IPASS INC - FORM 10-K - March 14, 2017

Attached files

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EX-32.2 - EXHIBIT 32.2 - IPASS INC	exhibit32210kq42016.htm
EX-32.1 - EXHIBIT 32.1 - IPASS INC	exhibit32110kq42016.htm
EX-31.2 - EXHIBIT 31.2 - IPASS INC	exhibit31210kq42016.htm
EX-31.1 - EXHIBIT 31.1 - IPASS INC	exhibit31110kq42016.htm
EX-23.2 - EXHIBIT 23.2 - IPASS INC	exhibit23210kq42016.htm
EX-23.1 - EXHIBIT 23.1 - IPASS INC	exhibit23110kq42016.htm

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)



x	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016



¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission File Number: 000-50327

iPass Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware	93-1214598
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

3800 Bridge Parkway

Redwood Shores, California 94065

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (650) 232-4100

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:



Title of Each Class	Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Common Stock, $0.001 Per Share Par Value	NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No ¨

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	x
Non-accelerated filer	¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No x

Aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of a share of the registrant’s common stock on June 30, 2016, as reported by the NASDAQ Global Select Market on that date: $79,109,437. The determination of affiliate status for the purposes of this calculation is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. The calculation excludes approximately 1,570,000 shares held by directors, officers and stockholders whose ownership exceeded ten percent of the registrant’s outstanding Common Stock as of June 30, 2016. Exclusion of these shares should not be construed to indicate that such person controls, is controlled by or is under common control with the registrant.

The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock, $0.001 par value, as of February 28, 2017, was 65,784,605.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement in connection with our 2017 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission not later than April 30, 2017, are incorporated by reference in Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of this report on Form 10-K.

iPASS INC.

FORM 10-K

FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS



		Page
	PART I.
Item 1.	Business	4
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	8
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	14
Item 2.	Properties	14
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	14
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	14

	PART II.
Item 5.	Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	15
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	17
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	18
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	29
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	29
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	30
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	31
Item 9B.	Other Information	31

	PART III.
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance	32
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	32
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	32
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence	32
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	32

	PART IV.
Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules	33
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	58

SIGNATURES		59
INDEX TO EXHIBITS		62

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Disclosure Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements regarding expected future events and future results that are based on current expectations, estimates, forecasts, and projections about the industries in which we operate and the beliefs and assumptions of our management. Words such as “expect,” “will,” “anticipate,” “target,” “goal,” "projection,'" “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “potential,” variations of such words, and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. In addition, any statements which refer to projections of our future financial performance, our anticipated growth and trends in our business, and other characterizations of future events or circumstances, are forward-looking statements. Readers are cautioned that these forward-looking statements are only predictions and are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Therefore, actual results may differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements. Readers are directed to risks and uncertainties identified below, under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere herein, for factors that may cause actual results to be different from those expressed in these forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which it is made and, except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason.

Investors and others should note that we announce material financial information to our investors using our website, SEC filings, press releases, public conference calls and webcasts. We also use social media to communicate with our customers and the public about our company, our products and services and other matters relating to our business and market. It is possible that the information we post on social media could be deemed to be material information. Therefore, we encourage investors, the media, and others interested in our company to review the information we post on the U.S. social media channels including the iPass Twitter Feed, the iPass LinkedIn Feed, the iPass Google+ Feed, the iPass Facebook Page, the iPass Blog and the iPass Instagram account. These social media channels may be updated from time to time.

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PART I


Item 1.	Business

Overview

iPass (NASDAQ: IPAS) is a leading provider of global mobile connectivity, offering simple, secure, always-on Wi-Fi access on any mobile device. Built on a software-as-a-service ("SaaS") platform, the iPass cloud-based service keeps its customers connected by providing unlimited Wi-Fi connectivity on unlimited devices. iPass is the world’s largest Wi-Fi network, with more than 60 million hotspots in more than 120 countries, at airports, hotels, train stations, convention centers, outdoor venues, inflight, and more. Using patented technology, the iPass SmartConnect^TM platform takes the guesswork out of Wi-Fi, automatically connecting customers to the best hotspot for their needs. Customers simply download the iPass app to experience UNLIMITED, EVERYWHERE and INVISIBLE Wi-Fi.

Business Highlights

Strategic iPass Assets

We believe iPass has a unique set of global mobile connectivity assets that provide us with competitive advantages. We see our three core assets as follows:

Our Technology Platform: Our application (app) is an intelligent cloud-based service manager that securely connects users and devices to our global Wi-Fi footprint. The app is built on the backbone of years of iPass’ intellectual property and is developed from our own Software Development Kit ("SDK") that allows partners and customers to integrate the same technological advancements into their own applications. Benefits of the technology include:

•iPass SmartConnect^TM which is evolving mobile connectivity expectations from “best efforts” to a truly intelligent always-best-connected experience, solving for problems like false positives, network outages, and low connection success rates.

•Last-Mile VPN security to protect user data, even at free Wi-Fi hotspots.

•Veri-Fi^TM big data aggregation and analysis intelligence to rate hotspots on critical quality of service criteria, optimize network performance attributes, and provide intelligent data to a variety of partner use cases.

•Hotspot discovery and curation to keep our network growing both organically and commercially in the places our users need to use.

Our Back-end Infrastructure: We have a global authentication fabric of integrated servers, cloud-based virtualized assets, and software that is interconnected with over 160 unique global Wi-Fi networks. This infrastructure allows us to provide secure, highly-available and seamless four-party global authentication, clearing and settlement of Wi-Fi users for our partners and customers. This infrastructure makes the over 60 million hotspots we aggregate look and feel like iPass hotspots; there is no need to enter personal data, watch commercials, or spend any nonproductive time logging into these locations, the platform just connects. Between our physical colocation facilities and our growing virtualization of cloud-based infrastructure assets, we have the ability to process millions of data records per day to drive the performance of our aggregated network and the evolving use cases of our big data analyses. The architecture is built on a telecom based transaction and reporting clearing back-end that would be time consuming and expensive to replicate.

Our Wi-Fi Network: We have a Wi-Fi network footprint and supply chain that consists of over 60 million hotspots in over 120 countries and territories, including major airports, convention centers, planes, trains, train stations, hotels, restaurants, retail, and small business locations. As a proponent of the sharing economy, our footprint also includes millions of community and free hotspots, providing the overlay benefits of our iPass SmartConnect technology aggregating all available connection opportunities for the users of our service. In 2016, our network allowed users to consume 8.2 million hours of commercial hotspot access, an increase of 39% over 2015.

The combination of the above assets allows us to drive three distinct but interconnected monetization streams in the future; technology integration through our SDK, big data intelligence, and our historical mobile connectivity solutions.

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Business Portfolio and Go-to-Market Strategy

We have a single reportable operating segment, Mobile Connectivity Services. Our Mobile Connectivity Services offer a standard cloud-based solution allowing our customers and their users access to our global Wi-Fi network to stay connected to the people and information that matters most. Our other monetization streams, including pure technology integration and big data intelligence are currently not material. We categorize our services in two broad go-to-market approaches:

Enterprise (Business to Business or B2B): This go-to-market strategy focuses on providing mobile connectivity solutions to enterprises, from large to small. With an easy-to-download application, a user on a variety of platforms (Windows, Mac, iOS, Android) can quickly access our hosted service and connect to our over 60 million Wi-Fi hotspots around the globe. While we continue to have existing customers that procure our services under a variety of pay-as-you go or flat rate pricing plans, in 2015 we introduced our UNLIMITED pricing. Under UNLIMITED, for a set price per subscriber per month, our customers have access to our entire network of hotspots without the worries of throttling usage or running up large overage expenses. Billing to Enterprise customers is generally a monthly recurring revenue model, and depending on the existing price plan, may include network usage, separate platform, and/or subscription streams.

Strategic Partnerships (Business to Business to Consumer or B2B2C): This strategy is executed through business development deals intended to open channel distributions for our product to reach the consumer market. While the channel customer may use a combination of our platform, technology infrastructure, or network, each deal is negotiated independently based on specific customer needs. Strategic Partnerships include global OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers), loyalty programs like credit card companies, software product and service providers, and communication companies. With the advent of our SDK and big data generated from iPass SmartConnect, we envision additional monetization streams in the future with our strategic partners.

On June 30, 2014 we entered into an agreement and completed the sale of our Unity Managed Network Services business unit ("Unity business"), which is reported in this filing as discontinued operations. Our Unity Business was non-core to the iPass business and focused on delivering and managing high speed Wi-Fi and WAN managed network solutions to customers in a variety of industries.

Our Corporate Strategy

We intend to leverage our unique set of assets across our go-to-market strategies to drive growth in new customer acquisition, subscribed users, and devices accessing our services. To achieve this strategy, we have developed our product and service delivery across three main value creation initiatives.

UNLIMITED - Wi-Fi without boundaries

People, devices, and technologies demand bandwidth and consumers have tired of throttling usage in order to stay within budgets. iPass' UNLIMITED pricing announced in 2015 addresses this demand. For a flat monthly per user rate, users have UNLIMITED access to our global network. Using our iPass SmartConnect technology and big data intelligence, we maximize the user experience while effectively optimizing our network cost structure. As we sign or migrate more of our customers to UNLIMITED pricing plans ramp, we have also evolved how we buy network access, committing spend to acquire excess network capacity and support an unlimited usage model.

EVERYWHERE - World’s largest Wi-Fi network

With millions of high traffic, must-have hotspots and tens of millions of community and other value add locations, the power of connecting to iPass Wi-Fi is becoming truly ubiquitous. We continue to add strategic partners, bolstering our footprint in planes, trains, hotels, airports, restaurants, and cafes. And with our business development activities and B2B2C channel expansion, our services are proliferating on user devices around the globe. Using our network curation technology in iPass SmartConnect, those millions of devices allow us to continually identify, test, and if secure, add new hotspots organically to our network. Mobile Network Operators ("MNO") and Mobile Virtual Network Operators ("MVNO") are looking for opportunities to incorporate connectivity solutions outside of their traditional cellular coverage areas, and iPass EVERYWHERE is a natural fit to provide differentiated service to those innovative companies.

INVISIBLE - Wi-Fi as easy as cellular

Our platform has evolved into much more than a proficient connection manager. With the 2015 addition of iPass SmartConnect, our platform is an artificial intelligence network sniffer, finding, categorizing, rating, and optimizing networks and connections. It provides last mile VPN tunnel security and will maximize connection

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success rates. Best of all, when combined with our UNLIMITED pricing and EVERYWHERE network, it will automatically connect, authenticate, and secure users so they can spend time being productive, not searching for connectivity. And while our platform is a Wi-Fi first experience, the technology includes a foundation for managing connections beyond Wi-Fi. For customers looking to leverage our intellectual property and platform functionality into their customized products, we launched an SDK in the first quarter of 2016. INVISIBLE also incorporates the iPass big data initiative, branded as Veri-Fi, to aggregate, analyze, and provide intelligent insight on a variety of potential use case applications.

Geographic Revenue

iPass revenue is derived from the following geographical locations:



	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
United States	41	%	41	%	35	%
Europe, Middle East and Africa	49	%	48	%	48	%
Rest of the world	10	%	11	%	17	%

One customer, a channel reseller, accounted for 10% of total revenues from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014.

For further financial information on the geographic information, refer to the information contained in Note 14, “Segment and Geographic Information,” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 15. For risks attendant to foreign operations, see the risk entitled “Because a meaningful portion of our business is international, we encounter additional risks, which may impact our revenues and profitability” in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K.

The majority of our long-lived assets were located in the United States at December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Seasonality

We generally experience seasonality in our business due to decreased business travel during the summer, particularly in Europe, and during the year-end holiday season which results in lower usage of our network services. Seasonal trends or other factors, such as bad weather, may cause fluctuations in our business results.

Network Service Providers

We have contractual relationships with over 160 telecommunications carriers, Internet service providers and other network service providers that enable us to offer our network services around the world. We pay network service providers for access to their network on a usage, session or subscription basis. Most of these contracts have a one or two-year term, after which either party can terminate the contract with notice. The contracts we have entered into with providers can be exclusive or non-exclusive and may contain minimum commitments for the purchase of network access.

Sales and Marketing

Our sales organization is structured into regional account teams, which include sales management, sales engineers and customer success teams. We sell our services directly through our global sales force and indirectly through our reseller and strategic partners. We have sales and marketing offices in the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Singapore and Netherlands. As of December 31, 2016, our sales organization comprised 42 individuals: 21 in North America, 18 in Europe, Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) and 3 in Asia Pacific. Our sales and marketing expenses from continuing operations were $11.2 million, $10.3 million, and $15.8 million in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

Our reseller, wholesale, and strategic partners typically sign a one to two-year agreement with us through which we appoint them primarily as a non-exclusive reseller of our services. Their reseller responsibilities vary and may include actively marketing and selling our services, deploying and supporting customer accounts, and implementing and managing billing for their customers. Our current sales structure allows us to offer our services without incurring the full cost of customer acquisition (sales and marketing) or customer post-sales support. Our reseller, wholesale, and strategic partners typically sell complementary hardware, software, and services, and bundle our services with their core offerings. They may also have a base of existing customers to whom they can efficiently sell our portfolio of services. In many cases our salespeople do support our reseller, wholesale, and strategic partners with closing new business, and our post-sales team may work with them to ensure successful implementation of our services. However, the enterprise or consumer remains the customer of our reseller, wholesale, and strategic partners and has no direct financial relationship with us.

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We focus our marketing efforts on establishing a strong corporate reputation in the market, creating awareness and preference for our services and their benefits, educating potential customers, generating new sales opportunities, generating end-user awareness and demand within existing customer accounts and enabling our sales force and channel partners to effectively sell and deploy our service offerings. We conduct a variety of marketing programs that may include advertising, promotions, public relations, analyst relations, telemarketing, direct marketing, web and e-mail marketing, collateral and sales tools creation, seminars, events and trade shows, training, co-operative channel marketing, internet marketing and promotions.

Competition

The market for global mobile connectivity is fragmented with a variety of competitors, both direct and indirect, including telecom operators, cloud-based platform operators, cable companies, and smaller Internet service providers. We partner with many point Wi-Fi providers to drive incremental users to their connectivity resources, helping to further monetize their assets via our roaming customer base. Our unique technology infrastructure and global partnership with over 160 Wi-Fi networks creates a scale and user experience that we believe is hard to replicate by any single competitor, and creates an important differentiating factor for us. However, since we do not own our Wi-Fi network, our competitors who own their Wi-Fi networks can offer lower Wi-Fi pricing than we can offer in specific markets, can bundle Wi-Fi network access with other services, and can use these additional service offerings to drive increased brand awareness.

We believe the principal competitive factors in our industry include the following:


•	Global roaming coverage;


•	Perception of technology benefits;


•	Ease of use and reliability of service;


•	Price, both of Wi-Fi connectivity, and of alternative connectivity options such as 3G/4G;


•	Brand awareness;


•	Perceived benefit of connectivity by customers and strategic partners;


•	Security concerns; and


•	Bundled connectivity services.

See "Item 1A – Risk Factors" for additional details regarding competitive factors that could adversely impact our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

Research and Development

We are committed to continuing to enhance our underlying technology and to innovate and incorporate new technologies and features into our services and network architecture. Our research and development efforts are focused on improving and enhancing our platform and service offerings, including developing an SDK for our partners to easily integrate our technology into their applications.

As of December 31, 2016, our research and development organization consisted of 64 employees, approximately 21 in North America and 43 in India. Our research and development expenses from continuing operations were $7.3 million, $10.0 million, and $11.9 million in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

Intellectual Property

We believe our technology and platform contains valuable intellectual property. We rely on a combination of trademark, copyright, trade secret laws, patents and disclosure restrictions to protect these intellectual property rights. We license third-party technologies that are incorporated in our services. We also enter into confidentiality and proprietary rights agreements with our employees, consultants and other third parties and control access to software, documentation and other proprietary information. We have a patent portfolio, related to our mobile connectivity services, consisting of twenty-eight U.S. patents, and twelve international patents. Our patents expire between 2017 and 2032. We currently have three U.S. patent applications pending, and three international patent applications pending (in the same subject areas as the U.S. patent applications). iPass and the iPass logo are registered trademarks. We have also applied for or registered company trademarks in the U.S. and numerous other countries.

Employees

As of December 31, 2016, we had 163 employees of which 72 were located in North America, 63 in Asia Pacific, and 28 in EMEA.

Available Information

We use our website, www.ipass.com, as a routine channel for distribution of important information, including news releases, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to

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those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities and Exchange Act, as amended, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These postings and filings are available on our website free of charge. The content on any website referred to in this Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

Corporate Formation

We were incorporated in California in July 1996 and reincorporated in Delaware in June 2000.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business is subject to a number of risks, many of which are described below. If any of the events described in these risks factors actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected, which would likely have a corresponding impact on the value of our common stock. Further, the risk factors described below could cause actual results to differ materially from the results contemplated by the forward-looking statements contained in this report. These risk factors should be reviewed carefully.

