As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 11, 2016

Registration No. 333-213738

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

 

AMENDMENT NO. 1 TO
FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

 

AYTU BIOSCIENCE, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

Delaware		2834		47-0883144
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

373 Inverness Parkway
Suite 206
Englewood, Colorado 80112
(720) 437-6580

(Address, including zip code and telephone number, including
area code, of registrant’s principal executive offices)

 

Joshua R. Disbrow
Chief Executive Officer
373 Inverness Parkway
Suite 206
Englewood, Colorado 80112
Telephone: (720) 437-6580

(Name, address, including zip code and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

 

Copies to:

Alexander M. Donaldson, Esq. Andrew J. Gibbons, Esq. Wyrick Robbins Yates & Ponton LLP 4101 Lake Boone Trail, Suite 300 Raleigh, North Carolina 27607 (919) 781-4000		Gregory Sichenzia, Esq. Marcelle Balcombe, Esq. Jeffrey Cahlon, Esq. Sichenzia Ross Friedman Ference LLP 61 Broadway New York, New York 10006 (212) 930-9700

 

If any of the securities being registered on this form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), check the following box. x

If this form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

If this form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer o		Accelerated filer o
Non-accelerated filer o (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)		Smaller reporting company x

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The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS		SUBJECT TO COMPLETION		DATED OCTOBER 11, 2016

            Shares of Common Stock

Warrants to Purchase             Shares of Common Stock

Aytu BioScience, Inc.

Aytu BioScience, Inc. is offering      shares of common stock and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of      shares of common stock. The shares of common stock and the warrants are immediately separable and will be issued separately in this offering. Each warrant will be exercisable for a period commencing on the date of issuance and expiring on May 2, 2021 and an exercise price equal to $6.00.

We are also offering the shares of common stock that are issuable from time to time upon exercise of the warrants being offered by this prospectus.

Our common stock and warrants are listed on the OTCQX Market operated by OTC Markets Group, Inc. (or OTCQX) under the ticker symbols “AYTU” and “AYTUW”, respectively. On October 6, 2016, the last reported sale prices of our common stock and warrants on the OTCQX were $2.90 and $1.00, respectively. We intend to list our common stock and warrants on the NYSE MKT under the symbols “AYTU” and “AYTUW”, respectively, once we meet NYSE listing standards by raising $8,500,000 and achieving a $3.00 per share price, which we expect to do via a reverse split once approved by our stockholders in November. See “Market for our Common Stock” on Page 47.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should review carefully the risks and uncertainties described under the heading “Risk Factors” beginning on page 8 of this prospectus, and under similar headings in any amendments or supplements to this prospectus.

Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Per Share

Per Warrant

Total

Public offering price

$

$

$

Underwriting discounts and commissions(1)

$

$

$

Proceeds to us, before expenses(2)

$

$

$

We have granted a 45-day option to the representative of the underwriters to purchase up to      additional shares of common stock and/or up to      warrants solely to cover over-allotments, if any.

The underwriters expect to deliver the shares and warrants to purchasers in the offering on or about            , 2016.

Joint Book-Running Managers
Joseph Gunnar & Co.		Feltl and Company
Lead Manager
Fordham Financial Management

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		Page
Prospectus Summary			1
The Offering			6
Risk Factors			8
Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements			44
Use of Proceeds			46
Market for Common Stock			47
Dividend Policy			49
Dilution			50
Capitalization			52
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations			54
Business			60
Management			97
Transactions with Related Persons			106
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management			109
Description of Capital Stock			111
Underwriting			116
Legal Matters			123
Experts			123
Where You Can Find More Information			123
Financial Statements			F-1

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus, as supplemented and amended. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information that is different. This prospectus may only be used where it is legal to sell these securities. The information in this prospectus may only be accurate on the date of this prospectus.

We urge you to read carefully this prospectus, as supplemented and amended, before deciding whether to invest in any of the common stock being offered.

Unless the context indicates otherwise, as used in this prospectus, the terms “Aytu,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company” and “our business” refer to Aytu BioScience, Inc.

We own or have rights to various U.S. federal trademark registrations and applications, and unregistered trademarks and servicemarks, including Natesto, ProstaScint, Primsol, MiOXSYS, RedoxSYS, and Luoxis. All other trade names, trademarks and service marks appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective owners. We have assumed that the reader understands that all such terms are source-indicating. Accordingly, such terms, when first mentioned in this prospectus, appear with the trade name, trademark or service mark notice and then throughout the remainder of this prospectus without trade name, trademark or service mark notices for convenience only and should not be construed as being used in a descriptive or generic sense.

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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY

This summary highlights certain information about us and this offering contained elsewhere in this prospectus. Because it is only a summary, it does not contain all of the information that you should consider before investing in shares of our securities and it is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the more detailed information appearing elsewhere in this prospectus. Before you decide to invest in our securities, you should read the entire prospectus carefully, including “Risk Factors” beginning on page 8, and the financial statements and related notes included in this prospectus.

Company Overview

We are a commercial-stage specialty pharmaceutical company focused on acquiring, developing and commercializing novel products in the field of urology. We have multiple urology-focused products on the market, and we seek to build a portfolio of novel therapeutics that serve large medical needs in the field of urology. We are initially concentrating on hypogonadism, prostate cancer, urinary tract infections, and male infertility and plan to expand into other urological indications for which there are significant medical needs. Our fiscal year end is June 30.

We recently acquired exclusive U.S. rights to Natesto® (testosterone) nasal gel, a novel formulation of testosterone delivered via a discreet, easy-to-use nasal gel, and we launched Natesto in the United States with our direct sales force in July 2016. Natesto is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the treatment of hypogonadism (low testosterone) in men and is the only testosterone replacement therapy, or TRT, delivered via a nasal gel. Natesto offers multiple advantages over currently available TRTs and competes in a $2.4 billion market. Importantly, as Natesto is delivered via the nasal mucosa and not the skin, there is no risk of testosterone transference to others, a known potential side effect and black box warning associated with all other topically applied TRTs, including the market leader AndroGel®.

We currently market ProstaScint® (capromab pendetide), the only radioimaging agent indicated to detect the prostate specific membrane antigen, or PSMA, in the assessment and staging of prostate cancer. ProstaScint is approved by the FDA for use in both newly diagnosed, high-risk prostate cancer patients and patients with recurrent prostate cancer. We also market Primsol® (trimethoprim hydrochloride) — the only FDA-approved trimethoprim-only oral solution for urinary tract infections.

We have a focused pipeline, including MiOXSYS^TM, a novel in vitro diagnostic device that is currently CE marked (which generally enables it to be sold within the European Economic Area (see “Business —  Foreign Regulatory Approval”)) and for which we intend to initiate a final clinical study to enable FDA clearance in the U.S.

Our MiOXSYS system is a novel, point-of-care semen analysis system with the potential to become a standard of care in the diagnosis and management of male infertility. Male infertility is a prevalent and underserved condition and oxidative stress is widely implicated in its pathophysiology. MiOXSYS was developed from our core oxidation-reduction potential research platform known as RedoxSYS®. We are advancing MiOXSYS toward FDA clearance and, as of the date of this prospectus, we will need to raise additional funding to complete the required clinical study.

In the future we will look to acquire additional urology products, including existing products we believe can offer distinct commercial advantages. Our management team’s prior experience has involved identifying clinical assets that can be re-launched to increase value, with a focused commercial infrastructure specializing in urology.

Fiscal 2016 Corporate Highlights

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Fiscal 2016 Financial Highlights

Natesto® (testosterone) nasal gel.

On April 22, 2016, we entered into an agreement to acquire the exclusive U.S. rights to Natesto (testosterone) nasal gel from Acerus Pharmaceuticals Corporation, or Acerus, which rights we acquired on July 1, 2016. Natesto is a patented, FDA-approved testosterone replacement therapy, or TRT, and is the only nasally-administered formulation of testosterone available in the United States. Natesto is a discreet, easy-to-administer nasal gel that may be appropriate for men with active lifestyles as Natesto is small, portable, Transportation Security Administration, or TSA-compliant, and easy to use. Importantly, Natesto is not applied directly to the patient’s skin as other topically applied TRTs are. Rather, it is delivered directly into the nasal mucosa via a proprietary nasal applicator. Thus, Natesto does not carry a black box warning related to testosterone transference to a man’s female partner or children — as other topically (primarily gels and solutions) administered TRTs do by virtue of their delivery directly onto the skin. We launched Natesto in the U.S. in July 2016 with our direct sales force, and we are positioning Natesto as the ideal treatment solution for men with active, busy lifestyles who suffer from hypogonadism.

