capital ratio of 4.5 percent of risk-weighted assets (new); (2) tier 1 capital ratio of 6.0 percent of risk-weighted assets (increased from 4.0 percent): (3) total capital ratio of 8.0 percent of risk-weighted assets (unchanged); and (4) leverage ratio of 4.0 percent (unchanged). CET1 generally consists of common stock and retained earnings, subject to applicable regulatory adjustments and deductions.

61



There are a number of changes in what qualifies as regulatory capital, some of which are subject to transition periods. These changes include the phasing-out of certain instruments as qualifying capital. The Bank does not use any of these instruments. Under the new requirements for total capital, tier 2 capital is no longer limited to the amount of tier 1 capital included in total capital. Mortgage servicing rights, certain deferred tax assets and investments in unconsolidated subsidiaries over designated percentages of CET1 will be deducted from capital. As permitted under the final guidelines, the Bank has irrevocably elected to opt-out of the inclusion of accumulated other comprehensive income in our capital calculations. This opt-out will reduce the impact of market volatility on our regulatory capital levels.

The new requirements also include changes in the risk-weights of assets to better reflect credit risk and other risk exposures. These include a 150 percent risk weight (increased from 100 percent) for certain high volatility commercial real estate acquisition, development and construction loans and for non-residential mortgage loans that are 90 days past due or otherwise in non-accrual status; a 20 percent (increased from 0 percent) credit conversion factor for the unused portion of a commitment with an original maturity of one year or less that is not unconditionally cancellable; a 250 percent risk weight (increased from 100 percent) for mortgage servicing and deferred tax assets that are not deducted from capital; and increased risk weights (0 percent to 600 percent) for equity exposures.

In addition to the minimum CET1, tier 1 and total capital ratios, the Bank will have to maintain a capital conservation buffer consisting of additional CET1 capital greater than 2.5 percent of risk-weighted assets above the required minimum levels in order to avoid limitations on paying dividends, engaging in share repurchases, and paying discretionary bonuses based on percentages of eligible retained income that could be utilized for such actions. The implementation of the new capital conservation buffer requirement began in January 2016 at 0.625 percent of risk-weighted assets and increases each year until fully implemented in January 2019.

The Federal Reserve's prompt corrective action standards also changed effective January 1, 2015. Under the new standards, in order to be considered well-capitalized, the Bank must have a CET1 ratio of 6.5 percent (new), a tier 1 ratio of 8.0 percent (increased from 6.0 percent), a total risk-based capital ratio of 10.0 percent (unchanged) and a leverage ratio of 5.0 percent (unchanged).


62


As of December 31, 2017, the Bank meets all these new requirements, including the fully-implemented capital conservation buffer. The Bank's actual and required capital amounts and ratios are as follows as of December 31, 2017 and December 31, 2016:
 
Actual
 
To Be Well Capitalized under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
 
Amount
 
Ratio
 
Amount
 
Ratio
As of December 31, 2017:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tier 1 leverage capital to total adjusted assets
$
49,547

 
8.36
%
 
$
29,631

 
=> 5
%
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
49,547

 
12.15
%
 
26,516

 
=> 6.5
%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
49,547

 
12.15
%
 
32,635

 
=> 8
%
Total capital to risk-weighted assets
53,501

 
13.11
%
 
40,794

 
=> 10
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of December 31, 2016:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tier 1 leverage capital to total adjusted assets
45,694

 
7.59
%
 
30,011

 
=> 5
%
Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
45,694

 
11.78
%
 
25,215

 
=> 6.5
%
Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets
45,694

 
11.78
%
 
31,034

 
=> 8
%
Total capital to risk-weighted assets
50,523

 
13.02
%
 
38,792

 
=> 10
%

The Company is exempt from consolidated capital requirements as those requirements do not apply to certain small bank holding companies with assets under $1 billion.


Note 20 - Restrictions on Dividends

The Parent Company's principal asset is its investment in the Bank, its wholly-owned consolidated subsidiary. The primary source of income for the Parent Company historically has been dividends from the Bank. Regulatory agencies limit the amount of funds that may be transferred from the Bank to the Parent Company in the form of dividends, loans or advances.

Under applicable laws and without prior regulatory approval, the total dividend payments of the Bank in any calendar year are restricted to the net profits of that year, as defined, combined with the retained net profits for the two preceding years. The Company and Bank currently are prohibited from paying dividends unless regulatory approval is obtained (See Note 2 Formal Written Agreement).


63



Note 21 - Other Operating Income and Other Operating Expense

Other operating income and other operating expense that exceed 1 percent of the total of interest income and noninterest income include the following:

 
2017
 
2016
Other noninterest income includes:
 
 
 
BOLI income
$
365

 
$
396

 
 
 
 
Other noninterest expense includes:
 
 
 
Software licensing/maintenance
$
1,300

 
$
932

FDIC insurance
488

 
693

Other insurance
390

 
418

Other contracted services
466

 
763

Bank franchise taxes
474

 
423

Other loan expense
368

 
167

Audit
332

 
253

Postage and freight
228

 
247

Legal
113

 
431

Other losses
111

 
124

Advertising
155

 
286

All other items
1,389

 
1,436

Total other noninterest expense
$
5,814

 
$
6,173



Note 22 - Condensed Parent Company Financial Statements

The condensed financial statements below relate to Highlands Bankshares, Inc., as of December 31, 2017 and 2016, and for the years then ended. Equity in undistributed earnings of subsidiary includes the change in unrealized gains or losses on securities, net of tax.
CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
 