Our revenue and overall profitability may be adversely impacted by material reductions in existing customer and partner purchase commitments.

Our customers and partners have traditionally agreed to contractual provisions that require them to pay the greater of the fees generated from the use of our services or a minimum committed amount over a pre-determined period of time. Minimum commitments are negotiated by customers to improve their unit pricing, effectively guaranteeing a certain volume to achieve a reduced unit price. Recent global economic conditions in certain cases caused our customers and partners to generate fees from the use of our services that are significantly less than their minimum committed amounts. Consequently, this shortfall has caused some partners and customers upon renewal of their contracts with us, to renew with a lower minimum commitment and in some cases with no minimum commitment. Additionally, in some cases partners and customers are requesting a re-evaluation of their minimum commitments on a prospective basis during the term of their existing contract; to maintain these commercial relationships, we have addressed these requests on a contract by contract basis. The reduction or elimination of minimum purchase commitments could result in lower future revenues.

Significant dependency on key network providers could negatively affect our revenues.

There are certain venues (hotels, airports, airplanes, cafes, etc.) globally where we depend on key providers for network access in those venues. Additionally, in certain geographies we depend on a small number of providers for a large portion of network access. If such a provider were to go out of business, terminate their agreement with us, or encounter technical difficulties such that network access was not available to our customers for an extended period of time, it could have a negative impact on our revenues and profitability if we cannot find an alternative provider to enable network access in those venues or geographies.

If we do not accurately predict network usage for our Flat Rate or iPass UNLIMITED price plans, our costs could increase without a corresponding increase in network revenue.

A significant number of our customers have purchased our Flat Rate network price plans, and we are signing new customers to our iPass UNLIMITED plan. In these plans, our customers pay a flat rate price to access our network services. However, in many situations we continue to pay our providers based on actual network usage (pay-as-you-go). The rate we charge in these plans is based on statistical predictions of usage across a pool of users within a customer. If actual usage is higher than expected, our expenses may increase without a commensurate increase in revenues, and our ability to achieve profitability could be negatively impacted.

Starting in 2014, we implemented certain fixed rate buying structures with some providers to mitigate this risk. However, buying network access at a fixed rate creates additional risk if our customers were to use less Wi-Fi in the future, which could result in our costs exceeding our revenues and could negatively impact our profitability.

If demand for mobile connectivity services does not grow or grows in ways that do not require use of our services, we may experience a decline in revenues and profitability.

The growth of our business is dependent, in part, upon the increased use of mobile connectivity services and our ability to capture a higher proportion of this market. If the demand for mobile connectivity services does not continue to grow, or grows in ways that do not require use of our services, then we may not be able to grow our business, or achieve profitability. Increased usage of our services depends on numerous factors, including:

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•	Willingness of enterprises to make additional information technology expenditures;


•	Availability of security services necessary to ensure data privacy over a variety of networks;


•	Quality, cost and functionality of our services and competing services;


•	Increased adoption of wireless broadband access methods and our ability to support these new methods;


•	Proliferation of smartphones, tablets and mobile handheld devices and related applications, and our ability to provide valuable services and support for those devices;


•	Our ability to partner with mobile network operators and service providers that are willing to stimulate consumer awareness and adoption of our services; and


•	Our ability to timely implement technology changes to our services to meet evolving industry standards for mobile devices, Wi-Fi network access and customer business requirements.

If customer adoption and deployment of our revised, cloud-based platform is slower than we expect, our ability to significantly grow our services business and achieve profitability could be harmed.

The future success of our business will depend in large part on our current and prospective customers’ timeliness of adoption and deployment of our revised, cloud-based platform and related services. Key risks associated with our platform and services are as follows:

Customer adoption and deployment of our platform may be slow. We believe that the growth of our business is dependent on the timely adoption and deployment of the revised, cloud-based platform by our customers. A material delay in the adoption and deployment of the platform by our customers, will adversely impact our ability to grow revenues and achieve profitability.

Customer deployment of our platform may not result in increased use of our services. We believe it is important to the future success of our business that users of our services increase their usage and network services to validate our value proposition. We believe that the deployment by our customers of our platform will lead to increased usage of our platform services and correspondingly, our network services, which will lead to an increase in our revenue. However, even if a significant portion of our customers deploy our platform, there is no guarantee that our customers will use our services more frequently.

Our platform may have technical limitations that cause our customers to delay adoption or deployment. There is risk that the platform may contain technological limitations, bugs or errors that would cause our customers to not adopt or delay the adoption of the platform. If some or all of these risks associated with our platform were to occur, adoption and deployment of our platform may not occur and our business could be harmed.

We rely significantly on information technology to accurately provision, service, and bill our customers and any failure, inadequacy or interruption of that technology could negatively impact our ability to onboard and service our customers or report on our financial performance on a timely basis.

A key component of our ability to attract and retain customers is the timely and accurate furnishing of monthly detail billing records of activity on our network, rated for the agreements in place with both our customers and our suppliers. Our ability to meet these billing requirements, as well as to effectively manage and maintain our books and records, and internal reporting requirements, depends significantly on our internal information technology. In addition, our information technology infrastructure is designed to process large volumes of users and data, but any unanticipated capacity constraints could harm our ability to onboard and service our customers.

If our strategic and channel partners do not successfully market our services to their customers, then our ability to grow our revenues could be impaired.

We sell our services directly through our sales force and indirectly through our strategic and channel partners, which include telecommunication carriers, systems integrators, value-added resellers, and business to business to consumer partnerships. A large percentage of our sales outside of the United States are made through these partners. Our business depends on the efforts and the success of these partners in marketing our services to their customers. Our own ability to promote our services directly to our partners’ customers is often limited. Many of our partners may offer services to their customers that may be similar to, or competitive with, our services. Therefore, these partners may not actively promote our services. If our partners fail to market our services effectively, our ability to grow our revenue could be reduced and our business may be impaired.

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If our Strategic Partnership service offerings do not achieve expanded market acceptance, our ability to grow our business could be harmed.

Our Strategic Partnership service offerings incorporate our platform, global authentication fabric, and global Wi-Fi network to provide reseller, wholesale, and partners around the world with the infrastructure to offer their customers new Mobile Connectivity Services. We have entered into contracts with a number of customers for our Strategic Partnership services, but ramping revenues takes time to develop. We have devoted significant resources to building our Strategic Partnership service line of business. If Strategic Partnership service offerings do not achieve expanded market acceptance and generate meaningful revenues our financial condition may be harmed.

If key global Wi-Fi venues offer “no charge” Internet access to all users, our network revenues could be negatively affected.

We derive a significant portion of our revenue from providing Wi-Fi access in certain key venues (e.g., hotels, airports, trains, and cafes). In general, these venues charge their customers for Wi-Fi access. If these venues begin offering Wi-Fi access at no charge, the amount we can charge our customers for Wi-Fi access at these venues will likely decrease or we may not charge our customers for Wi-Fi access at these venues. We are proponents of free Wi-Fi as our service platform overlays benefits for all connectivity; security, ease of use, and broad coverage. And we have engaged partnerships to include free Wi-Fi in our available footprint. As we migrate more of our users to our UNLIMITED offering, pay-as-you-go pricing becomes less relevant to our revenue streams and the risk of free Wi-Fi decreases.

We may be exposed to credit risk, collection risk and payment delinquencies on our accounts receivable.

A substantial majority of our outstanding accounts receivables are not secured. Our standard terms and conditions permit payment within a specified number of days following the receipt of our services. While we have procedures to monitor and limit exposure to credit risk on our receivables, there can be no assurance such procedures will effectively limit our collection risk and avoid losses. In addition, under poor global economic conditions, certain of our customers have faced and may face liquidity concerns and have delayed and may delay or may be unable to satisfy their payment obligations, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and operating results.

To compete we must attract and retain key employees, and our failure to do so could harm our results of operations.

To compete we must attract and retain executives, sales representatives, engineers and other key employees. Hiring and retaining qualified executives, sales representatives and engineers are critical to our business, and competition for experienced employees in our industry can be intense. If we experience an unexpected significant turnover of our executives, sales representatives, engineers and other key employees it will be difficult to achieve our business objectives and could adversely impact our results of operations.

If licenses to third party technologies do not continue to be available to us at a reasonable cost, or at all, our business and operations may be adversely affected.

We license technologies from several software providers that are incorporated into our services. We anticipate that we will continue to license technology from third parties in the future. Licenses to third party technologies may not continue to be available to us at a reasonable cost, or at all. The loss of the right to use these technologies or other technologies that we license could have an adverse effect on our services and increase our costs or cause interruptions, degradations or delays in our services until substitute technologies, if available, are developed or identified, licensed and successfully integrated into our services.

Our sales cycles are lengthy and could require us to incur substantial costs that may not result in related revenues.

Our Strategic Partnership revenue stream is characterized by a lengthy sales cycle. Once a contract with a partner is signed there is typically an extended period before the customer or customer’s end-users begin to use our services, which is when we begin to realize revenues. As a result, we may invest a significant amount of time and effort in attempting to secure a customer which may not result in any revenues in the near term. Even if we enter a contract, we may have incurred substantial sales-related expenses well before we recognize any related revenues. If the expenses associated with sales efforts increase and, we are not successful in our sales efforts, or we are unable to generate associated offsetting revenues in a timely manner, our operating results could be harmed.

Our software is complex and may contain errors that could damage our reputation and decrease usage of our services.

Our software may contain errors that interrupt network access or have other unintended consequences. If network access is disrupted due to a software error, or if any other unintended negative results occur, such as the loss of billing

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information, a security breach, unauthorized access to our cloud-based platform or the introduction of a virus by our software onto our customers’ computers or networks, our reputation could be harmed and our business may suffer. Our contracts generally limit our exposure to incidental and consequential damages and to the extent possible, we further limit our exposure by entering into insurance policies that are designed to protect our customers and us from these and other types of losses. If these contractual provisions are not enforced or enforceable, or if liabilities arise that are not effectively limited or insured, our operating results and financial condition could be harmed.

Cyber security risks and privacy concerns related to Internet-based services could reduce demand for our services.

The secure transmission of confidential information and mission critical data when using Internet-based services is extremely important to our customers. A key component of our ability to attract and retain customers is the security measures that we have engineered into our network for the authentication of the end-user’s credentials. These measures are designed to protect against unauthorized access to our customers’ networks. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage networks change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures against unauthorized access or sabotage. If an actual or perceived breach of network security occurs, that is attributable to our services, the market perception of the effectiveness of our cyber security measures could be harmed resulting in a negative impact to our business.

As part of providing our services, we collect certain aggregated information about the users of our service. As such we must comply with evolving laws and regulations regarding the protection and disclosure of such user information. While we have taken steps to comply with applicable privacy laws and regulations and to protect user information, any well-publicized compromises of our users’ data may reduce demand for our services and harm our business.

If we are unable to meet the challenges posed by Wi-Fi access, our ability to profitably grow our business may be impaired.

A substantial portion of the growth of our business has depended, and will continue to depend, in part upon our ability to expand our global Wi-Fi network. Such an expansion may not result directly in additional revenues to us, but building and maintaining a large footprint is key to our value proposition. Key challenges in expanding our Wi-Fi network include:

The Wi-Fi access market continues to develop at a rapid pace. We derive a significant portion of our revenues from wireless broadband “hotspots,” such as certain airports, hotels and convention centers. The Wi-Fi access market continues to develop rapidly, in particular: the market for enterprise connectivity services through Wi-Fi is characterized by evolving industry standards and specifications and there is currently no uniform standard for Wi-Fi access. Furthermore, although the use of wireless frequencies generally does not require a license in the United States and abroad, if Wi-Fi frequencies become subject to licensing requirements, or are otherwise restricted, this would substantially impair the growth of Wi-Fi access. Some large telecommunications providers and other stakeholders that pay large sums of money to license other portions of the wireless spectrum may seek to have the Wi-Fi spectrum become subject to licensing restrictions. If the Wi-Fi access market develops in ways that limit access growth, our ability to generate substantial revenues from Wi-Fi access could be harmed.

The Wi-Fi service provider market is highly fragmented. There are currently many Wi-Fi service providers that provide coverage in only one or a small number of hotspots. We have entered into contractual relationships with numerous Wi-Fi service providers. These contracts generally have an initial term of two years or less. We must continue to develop relationships with many providers on terms commercially acceptable to us to provide adequate coverage for our customers’ mobile workers and Strategic Partners' devices and to expand our Wi-Fi coverage. We may also be required to develop additional technologies to integrate new wireless broadband services into our service offering. If we are unable to develop these relationships or technologies, our ability to grow our business could be impaired.

Consolidation of large Wi-Fi service providers may impair our ability to expand network service coverage, negotiate favorable network access terms, and deliver consistent service in our network. The telecommunications industry is rapidly evolving and highly competitive. These factors may cause large Wi-Fi network service providers to consolidate, which would reduce the number of network service providers from which we are able to obtain network access in key locations. If significant consolidation occurs, we will have a smaller number of network service providers to acquire Wi-Fi network access from and we may not be able to provide additional or sufficient redundant access points in some geographic areas, which could diminish our ability to provide broad, reliable, redundant coverage. Further, our ability to negotiate favorable access rates from Wi-Fi network service providers could be impaired, which could increase our network access expenses and harm our operating results.

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Wi-Fi service provider actions may restrict our ability to sell our services. Some Wi-Fi network providers restrict our ability to sell access to their networks to our resellers whom they consider competitive with them. This can reduce our revenue by limiting the footprint our partners can make available to their customers.

If competitive cellular data roaming rates decline precipitously, our ability to grow our business could be adversely impacted.

For our network services to be attractive to our customers, the cost of cellular roaming must be meaningfully greater than the cost of our Wi-Fi network services. Currently, in certain geographies such as Asia, cellular roaming prices are not significantly higher than our rates for Wi-Fi access. In Europe, legislation has enacted mandating the reduction of wholesale cellular roaming prices. If cellular roaming prices do not remain meaningfully higher than our Wi-Fi network prices, then our ability to sell our Mobile Connectivity Services could be impacted and our business harmed. It is our intention to continue to drive the price of Wi-Fi down to insure Wi-Fi connectivity remains an economically viable and customer preferred connectivity option.

We face competition in the market for mobile connectivity services, which could make it difficult for us to succeed.

While we do not believe there are service providers in the mobile connectivity services market that offer a platform or range of services in an integrated offering as we do, we compete with a variety of service providers, including facilities-based carriers, cloud-based platform operators and mobility management solution providers. Some of these providers have substantially greater resources, larger customer bases, longer operating histories and/or greater name recognition than we have. In addition, we face the following challenges:

Many of our competitors can compete on price. Because many of our facilities-based competitors own and operate physical networks they may be able to provide additional hotspot access at little incremental cost to them. As a result, they may offer network access services at a lower cost, and may be willing to discount or subsidize network access services to capture other sources of revenue. In contrast, we have traditionally purchased network access from facilities-based network service providers to enable our network access service and in these cases, may not be able to compete aggressively on price. In addition, new cloud-based platform operators may enter the mobile connectivity services market and compete on price. In either case, we may lose business or be forced to lower our prices to compete, which could reduce our revenues.

Many of our competitors offer additional services that we do not, which enables them to bundle these services and compete favorably against us. Some of our competitors provide services that we do not, such as cellular data roaming, local exchange and long distance services, voicemail and digital subscriber line, or DSL, services. Potential customers that desire these services on a bundled basis may choose to subscribe to network access from a competitor that provides these additional services.

Our potential customers may have unrelated business relationships with our competitors and consider those relationships when deciding between our services and those of our competitors. Many of our competitors are large facilities-based carriers that purchase substantial amounts of services or provide other services or goods unrelated to network access services. As a result, if a potential customer is also a supplier to one of our large competitors, or purchases unrelated services or goods from our competitor, the potential customer may be motivated to purchase its network access services from our competitor to maintain or enhance its business relationship with that competitor. In addition, our current or potential carrier customers may already have or may consider buying services from mobility management solution providers which may impact our ability to sell our services to those customers as well as drive market prices down for the services that we offer.

Users may take advantage of free Wi-Fi networks for Internet and corporate access. Telecommunications providers may offer free Wi-Fi as part of a home broadband or other service contract, which may force down the prices which the market will bear for our services and could reduce our revenues.

If we fail to develop and effectively market our brand, our operating results may be harmed.

We believe that expanding awareness of the iPass brand is important to growing and achieving acceptance of our platform and services. We have increased our marketing efforts, including new promotional and marketing activities, to further implement our global marketing objectives. These promotional and marketing activities may not result in any increased revenue. Further, any potential revenue increase as a result of these promotional and marketing activities may not offset the expenses incurred in further promoting the iPass brand.