ProstaScint® (capromab pendetide).

We became a commercial stage company by virtue of our acquisition of ProstaScint in May 2015 and are generating sales of this FDA-approved prostate cancer imaging agent. As prostate cancer is a condition commonly diagnosed and treated by urologists, ProstaScint complements our urology-focused product portfolio and pipeline. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the United States, with an estimated 241,000 annual cases (as of 2012). Further, more than 2,200,000 men were alive in 2006 with some history of prostate cancer, and over 30,000 U.S. men die each year from the disease. The effect of prostate cancer on healthcare economics is substantial, which makes the need for accurate disease staging critical for treatment and management strategies. The U.S. market for the diagnosis and screening of prostate cancer is expected to total $17.4 billion by 2017, a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 7.5% since 2012.

Primsol® (trimethoprim solution).

In October 2015, we purchased Primsol from FSC Laboratories, Inc. Primsol is the only FDA-approved liquid formulation of trimethoprim, an antibiotic that is well established in current guidelines for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections, or UTIs. This differentiated product is appropriate for UTI patients that have difficulty swallowing tablets, such as the elderly, and particularly for patients that experience adverse reactions to sulfamethoxazole (“sulfa”). It is estimated that 150 million cases of urinary tract infections occur annually worldwide, and the annual estimated incidence is 0.5 – 0.7/persons per year. Importantly, there are more than 1 million catheter-associated UTIs in the U.S. alone. As many of these patients are elderly and unable to swallow pills, an oral liquid formulation represents a convenient formulation for easier

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administration. The acquisition of Primsol added a second established brand to our product portfolio. We expect to benefit from and continue to grow Primsol’s established base of prescribers, which already includes a significant proportion of urologists despite the fact that it has not been previously marketed to these specialists. We can thus utilize the same sales channel as ProstaScint, leading to potential commercial synergies and product growth.

MiOXSYS^TM.

MiOXSYS is a rapid in vitro diagnostic semen analysis test used in the quantitative measurement of static oxidation reduction potential, or sORP, in human semen. MiOXSYS is a recently CE marked system and is an accurate, easy to use, and fast infertility assessment tool. It is estimated that 72.4 million couples worldwide experience infertility problems. In the United States, approximately 10% of couples are defined as infertile. Male infertility is responsible for between 40 – 50% of all infertility cases and affects approximately 7% of all men. Male infertility is often unexplained (idiopathic), and this idiopathic infertility is frequently associated with levels of oxidative stress in the semen. As such, having a rapid, easy-to-use diagnostic platform to measure oxidative stress should provide a practical way for male infertility specialists to improve semen analysis and infertility assessments without having to refer patients to outside clinical laboratories.

Male infertility is prevalent and underserved, and oxidative stress is widely implicated in its pathophysiology. The global male infertility market is expected to grow to over $300 million by 2020 with a CAGR of nearly 5% from 2014 to 2020. Oxidative stress is broadly implicated in the pathophysiology of male infertility, yet very few diagnostic tools exist to effectively measure oxidative stress levels in men. However, antioxidants are widely available and recommended to infertile men. With the introduction of the MiOXSYS System, we believe for the first time there will be an easy and effective diagnostic tool to assess the degree of oxidative stress, sperm motility and morphology, and potentially enable the monitoring of patients’ responses to antioxidant therapy as a treatment regimen for infertility. The MiOXSYS System received CE marking in Europe in January 2016 and obtained Health Canada Class II Medical Device approval in March 2016. We expect to advance MiOXSYS into clinical trials in the United States in order to enable 510(k) clearance.

In addition to the MiOXSYS system, we are continuing to develop the global market for the RedoxSYS System across a range of applications. Specifically, we have begun initial commercializing of the RedoxSYS System for research use through distribution partners, primarily outside the U.S. In 2014, we received ISO 13485 certification, demonstrating our compliance with global quality standards in medical device manufacturing.

The technology underpinning the RedoxSYS and MiOXSYS systems was developed by Luoxis Diagnostics, Inc. in the two years immediately preceding the merger between Luoxis, Vyrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and us (under our former name of Rosewind Corporation) in April 2015. Upon the consummation of the merger, the RedoxSYS System and MiOXSYS System became our assets.

Key elements of our business strategy include:

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We plan to augment our core in-development and commercial assets through efficient identification of complementary therapeutics, devices, and diagnostics related to urological disorders. We intend to seek assets that are near commercial stage or already generating revenues. Further, we intend to seek to acquire products through asset purchases, licensing, co-development, or collaborative commercial arrangements (co-promotions, co-marketing, etc.).

Our management team has extensive experience across a wide range of business development activities and have in-licensed or acquired products from large, mid-sized, and small enterprises in the United States and abroad. Through an assertive product and business development approach, we expect that we will build a substantial portfolio of complementary urology products.

We previously were developing Zertane for the treatment of premature ejaculation, or PE. However, we determined to direct our resources to our commercial stage products. As a result, at the end of fiscal 2016, we determined that the Zertane asset has no value as we do not have the resources to complete the necessary clinical trials and bring it to market before the patents expire. We intend to sell or out-license Zertane although there can be no assurance that we will be successful in doing so or, if successful, the value, if any, we will receive for the asset.

Recent Developments

Our U.S.-based sales force was expanded in July 2016 and has now initiated promotion with a primary focus on Natesto. In the first six weeks since our sales force began promoting Natesto to urologists, endocrinologists, and other high-prescribing TRT targets, new prescriptions have grown every week. We believe new prescriptions have grown during this time due to our distinct focus on Natesto and the product’s attractive profile. Additionally, redemptions for our Natesto co-pay coupons have increased significantly since field promotion began the week of July 25, 2016. As such, the number of weekly co-pay redemptions has already exceeded the previous 2016 weekly high when Natesto was being promoted by the previous U.S. marketing partner, Endo Pharmaceuticals. Finally, we have implemented the Assure Rx program across all filled sales territories. This program has been developed to enable reduced co-pays and patient assistance with insurance reimbursement; prescriptions of Natesto have already been filled at Assure Rx partner pharmacies.

Corporate Information

We were incorporated as Rosewind Corporation on August 9, 2002 in the State of Colorado.

Vyrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Vyrix, was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on November 18, 2013 and was wholly owned by Ampio Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NYSE MKT: AMPE), or Ampio, immediately prior to the completion of the Merger (defined below). Vyrix was previously a carve-out of the sexual dysfunction therapeutics business, including the late-stage men’s health product candidates, Zertane and Zertane-ED, from Ampio, which carve out was announced in December 2013. Luoxis Diagnostics, Inc., or Luoxis, was incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware on January 24, 2013 and was majority owned by Ampio immediately prior to the completion of the Merger. Luoxis was focused on initially developing and advancing the RedoxSYS System. The MiOXSYS System was developed following the completed development of the RedoxSYS System.

On March 20, 2015, Rosewind formed Rosewind Merger Sub V, Inc. and Rosewind Merger Sub L, Inc., each a wholly-owned subsidiary formed for the purpose of the Merger, and on April 16, 2015, Rosewind Merger Sub V, Inc. merged with and into Vyrix and Rosewind Merger Sub L, Inc. merged with and into Luoxis, and Vyrix and Luoxis became subsidiaries of Rosewind. Immediately thereafter, Vyrix and Luoxis merged with and into Rosewind with Rosewind as the surviving corporation (herein referred to as the Merger). Concurrent

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with the closing of the Merger, Rosewind abandoned its pre-merger business plans, and we now solely pursue the specialty healthcare market, focusing on urological related conditions, including the business of Vyrix and Luoxis.

On June 8, 2015, we (i) reincorporated as a domestic Delaware corporation under Delaware General Corporate Law and changed our name from Rosewind Corporation to Aytu BioScience, Inc., and (ii) effected a reverse stock split in which each common stock holder received one share of common stock for every 12.174 shares outstanding. On June 1, 2016, we amended our Certificate of Incorporation to reduce the number of authorized shares of common stock from 300.0 million to 100.0 million. On June 30, 2016, we amended our Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split at a ratio of 1-for-12. The June 8, 2015 and June 30, 2016 reverse stock splits are herein referred to collectively as the Reverse Stock Splits. All financial data and share amounts in this prospectus give effect to the Reverse Stock Splits.