 
 
 
December 31, 2017
 
December 31, 2016
ASSETS
 
 
 
Cash
$
215

 
$
224

Other investments
102

 
102

Equity in subsidiary
53,487

 
53,412

Other assets
—

 
20

Total assets
$
53,804

 
$
53,758

 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
 
 
 
Stockholders' equity
$
53,804

 
$
53,758

Total liabilities and stockholders' equity
$
53,804

 
$
53,758

 
 
 
 


64


CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
 
 
 
 
Year ended December 31,
 
2017
 
2016
Interest and dividend income
$
5

 
$
4

Operating expense
(255
)
 
(86
)
Loss before income tax benefit
(250
)
 
(82
)
Income tax benefit
85

 
27

Equity in undistributed (loss) earnings of subsidiary
(272
)
 
67

Net (loss) income
$
(437
)
 
$
12


CONDENSED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
 
 
 
 
Year ended December 31,
 
2017
 
2016
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Net income
$
(437
)
 
$
12

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash
  Used in operating activities:
 
 
 
Restricted stock expense
221

 
55

Equity in undistributed loss (earnings) of subsidiary
272

 
(67
)
Decrease (increase) in other assets
(65
)
 
(50
)
Net cash provided (used) in operating activities
(9
)
 
(50
)
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Capital contributed to subsidiary bank
—

 
(850
)
Net cash (used in) investing
  activities
—

 
(850
)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Issuance of common stock
—

 
1,110

Net cash provided by financing activities
—

 
1,110

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents
(9
)
 
210

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year
224

 
14

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year
$
215

 
$
224



65




Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.


Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

We have carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in providing reasonable assurance that (a) the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms, and (b) such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There have not been any changes in the Company's internal controls over financial reporting during the fourth quarter of 2017 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.


Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of the inherent limitations in any internal control, no matter how well designed, misstatements may occur and not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, even effective internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation. Further, the evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting was made as of a specific date, and continued effectiveness in future periods is subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may decline.
Management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our system of internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2017 based on the framework set forth in the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission's 2013 Internal Control - Integrated Framework. Based on its evaluation, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2017, Highlands Bankshares Inc.'s internal control over financial reporting was effective.



66


Item 9B. Other Information

None

PART III.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K, the information contained under the headings "The Nominees," "Executive Officers Who Are Not Directors," "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance," "The Board of Directors and its Committees" and "Code of Ethics" in the Company's Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 11. Executive Compensation
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K, the information contained under the headings "Executive Compensation" in the Company's Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K, the information contained under the headings "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners" and "Security Ownership of Management" in the Company's Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K, the information contained under the heading "Transactions with Related Parties" and "The Board of Directors and its Committees" in the Company's Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services
Pursuant to General Instruction G(3) of Form 10-K, the information contained under the headings "Services and Fees" and "Pre-Approved Policies and Procedures" in the Company's Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders is incorporated herein by reference.



67


PART IV.

Item 15.  Exhibits

Exhibit Number
Description
3.1
3.2
3.3
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.10
10.11
10.12
21
23.1
24
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101
The following materials from the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), include: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity and (vi) related notes (furnished herewith).

68


SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
HIGHLANDS BANKSHARES, INC (Registrant)
 
 
 
 
Date: April 2, 2018
By:
/s/ Timothy K. Schools
 
 
 
Timothy K. Schools, President and Chief Executive Officer
 
 
 
 
Date: April 2, 2018
 
/s/ John H. Gray
 
 
 
John H. Gray, Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated:
Signature
Title
Date
 
Chairman of the Board of Directors
 
/s/ Robert W. Moser, Jr. *
April 2, 2018
Robert W. Moser, Jr.
 
 
 
Chief Executive Officer (principal executive officer) and Director
 
/s/ Timothy K. Schools
April 2, 2018
Timothy K. Schools
 
 
 
Chief Financial Officer (principal accounting officer)
 
/s/ John H. Gray
April 2, 2018
John H. Gray
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ E. Sutton Bacon, Jr. *
Director
April 2, 2018
E. Sutton Bacon, Jr.
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ E. Craig Kendrick *
Director
April 2, 2018
E. Craig Kendrick
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ Jon C. Lundberg *
Director
April 2, 2018
Jon C. Lundberg
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ Charles D. Meade, III *
Director
April 2, 2018
Charles D. Meade, III
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ Charles P. Olinger *
Director
April 2, 2018
Charles P. Olinger
 
 
 
 
 
/s/ Edward M. Rosinus *
Director
April 2, 2018
Edward M. Rosinus
 
 
* Robert M. Little, Jr. hereby signs this Annual Report on Form 10-K on April 2, 2018 on behalf of the indicated persons for whom he is attorney-in-fact pursuant to a Power of Attorney filed herewith.

By:
/s/ Robert M. Little, Jr.
 
 
Robert M. Little, Jr. as Attorney-in-Fact

Exhibit Index
 
3.1
3.2
3.3
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
10.8
10.9
10.1
10.1
10.1
21.0
23.1
24.0
31.1
31.2
32.1
32.2
101
The following materials from the Registrant's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL), include: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows; (v) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity and (vi) related notes (furnished herewith).
 
 


69

HIGHLANDS BANKSHARES INC /VA/ Reports