Because a meaningful portion of our business is international, we encounter additional risks, which may impact our revenues and profitability.

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We generate a substantial portion of our revenues from international customers. Revenues from customers domiciled outside of the United States were approximately 59% of our revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016, of which approximately 49% were generated in the EMEA region and approximately 10% were generated throughout the rest of the world. The functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries is the U.S. Dollar and we currently bill nearly all of our services in U.S. Dollars. However, we pay certain expenses in local currencies. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we have not entered into any hedging contracts to manage foreign currency exposure. Our international operations subject our business to specific risks that could negatively impact our business, including:


•	Generally longer payment cycles for foreign customers;


•	The impact of changes in foreign currency exchange rates on both the attractiveness of our USD-based pricing and our operating results, particularly upon the re-measurement of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and the transactional settlement of outstanding local currency liabilities;


•	High taxes, and related complexities and changing compliance requirements in some foreign jurisdictions;


•	Difficulty in complying with Internet and data privacy related regulations in foreign jurisdictions;


•	Difficulty enforcing intellectual property rights and weaker laws protecting these rights; and


•	Ability to efficiently deploy capital and generate returns in foreign jurisdictions.

The June 23, 2016 referendum by British voters to exit the European Union (“ Brexit”) adversely impacted global markets, including currencies, and resulted in a decline in the value of the British pound, as compared to the U.S. dollar and other currencies. Volatility in exchange rates is expected to continue in the short term as the United Kingdom (U.K.) negotiates its exit from the European Union. In the longer term, any impact from Brexit on our business, financial results and operations, will depend, in part, on the future terms of the U.K.’s relationship with the E.U., and could create uncertainty surrounding our business, including our relationships with our existing and future customers, suppliers and employees.

Litigation arising out of intellectual property infringement could be expensive and disrupt our business.

We cannot be certain that our services do not, or will not, infringe upon patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property rights held by third parties, or that other parties will not assert infringement claims against us. Any claim of infringement of proprietary rights of others, even if ultimately decided in our favor, could result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources. Successful claims against us may result in an injunction or substantial monetary liability, which in either case could significantly impact our results of operations or materially disrupt the conduct of our business. If we are enjoined from using a technology, we will need to obtain a license to use the technology, but licenses to third-party technology may not be available to us at a reasonable cost, or at all.

We may require additional capital to support our business growth, and such capital may not be available.

We intend to continue to make investments to support business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, which include the need to develop new solutions and partnerships or enhance existing solutions and partnerships, enhance our operating infrastructure, expand our sales and marketing capabilities, and acquire complementary businesses, technologies or assets. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financing to secure funds. Equity and debt financing, however, might not be available when needed or, if available, might not be available on terms satisfactory to us. If we raise additional funds through equity financing, our stockholders may experience dilution. Debt financing, if available, may involve covenants restricting our operations or our ability to incur additional debt. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited as we may have to delay, reduce the scope of or eliminate some or all of our initiatives, which could harm our operating results.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results and prevent fraud.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”) requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. During its evaluation of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as of March 31,2016, management identified a material weakness in our controls around analyzing significant, complex, or unusual arrangements, and the related application of relevant GAAP. Based on the results of management’s internal controls assessment as of December 31, 2016, the material weakness was remediated (in the fourth quarter of 2016). There can be no assurance that additional material weaknesses or other control or significant

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deficiencies will not be identified in the future. If we fail to maintain improved controls, such circumstances could cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements or adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual auditor attestation reports. We could be required to restate our financial results. Each of the foregoing results could cause stockholders to lose confidence in our reported financial information and lead to a decline in our stock price or to stockholder litigation.


Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments

None


Item 2.	Properties

We currently lease approximately 25,000 square feet of space for our headquarters in Redwood Shores, California. We signed a lease renewal effective May 1, 2015 that expires in 2020. We also lease sales and support offices abroad in EMEA and Asia Pacific. We believe that our principal facility in Redwood Shores, and sales and support offices abroad are adequate for our business needs, and we expect that additional facilities will be available in other jurisdictions to the extent we need to add new offices.


Item 3.	Legal Proceedings

We are involved in legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. While there can be no assurances as to the ultimate outcome of any litigation involving the company, management does not believe any such pending legal proceeding or claim will result in a judgment or settlement that would have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.


Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II


Item 5.	Market For Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Price Range of Common Stock

Our common stock is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “IPAS”. The following table sets forth the intra-day high and low sale price of our common stock, in each quarterly period presented within the two most recent years, as reported on the NASDAQ Global Select Market:



	Price range
	High		Low
Year ended December 31, 2016:
First Quarter	$	1.15	$	0.81
Second Quarter	1.34		1.06
Third Quarter	1.73		1.20
Fourth Quarter	1.89		1.35
Year ended December 31, 2015:
First Quarter	$	1.49	$	0.85
Second Quarter	1.32		1.02
Third Quarter	1.13		0.92
Fourth Quarter	1.07		0.85

We had 65,784,605 shares of our common stock outstanding as of February 28, 2017, held by 82 holders of record, although there are a significantly larger number of beneficial owners of our common stock.

Dividends

We did not pay cash dividends on our common stock in 2016, 2015, or 2014. We currently do not expect to pay cash dividends, although the declaration of any future cash dividend is at the discretion of the Board of Directors and will depend on the financial condition, results of operations, capital requirements, business conditions and other factors, as well as a determination that cash dividends are in the best interest of our stockholders.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

On November 3, 2015, the Company’s Board of Directors authorized a share repurchase program of up to $3.0 million of the Company’s common stock beginning in the fourth quarter of 2015. Under the repurchase program, the Company was authorized to repurchase shares through open market purchases, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including through trading plans under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. The repurchase program ran through December 31, 2016. The number of shares repurchased and the timing of purchases were based on general business and market conditions, and other factors, including legal requirements. On February 25, 2016, the Company established a 10b5-1 plan for repurchases under the repurchase program and started acquiring stock under this plan. During 2016, the Company repurchased 339,228 shares for $345,296 under the repurchase program, for an average price of $1.02 per share.

The following table summarizes acquisitions of shares of our common stock during the fiscal year 2016:





Period	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet be Repurchased Under the Repurchase Program
						(in thousands)
January 1, 2016, to January 31, 2016	—	$	—	—	$	3,000
February 1, 2016 to February 29, 2016	41,288	$	0.98	41,288	$	2,959
March 1, 2016 to March 31, 2016	230,240	$	1.01	230,240	$	2,729
April 1, 2016, to April 30, 2016	1,600	$	1.10	1,600	$	2,727
May 1, 2016 to May 31, 2016	66,100	$	1.1	66,100	$	2,655
June 1, 2016 to June 30, 2016	—	$	—	—	$	2,655
Total	339,228			339,228

There were no purchases of equity securities by us during the third and fourth quarters of fiscal 2016, and the repurchase program terminated as of December 31, 2016.

Performance Graph⁽¹⁾

The performance line graph below compares the cumulative total stockholder return on our common stock with the cumulative total return of the NASDAQ Market Index and the Russell 2000 Index for the five years ended December 31, 2016. The graph and table assumes that $100 was invested on December 31, 2011 in our common stock, the NASDAQ Market Index and the Russell 2000 Index and that all the dividends were reinvested.



	12/31/11		12/31/12		12/31/13		12/31/14		12/31/15		12/31/16
iPass Inc.	$	100.00	$	128.87	$	110.56	$	96.48	$	70.42	$	116.20
Russell 2000 Index	100.00		116.35		161.52		169.42		161.95		196.45
NASDAQ Market Index	100.00		117.45		164.57		188.84		201.98		219.89

⁽¹⁾ This Section is not “soliciting material,” is not deemed “filed” with the SEC and is not to be incorporated by reference in any filing of iPass under the 1933 Act or the 1934 Act whether made before or after the date hereof and irrespective of any general incorporation language in any such filing.

We do not believe that there is any published industry or line of business indices that are directly relevant to our line of business. In addition, we do not believe that we can construct a peer group index, as many of the services similar to ours are only a small portion of the business of the companies providing such services. Consequently, in addition to the NASDAQ Market Index, we are comparing our stock price performance to the Russell 2000 Index because we believe that this broad market index provides a reasonable comparison of stockholder returns.


Item 6.	Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth selected consolidated financial data from continuing operations as of the end of, and for, the last five fiscal years. This selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes included in Item 15 of this report.




	2016			2015			2014			2013			2012

Statement of Continuing Operations Data
Revenue	$	63,222		$	62,564		$	69,804		$	77,729		$	92,530
Total cost of revenues and operating expenses	70,571			77,475			89,253			92,673			98,533
Operating loss	(7,349		)	(14,911		)	(19,449		)	(14,944		)	(6,003		)
Net loss from continuing operations	(7,770		)	(15,493		)	(12,205		)	(14,705		)	(5,991		)
Basic and diluted net loss per share from continuing operations	(0.12		)	(0.25		)	(0.19		)	(0.23		)	(0.10		)
Cash dividends declared per common share	—			—			—			—			—
Total assets	$	33,175		$	37,843		$	55,255		$	54,916		$	60,124
Total stockholders’ equity	18,630			22,601			38,481			29,242			36,901

On June 30, 2014, we signed and closed the sale of our Unity Managed Network Services business unit. As a result, fiscal 2014 results of operations and all prior comparative periods are recast to reflect the Unity Managed Network Services business as a discontinued operation.

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Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

We are a leading provider of global mobile connectivity, offering convenient, secure, always-on Wi-Fi access on any mobile device.

We signed and closed the sale of our Unity Managed Network Services business unit ("Unity business") on June 30, 2014. Our Unity business was focused on delivering and managing high speed Wi-Fi and WAN managed network solutions to customers in a variety of industries. Our 2014 results of operations and all prior comparative periods are recast to reflect the Unity business as a discontinued operation, and our MD&A focuses primarily on our continuing operations. For a detailed discussion of our business, see “Item 1. Business” in this Form 10-K.

This section is organized as follows:



Key Corporate Objectives	Our overall strategy and goals
Significant Trends and Events	Operating, financial and other material highlights affecting our company
Key Operating Metrics	Discussion of key metrics and measures that we use to evaluate our operating performance
Segment Financial Information and Geographic Information	Discussion of the segment of our business: Mobile Connectivity Services
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates	Accounting policies and estimates that we believe are most important to understanding the assumptions and judgments incorporated in our reported financial results
Results of Operations	An analysis of our financial results comparing the years ended December 31, 2016, December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014
Liquidity and Capital Resources	An analysis of changes in our balance sheets and cash flows, and discussion of our financial condition and potential sources of liquidity

Key Corporate Objectives

We are focused on leveraging our unique set of assets across our go to market strategies to drive growth in new customer acquisition, subscribed users, and devices accessing our services. To achieve these objectives, we have rebuilt our product and service delivery across three main value creation initiatives; UNLIMITED, EVERYWHERE, and INVISIBLE. For a detailed discussion regarding our key corporate objectives, see section entitled “Our Strategy” under “Item 1. Business.”

Significant Trends and Events

The following describes significant trends and events that impacted our financial condition, results of operations, and/or the direction of our business in 2016:

Product Evolution

While we have and will continue to sell and support customers on our pay-as-you-go usage and varying flat rate price plans, we continue to focus primarily on selling our UNLIMITED subscriptions to new or renewal customers. Our product is being optimized for UNLIMITED, providing always-on, secure connectivity to users, without any usage restrictions. We introduced the iPass SmartConnectTM SDK which provides the tools to build adaptive network selection applications for smartphones, tablets, and laptops. Developers can access iPass core technologies to activate, authenticate, connect, and create custom interfaces for presenting and selecting Wi-Fi networks. Applications built using the iPass SDK have instant and secure access to the iPass network. The SDK is designed for enterprises, operators and solution vendors seeking to leverage iPass wireless connectivity technology in their applications. Since introducing the SDK, twenty-eight partners have obtained access and are in development.

Network Access Investments

In 2016, we expanded our network of global hotspots from 50 million to 60 million, leveraging the power of network curation, community, and strategic partner procurement. And while pure numbers emphasize an element of our EVERYWHERE initiative, more importantly we are enhancing our network through our platform technology to improve the user experience and mitigate issues like “false positives” (a network that broadcasts a signal but is not active in the iPass footprint), failed authentications, poor bandwidth, or other quality issues. To support our UNLIMITED strategy and to meet the needs of our customers' increasing consumption of Wi-Fi, we continue to invest in Network Access through selective investment decisions to

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lock up additional network capacity and drive the effective cost of data connectivity continually down. This investment allowed for a 39% increase in WiFi hours consumed while network access costs in 2016 increased by only 16%.

Cost Containment Initiatives

On February 17, 2016, we announced a reduction in force that impacted 57 employees and reduced headcount globally by approximately 30% primarily as a cost-cutting measure, which eliminated positions in engineering and network operations groups, including a significant rightsizing of the India team. Financial results for the year ended December 31, 2016, include the full impact of this cost containment initiative with operating expenses (excluding restructuring charges) declining $8.2 million, or 18% year over year. This resulted in a charge of approximately $0.8 million in 2016.

Reduction in Share Reserve Under Equity Incentive Plan

On July 5, 2016, our Board of Directors amended our 2003 Equity Incentive Plan (the "Plan") to reduce the number of shares available under the Plan by 15 million shares. The Board took this action as it believed that the number of shares then available far exceeded our needs for the foreseeable future and that it was in the best interests of our stockholders that we reduce our excess shares. At this time, the Board of Directors also unanimously agreed to rescind the Plan's evergreen provision, which allows for automatic increases of the Plan's share reserve. As of December 31, 2016, there are 14,070,407 shares available under the Plan.

Key Operating Metrics

Described below are key metrics that we use to evaluate our operating performance:

Total iPass Wi-Fi Network Users

Total iPass Wi-Fi Network Users (Enterprise and Strategic Partnerships) is the number of our platform users each month in each quarter that used Wi-Fi network services from iPass. As our UNLIMITED subscriptions ramp and a significant number of our new or renewal customers are billed under UNLIMITED, this metric will likely transform to a SaaS-like benchmark: number of total subscribers.

Total iPass Active Platform Users

Total iPass Active Platform Users is the number of users who were billed platform fees and who have deployed the platform, regardless of whether they have used the Wi-Fi network services in a given period. Similar to Total iPass Wi-Fi Network Users, as our UNLIMITED pricing ramps and a significant number of our new or renewal customers are billed under

UNLIMITED, this metric will likely transform to a unified SaaS-like benchmark: number of total subscribers. This metric

excludes UNLIMITED subscribers unless they have actively accessed network during the period.

Hours Consumed

Hours Consumed represent the average number of network hours consumed by our customers each month in a given quarter. This operating metric is an indicator of the improvement of our technology performance, our customers' satisfaction, and the expansion of our network.

The following table summarizes the number of active users of iPass services as well as the hours consumed (in thousands). Each number of users below is calculated as the average number of active users per month, during a given quarter, for which a fee billed by iPass for either Wi-Fi or Platform service. Hours represent the monthly average hours consumed by our Wi-Fi Network Users during a given quarter.



	For the Quarter Ended
	December 31, 2016	September 30, 2016	June 30, 2016	March 31, 2016	December 31, 2015
Wi-Fi Network Users:
Enterprise	81	77	83	77	79
Strategic Partnerships	47	56	42	24	21
Total iPass Wi-Fi Network Users	128	133	125	101	100

Total iPass Active Platform Users	732	738	794	807	830
Hours Consumed	795	754	678	523	501

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Gross Margin

Gross Margin represents Total Revenue less Network Access Costs less Network Operations costs divided by Total Revenue and is comprehensive and insightful to the overall performance of the business, incorporating our overall costs to acquire, support, maintain, and provide network and network related services. Gross margin by quarter over the last five quarters was as follows:



	For the Quarter Ended
	December 31, 2016		September 30, 2016		June 30, 2016		March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Gross Margin	34.9	%	35.2	%	37.9	%	35.2	%	36.9	%

Deferred revenue (Short-term plus Long-term)

Deferred Revenue represents the sales invoiced in advance of recognition under our revenue recognition policy. The fluctuation of deferred revenue is primarily driven by upfront payments received from our customers for annual subscriptions and fluctuations in number of devices shipped by an OEM strategic partner. Under the OEM agreement, we bill upfront on devices shipped and recognize revenue over the future obligation period to deliver related Wi-Fi services. The following table represents balances (in thousands) as of the period end date:



	For the Quarter Ended
	December 31, 2016		September 30, 2016		June 30, 2016		March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Total Deferred Revenue	$	2,479	$	2,563	$	2,300	$	2,348	$	2,552

Annual Contract Value (ACV)

Annual Contract Value represents the annualized sales value committed under contract for newly acquired customers or significant upsell, in total across our Enterprise and Strategic Partnership go-to-market strategies, in the period. While ACV does not represent current revenue, it is a leading indicator of future revenue, especially as we migrate to a more SaaS-like recurring monthly subscription model under UNLIMITED pricing. Because ACV is not an alternative measure for GAAP revenue, but only an operational metric to provide insight on the health and progress of our sales pipeline and revised go-to-market strategy, the signing of committed contract value should not be assumed to have met our entire revenue recognition criteria. For example, while persuasive evidence of an arrangement always exists before reporting ACV, service may not yet have been provided to the customer or collections may not yet be determined to be reasonably assured. We make reasonable efforts to substantiate the viability of all reported ACV, but future events could change that conclusion. As an example, when a previously reported ACV customer fails to perform under the committed contract, such remaining calculated ACV will be reversed in the current period reported ACV. The following table represents ACV (in thousands):



	For the Quarter Ended
	December 31, 2016		September 30, 2016		June 30, 2016		March 31, 2016		December 31, 2015
Annual Contract Value	$	4,771	$	3,667	$	2,287	$	2,116	$	724

Segment Financial Information and Geographic Information

On June 30, 2014 we entered into an agreement and completed the sale of our Unity business segment, which is reported in this filing as discontinued operations. Therefore, we currently have a single reportable operating segment, Mobile Connectivity Services.