Our principal executive office is located at 373 Inverness Parkway, Suite 206, Englewood, Colorado 80112. Our telephone number at our principal executive office is (720) 437-6580. Our corporate website is http://aytubio.com. The information on our corporate website is not part of, and is not incorporated by reference into, this prospectus.

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THE OFFERING

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Unless otherwise indicated, all information in this prospectus assumes no exercise by the underwriters of their option to purchase up to shares of common stock and/or up to warrants to cover over-allotments, if any, and excludes as of August 31, 2016 (i) 762,217 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options under our 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan at a weighted average exercise price of $3.52 per share, (ii) 2,284,465 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding warrants with an exercise price of $6.11 per share, (iii) shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants offered hereby and (iv) shares of common stock underlying the warrants to be issued to the underwriters in connection with this offering.

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities includes a high degree of risk. Prior to making a decision about investing in our securities, you should consider carefully the specific factors discussed below, together with all of the other information contained in this prospectus. If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition, results of operations and future prospects would likely be materially and adversely affected. This could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and could cause you to lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to Our Financial Condition and Capital Requirements

Our independent registered public accounting firm has expressed substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern and may do so again in the future.

In their report accompanying our audited financial statements, our independent registered public accounting firm expressed substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. A “going concern” opinion could impair our ability to finance our operations through the sale of debt or equity securities or through bank financing. We believe our entry into the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park, pursuant to which, if we meet the conditions, we can require Lincoln Park to purchase up to $10.0 million of our common stock, can provide us with available capital, provided we can meet those conditions, of which there can be no assurance. However, our ability to continue as a going concern will depend on our ability to obtain additional financing. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all. If adequate financing is not available, we would be required to terminate or significantly curtail our operations, or enter into arrangements with collaborative partners or others that may require us to relinquish rights to certain aspects of our products or product candidates, or potential markets that we would not otherwise relinquish. If we are unable to raise additional capital, our business would be jeopardized and we may not be able to continue operations.

We have a limited operating history, have incurred losses, and can give no assurance of profitability.

We are a commercial-stage healthcare company with a limited operating history. Prior to implementing our commercial strategy in the fourth calendar quarter of 2015, we did not have a focus on profitability. As a result, we have not generated substantial revenue to date and are not profitable, and have incurred losses in each year since our inception. Our net loss for the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 was $28.2 million and $7.7 million, respectively. We have not demonstrated the ability to be a profit-generating enterprise to date, and without significant financing, there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. We expect to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future. Our ability to generate significant revenue is uncertain, and we may never achieve profitability. We have a very limited operating history on which investors can evaluate our potential for future success. Potential investors should evaluate us in light of the expenses, delays, uncertainties, and complications typically encountered by early-stage healthcare businesses, many of which will be beyond our control. These risks include the following:

As a result of our limited operating history, and the increasingly competitive nature of the markets in which we compete, our historical financial data, which, prior to April 16, 2015, consists of allocations of expenses from Ampio, is of limited value in anticipating future operating expenses. Our planned expense levels will be based in part on our expectations concerning future operations, which is difficult to forecast accurately based

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on our limited operating history and the recentness of the acquisition of our products ProstaScint, Primsol and Natesto. We may be unable to adjust spending in a timely manner to compensate for any unexpected budgetary shortfall.

We have not received any substantial revenues from the commercialization of our current products to date and might not receive significant revenues from the commercialization of our current products or our product candidates in the near term. Even though ProstaScint and Primsol are each an approved drug that we are marketing, we only acquired ProstaScint in May 2015 and Primsol in October 2015 and have limited experience on which to base the revenue we could expect to receive from their sales. We acquired Natesto in April 2016 and launched it in July 2016 and consequently have no meaningful experience on which to base expected revenue from Natesto. To obtain revenues from our products and product candidates, we must succeed, either alone or with others, in a range of challenging activities, including expanding markets for our existing products and completing clinical trials of our product candidates, obtaining positive results from those clinical trials, achieving marketing approval for those product candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling our existing products and those products for which we, or our collaborators, may obtain marketing approval, satisfying any post-marketing requirements and obtaining reimbursement for our products from private insurance or government payors. We, and our collaborators, if any, may never succeed in these activities and, even if we do, or one of our collaborators does, we may never generate revenues that are sufficient enough for us to achieve profitability.

We will need to raise additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all. Failure to obtain necessary capital when needed may force us to delay, limit or terminate our product expansion and development efforts or other operations.

We are expending resources to expand the market for Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol, none of which might be as successful as we anticipate or at all and all of which might take longer and be more expensive to market than we anticipate. We also are currently advancing our product candidates through clinical development. Developing product candidates is expensive, lengthy and risky, and we expect to incur research and development expenses in connection with our ongoing clinical development activities with the MiOXSYS System. We also will need additional capital to uplist our common stock to the NYSE MKT. As of June 30, 2016, our cash and cash equivalents were $8.1 million available to fund our operations offset by an aggregate $8.9 million in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and the Natesto payable. In May 2016, we conducted a public offering of our common stock and warrants from which we received net cash proceeds of approximately $6.6 million. Our operating plan may change as a result of many factors currently unknown to us, and we may need to seek additional funds sooner than planned, through public or private equity or debt financings, government or other third-party funding, marketing and distribution arrangements and other collaborations, strategic alliances and licensing arrangements or a combination of these approaches. In any event, we will require additional capital to continue the expansion of marketing efforts for Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol and to obtain regulatory approval for, and to commercialize, our current product candidate, the MiOXSYS System. Raising funds in the current economic environment, as well our lack of operating history, may present additional challenges. Even if we believe we have sufficient funds for our current or future operating plans, we may seek additional capital if market conditions are favorable or if we have specific strategic considerations. We intend to rely on the purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) we entered into with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC in July 2016 for our capital needs, including further commercialization of our currently approved products. If we were unable to access a portion or the full amount of the Purchase Agreement, in the absence of any other financing sources, it would have a material adverse impact on our operations.

Any additional fundraising efforts may divert our management from their day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our ability to expand any existing product or develop and commercialize our product candidates. In addition, we cannot guarantee that future financing will be available in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all. Moreover, the terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of our stockholders and the issuance of additional securities, whether equity or debt, by us, or the possibility of such issuance, may cause the market price of our shares to decline. The sale of additional equity or convertible securities would dilute all of our stockholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased fixed payment obligations and we may be required to agree to certain restrictive covenants, such as

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limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. We could also be required to seek funds through arrangements with collaborative partners or otherwise at an earlier stage than otherwise would be desirable and we may be required to relinquish rights to some of our technologies or product candidates or otherwise agree to terms unfavorable to us, any of which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and prospects.

If we are unable to obtain funding on a timely basis, we may be unable to expand the market for Natesto, ProstaScint or Primsol and/or be required to significantly curtail, delay or discontinue one or more of our research or development programs or the commercialization of our current product candidate, the MiOXSYS system, or any future product candidate or expand our operations generally or otherwise capitalize on our business opportunities, as desired, which could materially affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we do not obtain the capital necessary to fund our operations, we will be unable to successfully expand the commercialization of Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol and to develop, obtain regulatory approval of, and commercialize, our current product candidate, the MiOXSYS System.

The expansion of marketing and commercialization activities for our existing products and the development of pharmaceutical products, medical diagnostics and medical devices is capital-intensive. We anticipate we may require additional financing to continue to fund our operations. Our future capital requirements will depend on, and could increase significantly as a result of, many factors including:

If funds are not available, we may be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our commercialization efforts or our technologies, research or development programs.

We may not be able to access the full amounts available under the Lincoln Park Purchase Agreement, which could prevent us from accessing the capital we need to continue our operations, which could have an adverse effect on our business.

We intend to rely on the purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) we entered into with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”) in July 2016 for our near-term capital needs, including further commercialization of our currently approved products. After selling $500,000 of common stock on the day we executed the Purchase Agreement, pursuant to the terms of the Purchase Agreement, we may direct Lincoln Park to purchase up to $10,000,000 worth of shares of our common stock over a 36-month period, commencing upon the satisfaction of certain conditions, including that the registration statement is declared effective by the SEC. Thereafter, on any trading day selected by us, we may sell shares of common stock to Lincoln Park in amounts up to 10,000 shares per regular sale (Regular Purchases), which may be increased to

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up to 20,000 shares depending on certain conditions as set forth in the Purchase Agreement, up to the aggregate commitment of $10,000,000. If the market price of our common stock is not below $7.00 per share on the purchase date, then the Regular Purchase amount may be increased to 15,000 shares. If the market price is not below $9.00 per share on the purchase date, then the Regular Purchase amount may be increased to 20,000 shares. Although there are no upper limits on the per share price Lincoln Park may pay to purchase our common stock, the Company may not sell more than $500,000 in shares of common stock to Lincoln Park per any individual Regular Purchase.

In addition to Regular Purchases, we may in our sole discretion direct Lincoln Park on each purchase date to make “accelerated purchases” on the following business day up to the lesser of (i) three times the number of shares purchased pursuant to such Regular Purchase or (ii) 30% of the trading volume on the accelerated purchase date at a purchase price equal to the lesser of (i) the closing sale price on the accelerated purchase date and (ii) 95% of the accelerated purchase date’s volume weighted average price. We cannot submit an accelerated purchase notice if the stock price is below $3.00.

The purchase price of the shares related to the Purchase Agreement will be based on the prevailing market prices of the Company’s shares of common stock, which shall be equal to the lesser of the lowest sale price of the common shares during the purchase date and the average of the three lowest closing sale prices of the common shares during the ten business days prior to the purchase date without any fixed discount.

Depending on the prevailing market price of our common stock, we may not be able to sell shares to Lincoln Park for the maximum $10,000,000 over the term of the Purchase Agreement. Our inability to access a portion or the full amount of the Purchase Agreement, in the absence of any other financing sources, would have a material adverse impact on our operations.

Our investment in Acerus Pharmaceuticals Corporation could decline in value.

On April 28, 2016, we purchased approximately $2.0 million worth of shares of common stock of Acerus Pharmaceutics Corporation as a condition to our licensing of Natesto. The per share purchase price was Cdn. $0.207. Acerus common stock is traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange under the symbol “ASP.” On August 31, 2016, the closing price per share was Cdn. $0.22. During the time that we own these shares, there can be no assurance that the value of that stock will not decline and we could lose our entire investment in that stock.

We will incur increased costs associated with, and our management will need to devote substantial time and effort to, compliance with public company reporting and other requirements.

As a public company, we incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as private companies during the majority of fiscal 2015. In addition, the rules and regulations of the SEC and any national securities exchange to which we may be subject in the future impose numerous requirements on public companies, including requirements relating to our corporate governance practices, with which we will need to comply. Further, we will continue to be required to, among other things, file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and operating results. Based on currently available information and assumptions, we estimate that we will incur approximately $0.5 million in expenses on an annual basis as a direct result of the requirements of being a publicly traded company. Our management and other personnel will need to devote substantial time to gaining expertise regarding operations as a public company and compliance with applicable laws and regulations, and our efforts and initiatives to comply with those requirements could be expensive.

If we fail to establish and maintain proper internal controls, our ability to produce accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, our management conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting for the year ended June 30, 2016, and concluded that such control was effective.

However, if in the future we were to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting were not effective, we cannot be certain as to the timing of completion of our evaluation, testing and remediation

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actions or their effect on our operations because there is presently no precedent available by which to measure compliance adequacy. As a consequence, we may not be able to complete any necessary remediation process in time to meet our deadline for compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Also, there can be no assurance that we will not identify one or more material weaknesses in our internal controls in connection with evaluating our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The presence of material weaknesses could result in financial statement errors which, in turn, could require us to restate our operating results.

If we are unable to conclude that we have effective internal control over financial reporting or if our independent auditors are unwilling or unable to provide us, when required, with an attestation report on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, investors may lose confidence in our operating results, our stock price could decline and we may be subject to litigation or regulatory enforcement actions. In addition, if we are unable to meet the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we may not be able to obtain listing on a securities exchange such as the NYSE MKT.

Risks Related to Product Development, Regulatory Approval and Commercialization

Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol may prove to be difficult to effectively commercialize as planned.

Various commercial, regulatory, and manufacturing factors may impact our ability to maintain or grow revenues from sales of Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol. Specifically, we may encounter difficulty by virtue of:

We have limited experience selling our current products as they have been acquired from another company or are newly approved for sale. As a result, we may be unable to successfully commercialize our products and product candidates.

Despite our management’s extensive experience in launching and managing commercial-stage healthcare companies, we have limited marketing, sales and distribution experience with our current products. Our ability to achieve profitability depends on attracting and retaining customers for our current products, and building brand loyalty for Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol. To successfully perform sales, marketing, distribution and customer support functions, we will face a number of risks, including:

In addition, we may seek to enlist one or more third parties to assist with sales, distribution and customer support globally or in certain regions of the world. If we do seek to enter into these arrangements, we may not be successful in attracting desirable sales and distribution partners, or we may not be able to enter into these arrangements on favorable terms, or at all. If our sales and marketing efforts, or those of any third-party

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sales and distribution partners, are not successful, our currently approved products may not achieve increased market acceptance and our product candidates may not gain market acceptance, which would materially impact our business and operations.

We cannot be certain that we will be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or successfully commercialize, any of our current or future product candidates.

We may not be able to develop our current or any future product candidates. Our product candidates will require substantial additional clinical development, testing, and regulatory approval before we are permitted to commence commercialization. The clinical trials of our product candidates are, and the manufacturing and marketing of our product candidates will be, subject to extensive and rigorous review and regulation by numerous government authorities in the United States and in other countries where we intend to test and, if approved, market any product candidate. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of any product candidate, we must demonstrate through pre-clinical testing and clinical trials that the product candidate is safe and effective for use in each target indication. This process can take many years and may include post-marketing studies and surveillance, which will require the expenditure of substantial resources. Of the large number of drugs in development in the U.S., only a small percentage successfully completes the FDA regulatory approval process and is commercialized. Accordingly, even if we are able to obtain the requisite financing to continue to fund our development and clinical programs, we cannot assure you that any of our product candidates will be successfully developed or commercialized.

We are not permitted to market a product in the U.S. until we receive approval of a New Drug Application, or an NDA, for that product from the FDA, or in any foreign countries until we receive the requisite approval from such countries. Obtaining approval of an NDA is a complex, lengthy, expensive and uncertain process, and the FDA may delay, limit or deny approval of any product candidate for many reasons, including, among others:

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These same risks apply to applicable foreign regulatory agencies from which we may seek approval for any of our product candidates.

Any of these factors, many of which are beyond our control, could jeopardize our ability to obtain regulatory approval for and successfully market any product candidate. Moreover, because a substantial portion of our business is or may be dependent upon our product candidates, any such setback in our pursuit of initial or additional regulatory approval would have a material adverse effect on our business and prospects.

If we fail to successfully acquire new products, we may lose market position.

Acquiring new products is an important factor in our planned sales growth, including products that already have been developed and found market acceptance. If we fail to identify existing or emerging consumer markets and trends and to acquire new products, we will not develop a strong revenue source to help pay for our development activities as well as possible acquisitions. This failure would delay implementation of our business plan, which could have a negative adverse effect on our business and prospects.

If we do not secure collaborations with strategic partners to test, commercialize and manufacture product candidates, we may not be able to successfully develop products and generate meaningful revenues.

We may enter into collaborations with third parties to conduct clinical testing, as well as to commercialize and manufacture our products and product candidates. If we are able to identify and reach an agreement with one or more collaborators, our ability to generate revenues from these arrangements will depend on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements. Collaboration agreements typically call for milestone payments that depend on successful demonstration of efficacy and safety, obtaining regulatory approvals, and clinical trial results. Collaboration revenues are not guaranteed, even when efficacy and safety are demonstrated. The current economic environment may result in potential collaborators electing to reduce their external spending, which may prevent us from developing our product candidates.

Even if we succeed in securing collaborators, the collaborators may fail to develop or effectively commercialize our products or product candidates. Collaborations involving our product candidates pose a number of risks, including the following:

As a result, collaboration agreements may not lead to development or commercialization of our product candidates in the most efficient manner or at all. For example, our former collaborator that licensed Zertane conducted clinical trials which we believe demonstrated efficacy in treating PE, but the collaborator undertook a merger that we believe altered its strategic focus and thereafter terminated the collaboration agreement. The

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Merger also created a potential conflict with a principal customer of the acquired company, which sells a product to treat premature ejaculation in certain European markets.