Our Mobile Connectivity Services offer a standard cloud-based solution allowing our customers and their users access to our global Wi-Fi network to stay connected to the people and information that matters most. For a more complete discussion of business risks that Mobile Connectivity Service faces see the discussion that appears in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” of this Form 10-K.

For further information on the Mobile Connectivity Services segment and geographic information, refer to the information contained in Note 14, “Segment and Geographic Information,” in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 15. For risks attendant to foreign operations, see the risk entitled “Because a meaningful portion of our business is international, we encounter additional risks, which may impact our revenues and profitability” in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

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Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates and judgments on our historical experience, knowledge of current conditions and our belief of what could occur in the future considering available information, including assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. By their nature, these estimates and judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty and actual results could differ materially from the amounts reported based on these policies. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to revenue recognition. We believe our most significant estimates, judgments and assumptions used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements are used in the following critical accounting policies.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue recognition policy requires us to make certain estimates and judgments, for example, in the recognition of monthly minimum commitment ("MMC") revenue or deferred revenue.

For customers that have agreed to an MMC fee in connection with network usage, such customer’s monthly invoice reflects the greater of the customer’s actual usage during the month or the customer’s contractually committed monthly minimum for that month. If the MMC exceeds actual usage (“Shortfall”), we determine whether the Shortfall is fixed or determinable in accordance with the revenue recognition criteria. If we conclude that the Shortfall is fixed or determinable, based upon customer specific collection history, and all other revenue recognition criteria have been met, we recognize as revenue the amount of the Shortfall which is invoiced. If the customer is in a Shortfall situation and it is determined that the Shortfall is not fixed or determinable, we recognize revenue only when the Shortfall is collected.

We defer revenue for services that are billed in advance or prepaid as required per customer agreements. We recognize revenue as the services are being delivered, or ratably over the estimated service period, depending on the nature of the service. We classify amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within one year as short-term. For services that have been billed but not yet performed and the related receivable has not been collected, for balance sheet presentation purposes, we offset the deferred revenue with the related accounts receivable, despite the receivable representing an enforceable obligation.

Performance -Based Restricted Stock Awards

Certain restricted stock awards have performance-based goals based on the achievement of targeted quarterly revenue of Open Mobile or targeted EBITA, which require an assessment of the probability and timing of vesting. We amortize stock-based compensation expense for performance-based awards on a graded vesting basis over the vesting period, after assessing probability of achieving the requisite performance criteria. Estimating the time in which we expect to achieve the requisite performance criteria requires judgment. If events or circumstances occur that cause us to revise our estimated vest dates, we recognize the unamortized expense prospectively over the revised estimated vesting period. Such a change in estimated vest dates could have a material impact on our financial statements. We believe that vesting of all awards solely based on performance is not probable at December 31, 2016.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606). ASU 2014-09 requires entities to recognize revenue through the application of a five-step model, which includes identification of the contract, identification of the performance obligations, determination of the transaction price, allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations and recognition of revenue as the entity satisfies the performance obligations. Subsequently, the FASB issued the following accounting standard updates related to Topic 606, Revenue Contracts with Customers:


•	ASU No. 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Principal versus Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net) in March 2016. ASU 2016-08 does not change the core principle of revenue recognition in Topic 606 but clarifies the implementation guidance on principal versus agent considerations.


•	ASU No. 2016-10, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Identifying Performance Obligations and Licensing in April 2016. ASU 2016-10 does not change the core principle of revenue recognition in Topic 606 but clarifies the implementation guidance on identifying performance obligations and the licensing


•	ASUs No. 2016-12 and 2016-20, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606): Narrow-Scope Improvements and Practical Expedients. These ASUs do not change the core principle of revenue recognition in Topic 606 but clarifies the implementation guidance on a few narrow areas and adds some practical expedients to the guidance.

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The amendments are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within that reporting period. We are planning to establish an internal implementation team and to engage a third-party advisory firm to assist in the implementation of the new standard. We continue to assess the overall impact the adoption of ASU 2014-09 will have on our consolidated financial statements. We are also evaluating whether to adopt the guidance using the full or modified retrospective basis, and will likely make that determination during the first half of Fiscal 2017.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02 Leases (Topic 842). ASU 2016-02 impacts any entity that enters a lease with some specified scope exceptions. The guidance updates and supersedes Topic 840, Leases. For public entities, ASU 2016-02 is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods with those years, beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. We are evaluating the effect that ASU 2014-09 will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718) - Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting.” ASU No. 2016-09 includes provisions to simplify certain aspects related to the accounting for share-based awards and the related financial statement presentation. This ASU includes a requirement that the tax effect related to the settlement of share-based awards be recorded in income tax benefit or expense in the statements of earnings. This change is required to be adopted prospectively in the period of adoption. In addition, the ASU modifies the classification of certain share-based payment activities within the statements of cash flows and these changes are required to be applied retrospectively to all periods presented, or in certain cases prospectively, beginning in the period of adoption. ASU No. 2016-09 is effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. Early adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact the adoption of this guidance will have on our financial statements.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments.” This update addresses how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows with the objective of reducing existing diversity in practice with respect to these items. Among the types of cash flows addressed are payments for costs related to debt prepayments or extinguishment, payments representing accreted interest on discounted debt, payments of contingent consideration after a business combination, proceeds from insurance claims and company-owned life insurance, and distributions from equity method investees, among others. The update is to be adopted retrospectively and is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect a material impact of adopting this guidance on our financial statements.

In October 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-16, "Intra-Equity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory (Topic 740), which is intended to eliminate diversity in practice and provide a more accurate depiction of the tax consequences on intercompany asset transfers (excluding inventory)". This update requires entities to immediately recognize the tax consequences on intercompany asset transfers (excluding inventory) at the transaction date, rather than deferring the tax consequences under current GAAP. The update will be effective for the Company’s first quarter of fiscal year 2019 and requires a modified retrospective method of adoption. Early adoption is permitted, but only in the first quarter of an entity’s annual fiscal year. We are currently evaluating the effect that this guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-18, “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Restricted Cash.” The update requires entities to include in their cash and cash-equivalent balances in the statement of cash flows those amounts that are deemed to be restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. The ASU does not define the terms “restricted cash” and “restricted cash equivalents.” The standard will be effective for us beginning January 1, 2018 and will require a retrospective approach. Early adoption is permitted. We expect that the update will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Results of Operations

Sources of Revenues

We differentiate and analyze our revenue generation streams as follows:

Enterprise revenues consist of Wi-Fi, platform, and other fees charged to enterprise customers of the iPass service. Revenues are generated by customers that purchase our service on a per user per month subscription basis or under a variety of other pricing models which may include pay-as-you-go usage, flat rate pricing per active user, separate platform fees, and other ancillary services such as consulting or platform customization.

Strategic Partnership revenues consist of Wi-Fi, platform, and other fees charged to our strategic partnership customers. In contrast to Enterprise revenue, pricing on these deals is negotiated specific to the customer needs

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and can include per device charges, platform only charges (including SDK), cost-plus or pay-as-you-go arrangements on Wi-Fi usage, and various other pricing mechanisms.

Legacy iPC revenues consist of Dial-up and 3G network, our iPC platform, and related platform services, as well as iPC driven network usage, including iPC user driven Wi-Fi and minimum commit shortfall.

On June 30, 2014, we entered an agreement and completed the sale of our Unity business. Accordingly, we currently have a single reportable operating segment, Mobile Connectivity Services, and analyze revenue from continuing operations.



	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
	(in thousands)
Mobile Connectivity Services	$	63,222	$	62,564	$	69,804
Enterprise	49,090		52,623		54,697
Strategic Partnerships	11,925		6,127		3,040
Legacy iPC	2,207		3,814		12,067

For the year ended December 31, 2016 compared to 2015, overall Mobile Connectivity Services revenue increased $0.6 million or 1%. This was driven by an increase in Strategic Partnership revenues of $5.8 million. This was partially offset by a combination of Enterprise revenues decreasing $3.6 million and Legacy iPC revenue decreasing by $1.6 million. Enterprise revenue was lower principally due to churn or write-down of customers, including renegotiated contracts with large resellers that resulted in lower monthly Platform fee commitments. Legacy iPC revenue was lower as a result of the expected reduction in usage for our 3G, Dial-up, and iPC services. Strategic Partnership revenue was higher on newly signed customers and ramping users.

For the year ended December 31, 2015 compared to 2014, overall Mobile Connectivity Services revenue decreased $7.2 million or 10%. This was a combination of lower Enterprise revenues of $2.1 million and lower Legacy iPC revenue of $8.3 million, partially offset by higher Strategic Partnership revenues of $3.1 million. The decline in Enterprise was driven by a $5.0 million decrease in platform revenues, as we took significant write-downs on committed platform revenues from several large reseller partners as part of the contract renewal process, offset by an increase in Wi-Fi network revenue of $2.9 million on higher throughput usage and continued migration from legacy customers. iPC legacy decline was a combination of churn on dial, 3G, and iPC network and platform customers. Strategic Partnership growth was driven primarily by ramping usage from several existing carrier, OEM, and service provider customers.

Gross Margin

We use gross margin as a metric to assist us in assessing the profitability of our various network and network related services. Our overall gross margin is defined as total revenue less network access cost less network operations expense divided by total revenue.



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Gross Margin (%)	35.8	%	38.8	%	38.7	%

The 3.0 percentage point decrease in gross margin from 2015 to 2016 was primarily due to the decline in high margin Platform revenue and the growth of Strategic partnership revenue, which has a lower margin. This was offset in part by lower network operations costs due primarily to the reduction in headcount.

The 0.1 percentage point increase in gross margin from 2014 to 2015 was primarily due to benefits from driving down usage based Wi-Fi acquisition costs and reducing Network Operations expenses on cost containment initiatives being offset in part by the loss of higher margin platform revenues.

Cost of Revenues and Operating Expenses

Network Access Costs (NAC)

NAC consist of charges for network access which we pay to our network service providers and other direct cost of sales.

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	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Network access costs	$	33,150		$	28,472		$	29,608
As a percentage of revenue	52.4		%	45.5		%	42.4		%

Network access costs increased approximately $4.7 million or 16% from 2015 to 2016 primarily due to the increase in Wi-Fi Network Users consuming Wi-Fi hours and the committed spend to acquire additional network capacity at a lower unit cost. In addition, network access costs as a percentage of total revenue increased 6.9 percentage points, primarily due to the decrease in platform revenue as there are no network access costs associated with our platform revenues and the

increased mix of lower margin inflight revenues.

Network access costs decreased approximately $1.1 million or 4% from 2014 to 2015 primarily due to the decrease of 3G access costs partially offset by an increase on Wi-Fi access costs as more expensive inflight growth outpaced the cost savings driven through the other usage based Wi-Fi procurement.

Network Operations

Network operations expenses consist of compensation and benefits for our network engineering, customer support and network access quality personnel, outside consultants, co-location center fees, network equipment depreciation, inventory costs, and allocated overhead costs.



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Network operations expense	$	7,411		$	9,788		$	13,159
As a percentage of revenue	11.7		%	15.6		%	18.9		%

The decrease in network operations expenses of approximately $2.4 million or 24% for 2016 compared to 2015 was primarily due to the decrease in headcount-related costs of $1.9 million as a result of the restructuring we conducted in May 2015 and a decrease in depreciation expense of $0.4 million.

The decrease in network operations expenses of approximately $3.4 million or 26% for 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to a decrease in headcount-related costs of $2.5 million as a result of the May 2015 restructuring, decrease in stock based compensation expense of $0.4 million due to employee terminations and decrease in co-location costs of $0.3 million.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses consist of compensation and benefits for our research and development personnel, software, consulting, and allocated overhead costs.



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Research and development expenses	$	7,276		$	9,987		$	11,921
As a percentage of revenue	11.5		%	16.0		%	17.1		%

The decrease in research and development expenses of approximately $2.7 million or 27% for 2016 compared to 2015 was primarily due to the decrease in headcount-related costs by $2.9 million as a result of the restructuring plans we conducted in May 2015 and February 2016.

The decrease in research and development expenses of approximately $1.9 million or 16% for 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to the decrease in headcount-related costs by $1.5 million and decrease of stock based compensation expense by $0.4 million due to employee terminations, as a result of the May 2015 restructuring.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and marketing expenses consist of compensation, benefits, advertising and lead generation costs, and allocated overhead costs.

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	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Sales and marketing expenses	$	11,154		$	10,334		$	15,759
As a percentage of revenue	17.6		%	16.5		%	22.6		%

The increase in sales and marketing expenses of approximately $0.8 million or 8% for 2016 compared to 2015 was primarily due to the increase in headcount-related costs of approximately $0.5 million, increase in marketing costs of $0.2 million, and an increase in traveling cost of $0.1 million.

The decrease in sales and marketing expenses of approximately $5.4 million or 34% for 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to lower headcount-related costs of approximately $3.7 million, decrease of stock based compensation expense of $0.5 million due to employee terminations, decrease of travel costs of $0.5 million and decrease in marketing costs of $0.5 million.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and benefits for general and administrative personnel, facilities, legal and accounting expenses.



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands, except percentages)
General and administrative expenses	$	10,792		$	14,662		$	18,073
As a percentage of revenue	17.1		%	23.4		%	25.9		%

The decrease in general and administrative expenses of approximately $3.9 million or 26% for 2016 compared to 2015 was primarily due to a decrease of professional services cost by $1.4 million, decrease in headcount-related costs by $1.0 million, decrease in rent and facilities related costs by $0.6 million, decrease in maintenance, depreciation and licenses cost of $0.5 million as a result of an Oracle license renewal, decrease in recruiting services of $0.4 million, decrease in Proxy contest costs of $0.4 million and decrease in various administrative costs of $0.6 million, which was offset by an increase in stock based compensation expense by $1.0 million.

The decrease in general and administrative expenses of approximately $3.4 million or 19% for 2015 compared to 2014 was primarily due to a decrease in headcount-related costs by $2.5 million, a decrease in stock based compensation expense by $1.3 million due to employee terminations, and a decrease in rent expense by $0.4 million, which was offset by an increase in Proxy contest costs of $0.4 million and an increase in various administrative costs of $0.4 million.

Restructuring Charges

Restructuring charges consist primarily of severance and benefits for personnel, lease termination and legal expenses.



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Restructuring charges and related adjustments	$	788		$	4,232		$	733
As a percentage of revenue	1.2		%	6.8		%	1.1		%

During the first quarter of 2016, we announced a restructuring plan ("Q1 2016 Plan"). The Q1 2016 Plan reduced headcount globally by 57 employees, or 30% of the workforce, and primarily eliminated positions in engineering and network operations groups, including a reduction of personnel in the India team. This resulted in a charge of approximately $0.8 million in 2016, and as of December 31, 2016 the Company has completed all of the related payments associated this restructuring Plan.

During the second quarter of 2015, we announced a restructuring plan ("Q2 2015 Plan") intended to flatten the organization, create a more nimble sales and delivery infrastructure to support a SaaS go to market strategy, and accelerate the cash flow break-even point for our company. The Q2 2015 Plan reduced headcount globally by approximately 14% across all

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functional areas. As of December 31, 2016 the Company completed all the related payments associated with this restructuring plan.

During the third quarter of 2014, we announced a restructuring plan ("Q3 2014 Plan") to re-align our cost structure as a result of the divestiture of our Unity business, which resulted in workforce reduction of approximately 20 employees worldwide and the termination of lease contracts for certain leased facilities. As of December 31, 2015, the Company completed all the related payments associated with this restructuring plan.