Collaboration agreements are generally terminable without cause on short notice. Once a collaboration agreement is signed, it may not lead to commercialization of a product candidate. We also face competition in seeking out collaborators. If we are unable to secure collaborations that achieve the collaborator’s objectives and meet our expectations, we may be unable to advance our products or product candidates and may not generate meaningful revenues.

We or our strategic partners may choose not to continue an existing product or choose not to develop a product candidate at any time during development, which would reduce or eliminate our potential return on investment for that product.

At any time and for any reason, we or our strategic partners may decide to discontinue the development or commercialization of a product or product candidate. If we terminate a program in which we have invested significant resources, we will reduce the return, or not receive any return, on our investment and we will have missed the opportunity to have allocated those resources to potentially more productive uses. If one of our strategic partners terminates a program, we will not receive any future milestone payments or royalties relating to that program under our agreement with that party.

Our pre-commercial product candidates are expected to undergo clinical trials that are time-consuming and expensive, the outcomes of which are unpredictable, and for which there is a high risk of failure. If clinical trials of our product candidates fail to satisfactorily demonstrate safety and efficacy to the FDA and other regulators, we or our collaborators may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of these product candidates.

Pre-clinical testing and clinical trials are long, expensive and unpredictable processes that can be subject to extensive delays. We cannot guarantee that any clinical studies will be conducted as planned or completed on schedule, if at all. It may take several years to complete the pre-clinical testing and clinical development necessary to commercialize a drug or biologic, and delays or failure can occur at any stage. Interim results of clinical trials do not necessarily predict final results, and success in pre-clinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries have suffered significant setbacks in advanced clinical trials even after promising results in earlier trials and we cannot be certain that we will not face similar setbacks. The design of a clinical trial can determine whether its results will support approval of a product and flaws in the design of a clinical trial may not become apparent until the clinical trial is well advanced. An unfavorable outcome in one or more trials would be a major set-back for that product candidate and for us. Due to our limited financial resources, an unfavorable outcome in one or more trials may require us to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more product development programs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects and financial condition and on the value of our common stock.

In connection with clinical testing and trials, we face a number of risks, including:

If we do not successfully complete pre-clinical and clinical development, we will be unable to market and sell products derived from our product candidates and generate revenues. Even if we do successfully complete clinical trials, those results are not necessarily predictive of results of additional trials that may be needed before an NDA may be submitted to the FDA. Although there are a large number of drugs and biologics in development in the United States and other countries, only a small percentage result in the submission of an NDA to the FDA, even fewer are approved for commercialization, and only a small number achieve

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widespread physician and consumer acceptance following regulatory approval. If our clinical trials are substantially delayed or fail to prove the safety and effectiveness of our product candidates in development, we may not receive regulatory approval of any of these product candidates and our business, prospects and financial condition will be materially harmed.

Delays, suspensions and terminations in any clinical trial we undertake could result in increased costs to us and delay or prevent our ability to generate revenues.

Human clinical trials are very expensive, time-consuming, and difficult to design, implement and complete. Should we undertake the development of a pharmaceutical product candidate, we would expect the necessary clinical trials to take up to 24 months to complete, but the completion of trials for any product candidates may be delayed for a variety of reasons, including delays in:

The commencement and completion of clinical trials for our product candidates may be delayed, suspended or terminated due to a number of factors, including:

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Many of these factors may also ultimately lead to denial of an NDA for a product candidate. If we experience delay, suspensions or terminations in a clinical trial, the commercial prospects for the related product candidate will be harmed, and our ability to generate product revenues will be delayed.

In addition, we may encounter delays or product candidate rejections based on new governmental regulations, future legislative or administrative actions, or changes in FDA policy or interpretation during the period of product development. If we obtain required regulatory approvals, such approvals may later be withdrawn. Delays or failures in obtaining regulatory approvals may result in:

Furthermore, if we fail to comply with applicable FDA and other regulatory requirements at any stage during this regulatory process, we may encounter or be subject to:

The medical device regulatory clearance or approval process is expensive, time consuming and uncertain, and the failure to obtain and maintain required clearances or approvals could prevent us from broadly commercializing the MiOXSYS System for clinical use.

The MiOXSYS System is subject to 510(k) clearance by the FDA prior to its marketing for commercial use in the United States, and to regulatory approvals beyond CE marking required by certain foreign governmental entities prior to its marketing outside the United States. In addition, any changes or modifications to a device that has received regulatory clearance or approval that could significantly affect its safety or effectiveness, or would constitute a major change in its intended use, may require the submission of a new application for 510(k) clearance, pre-market approval, or foreign regulatory approvals. The 510(k) clearance and pre-market approval processes, as well as the process of obtaining foreign approvals, can be expensive, time consuming and uncertain. It generally takes from four to twelve months from submission to obtain 510(k) clearance, and from one to three years from submission to obtain pre-market approval; however, it may take longer, and 510(k) clearance or pre-market approval may never be obtained. We have limited experience in filing FDA applications for 510(k) clearance and pre-market approval. In addition, we are required to continue to comply with applicable FDA and other regulatory requirements even after obtaining clearance or approval. There can be no assurance that we will obtain or maintain any required clearance or approval on a timely

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basis, or at all. Any failure to obtain or any material delay in obtaining FDA clearance or any failure to maintain compliance with FDA regulatory requirements could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The approval process for pharmaceutical and medical device products outside the United States varies among countries and may limit our ability to develop, manufacture and sell our products internationally. Failure to obtain marketing approval in international jurisdictions would prevent our product candidates from being marketed abroad.

In order to market and sell our products in the European Union and many other jurisdictions, we, and our collaborators, must obtain separate marketing approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements. The approval procedure varies among countries and may involve additional testing. We may conduct clinical trials for, and seek regulatory approval to market, our product candidates in countries other than the United States. Depending on the results of clinical trials and the process for obtaining regulatory approvals in other countries, we may decide to first seek regulatory approvals of a product candidate in countries other than the United States, or we may simultaneously seek regulatory approvals in the United States and other countries. If we or our collaborators seek marketing approval for a product candidate outside the United States, we will be subject to the regulatory requirements of health authorities in each country in which we seek approval. With respect to marketing authorizations in Europe, we will be required to submit a European Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, to the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, which conducts a validation and scientific approval process in evaluating a product for safety and efficacy. The approval procedure varies among regions and countries and may involve additional testing, and the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval.

Obtaining regulatory approvals from health authorities in countries outside the United States is likely to subject us to all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval described above. In addition, marketing approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by the health authorities of any other country, and approval by foreign health authorities does not ensure marketing approval by the FDA.

Even if we, or our collaborators, obtain marketing approvals for our product candidates, the terms of approvals and ongoing regulation of our products may limit how we or they market our products, which could materially impair our ability to generate revenue.

Even if we receive regulatory approval for a product candidate, this approval may carry conditions that limit the market for the product or put the product at a competitive disadvantage relative to alternative therapies. For instance, a regulatory approval may limit the indicated uses for which we can market a product or the patient population that may utilize the product, or may be required to carry a warning in its labeling and on its packaging. Products with boxed warnings are subject to more restrictive advertising regulations than products without such warnings. These restrictions could make it more difficult to market any product candidate effectively. Accordingly, assuming we, or our collaborators, receive marketing approval for one or more of our product candidates, we, and our collaborators expect to continue to expend time, money and effort in all areas of regulatory compliance.

Any of our products and product candidates for which we, or our collaborators, obtain marketing approval in the future could be subject to post-marketing restrictions or withdrawal from the market and we, and our collaborators, may be subject to substantial penalties if we, or they, fail to comply with regulatory requirements or if we, or they, experience unanticipated problems with our products following approval.

Any of our approved products and product candidates for which we, or our collaborators, obtain marketing approval, as well as the manufacturing processes, post approval studies and measures, labeling, advertising and promotional activities for such products, among other things, are or will be subject to continual requirements of and review by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. These requirements include submissions of safety and other post-marketing information and reports, registration and listing requirements, requirements relating to manufacturing, quality control, quality assurance and corresponding maintenance of records and documents, requirements regarding the distribution of samples to physicians and recordkeeping. Even if marketing approval of a product candidate is granted, the approval may be subject to limitations on

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the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or to the conditions of approval, including the FDA requirement to implement a REMS to ensure that the benefits of a drug or biological product outweigh its risks.