In the first quarter of 2013, we announced a restructuring plan ("Q1 2013 Plan") to re-align our cost structure to focus investments, resources and operating expenses on our growing Open Mobile business, which resulted in a workforce reduction of 16 positions across all functional areas and termination of a lease contract. As of December 31, 2014, the Company completed all of the related payments associated with this restructuring plan.

We incurred a restructuring charge of approximately $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2016, compared to the restructuring charge of $4.2 million and $0.7 million for the same periods in 2015 and 2014, respectively. These activities were related to our Q1 2016 Plan, Q2 2015 Plan and Q3 2014 Plan. The restructuring charges related to the Q2 2015 Plan were significantly higher than the charges related to Q1 2016 Plan and prior plans since the restructuring plan included upper management with higher severance and exit costs.

Non-Operating Income and Expenses

Interest and other income and expenses

During the years ended December 31, 2014, and 2013, we purchased enterprise database software and infrastructure hardware, which were financed through a vendor. During the year ended December 31, 2016, we extended the license related to the previously acquired software for approximately $0.5 million to be paid over one year, and we incurred interest expense of approximately $31,000 in 2016 and $0.1 million in both 2015 and 2014, respectively.

During the year ended December 31, 2015, we paid approximately $0.1 million as part of a legal settlement agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we collected approximately $0.3 million on a final bankruptcy court settlement of a customer receivable from 2004 that we had previously written off as uncollectible.

Foreign Exchange Gains and Losses

Foreign exchange gains and losses primarily include realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign currency transactions. Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations impact the re-measurement of certain assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar and generate unrealized foreign exchange gains or losses. In addition, some of our network access costs are invoiced in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. The transactional settlement of these outstanding invoices and other cross-currency transactions generate realized foreign exchange gains or losses depending on the fluctuation of exchange rates between the date of invoicing and the date of payment.

During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, we did not enter any hedging contracts and foreign exchange losses were approximately $0.2 million, $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively. The foreign exchange losses in 2016 were mainly due the unfavorable re-measurement of foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities.

Provision For (Benefit From) Income Taxes

Income tax expenses (benefit) was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, of approximately $0.2 million, $0.3 million, and ($7.1) million, respectively. The income tax expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 primarily relates to foreign taxes on expected profits in the foreign jurisdictions. The income tax benefit recorded for the year ended December 31, 2014 primarily reflects an offsetting benefit in continuing operations of $7.3 million against tax expense on discontinued operations.

The effective tax rate for continuing operations was a provision of 3% and 2% for 2016 and 2015, respectively. The effective tax rate of 36% for 2014 relating to the provision from the discontinued operations, which includes the gain on sale of the Unity business in 2014, was offset by the tax benefit recorded in continuing operations.

Divestiture of Business Segment

On July 1, 2014, we announced that we had completed the sale of our Unity business for $28.1 million to Tolt

Solutions, and accrued approximately $2.2 million of transaction costs which were fully paid in 2014. The purchase agreement

was signed and the sale was completed on June 30, 2014 resulting in a before tax gain of $25.0 million during the second

quarter of 2014. The gross cash proceeds of the sale included $1.4 million placed in escrow as of June 30, 2014 to cover any

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contingent claims made by the buyer against iPass through June 30, 2015, which was recorded in Prepaid Expenses and Other

Current Assets. There were no claims made against the escrow and the cash proceeds were released to iPass as of June 30, 2015.

Unity focused on delivering high speed Wi-Fi and WAN managed network solutions to customers in a variety of industries, including retail, financial services, and healthcare. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance for the disposal of long-lived assets, the results of the Unity business are presented as discontinued operations and, as such, have been excluded from continuing operations for all periods presented.

The following table presents the revenues and components of discontinued operations, net of tax:



	Year Ended December 31, 2014
Revenue⁽¹⁾	$	15,458
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes⁽¹⁾	$	1,506
Gain on sale of discontinued operations before income taxes⁽¹⁾	25,014
Provision for income taxes	(7,341		)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	19,179


(1)	Amounts recorded through June 30, 2014, date of the sale agreement of the Unity business segment.

In accordance with ASC 205-20 Discontinued Operations, the above table excluded certain shared overhead costs and transfer pricing adjustments that were previously allocated to the Unity business segment in the historical iPass consolidated financial statements that were filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The provisions for income taxes primarily reflect tax expense on discontinued operations including the gain on sale, which is mostly offset by benefit in continuing operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We had cash and cash equivalents of $16.1 million at December 31, 2016, compared to $20.3 million at December 31, 2015.



	Twelve months ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands)
Cash Flows
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(5,482	)	$	(13,617	)	$	(14,836	)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	(581		)	738			25,532
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	1,841			(641		)	(899		)
Net decrease (increase) in cash and cash equivalents	$	(4,222	)	$	(13,520	)	$	9,797

Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities decreased by approximately $8.1 million from $13.6 million used for the year ended December 31, 2015 to $5.5 million for the same period in 2016. Net loss after adjustments for non-cash items improved by $8.7 million year over year, mainly due to the decrease of net loss and the increase in stock-based compensation. The remaining variance was driven by normal working capital fluctuations.

Net cash used in operating activities decreased by approximately $1.2 million from $14.8 million used for the year ended December 31, 2014 to $13.6 million for the same period in 2015. This decrease is the result of favorable changes in working capital of $1.3 million driven by cash collected on the building of the deferred revenue balance year over year. Net loss after adjustments for non-cash items was flat year over year, but included an incremental $3.5 million of cash on restructuring in 2015.

Investing Activities

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Net cash used by investing activities decreased by approximately $1.3 million from the net cash provided by investing activities of $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to the net cash used by investing activities of $0.6 million for the same period in 2016. This decrease is primarily due to the release of cash held in escrow of $1.5 million related to the sale of the Unity business in 2015 partially offset by the decrease in property and equipment purchases.

Net cash provided by investing activities decreased by approximately $24.8 million in 2015 compared to 2014. This decrease is primarily a result of the one-time proceeds of $26.8 million from the sale of our Unity business in the third quarter of 2014, partially offset in 2015 by the release of cash held in escrow of $1.4 million related to the sale of the Unity business.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities increased by approximately $2.4 million from the net cash used in financing activities of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 to the net cash provided by financing activities of $1.8 million for the same period in 2016. The increase is mainly related to the increase in 2016 compared to 2015 of cash from stock options exercises of $2.8 offset by cash paid for stock repurchase of $0.3 million.

Net cash used in financing activities decreased by approximately $0.3 million in 2015 compared to 2014. The decrease is mainly related to the decrease of payments for vendor financed property and equipment.

Sources of Cash and Future Cash Requirements

We have historically relied on existing cash and cash equivalents for our liquidity needs. We use a professional investment management firm to manage a large portion of our cash, which is invested primarily in money market accounts. We believe that based on our current business plan and revenue prospects and our anticipated cash flows from operations, our existing cash balances will be sufficient to meet our working capital and operating resource expenditure requirements for at least the next twelve months.

The amount of cash and cash equivalents held by our foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively. We currently do not intend to distribute any of our cumulative earnings by our foreign subsidiaries to the parent company in the U.S.

Primary Uses of Cash

Our principal use of cash in 2016 was for network access costs, payroll related expenses, payments for vendor financing equipment purchases, settlement of restructuring obligations, and general operating expenses including marketing, office rent, and capital expenditures.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As part of our ongoing business, we do not participate in transactions that generate material relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or for other contractually narrow or limited purposes. We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015 as defined in Item 303(a)(4)(ii) of SEC Regulation S-K.

Contractual Obligations



	Total		Less Than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years
	(In thousands)
Operating Lease Obligations	$	4,578	$	1,476	$	3,102	$	—
Other Purchase Commitments	32,701		29,076		3,625		—
Total Contractual Obligations⁽¹⁾	$	37,279	$	30,552	$	6,727	$	—


(1)	See Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies and Note 8. Vendor Financed Property and Equipment in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 15 of this report.

In the ordinary course of business, we may provide indemnifications of varying scope and terms to customers, business partners, and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of our breach

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of such agreements, services to be provided by us, or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third-parties. In addition, we have entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and certain of our officers and employees that will require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors, officers or employees. We maintain director and officer insurance, which may cover certain liabilities arising from our obligation to indemnify our directors and certain of our officers and employees, in certain circumstances. iPass’ product agreements typically include a limited indemnification provision for claims from third parties relating to breach of agreements and iPass’ intellectual property. Certain indemnification agreements may not be subject to maximum loss clauses. If the potential loss from any indemnification claim is considered probable and the amount or the range of the loss can be estimated, we accrue a liability for the estimated loss. To date, claims under such indemnification provisions have not been significant.


Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Exchange Rate Risk

We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk inherent in conducting business globally in numerous currencies, of which the most significant to our operations for the year ended December 31, 2016 were the Euro, the British Pound, and the Indian Rupee. We are primarily exposed to foreign currency fluctuations related to network access costs denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. As such, we benefit from a stronger U.S. Dollar and may be adversely affected by a weaker U.S. Dollar relative to the foreign currency. Currently, we do not enter into currency forward exchange or option contracts to hedge foreign currency exposures. The impact of foreign currency fluctuations is also discussed in “Foreign exchange gains (losses)” under Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Interest Rate Risk

As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had cash and cash equivalents of $16.1 million and $20.3 million, respectively and no short-term investments or restricted cash. Our cash balances are held primarily in bank deposits and money market accounts with a remaining maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase. As a result, we do not believe we are exposed to material interest rate risk.


Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Financial Statements

Our financial statements required by this item are set forth in Item 15 of this report and incorporated by reference here. See Item 15(a)(1) for a listing of financial statements provided in the section titled “Financial Statements.”

Supplementary Data

The following tables present our operating results for each of the eight quarters during 2016 and 2015. This data has been derived from unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements that, in the opinion of our company’s management, include all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary for a fair presentation of such information when read in conjunction with our annual audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto appearing elsewhere in this report. These operating results are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period (in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Quarter Ended
	March 31			June 30			September 30			December 31
Year Ended December 31, 2016
Revenues	$	14,731		$	16,497		$	15,877		$	16,117
Operating loss	(3,534		)	(1,201		)	(1,247		)	(1,367		)
Net loss	(3,730		)	(1,377		)	(1,341		)	(1,322		)
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$	(0.06	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)	$	(0.02	)
	Quarter Ended
	March 31			June 30			September 30			December 31
Year Ended December 31, 2015
Revenues	$	16,558		$	15,595		$	14,985		$	15,426
Operating loss	(3,504		)	(6,044		)	(3,315		)	(2,048		)
Net loss	(3,440		)	(6,375		)	(3,430		)	(2,248		)
Basic and diluted net loss per share	$	(0.05	)	$	(0.10	)	$	(0.05	)	$	(0.04	)

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Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Not Applicable.

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Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, management of the company conducted an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the Exchange Act), as of the end of the period covered by this report. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives. Based upon that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective at the reasonable assurance level, as of the end of the period covered by this report, to ensure that information required to be disclosed was recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in such reports is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such terms is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, management of the company conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based upon the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework. Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2016, our internal control over financial reporting was effective based on these criteria. Grant Thornton LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K and, as part of the audit, has issued a report, included herein on the effectiveness of iPass’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Following the identification of the material weakness described in our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2016, we initiated remediation measures to address the material weakness in our controls around analyzing significant, complex, or unusual arrangements, and the related application of relevant GAAP. As a result, management has concluded that, as of December 31, 2016, the Company's design and operation of internal control over financial reporting was effective and that the previously identified material weakness has been fully remediated.

Inherent Limitations of Disclosure Controls and Procedures and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal controls will prevent all errors and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within iPass have been detected.


Item 9B.	Other Information

Not applicable.

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PART III


Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Information relating to our executive officers and directors will be presented under the captions “Executive Officers” and “Proposal 1—Election of Directors” in our definitive proxy statement in connection with our 2017 Annual Meeting of stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission no later than April 30, 2017 (the “Proxy Statement”). That information is incorporated here by reference.

Information concerning compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 will be presented under the caption “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the Proxy Statement. That information is incorporated into this report by reference.

Information concerning our Code of Ethics will be presented under the caption “Code of Conduct and Ethics” in “Proposal—1 Election of Directors” in the Proxy Statement. That information is incorporated here by reference.

Information concerning procedures for recommending nominees for director will be presented under the caption “Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee” in “Proposal 1—Election of Directors” in the Proxy Statement. That information is incorporated here by reference.

Information relating to our audit committee and the audit committee financial experts will be presented under the captions “Information Regarding the Board of Directors and its Committees” and “Audit Committee” in the “Proposal—1 Election of Directors” in the Proxy Statement. That information is incorporated here by reference.


Item 11.	Executive Compensation

Information relating to director and executive compensation and other matters required by this Item 11 will be presented under the caption “Executive Compensation and Related Information,” “Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation” and “Compensation Committee Report” in the Proxy Statement. That information is incorporated here by reference.


Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Information relating to the security ownership of our common stock by our management and other beneficial owners will be presented under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in the Proxy Statement. That information is incorporated here by reference.

Information relating to securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans will be presented under the caption “Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans” in the Proxy Statement. That information is incorporated here by reference.


Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Information relating to certain relationships of our directors and executive officers and related transactions and the independence of our directors will be presented under the captions “Independence of the Board of Directors” in the “Proposal—1 Election of Directors” and “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” in the Proxy Statement. That information is incorporated here by reference.


Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The information required by this item will be included under the caption “Principal Accountant Fees and Services” in the “Proposal—2 Ratification of Independent Auditors” in the Proxy Statement. That information is incorporated here by reference.

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PART IV


Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules


(a)	The following financial statements are filed as part of this report:

1. Financial Statements



	Page
Reports of Grant Thornton, LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	34
Report of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	36
Consolidated Financial Statements:
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December, 31, 2016 and 2015	37
Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014	38
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for the years ended December 31 2016, 2015 and 2014	39
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014	40
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	41

2. Financial Statement Schedules



Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts Receivable	61

All other schedules are omitted because they are not required or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes thereto.

3. Exhibits

See the Exhibit Index which follows the signature page of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated here by reference.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

iPass Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of iPass Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended. Our audits of the basic consolidated financial statements included the financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)2. These financial statements and financial statement schedule are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of iPass Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 14, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

/s/ Grant Thornton LLP

San Francisco, California

March 14, 2017

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Stockholders

iPass Inc.