The FDA may also impose requirements for costly post-marketing studies or clinical trials and surveillance to monitor the safety or efficacy of a product. The FDA and other agencies, including the Department of Justice, closely regulate and monitor the post-approval marketing and promotion of products to ensure that they are manufactured, marketed and distributed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. The FDA imposes stringent restrictions on manufacturers’ communications regarding off-label use and if we, or our collaborators, do not market any of our product candidates for which we, or they, receive marketing approval for only their approved indications, we, or they, may be subject to warnings or enforcement action for off-label marketing. Violation of the FDCA and other statutes, including the False Claims Act, relating to the promotion and advertising of prescription drugs may lead to investigations or allegations of violations of federal and state health care fraud and abuse laws and state consumer protection laws.

If we do not achieve our projected development and commercialization goals in the timeframes we announce and expect, the commercialization of our product candidates may be delayed, and our business will be harmed.

We sometimes estimate for planning purposes the timing of the accomplishment of various scientific, clinical, regulatory and other product development objectives. These milestones may include our expectations regarding the commencement or completion of scientific studies and clinical trials, the submission of regulatory filings, or commercialization objectives. From time to time, we may publicly announce the expected timing of some of these milestones, such as the initiation or completion of an ongoing clinical trial, the initiation of other clinical programs, receipt of marketing approval, or a commercial launch of a product. The achievement of many of these milestones may be outside of our control. All of such milestones are based on a variety of assumptions which may cause the timing of achievement of the milestones to vary considerably from our estimates, including:

If we fail to achieve announced milestones in the timeframes we announce and expect, the commercialization of our product candidates may be delayed and our business, prospects and results of operations may be harmed.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials and perform data collection and analysis, which may result in costs and delays that prevent us from successfully commercializing product candidates.

We rely, and will rely in the future, on medical institutions, clinical investigators, contract research organizations, contract laboratories, and collaborators to perform data collection and analysis and others to carry out our clinical trials. Our development activities or clinical trials conducted in reliance on third parties may be delayed, suspended, or terminated if:

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Third party performance failures may increase our development costs, delay our ability to obtain regulatory approval, and delay or prevent the commercialization of our product candidates. While we believe that there are numerous alternative sources to provide these services, in the event that we seek such alternative sources, we may not be able to enter into replacement arrangements without incurring delays or additional costs.

Even if collaborators with which we contract in the future successfully complete clinical trials of our product candidates, those product candidates may not be commercialized successfully for other reasons.

Even if we contract with collaborators that successfully complete clinical trials for one or more of our product candidates, those candidates may not be commercialized for other reasons, including:

Any third-party manufacturers we engage are subject to various governmental regulations, and we may incur significant expenses to comply with, and experience delays in, our product commercialization as a result of these regulations.

The manufacturing processes and facilities of third-party manufacturers we have engaged for our current approved products are, and any future third-party manufacturer will be, required to comply with the federal Quality System Regulation, or QSR, which covers procedures and documentation of the design, testing, production, control, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, sterilization, storage and shipping of devices. The FDA enforces the QSR through periodic unannounced inspections of manufacturing facilities. Any inspection by the FDA could lead to additional compliance requests that could cause delays in our product commercialization. Failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements, or later discovery of previously unknown problems with the manufacturing processes and facilities of third-party manufacturers we engage, including the failure to take satisfactory corrective actions in response to an adverse QSR inspection, can result in, among other things:

Any of these actions, in combination or alone, could prevent us from marketing, distributing or selling our products, and would likely harm our business.

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In addition, a product defect or regulatory violation could lead to a government-mandated or voluntary recall by us. We believe the FDA would request that we initiate a voluntary recall if a product was defective or presented a risk of injury or gross deception. Regulatory agencies in other countries have similar authority to recall drugs or devices because of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture that could endanger health. Any recall would divert our management attention and financial resources, expose us to product liability or other claims, and harm our reputation with customers.

We face substantial competition from companies with considerably more resources and experience than we have, which may result in others discovering, developing, receiving approval for, or commercializing products before or more successfully than us.

We compete with companies that design, manufacture and market already-existing and new urology products. We anticipate that we will face increased competition in the future as new companies enter the market with new technologies and/or our competitors improve their current products. One or more of our competitors may offer technology superior to ours and render our technology obsolete or uneconomical. Most of our current competitors, as well as many of our potential competitors, have greater name recognition, more substantial intellectual property portfolios, longer operating histories, significantly greater resources to invest in new technologies, more substantial experience in product marketing and new product development, greater regulatory expertise, more extensive manufacturing capabilities and the distribution channels to deliver products to customers. If we are not able to compete successfully, we may not generate sufficient revenue to become profitable. Our ability to compete successfully will depend largely on our ability to:

Established pharmaceutical companies devote significant financial resources to discovering, developing or licensing novel compounds that could make our products and product candidates obsolete. Our competitors may obtain patent protection, receive FDA approval, and commercialize medicines before us. Other companies are or may become engaged in the discovery of compounds that may compete with the product candidates we are developing.

Natesto competes in a large, growing market. The U.S. prescription testosterone market is comprised primarily of topically applied treatments in the form of gels, solutions, and patches. Testopel® and Aveed®, injectable products typically implanted directly under the skin by a physician, are also FDA-approved. AndroGel is the market-leading TRT and is marketed by AbbVie.

For the MiOXSYS System and ProstaScint, we compete with companies that design, manufacture and market already existing and new in-vitro diagnostics and diagnostic imaging systems and radio-imaging agents for cancer detection. Additionally, with respect to Primsol, we compete with numerous companies who produce antimicrobial treatments for various pathogens inclusive of products containing trimethoprim as contained in Primsol. There are any number of antibiotics available on the market that could compete with Primsol. Even though Primsol is the only FDA-approved liquid formulation of trimethoprim, an antibiotic that is well established in current guidelines for treating UTIs, we may not be able to effectively compete with these existing antibiotics.

We anticipate that we will face increased competition in the future as new companies enter the market with new technologies and our competitors improve their current products. One or more of our competitors may offer technology superior to ours and render our technology obsolete or uneconomical. Most of our current competitors, as well as many of our potential competitors, have greater name recognition, more substantial intellectual property portfolios, longer operating histories, significantly greater resources to invest in new technologies, more substantial experience in new product development, greater regulatory expertise, more

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extensive manufacturing capabilities and the distribution channels to deliver products to customers. If we are not able to compete successfully, we may not generate sufficient revenue to become profitable.

Any new product we develop or commercialize that competes with a currently-approved product must demonstrate compelling advantages in efficacy, convenience, tolerability and/or safety in order to address price competition and be commercially successful. If we are not able to compete effectively against our current and future competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition and operations will suffer.

Government restrictions on pricing and reimbursement, as well as other healthcare payor cost-containment initiatives, may negatively impact our ability to generate revenues.

The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of health care costs to contain or reduce costs of health care may adversely affect one or more of the following:

The 2010 enactments of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, or PPACA, and the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, or the Health Care Reconciliation Act, are expected to significantly impact the provision of, and payment for, health care in the United States. Various provisions of these laws have only recently taken effect or have yet to take effect, and are designed to expand Medicaid eligibility, subsidize insurance premiums, provide incentives for businesses to provide health care benefits, prohibit denials of coverage due to pre-existing conditions, establish health insurance exchanges, and provide additional support for medical research. Amendments to the PPACA and/or the Health Care Reconciliation Act, as well as new legislative proposals to reform healthcare and government insurance programs, along with the trend toward managed healthcare in the United States, could influence the purchase of medicines and medical devices and reduce demand and prices for our products and product candidates, if approved. This could harm our or our collaborators’ ability to market any approved products and generate revenues. As we expect to receive significant revenues from reimbursement of our Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol products by commercial third-party payors and government payors, cost containment measures that health care payors and providers are instituting and the effect of further health care reform could significantly reduce potential revenues from the sale of any of our products and product candidates approved in the future, and could cause an increase in our compliance, manufacturing, or other operating expenses. In addition, in certain foreign markets, the pricing of prescription drugs and devices is subject to government control and reimbursement may in some cases be unavailable. We believe that pricing pressures at the federal and state level, as well as internationally, will continue and may increase, which may make it difficult for us to sell any approved product at a price acceptable to us or any of our future collaborators.

In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug or medical device must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. A member state may require that physicians prescribe the generic version of a drug instead of our approved branded product. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products or product candidates. Historically, pharmaceutical products launched in the European Union do not follow price structures of the United States and generally tend to have significantly lower prices.

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Our financial results will depend on the acceptance among hospitals, third-party payors and the medical community of our products and product candidates.

Our future success depends on the acceptance by our target customers, third-party payors and the medical community that our products and product candidates are reliable, safe and cost-effective. Many factors may affect the market acceptance and commercial success of our products and product candidates, including:

If third-party payors do not reimburse our customers for the products we sell or if reimbursement levels are set too low for us to sell one or more of our products at a profit, our ability to sell those products and our results of operations will be harmed.

While Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol are already FDA-approved and generating revenues in the U.S., they may not receive, or continue to receive, physician or hospital acceptance, or they may not maintain adequate reimbursement from third party payors. Additionally, even if one of our product candidates is approved and reaches the market, the product may not achieve physician or hospital acceptance, or it may not obtain adequate reimbursement from third party payors. We expect to sell our Primsol products and possibly other product candidates to target customers substantially all of whom receive reimbursement for the health care services they provide to their patients from third-party payors, such as Medicare, Medicaid, other domestic and foreign government programs, private insurance plans and managed care programs. Reimbursement decisions by particular third-party payors depend upon a number of factors, including each third-party payor’s determination that use of a product is:

Third-party payors may deny reimbursement for covered products if they determine that a medical product was not used in accordance with cost-effective diagnosis methods, as determined by the third-party payor, or was used for an unapproved indication. Third-party payors also may refuse to reimburse for procedures and devices deemed to be experimental.

Obtaining coverage and reimbursement approval for a product from each government or third-party payor is a time consuming and costly process that could require us to provide supporting scientific, clinical and cost-effectiveness data for the use of our potential product to each government or third-party payor. We may not be able to provide data sufficient to gain acceptance with respect to coverage and reimbursement. In addition, eligibility for coverage does not imply that any product will be covered and reimbursed in all cases or reimbursed at a rate that allows our potential customers to make a profit or even cover their costs.

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Third-party payors are increasingly attempting to contain health care costs by limiting both coverage and the level of reimbursement for medical products and services. Levels of reimbursement may decrease in the future, and future legislation, regulation or reimbursement policies of third-party payors may adversely affect the demand for and reimbursement available for any product or product candidate, which in turn, could negatively impact pricing. If our customers are not adequately reimbursed for our products, they may reduce or discontinue purchases of our products, which would result in a significant shortfall in achieving revenue expectations and negatively impact our business, prospects and financial condition.

Manufacturing risks and inefficiencies may adversely affect our ability to produce our products.

As part of the acquisition of ProstaScint from Jazz Pharmaceuticals, we terminated the relationship with the third-party manufacturer of ProstaScint. We have initiated the process of transferring the manufacturing to Biovest International, which we believe is a qualified manufacturer and with whom we have entered into a Master Services Agreement. In the event that this manufacturing transfer does not occur by the time our current inventory expires, we may not be able to supply sufficient quantities and on a timely basis, while maintaining product quality, acceptable manufacturing costs and complying with regulatory requirements, such as quality system regulations. In addition, we expect to engage third parties to manufacture components of the MiOXSYS and RedoxSYS systems. We have an agreement for supplies of Natesto with Acerus, from whom we license Natesto, and have entered into a supply agreement for Primsol with the same manufacturer used by FSC Laboratories, from whom we purchased Primsol. For any future product, we expect to use third-party manufacturers because we do not have our own manufacturing capabilities. In determining the required quantities of any product and the manufacturing schedule, we must make significant judgments and estimates based on inventory levels, current market trends and other related factors. Because of the inherent nature of estimates and our limited experience in marketing our current products, there could be significant differences between our estimates and the actual amounts of product we require. If we do not effectively maintain our supply agreements for Natesto and Primsol, we will face difficulty finding replacement suppliers, which could harm sales of those products. If we do not effectively transition sites with our manufacturing and development partners to enable to production scale of ProstaScint, or if we do not secure collaborations with manufacturing and development partners to enable production to scale of the MiOXSYS system, we may not be successful in selling ProstaScint or in commercializing the MiOXSYS system in the event we receive regulatory approval of the MiOXSYS System. If we fail in similar endeavors for future products, we may not be successful in establishing or continuing the commercialization of our products and product candidates.

Reliance on third-party manufacturers entails risks to which we would not be subject if we manufactured these components ourselves, including:

Further, if we are unable to secure the needed financing to fund our internal operations, we may not have adequate resources required to effectively and rapidly transition our third party manufacturing. We may not be able to meet the demand for our products if one or more of any third-party manufacturers is unable to supply us with the necessary components that meet our specifications. It may be difficult to find alternate suppliers for any of our products or product candidates in a timely manner and on terms acceptable to us.

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Any third-party manufacturers we engage are subject to various governmental regulations, and we may incur significant expenses to comply with, and experience delays in, our product commercialization as a result of these regulations.

The manufacturing processes and facilities of third-party manufacturers we engage are required to comply with the federal Quality System Regulation, or QSR, which covers procedures and documentation of the design, testing, production, control, quality assurance, labeling, packaging, sterilization, storage and shipping of devices. The FDA enforces the QSR through periodic unannounced inspections of manufacturing facilities. Any inspection by the FDA could lead to additional compliance requests that could cause delays in our product commercialization. Failure to comply with applicable FDA requirements, or later discovery of previously unknown problems with the manufacturing processes and facilities of third-party manufacturers we engage, including the failure to take satisfactory corrective actions in response to an adverse QSR inspection, can result in, among other things:

Any of these actions, in combination or alone, could prevent us from marketing, distributing or selling our products, and would likely harm our business.

In addition, a product defect or regulatory violation could lead to a government-mandated or voluntary recall by us. We believe the FDA would request that we initiate a voluntary recall if a product was defective or presented a risk of injury or gross deception. Regulatory agencies in other countries have similar authority to recall drugs or devices because of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture that could endanger health. Any recall would divert our management attention and financial resources, expose us to product liability or other claims, and harm our reputation with customers.

Our future growth depends, in part, on our ability to penetrate foreign markets, where we would be subject to additional regulatory burdens and other risks and uncertainties.

Our future profitability will depend, in part, on our ability to commercialize our products and product candidates in foreign markets for which we intend to primarily rely on collaboration with third parties. If we commercialize our products or product candidates in foreign markets, we would be subject to additional risks and uncertainties, including:

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Foreign sales of our products or product candidates could also be adversely affected by the imposition of governmental controls, political and economic instability, trade restrictions and changes in tariffs.

We are subject to various regulations pertaining to the marketing of our approved products.

We are subject to various federal and state laws pertaining to healthcare fraud and abuse, including prohibitions on the offer of payment or acceptance of kickbacks or other remuneration for the purchase of our products, including inducements to potential patients to request our products and services. Additionally, any product promotion educational activities, support of continuing medical education programs, and other interactions with health-care professionals must be conducted in a manner consistent with the FDA regulations and the Anti-Kickback Statute. The Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits persons or entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, or the furnishing, recommending, or arranging for a good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Violations of the Anti-Kickback Statute can also carry potential federal False Claims Act liability. Additionally, many states have adopted laws similar to the Anti-Kickback Statute. Some of these state prohibitions apply to referral of patients for healthcare items or services reimbursed by any third party payer, not only the Medicare and Medicaid programs, and do not contain identical safe harbors. These and any new regulations or requirements may be difficult and expensive for us to comply with, may adversely impact the marketing of our existing products or delay introduction of our product candidates, which may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our products and product candidates may cause undesirable side effects that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial profile of an approved label, or result in significant negative consequences following marketing approval, if any.

Undesirable side effects caused by our product candidates could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials and could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other regulatory authorities.

Further, if a product candidate receives marketing approval and we or others identify undesirable side effects caused by the product after the approval, or if drug abuse is determined to be a significant problem with an approved product, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:

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Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product candidate and could substantially increase the costs of commercializing an affected product or product candidates and significantly impact our ability to successfully commercialize or maintain sales of our product or product candidates and generate revenues.

Natesto contains, and future our other product candidates may contain, controlled substances, the manufacture, use, sale, importation, exportation, prescribing and distribution of which are subject to regulation by the DEA.