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of iPass Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated financial statements of the Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 2016, and our report dated March 14, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

/s/ Grant Thornton LLP

San Francisco, California

March 14, 2017

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

iPass Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of operation and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows of iPass Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) for the year ended December 31, 2014. In connection with our audit of the consolidated financial statements, we also have audited the accompanying financial statement schedule. The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. Our audit of the consolidated financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations of iPass Inc. and subsidiaries and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also, in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Santa Clara, California

March 13, 2015

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iPASS INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except par value and share amounts)



	As of December 31,
	2016			2015
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	16,072		$	20,294
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $142 and $241, respectively	12,361			9,746
Prepaid expenses	1,344			2,762
Other current assets	225			342
Total current assets	30,002			33,144
Property and equipment, net	2,485			4,009
Other assets	688			690
Total assets	$	33,175		$	37,843
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	7,069		$	6,291
Accrued liabilities	3,874			5,356
Deferred revenue, short-term	2,412			2,321
Total current liabilities	13,355			13,968
Deferred revenue, long-term	67			231
Other long-term liabilities	1,123			1,043
Total liabilities	14,545			15,242
Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value (250,000,000 shares authorized; 65,776,605 and 63,384,483 shares issued and outstanding, respectively)	68			65
Additional paid-in capital	223,777			219,981
Accumulated deficit	(205,215		)	(197,445		)
Total stockholders’ equity	18,630			22,601
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	33,175		$	37,843

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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iPASS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)



	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Revenues	$	63,222		$	62,564		$	69,804
Cost of revenues and operating expenses:
Network access costs	33,150			28,472			29,608
Network operations	7,411			9,788			13,159
Research and development	7,276			9,987			11,921
Sales and marketing	11,154			10,334			15,759
General and administrative	10,792			14,662			18,073
Restructuring charges and related adjustments	788			4,232			733
Total cost of revenues and operating expenses	70,571			77,475			89,253
Operating loss	(7,349		)	(14,911		)	(19,449		)
Interest income (expense), net	36			(54		)	(119		)
Foreign exchange losses	(234		)	(87		)	(67		)
Other income (expenses), net	—			(134		)	329
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes	(7,547		)	(15,186		)	(19,306		)
Provision for (Benefit from) income taxes	223			307			(7,101		)
Net loss from continuing operations	$	(7,770	)	$	(15,493	)	$	(12,205	)
Net income from discontinued operations	—			—			19,179
Net income (loss)	$	(7,770	)	$	(15,493	)	$	6,974
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(7,770	)	$	(15,493	)	$	6,974

Net income (loss) per share - basic and diluted
Loss from continuing operations	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.25	)	$	(0.19	)
Income from discontinued operations	—			—			0.30
Net income (loss) per share	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.25	)	$	0.11

Weighted average shares outstanding - basic and diluted	64,344,937			62,940,299			62,613,671

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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iPASS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands)



	Common Stock				Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Comprehensive Income (Loss)		Accumulated Deficit			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balances, December 31, 2013	64,451		$	65	$	218,103		—		$	(188,926	)	$	29,242
Exercise of stock options—common stock issued	135		—		139			—		—			139
Restricted stock granted	480		—		—			—		—			—
Restricted stock canceled	(390	)	—		—			—		—			—
Employee stock purchase plan—common stock issued	119		—		158			—		—			158
Repurchased common stock	(41	)	—		(49		)	—		—			(49		)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		2,017			—		—			2,017
Net income	—		—		—			—		6,974			6,974
Balances, December 31, 2014	64,754		65		220,368			—		(181,952		)	38,481
Exercise of stock options—common stock issued	132		—		116			—		—			116
Restricted stock granted	140		—		—			—		—			—
Restricted stock canceled	(1,720	)	—		—			—		—			—
Employee stock purchase plan—common stock issued	78		—		71			—		—			71
Disgorgement of profit	—		—		4			—		—			4
Stock-based compensation	—		—		(578		)	—		—			(578		)
Net loss	—		—		—			—		(15,493		)	(15,493		)
Balances, December 31, 2015	63,384		65		219,981			$	—	(197,445		)	22,601
Exercise of stock options—common stock issued	2,650		3		3,000			—		—			3,003
Restricted stock granted	60		—		—			—		—			—
Restricted stock canceled	(30	)	—		—			—		—			—
Employee stock purchase plan—common stock issued	52		—		37			—		—			37
Repurchased common stock	(339	)	—		(345		)	—		—			(345		)
Stock-based compensation	—		—		1,104			—		—			1,104
Net loss	—		—		—			—		(7,770		)	(7,770		)
Balances, December 31, 2016	65,777		$	68	$	223,777		$	—	$	(205,215	)	$	18,630

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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iPASS INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)



	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(7,770	)	$	(15,493	)	$	6,974
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used in operating activities:
Gain on sale of discontinued operations	—			—			(25,014		)
Stock-based compensation expense (benefit)	1,104			(578		)	2,017
Depreciation and amortization	2,469			2,945			3,330
Deferred income taxes	—			107			(53		)
Loss on disposal of property and equipment	—			7			54
Provision for (recovery of) doubtful accounts	11			83			(169		)
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	(2,626		)	234			2,816
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	1,535			(529		)	(404		)
Other assets	2			243			232
Accounts payable	414			(946		)	(1,637		)
Accrued liabilities	(628		)	(1,854		)	(3,406		)
Deferred revenue	(73		)	2,000			(329		)
Other liabilities	80			164			753
Net cash used in operating activities	(5,482		)	(13,617		)	(14,836		)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(581		)	(812		)	(1,318		)
Proceeds from sale of discontinued operations	—			—			26,750
Change in restricted cash	—			1,550			100
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(581		)	738			25,532
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock and disgorgement of profit	3,040			191			248
Principal payments for vendor financed property and equipment	(854		)	(832		)	(1,147		)
Stock repurchase	(345		)	—			—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	1,841			(641		)	(899		)
Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents	(4,222		)	(13,520		)	9,797
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year	20,294			33,814			24,017
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	16,072		$	20,294		$	33,814
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
Net cash paid for taxes	$	242		$	233		$	259
Accrued amounts for acquisition of property and equipment	373			9			73
Vendor financing of property and equipment	—			—			501

See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Basis of Presentation

The Company's consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("GAAP"). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of iPass Inc. (the “Company”) and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated.

The Company reports comprehensive income (loss) in a single continuous financial statement within the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss). The Company’s comprehensive income (loss) is equivalent to its net income (loss) because the Company does not have any transactions that are recorded through other comprehensive income (loss).

The Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss) have been reclassified for all periods presented to reflect discontinued operations treatment. (Refer to Note 15 for discussion related to Divestiture of Business Segment).

Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures in conformity with GAAP and pursuant to the rules and regulations of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes. Estimates are used for, but not limited to revenue, the valuation of accounts receivables, other long-lived assets, stock-based compensation, legal contingencies, deferred revenue, network access costs, income taxes, and sales tax liabilities. These estimates and assumptions are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Actual results could differ from the estimates made by management with respect to these and other items.

Foreign Currency Accounting

The U.S. Dollar is the functional currency for the Company and all of its subsidiaries; therefore, the Company does not have a translation adjustment recorded through accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). While the Company’s revenue contracts are denominated in United States (“U.S.”) dollars, the Company has foreign operations that incur expenses in various foreign currencies. Monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured using the current exchange rate at the balance sheet date. Non-monetary assets and liabilities and capital accounts are remeasured using historical exchange rates. Foreign currency expenses are remeasured using the exchange rates in effect during each period. Foreign currency exchange gains and losses are presented separately in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss).

Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly-liquid investments with a remaining maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist primarily of investments in institutional money market funds.

Concentrations of Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Substantially all of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held by two financial institutions. The Company is exposed to risk in the event of default by these financial institutions or the issuers of these securities to the extent the balances are in excess of amounts that are insured by the FDIC.

The Company’s receivables are derived from revenue earned from customers located primarily in the United States and EMEA. The Company provides credit to its customers in the normal course of business and requires no collateral to secure accounts receivable. The Company maintains an allowance for potentially uncollectible accounts receivable based on its assessment of the collectability of accounts receivable. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on customer-specific identification, which encompasses various factors, including; the Company’s review of credit profiles of its customers, age of the accounts receivable balances, contractual terms and conditions, current economic conditions that may affect a customer’s ability to pay and historical payment experience. As of December 31, 2016, accounts receivables from customers in the EMEA region and in the United States represented 46% and 50% of total accounts receivable respectively. 77% of our accounts

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

receivables balance were due within the Company’s standard credit term of 30 days and 96% were aged less than 90 days past due.

For the years ended of December 31, 2016 and 2015, two individual customers accounted for 10% or more of total accounts receivable each. As of December 31, 2014, one individual customer represented 10% or more of total accounts receivable.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, one supplier represented 29% of total network access costs. For the year ended December 31, 2015, two suppliers represented 26% and 11% of total network access costs, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2014, two suppliers represented 14% and 13% of total network access costs, respectively. No other individual supplier represented more than 10% of total network access costs in 2016, 2015 and 2014.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment, net are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation or amortization. Depreciation of property and equipment and amortization of leasehold improvements are computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets as follows:


•	Equipment: 3 to 5 years


•	Furniture and fixtures: 5 years


•	Computer software: 3 to 5 years


•	Leasehold improvements: the shorter of the useful life of the leasehold improvements or the term of the underlying lease

Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is credited or charged to the statement of operations and comprehensive loss. Expenditures for maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred.

Construction in progress is related to the construction or development of property and equipment that has not yet been placed in service. Depreciation for equipment and computer software begins once it is placed in service and depreciation for leasehold improvements commences once they are ready for intended use.

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, along with net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized as income in the period that includes the enactment date. The Company records net deferred tax assets to the extent management believe these assets would more likely than not be realized. In making such determination, management considers all available positive and negative evidence, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent financial operations. In the event management was to determine that the Company would be able to realize the deferred income tax assets in the future in excess of their net recorded amount, the Company would make an adjustment to the valuation allowance which would reduce the provision for income taxes.

The Company’s policy with respect to its undistributed foreign subsidiaries’ earnings is to consider those earnings to be indefinitely reinvested and accordingly, no related provision for U.S. federal, state or foreign income taxes has been provided. As of December 31 2016, approximately $10.1 million of foreign earnings have been deemed repatriated under the US tax law. Only the US federal and state income tax consequences have been provided on those earnings, however, they will not be deemed to be repatriated under foreign laws. The major foreign jurisdictions where the Company has operations includes India and the U.K. Upon distribution of earnings from India and the U.K. in the form of dividends or otherwise, the Company may be subject to both U.S. income taxes (subject to an adjustment for foreign tax credits) and withholding taxes in the various foreign countries. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the cumulative undistributed earnings of the Company’s foreign subsidiaries approximated $10.7 million and $11.5 million, respectively. The amount of cash and cash equivalents held by the Company’s foreign subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $0.4 million and $0.4 million, respectively. The Company currently does not intend to distribute any of its remaining unrepatriated earnings by its foreign subsidiaries to the parent company in the U.S. If the income is to be distributed, the net of $0.6 million will be subject to U.S. tax.

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The Company accounts for uncertainty in income taxes using a two-step approach to recognizing and measuring uncertain tax positions. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon settlement. The Company classifies the liability for unrecognized tax benefits as current to the extent that the Company anticipates payment (or receipt) of cash within one year. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates and could significantly affect the effective tax rate and cash flows in future years.

The Company recognizes estimated interest and penalties relating to income tax uncertainties as a component of the provision for income taxes.

Stock-Based Compensation

Stock-based compensation expense is estimated at the grant date based on the award’s fair value and is recognized as expense over the award’s requisite service period. Awards that vest based on service criteria are expensed on a straight-line basis. Awards having accelerated vesting based on achieving certain performance criteria are expensed on graded vesting basis over the vesting period, after assessing the probability of achieving the requisite performance criteria. The Company’s stock-based payment awards to employees and directors include stock options, restricted stock units and awards, and employee purchase rights granted in connection with the Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Certain restricted stock awards have performance-based goals based on the achievement of targeted quarterly revenue of Open Mobile with a time based accelerator, rolling four quarters of targeted revenue of Open Mobile, targeted EBITA, or targeted number of active Open Mobile monetized users; any of which require an assessment of the probability and timing of vesting. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options and employee purchase rights on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model that requires the use of assumptions such as expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends. The expected stock price volatility is based on historical volatility and the expected term is based on the historical average expected term. Because stock-based compensation expense is based on awards ultimately expected to vest, it has been reduced for estimated forfeitures. The expected forfeiture rate is based upon the historical experience of employee turnover and certain other factors. To the extent the actual forfeiture rate is different from the expected rate, stock-based compensation expense is adjusted accordingly.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when all four revenue recognition criteria have been met; persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, service has been provided to the customer, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collection is reasonably assured. When the above criteria are not met, revenue is deferred and recognized upon cash collection, upon acceptance of a completion certificate from the customer or when the service is rendered, depending on the type of fee or service arrangement. We report revenue net of sales taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental taxing authorities.

Network Fees

The Company recognizes network fees during the period the services are rendered to the end-users based on usage or a flat fee. The Company has two types of flat fee arrangements for its network services. The first is a recurring flat fee that is billed at the same dollar amount each month. The second is a recurring fee calculated based on a flat fee per user per month, of which the dollar amount billed would differ month-to-month depending on the number of users using the Company’s services during a given month. The Company frequently requires customers to commit to minimum network fees associated with monthly, quarterly or annual minimum network usage or over the term of the arrangement. For customers that have agreed to a Minimum Monthly Commitment ("MMC"), the customer’s monthly invoice reflects the greater of the customer’s actual usage for the month or the MMC for that month. If the MMC exceeds actual usage (a “Shortfall”), the Company determines whether the Shortfall is fixed or determinable. If the Company concludes that the Shortfall is fixed or determinable, based upon the customer's specific billing history, and other revenue recognition criteria have been met, the Company recognizes as revenue the amount of Shortfall which is invoiced. If the Company concludes that the Shortfall is not fixed or determinable, the Company recognizes revenue when the Shortfall amount is collected. The Company also bills certain network fees upfront and recognizes such fees ratably over the term as services are provided.

Platform Services and Other Fees

Platform services are any services that allow a user to connect to a network using the iPass application. Fees for this service are typically based upon a monthly rate, and revenue is recognized during the month the services are provided. Revenue related to iPassConnect (“iPC”) fees, including extended support fees as the iPC product reached end-of-life in 2012,

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

and Open Mobile Platform fees are typically based upon a monthly rate (per user rate or a flat fee) and are recognized during the month the services are provided. Start-up support service fees representing charges to new customers, customization services and standard training may be billed up-front in advance and recognized as revenue over the term of the contract or service delivery.

Deferred Revenue

The Company defers revenue for services that are billed in advance or prepaid as required per customer agreements. Revenue is recognized as the services are being delivered, or ratably over the estimated service period, depending on the nature of the service. Amounts expected to be recognized as revenue within one year are classified as short-term. For services that have been billed but not yet performed and the related receivable has not been collected, for balance sheet presentation purposes, the Company offsets the deferred revenue with the related accounts receivable, despite the receivable representing an enforceable obligation.

Network Access Costs

Network access costs represent the amounts paid to network access providers monthly for the usage of their networks. The Company has minimum purchase commitments with some network service providers for access that it expects to utilize during the term of the contracts. Costs of minimum purchase contracts are recognized as network access costs at the greater of the minimum commitment or actual usage.

Advertising Expenses

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred. Advertising expenses for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 were approximately $45,000 and $46,000, $0.1 million, respectively.

Internal Use Software Development Costs

The Company follows the guidance set forth in ASC 350-40, Internal Use Software, (“ASC 350-40”), in accounting for the development of its application service and other internal use applications. ASC 350-40 requires companies to capitalize qualifying computer software costs, which are incurred during the application development stage. Costs related to preliminary project activities and post-implementation activities are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalized $0.3 million, $0.1 million, and $0.3 million in 2016, 2015, and 2014 respectively.

Depreciation and amortization expenses related to the Company's internally developed software was approximately $0.8 million, and $0.9 million and $0.9 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Management evaluates the useful lives of the Company’s assets on an annual basis and tests for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances occur that could impact the recoverability of these assets. There were no impairments to long lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014.

Note 3. Financial Instruments and Fair Value

Fair value is the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction in the principal or most advantageous market between market participants at the measurement date. When determining the fair value measurements for assets and liabilities required or permitted to be recorded at fair value, the Company considers assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.

Fair Value Hierarchy

The three levels of inputs that may be used to measure fair value are as follows:


•	Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;


•	Level 2—Inputs other than Level 1 either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities; and


•	Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The recurring fair values of these financial assets (excluding cash) were determined using the following inputs at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively:



	As of December 31, 2016								As of December 31, 2015
	Fair Value Measured Using						Total Balance		Fair Value Measured Using						Total Balance
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Balance		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total Balance
	(In thousands)
Financial assets
Money market funds⁽¹⁾	$	14,083	$	—	$	—	$	14,083	$	18,021	$	—	$	—	$	18,021
Total financial assets	$	14,083	$	—	$	—	$	14,083	$	18,021	$	—	$	—	$	18,021


(1)	Held in cash and cash equivalents on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

There were no transfers between Level 1, 2, and 3 between December 31, 2016, and December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2016, and December 31, 2015, the carrying amount of accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities and deferred revenue approximates fair value due to their short maturities. (Refer to Note 7 and 8 for discussion related to Accrued Restructuring and Vendor Financed Property and Equipment).

Note 4. Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net consisted of the following:



	As of December 31,
	2016			2015
	(In thousands)
Equipment	$	10,492		$	10,431
Furniture and fixtures	378			378
Computer software	10,431			9,894
Construction in progress	303			10
Leasehold improvements	536			526
	22,140			21,239
Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization	(19,655		)	(17,230		)
Property and equipment, net	$	2,485		$	4,009

Depreciation expense for continuing operations was approximately $2.5 million, $2.9 million, and $3.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. There was no depreciation expense for discontinued operations for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015. Depreciation expense for discontinued operations was approximately $0.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2014.

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company retired less than $0.1 million of gross property and equipment related to continuing operations and did not incur a material loss on disposal. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company retired approximately $2.2 million of gross property and equipment related to continuing operations and did not incur a material loss on disposal.

During 2013, the Company acquired approximately $2.6 million of enterprise database software and infrastructure hardware. During April 2014, the Company acquired approximately $0.5 million of additional enterprise infrastructure hardware. As of December 31, 2016, the net book value of this enterprise database software and infrastructure hardware in computer software and equipment held by the Company was approximately $0.1 million. During 2016, the Company extended the license related to the previously acquired software for approximately $0.5 million to be paid over one year.

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 5. Other Assets

Other assets (non-current) consisted of the following:



	As of December 31,
	2016		2015
	(In thousands)
Deposits	$	480	$	470
Long-term deferred tax asset, net	208		220
	$	688	$	690

Note 6. Accrued Liabilities

Accrued liabilities consisted of the following:



	As of December 31,
	2016		2015
	(In thousands)
Tax liabilities	$	927	$	1,065
Accrued restructuring liabilities—current⁽¹⁾	—		250
Accrued bonus, commissions and other employee benefits	808		1,168
Accrued for vendor financed property and equipment⁽²⁾	373		572
Amounts due to customers	869		728
Other accrued liabilities	897		1,573
	$	3,874	$	5,356


(1)	See Note 7. Accrued Restructuring


(2)	See Note 8. Vendor Financed Property and Equipment

Note 7. Accrued Restructuring

During the year ended December 31, 2009, the Company announced restructuring plans (the “2009 Plans”) to reduce operating costs and focus resources on key strategic priorities, which resulted in a workforce reduction of 146 positions across all functional areas and abandonment of certain facilities and termination of a contract obligation. As of December 31, 2014, the Company had remaining lease payments of approximately $0.1 million, which were recorded at fair value at the time of restructuring plan was announced. As of December 31, 2015, the Company completed all the related payments associated with this restructuring plan.

During the first quarter of 2013, the Company announced a restructuring plan (the “Q1 2013 Plan”) to re-align its cost structure to focus investments, resources and operating expenses on the Company’s growing Open Mobile business, which resulted in a workforce reduction of 16 positions across all functional areas and termination of a lease contract. As of December 31, 2014, the Company completed all of the related payments associated with this restructuring plan.

During the third quarter of 2014, the Company announced a restructuring plan (the "Q3 2014 Plan") to re-align its cost structure as a result of the divestiture of its Unity business, which resulted in a workforce reduction of approximately 20 employees worldwide and the termination of lease contracts for certain leased facilities. The Company recorded approximately $0.7 million of restructuring charges during fiscal year 2014, and had less than $0.1 million of payments remaining as of December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2015, the Company completed all the related payments associated with this restructuring plan.

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During the second quarter of 2015, the Company announced a restructuring plan (the "Q2 2015 Plan") intended to flatten the organization, create a more nimble sales and delivery infrastructure to support a SaaS go to market strategy, and accelerate the cash flow break-even point for the Company. The Q2 2015 Plan reduced headcount globally by approximately 14% and the Company recorded approximately $4.2 million of restructuring charges during fiscal year 2015 and had approximately $0.2 million of payments remaining as of December 31, 2015 for employees termination costs. As of December 31, 2016 the Company completed all the related payments associated with this restructuring plan.

During the first quarter of 2016, the Company announced a restructuring plan (the "Q1 2016 Plan") and reduced headcount globally by 57 employees, or 30% of the workforce, and primarily eliminated positions in engineering and network operations groups, including a reduction of personnel in India. This resulted in a charge of approximately $0.8 million in 2016, and as of December 31, 2016 the Company has completed all of the related payments associated this restructuring Plan.

The following is a rollforward of restructuring liability for the above Plans:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands)
Beginning balance	$	250		$	160		$	317
Restructuring charges and related adjustments	788			4,232			733
Payments and adjustments	(1,038		)	(4,142		)	(890		)
Ending balance	$	—		$	250		$	160

Note 8. Vendor Financed Property and Equipment

In October 2013, the Company acquired enterprise database software and infrastructure hardware. This purchase was financed through a vendor and was to be paid over three years. In April 2014, the Company acquired additional enterprise infrastructure hardware which was financed through the vendor and is to be paid over two years. The total purchase financed by a vendor was approximately $3.1 million. Since October 2013, the Company made approximately $3.1 million of principal payments, and as of December 31, 2016 the Company had completed all remaining principal payments.

In October 2016, the Company extended the license related to the previously acquired software for approximately $0.5 million to be paid over one year. The Company made approximately $0.1 million of principal payments in 2016, and as of December 31, 2016, approximately $0.4 million was recorded to accrued liabilities, based on the payment terms.

Note 9. Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes is based on loss from continuing operations for 2016, 2015 and 2014 before taxes as follows:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands)
U.S Source	$	(8,167	)	$	(16,251	)	$	(20,306	)
Foreign Source	620			1,065			1,000
Loss before income taxes	$	(7,547	)	$	(15,186	)	$	(19,306	)

The provision for income taxes for continuing operations consisted of the following:

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015			2014
	(In thousands)
Current:
U.S. federal	$	—	$	—		$	—
State	9		(7		)	(3		)
Foreign	200		207			278
	$	209	$	200		$	275
Deferred:
U.S. federal	$	—	$	—		$	(7,107	)
State	—		—			(219		)
Foreign	14		107			(50		)
	14		107			(7,376		)
Provision for (Benefit from) income taxes	$	223	$	307		$	(7,101	)

Income tax expenses (benefit) was recorded for the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, of approximately $0.2 million, $0.3 million, and $(7.1) million, respectively. The income tax expense recorded for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 primarily relates to foreign taxes on expected profits in foreign jurisdictions. The income tax benefit recorded in the twelve months ended December 31, 2014 primarily reflects an offset to tax expense on discontinued operations of $7.3 million.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes as well as net operating loss and tax credit carry forwards. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company provided a full valuation allowance on its net deferred tax assets in the United States, United Kingdom, Israel, Australia and Japan. The components of deferred tax assets consisted of the following:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015
	(In thousands)
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss carry forwards	$	30,243		$	28,035
Reserves and accruals	1,507			1,485
Research and other tax credits	6,255			5,849
Share based compensation	2,456			2,755
Property and equipment	2,493			2,859
Total deferred tax assets	$	42,954		$	40,983
Valuation allowance	(41,788		)	(39,557		)
Net deferred tax assets	1,166			1,426
Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment	(958		)	(1,206		)
Total net deferred tax assets	$	208		$	220

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The provision for income taxes for continuing operations differed from the amounts computed by applying the U.S. federal income tax rate to pretax loss before income taxes as a result of the following:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Federal statutory rate	(35	)%	(35	)%	(35	)%
State taxes, net of federal benefit	(1	)	(1	)	(1	)
Foreign tax rate differential	—		—		(1	)
Amortization of stock-based compensation	6		1		2
Research and development benefit	(2	)	(3	)	(2	)
Deemed repatriated foreign earnings	1		6		2
Other	1		—		—
Valuation allowance	33		34		(1	)
Provision for (Benefit from) income taxes	3	%	2	%	(36	)%

As of December 31, 2016, the Company had gross cumulative net operating loss carry forwards for federal and state tax reporting purposes of approximately $87.8 million and $41.1 million, respectively, which expire in various periods between 2017 and 2036. In addition, $7.6 million and $3.9 million for federal and state respectively, are related to stock compensation deductions in excess of book deductions, the tax effect of which would be to credit accumulated paid-in capital if realized. Also included in the valuation allowance as of December 31, 2016 is approximately $8.4 million gross, related to net operating loss carry forwards in Israel. Utilization of the net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards are subject to annual limitations due to certain ownership change rules provided by the Internal Revenue Service Code of 1986, as amended and similar state provisions.

As of December 31, 2016, the Company also has research and development tax credit carry forwards of approximately $3.2 million and $4.7 million for federal and state income tax purposes, respectively. If not utilized, the federal carry forwards will expire in various amounts through 2036. The state credit can be carried forward indefinitely.

The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning and ending amounts of unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):




Balance at January 1, 2014	$	6,567
Increases for positions taken in prior years	5
Increases for positions related to the current year	186
Decreases for positions taken in prior years	(18		)
Decreases for statutes lapsing	(66		)
Balance at December 31, 2014	$	6,674
Increases for positions taken in prior years	483
Increases for positions related to the current year	320
Decreases for statutes lapsing	(20		)
FX impact	(11		)
Balance at December 31, 2015	$	7,446
Increases for positions taken in prior years	—
Increases for positions related to the current year	149
Decreases for positions taken in prior years	(1,359		)
Decreases for statutes lapsing	(21		)
FX impact	(7		)
Balance at December 31, 2016	$	6,208

The decrease in unrecognized tax benefits primarily relates to the release of reserve on California research and development tax credits due to the completion of California audit.

As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, the company had $0.7 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, will have an impact on the company's effective tax rate.

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

It is reasonably possible that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change in 2017. Decreases in the unrecognized tax benefits will result from the lapsing of statutes of limitations and the possible completion of tax audits in various jurisdictions. Increases will primarily result from tax positions expected to be taken on tax returns for 2017 or unanticipated findings on tax audits of open years in various jurisdictions.

In accordance with its accounting policy, the Company recognizes interest and penalties related to income tax matters in the provision for income taxes; which were not considered material during 2016, 2015, and 2014.

The Company’s major taxing jurisdictions are U.S. Federal, California, the U.K. and India. In the normal course of the Company’s business, the Company is subject to income tax audits in various jurisdictions. Years 2007 to 2016 remain open to examination by certain of these major taxing jurisdictions.

The Company currently has income tax audits in progress in India and has accrued approximately $0.6 million in connection with these audits.

Note 10. Stockholders’ Equity

Equity Incentive Plans

The Company has two stock plans that permit it to grant stock options, restricted stock awards and restricted stock units to employees (“Employee Plan”) and to directors (“Director Plan”). Stock options granted to employees generally vest 25% on the first anniversary of the grant date with the remainder vesting ratably over the following 36 months; stock options generally expire 10 years after the date of grant. Restricted stock awards give the recipient the right to receive shares upon the lapse of the instruments’ time and/or performance based restrictions. The restricted stock awards with time-based restrictions are considered outstanding at the time of grant, as the holders are entitled to dividends and voting rights. Employees may surrender a portion of their award shares to satisfy minimum statutory tax withholding obligations with respect to the vesting of restricted stock awards. Restricted stock awards with only performance-based restrictions are not considered outstanding until the performance criteria have been met and therefore are not entitled to dividends or voting rights at the time of grant. The performance-based restricted stock awards vest upon the achievement of pre-defined performance goals, including targeted earnings before interest, taxes and amortization (“EBITA”), targeted number of Open Mobile platform active users, and targeted quarterly or annual revenue of Open Mobile.

During 2015, the Company granted a total of 1,200,000 shares of performance-based restricted stock awards, which vest on different dates, based on targeted trailing four quarters revenue of Open Mobile. In 2016, 600,000 shares of those performance-based restricted stock awards were canceled.

During 2014, the Company granted a total of 420,000 shares of performance-based restricted stock awards, that vest based on targeted quarterly revenue of Open Mobile which carry a service-condition to vest in full if performance has not been met at December 31, 2017, however, vesting will be accelerated upon the achievement of performance goals; none of which had vested at December 31, 2016 as the performance goals had not been met.

The Company had a total of 753,925 outstanding shares of performance-based restricted stock awards related to targeted EBITA, none of which had vested as of December 31, 2014. Those shares were no longer outstanding as of December 31, 2015.

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The following table summarizes the stock option and restricted stock activity under the Plans for the indicated periods:



	Shares Available for Future Grant		Number of Options Outstanding		Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share		Number of Restricted Stock Awards and Units Outstanding		Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value per Share
Balance at December 31, 2013	21,452,678		7,606,580		$	1.89			2,949,675		$	1.81
Authorized	3,472,551
Granted⁽¹⁾	(1,505,000	)	1,025,000		$	1.56	$	0.60	480,000		$	1.18
Options Exercised			(135,499	)	$	1.03
Restricted Stock Vested⁽¹⁾									(336,913	)	$	2.01
Terminated/canceled/forfeited	2,106,526		(1,675,189	)	$	2.76			(431,337	)	$	1.98
Balance at December 31, 2014	25,526,755		6,820,892		$	1.64			2,661,425		$	1.65
Authorized	3,246,685
Granted⁽²⁾	(5,373,000	)	4,033,000		$	0.97	$	0.45	1,340,000		$	0.92
Options Exercised			(131,780	)	$	0.88
Restricted Stock Vested⁽²⁾									(43,334	)	$	1.25
Terminated/canceled/forfeited	4,083,092		(1,604,167	)	$	1.99			(2,478,925	)	$	1.66
Balance at December 31, 2015	27,483,532		9,117,945		$	1.29			1,479,166		$	0.98
Authorized	3,229,224
Granted	(4,197,000	)	4,137,000		$	1.24	$	0.62	60,000		$	1.21
Options Exercised			(2,650,009	)	$	1.13
Restricted Stock Vested									(93,335	)	$	1.08
Terminated/canceled/forfeited	2,554,651		(1,924,651	)	$	1.91			(630,000	)	$	0.92
Reduce Evergreen Shares⁽³⁾	(15,000,000	)
Balance at December 31, 2016	14,070,407		8,680,285		$	1.18			815,831		$	1.03


(1)	Restricted stock granted during 2014 represent awards with time-based vesting criteria which have been included as shares outstanding on the consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity. Restricted stock vested during 2014 represent 378,250 restricted stock awards released (net of 41,337 shares withheld for taxes).

(2)

Restricted stock granted during 2015 included 140,000 awards with time-based vesting criteria which have been included as shares outstanding on the consolidated statement of stockholders’ equity. The remaining 1,200,000 shares of restricted stock with performance-based vesting criteria related to targeted EBITA are not considered outstanding until the performance criterion has been met and as such, are excluded from shares outstanding.


(3)	On July 5, 2016, the Board of Directors of Company resolved to reduce the share reserve under the iPass Inc. 2003 Equity Incentive Plan ("Plan") by 15,000,000 shares, and eliminate the "evergreen" provision in the Plan.

The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised was approximately $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016. The aggregate intrinsic value of options exercised was less than $0.1 million, and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

The following table summarizes the stock options outstanding and exercisable by range of exercise prices as of December 31, 2016:



	Options Outstanding				Options Exercisable
Range of Exercise Prices	Number Outstanding	Weighted- Average Remaining Contractual Life (in Years)	Weighted- Average Exercise Price per Share		Number Exercisable	Weighted-Average Exercise Price per Share
$0.71— $.9355	3,051,274	8.25	$	0.90	1,126,121	$	0.89
.9356 — 1.18	3,367,860	8.30	1.14		775,597	1.08
1.19— 4.00	2,261,151	7.40	1.63		892,252	1.82
Total	8,680,285	8.05	1.18		2,793,970	1.24

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)



	Shares	Weighted Average Exercise Price per Share		Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (Years)	Aggregate Intrinsic Value
					(In thousands)
Options outstanding at December 31, 2016	8,680,285	$	1.18	8.10	$	4,360
Options vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2016	7,213,829	$	1.18	7.89	$	3,652
Options exercisable at December 31, 2016	2,793,970	$	1.24	6.23	$	1,397

Stock-Based Compensation

The following table sets forth the total stock-based compensation expense from continuing operations included in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss):



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015			2014
			(In thousands)
Network operations	$	33	$	(186	)	$	202
Research and development	131		(92		)	266
Sales and marketing	153		(80		)	452
General and administrative	787		(220		)	1,076
Total	$	1,104	$	(578	)	$	1,996

The following table sets forth the total stock-based compensation expense by award-type:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015			2014
	(In thousands)
Stock options	$	906	$	484		$	815
Restricted stock	136		(1,138		)	1,105
Employee stock purchase plan	62		76			76
Total	$	1,104	$	(578	)	$	1,996

Above tables are different from the stock-based compensation expenses disclosed in the consolidated statements of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2014, which includes stock-based compensation expenses related to discontinued operations.

As of December 31, 2016, there was $2.5 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation expense related to stock options, net of expected forfeitures that will be recognized over the weighted average period of 3.0 years. As of December 31, 2016, there was $0.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to the unvested restricted stock awards granted, net of expected forfeitures which is expected to be recognized over the remaining weighted average vesting period of 0.9 years.

Valuation Assumptions

The weighted average estimated fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 were calculated under the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, using the following weighted-average assumptions:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Risk-free rate	1.45	%	1.35	%	1.07	%
Expected dividend yield	—	%	—	%	—	%
Expected volatility	55	%	53	%	53	%
Expected term	5.8 years		4.6 years		3.5 years

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of the Company’s common stock. The expected term of stock options granted is based on the historical average expected term. The risk-free rate for periods within the expected term of the stock option is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant. During the year ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, the Company did not pay any cash dividends on its common stock and does not expect to pay cash dividends in the future.

The total grant date fair value of the performance stock awards granted during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 was approximately $1.2 million and $0.6 million, respectively, which will be recognized over the requisite service periods. There were no new performance stock awards in 2016. We believe vesting of all performance stock awards based solely on performance is not probable at December 31, 2016.

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Under the Company’s Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”), the Company can grant stock purchase rights to all eligible employees during a one-year offering period with purchase dates at the end of each six-month purchase period (each April and October). As of December 31, 2016, the Company reserved 7.5 million shares of common stock for issuance under the ESPP plan and approximately 4.6 million shares remain available for future issuance. The ESPP plan permits employees to purchase common stock through payroll deductions of up to 15% on an employee’s compensation, including commissions, overtime, bonuses and other incentive compensation. The purchase price per share is equal to the lower of 85% of the fair market value per share at the beginning of the offering period, or 85% of the fair market value per share on the semi-annual purchase date. No participant may purchase more than 2,500 shares per offering or $25,000 worth of common stock in any one calendar year. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, 51,341, 79,009, and 118,501 shares were purchased at average per share prices of $0.72, $0.91, and $1.27, respectively.

Compensation cost related to the Company’s employee stock purchase plan is calculated using the fair value of the employees’ purchase rights granted. The estimated fair value of employee purchase rights granted during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 was calculated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the following weighted-average assumptions:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
Risk-free rate	0.58	%	0.32	%	0.10	%
Expected dividend yield	—	%	—	%	—	%
Expected volatility	44	%	62	%	63	%
Expected term	0.5 to 1 year		0.5 to 1 year		0.5 to 1 year

Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies

Leases and Purchase Commitments

The Company leases facilities under operating leases that expire at various dates through October 2020. Certain leases are cancellable prior to lease expiration dates. The terms of certain operating leases provide for rental payments on a graduated scale. The Company recognizes rent expense on a straight-line basis over the respective lease periods and has accrued for rent expense incurred but not paid. Future minimum lease payments under these operating leases, as of December 31, 2016, are as follows:



	Operating Leases
	(In thousands)
Year ending December 31:
2017	$	1,476
2018	1,094
2019	1,082
2020	926
	$	4,578

Rent expense for operating leases, excluding leases accounted for under the Company’s restructuring plan for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 was $1.7 million, $1.9 million, and $2.3 million, respectively.

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

The Company has contracts with certain network service providers which have minimum purchase commitments that expire on various dates through 2018. Future minimum purchase commitments under all agreements are as follows:



Year ending December 31:	Minimum Purchase Commitments
	(In thousands)
2017	$	29,076
2018	3,625
	$	32,701

Sales Tax Liabilities

The Company’s sales and use tax filings are subject to customary audits by authorities in the jurisdictions where it conducts business in the United States, which may result in assessments of additional taxes. During fiscal year 2009, the Company determined that additional sales taxes were probable of being assessed for multiple states as a result of the preliminary findings specific to a sales and use tax audit that had been initiated in the same year. As a result, in the third quarter of 2009, the Company estimated an incremental sales tax liability of approximately $5.0 million, including interest and penalties of approximately $1.5 million. During subsequent years, this liability was reduced through sales tax payments, settlements with certain state tax authorities and revised estimates of the sales tax liability to $1.0 million in 2016 and $0.9 million in 2015, which is included in other long-term liabilities.

Unclaimed Property Compliance

The Company has received notices from several states stating that they have appointed an agent to conduct an examination of the books and records of the Company to determine whether it has complied with state unclaimed property laws. In addition to seeking the turnover of unclaimed property subject to escheat laws, the states may seek interest, penalties, costs of examinations, and other relief. If the potential loss from any payment claim is considered probable and the amount or the range of the loss can be estimated, the Company accrues a liability for the estimated loss. To date, we are not able to estimate the possible payment, if any, due to the early state of this matter.

Legal Proceedings

The Company is involved in legal proceedings and claims arising in the ordinary course of business. While there can be no assurances as to the ultimate outcome of any litigation involving the Company, management does not believe any such pending legal proceeding or claim will result in a judgment or settlement that would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In the ordinary course of business, the Company may provide indemnifications of varying scope and terms to customers, business partners, and other parties with respect to certain matters, including, but not limited to, losses arising out of the Company’s breach of such agreements, services to be provided by the Company, or from intellectual property infringement claims made by third-parties. Certain indemnification agreements may not be subject to maximum loss clauses. If the potential loss from any indemnification claim is considered probable and the amount or the range of the loss can be estimated, the Company accrues a liability for the estimated loss. To date, claims under such indemnification provisions have not been significant.

Note 12. Employee 401(k) Plan

The Company sponsors a 401(k) plan covering all employees. Matching contributions to the plan are at the discretion of the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, there have been no employer contributions under this plan.

Note 13. Net Loss Per Common Share

Basic net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to shareholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per share is computed by dividing net income (loss) available to shareholders by the weighted average number of diluted shares outstanding. Unvested participating securities that vest based on service are included in the weighted daily average number of shares outstanding used in the calculation of basic net income per share and excluded in the calculation of basic net loss per share.

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When an entity has a loss from continuing operations, including potential shares in the denominator of diluted per-share computations for continuing operations will generally be antidilutive, even if the entity has net income after adjusting for discontinued operations. That is, including potential shares in the denominator of the earnings per share calculation for a loss-making entity will generally decrease the loss per share and, therefore those shares should be excluded from calculations of diluted earnings per share. Accordingly, for all periods presented, basic weighted-average shares outstanding were used in calculating the diluted net income (loss) per share.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net income (loss) per share:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
	(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Numerator:
Net loss from continuing operations	$	(7,770	)	$	(15,493	)	$	(12,205	)
Net income from discontinued operations	—			—			19,179
Net income (loss)	$	(7,770	)	$	(15,493	)	$	6,974

Denominator:
Weighted average shares outstanding - basic and diluted	64,344,937			62,940,299			62,613,671

Net income (loss) per share - basic and diluted:
Loss from continuing operations	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.25	)	$	(0.19	)
Income from discontinued operations	—			—			0.30
Net income (loss) per share	$	(0.12	)	$	(0.25	)	$	0.11

The following items have been excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share because the effect of including these shares would have been anti-dilutive:



	Year Ended December 31,
	2016	2015	2014
Options to purchase common stock	5,340,915	5,628,172	4,703,978
Restricted stock awards, including participating securities	265,832	1,907,500	2,195,750
Total	5,606,747	7,535,672	6,899,728

The weighted-average exercise price of options to purchase common stock excluded from the computation was $1.35, $1.50, and $2.20, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

Note 14. Segment and Geographic Information

Prior to 2014, the Company had two reportable operating segments, Mobile Connectivity Services and iPass Unity Network Services (“Unity”). The Mobile Connectivity Services segment included services that help enterprises manage the networks, connections and devices used by their mobile workforce. The iPass Unity segment provided customers with Wi-Fi and Wide Area Network solutions.

On June 30, 2014, the Company entered into an agreement and completed the sale of its Unity business segment, which is reported in this filing as discontinued operations. Therefore, the Company currently has a single reportable operating segment.

The following table summarizes total Company revenue from continuing operations by country or by geographical region:



	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2016		2015		2014
United States	41	%	41	%	35	%
Europe, Middle East and Africa	49	%	48	%	48	%
Asia Pacific	9	%	10	%	15	%
Rest of the world	1	%	1	%	2	%

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

No individual country, except for the United States and Germany, accounted for 10% or more of total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2016. No individual country, except for the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom, accounted for 10% or more of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. Revenues in Germany accounted for 14%, 15%, and 15% of total revenues in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Revenues in the United Kingdom accounted for 10% and 11% of total revenues in 2015 and 2014, respectively. One customer accounted for 10% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

Note 15. Divestiture of Business Segment

On June 30, 2014 the Company entered into an agreement and completed the sale of its Unity business segment for gross cash proceeds of approximately $28.1 million, and accrued approximately $2.2 million of transaction costs which were fully paid as of December 31, 2014. The Company recorded a gain on sale of approximately $25.0 million. The gross cash proceeds included $1.4 million that was placed into an escrow account to cover any contingent claims made by the buyer against iPass through June 30, 2015 and was recorded in Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The restriction was removed at June 30, 2015 with the expiration of the escrow agreement.

In accordance with ASC 205-20, the results of operations for the Unity business segment were reported as discontinued operations.

Concurrent with the sale of its Unity business segment, iPass and the buyer entered into a transition services agreement pursuant to which each of the parties would provide certain transitional, administrative, and support services to the other party for a period up to six months, which could be extended upon mutual agreement. Such services provided to the buyer by iPass were recorded as contra-expense since the Company was reimbursed for the service cost incurred. Activity associated with transitional service is not considered significant relative to the consolidated financial statements of the Company and was fully concluded as of December 31, 2015.

Income tax expense was recorded in discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2014 of approximately $7.3 million. This primarily reflects tax expense on income or gains from discontinued operations with an offsetting benefit in continuing operations of $7.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2014. The offsetting tax benefits in 2014 represented the Company’s ability to utilize net operating losses to offset tax associated with the gain on the sale of the Unity business.

The following table presents the revenues and components of discontinued operations, net of tax:



	Year Ended December 31, 2014
Revenue⁽¹⁾	$	15,458
Income from discontinued operations before income taxes⁽¹⁾	$	1,506
Gain on sale of discontinued operations before income taxes⁽¹⁾	25,014
Provision for income taxes	(7,341		)
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax	$	19,179


(1)	Amounts recorded through June 30, 2014, date of the sale agreement of the Unity business segment.

The table above excludes certain shared overhead costs and transfer pricing adjustments that were previously allocated to the Unity business segment in the historical iPass consolidated financial statements that were filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC") as ASC 205-20 prohibits the allocation of general overhead costs to the discontinued operation. The provisions for income taxes primarily reflects tax expense on discontinued operations including the gain on sale, which is mostly offset by tax benefit in continuing operations.

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iPASS INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS—(Continued)

Note 16. Stock Repurchase Program

On November 3, 2015, the Board authorized a share repurchase program of up to $3.0 million of the Company’s

Common Stock beginning in the fourth quarter of 2015. Under the repurchase program, the Company was authorized to repurchase shares through open market purchases, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws, including through trading plans under Rule 10b5-1 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. The repurchase program ran through December 31, 2016. The number of shares repurchased and the timing of purchases were based on general business and market conditions, and other factors, including legal requirements. During 2015, no shares had been repurchased under this program. During 2016, the Company repurchased 339,228 shares for $345,296 under the repurchase program, for an average price of $1.02 per share.

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Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary

None

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.




iPass Inc.

By:	/S/ GARY A. GRIFFITHS
	Gary A. Griffiths President and Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

Date: March 14, 2017

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POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENT, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Gary A. Griffiths and Darin R. Vickery, and each or any one of them, his true and lawful attorney-in-fact and agent, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Report, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his substitutes or substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.



Signature	Title	Date

/S/ GARY A. GRIFFITHS	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)	March 14, 2017
Gary A. Griffiths		March 14, 2017

/S/ DARIN R. VICKERY	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)	March 14, 2017
Darin R. Vickery		March 14, 2017

/S/ MICHAEL J. TEDESCO	Chairman and Director	March 14, 2017
Michael J. Tedesco	Chairman and Director	March 14, 2017

/S/ MICHAEL M. CHANG	Director	March 14, 2017
Michael M. Chang	Director	March 14, 2017

/S/ DAVID PANOS	Director	March 14, 2017
David Panos	Director	March 14, 2017

/S/ DAMIEN J. PARK	Director	March 14, 2017
Damien J. Park	Director	March 14, 2017

/S/ JUSTIN R. SPENCER	Director	March 14, 2017
Justin R. Spencer	Director	March 14, 2017

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SCHEDULE II—VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE



Classification	Balance at Beginning of Year		Additions Charged to (recovered from) Costs and Expenses			Deductions		Balance at End of Year
	(In thousands)
Allowance for doubtful accounts:
Year ended December 31
2016	$	241	$	11		$	110	$	142
2015	172		83			14		241
2014	1,010		(169		)	669		172

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS



Exhibit Number	Description of Document
2.1	Purchase Agreement by and between iPass Inc., Tolt Solutions, Inc., and MNS Holdings LLC. (Filed as Exhibit 2.1 to our Form 8-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on July 7, 2014, and incorporated by reference herein.)

3.1	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. (Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on November 13, 2003, and incorporated by reference herein.)

3.2	Certificate of Amendment to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. (Filed as Exhibit 3.2 to our Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on August 7, 2009, and incorporated by reference herein.)

3.3	Certificate of Change to Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation. (Filed as Exhibit 3.1 to our Form 8-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on February 3, 2010, and incorporated by reference herein.)

3.4	Amended and Restated By-Laws. (Filed as Exhibit 3.4 to our Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on November 7, 2013, and incorporated by reference herein.)

4.1	Reference is made to Exhibits 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4.

4.2	Specimen stock certificate. (Filed as Exhibit 4.2 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1/A (SEC File No. 333-102715), filed on July 1, 2003, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.1*	iPass Inc. 2003 Equity Incentive Plan, as amended. (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on August 5, 2016, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.2*	Form of Stock Option Grant Notice under the 2003 Equity Incentive Plan. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1.1 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 16, 2006, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.3*	Form of Restricted Stock Grant Notice and Agreement for Vice Presidents and above, under the Company’s 2003 Equity Incentive Plan. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on May 10, 2007, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.4*	Form of Restricted Stock Grant Notice and Agreement for below Vice Presidents, under the Company’s 2003 Equity Incentive Plan. (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on May 10, 2007, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.5*	Form of Performance Shares Grant Notice and Agreement, under the Company’s 2003 Equity Incentive Plan. (Filed as Exhibit 10.3 to our Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on May 10, 2007, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.6*	iPass Inc. 2003 Non-Employee Directors Plan. (Filed as Appendix B to our Proxy Statement (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on July 14, 2009, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.7*	Forms of Restricted Stock Award Grant Notice and Restricted Stock Award Agreement under the 2003 Non-Employee Directors Plan. (Filed as Exhibit 10.2.1 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 29, 2007, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.8*	Forms of Stock Option Grant Notice and Stock Option Agreement under the 2003 Non-Employee Directors Plan. (Filed as Exhibit 10.2.2 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 29, 2007, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.9*	iPass Inc. 2003 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and form of related agreements, as amended. (Filed as Exhibit 10.7 to our Registration Statement Form S-1, as amended (SEC File No. 333-102715), originally filed on January 24, 2003 and amended on July 1, 2003, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.10*	Outside Director Compensation Arrangement. (Filed as Exhibit 10.2 to our Form 8-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on May 29, 2015, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.11*	iPass Inc. Amended and Restated Executive Corporate Transaction and Severance Benefit Plan, as amended. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on July 6, 2011, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.12*	iPass Inc. Key Employee Corporate Transaction and Severance Benefit Plan. (Filed as Exhibit 10.26 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 16, 2009, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.13*	iPass Inc. Severance Benefit Plan. (Filed as Exhibit 10.25 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 16, 2009, and incorporated by reference herein.)

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10.14*	Form of Indemnity Agreement. (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 10-Q (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on November 7, 2014, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.15	Lease Agreement, dated October 26, 1999, between iPass Inc. and Westport Joint Venture (as amended). (Filed as Exhibit 10.8 to our Registration Statement Form S-1, as amended (SEC File No. 333-102715), originally filed on January 24, 2003 and amended on July 1, 2003, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.16	OEM Service Provider License Agreement, dated February 29, 2000, between RSA Security, Inc. and iPass Inc., and amendments thereto. (Filed as Exhibit 10.13 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 16, 2006, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.17	Support Agreement, dated February 29, 2000, between RSA Security, Inc. and iPass Inc. (Filed as Exhibit 10.14 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 16, 2006, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.18	Lease Agreement, dated September 22, 2014, between iPass Inc. and Westport Office Park, LLC. (Filed as Exhibit 10.25 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 13, 2015, and incorporated by reference herein.)

10.19*	2016 Executive Management Bonus Plan. (Described in Item 5.02 of our Form 8-K (Registration No. 000-50327), filed on May 2, 2016, which description is incorporated herein by reference.)

10.20*	2015 Executive Management Bonus Plan. (Described in Item 5.02 of our Form 8-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on February 20, 2015, which description is incorporated herein by reference, as amended as described in Item 5.02 of our Form 8-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on November 2, 2015, which description is incorporated herein by reference.)

10.21*	Offer Letter with Gary A. Griffiths, dated February 16, 2015 (Filed as Exhibit 10.28 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 13, 2015, and incorporated by reference herein.).

10.22*	Offer Letter with Patricia Hume, dated February 16, 2015 (Filed as Exhibit 10.29 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 13, 2015, and incorporated by reference herein.).

10.23*	Compensation arrangement with Darin Vickery (Described in Item 5.02 of our Form 8-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on June 4, 2015, and incorporated by reference herein.).

10.24	Settlement Agreement, dated May 28, 2015, between the Company, Maguire Asset Management, LLC and the other entities signatory thereto (Filed as Exhibit 10.1 to our Form 8-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on May 29, 2015, and incorporated by reference herein.).

16.1	Letter from KPMG LLP to Securities and Exchange Commission, dated May 26, 2015. (Filed as Exhibit 16.1 to our Form 8-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on May 26, 2015, and incorporated by reference herein.).

21.1	Subsidiaries of the Registrant. (Filed as Exhibit 21.1 to our Form 10-K (SEC File No. 000-50327), filed on March 13, 2015, and incorporated by reference herein.)

23.1	Consent of GRANT THORNTON LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

23.2	Consent of KPMG LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

24.1	Power of Attorney (reference is made to the signature page of this Form 10-K).

31.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

31.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.1	Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

32.2	Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS	XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document

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101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document



*	Indicates management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement.

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