Natesto, which is approved by the FDA, is regulated by the DEA as a Schedule III controlled substance. Before any commercialization of any product candidate that contains a controlled substance, the DEA will need to determine the controlled substance schedule, taking into account the recommendation of the FDA. This may be a lengthy process that could delay our marketing of a product candidate and could potentially diminish any regulatory exclusivity periods for which we may be eligible. Natesto is, and our other product candidates may, if approved, be regulated as “controlled substances” as defined in the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, or CSA, and the implementing regulations of the DEA, which establish registration, security, recordkeeping, reporting, storage, distribution, importation, exportation, inventory, quota and other requirements administered by the DEA. These requirements are applicable to us, to our third-party manufacturers and to distributors, prescribers and dispensers of our product candidates. The DEA regulates the handling of controlled substances through a closed chain of distribution. This control extends to the equipment and raw materials used in their manufacture and packaging, in order to prevent loss and diversion into illicit channels of commerce. A number of states and foreign countries also independently regulate these drugs as controlled substances.

The DEA regulates controlled substances as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances. Schedule I substances by definition have no established medicinal use, and may not be marketed or sold in the United States. A pharmaceutical product may be listed as Schedule II, III, IV or V, with Schedule II substances considered to present the highest risk of abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest relative risk of abuse among such substances.

Natesto is regulated by the DEA as a Schedule III controlled substance. Consequently, the manufacturing, shipping, storing, selling and using of the products will be subject to a high degree of regulation. Also, distribution, prescribing and dispensing of these drugs are highly regulated.

Annual registration is required for any facility that manufactures, distributes, dispenses, imports or exports any controlled substance. The registration is specific to the particular location, activity and controlled substance schedule.

Because of their restrictive nature, these laws and regulations could limit commercialization of our product candidates containing controlled substances. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations could also result in withdrawal of our DEA registrations, disruption in manufacturing and distribution activities, consent decrees, criminal and civil penalties and state actions, among other consequences.

If testosterone replacement therapies are found, or are perceived, to create health risks, our ability to sell Natesto could be materially adversely affected and our business could be harmed.

Recent publications have suggested potential health risks associated with testosterone replacement therapy, such as increased cardiovascular disease risk, including increased risk of heart attack or stroke, fluid retention, sleep apnea, breast tenderness or enlargement, increased red blood cells, development of clinical prostate disease, including prostate cancer, and the suppression of sperm production. Prompted by these events, the FDA held a T-class Advisory Committee meeting on September 17, 2014 to discuss this topic further. The FDA has also asked health care professionals and patients to report side effects involving prescription testosterone products to the agency.

At the T-class Advisory Committee meeting held on September 17, 2014, the Advisory Committee discussed (i) the identification of the appropriate patient population for whom testosterone replacement therapy should be indicated and (ii) the potential risk of major adverse cardiovascular events, defined as non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death associated with testosterone replacement therapy.

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At the meeting, the Advisory Committee voted that the FDA should require sponsors of testosterone products to conduct a post marketing study (e.g. observational study or controlled clinical trial) to further assess the potential cardiovascular risk.

It is possible that the FDA’s evaluation of this topic and further studies on the effects of testosterone replacement therapies could demonstrate the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events or other health risks or could impose requirements that impact the marketing and sale of Natesto, including:

Demonstrated testosterone replacement therapy safety risks, as well as negative publicity about the risks of hormone replacement therapy, including testosterone replacement, could hurt sales of and impair our ability to successfully relaunch Natesto, which could have a materially adverse impact on our business.

FDA action regarding testosterone replacement therapies could add to the cost of producing and marketing Natesto.

The FDA is requiring post-marketing safety studies for all testosterone replacement therapies approved in the U.S. to assess long-term cardiovascular events related to testosterone use. Depending on the total cost and structure of the FDA’s proposed safety studies there may be a substantial cost associated with conducting these studies. Pursuant to our license agreement with Acerus Pharmaceuticals is, Acerus is obligated to reimburse us for the entire cost of any studies required for Natesto by the FDA. However, in the event that Acerus is not able to reimburse us for the cost of any required safety studies, we may be forced to incur this cost, which could have a material adverse impact on our business and results of operations.

Our approved products may not be accepted by physicians, patients, or the medical community in general.

Even if the medical community accepts a product as safe and efficacious for its indicated use, physicians may choose to restrict the use of the product if we or any collaborator is unable to demonstrate that, based on experience, clinical data, side-effect profiles and other factors, our product is preferable to any existing medicines or treatments. We cannot predict the degree of market acceptance of any of our approved products, which will depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to:

We may use hazardous chemicals and biological materials in our business. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming and costly.

Our research and development processes may involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals and biological materials. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or discharge and any resultant injury from these materials. We may be sued for any injury or contamination that results from our use or the use by third parties of these materials, and our liability may exceed any insurance coverage and our total assets. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these hazardous materials and specified waste products, as well as the discharge of pollutants into the environment and human health and safety matters. Compliance with environmental laws and regulations may be expensive and may impair our research and development efforts. If we fail to comply with these requirements, we could incur substantial costs, including civil or criminal fines and penalties, clean-up costs or capital expenditures for control equipment or operational changes necessary to achieve and maintain

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compliance. In addition, we cannot predict the impact on our business of new or amended environmental laws or regulations or any changes in the way existing and future laws and regulations are interpreted and enforced.

Intellectual Property Risks Related to Our Business

Our ability to compete may decline if we do not adequately protect our proprietary rights or if we are barred by the patent rights of others.

Our commercial success depends on obtaining and maintaining proprietary rights to our products and product candidates as well as successfully defending these rights against third-party challenges. We will only be able to protect our products and product candidates from unauthorized use by third parties to the extent that valid and enforceable patents, or effectively protected trade secrets, cover them. Our ability to obtain patent protection for our products and product candidates is uncertain due to a number of factors, including that:

Even if we have or obtain patents covering our products and product candidates, we may still be barred from making, using and selling them because of the patent rights of others. Others may have filed, and in the future may file, patent applications covering products that are similar or identical to ours. There are many issued U.S. and foreign patents relating to chemical compounds, therapeutic products, diagnostic devices, and some of these relate to our products and product candidates. These could materially affect our ability to sell our products and develop our product candidates. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications unknown to us that may later result in issued patents that our products and product candidates may infringe. These patent applications may have priority over patent applications filed by us.

Obtaining and maintaining a patent portfolio entails significant expense and resources. Part of the expense includes periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications due in several stages over the lifetime of patents and/or applications, as well as the cost associated with complying with numerous procedural provisions during the patent application process. We may or may not choose to pursue or maintain protection for particular inventions. In addition, there are situations in which failure to make certain payments or noncompliance with certain requirements in the patent process can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. If we choose to forgo patent protection or allow a patent application or patent to lapse purposefully or inadvertently, our competitive position could suffer.

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Legal actions to enforce our patent rights can be expensive and may involve the diversion of significant management time. In addition, these legal actions could be unsuccessful and could also result in the invalidation of our patents or a finding that they are unenforceable. We may or may not choose to pursue litigation or other actions against those that have infringed on our patents, or used them without authorization, due to the associated expense and time commitment of monitoring these activities. If we fail to protect or to enforce our intellectual property rights successfully, our competitive position could suffer, which could harm our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Pharmaceutical and medical device patents and patent applications involve highly complex legal and factual questions, which, if determined adversely to us, could negatively impact our patent position.

The patent positions of pharmaceutical and medical device companies can be highly uncertain and involve complex legal and factual questions. The interpretation and breadth of claims allowed in some patents covering pharmaceutical compositions may be uncertain and difficult to determine, and are often affected materially by the facts and circumstances that pertain to the patented compositions and the related patent claims. The standards of the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, are sometimes uncertain and could change in the future. Consequently, the issuance and scope of patents cannot be predicted with certainty. Patents, if issued, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. U.S. patents and patent applications may also be subject to interference proceedings, and U.S. patents may be subject to re-examination proceedings, post-grant review and/or inter partes review in the USPTO. Foreign patents may be subject to opposition or comparable proceedings in the corresponding foreign patent office, which could result in either loss of the patent or denial of the patent application or loss or reduction in the scope of one or more of the claims of the patent or patent application. In addition, such interference, re-examination, post-grant review, inter partes review and opposition proceedings may be costly. Accordingly, rights under any issued patents may not provide us with sufficient protection against competitive products or processes.

In addition, changes in or different interpretations of patent laws in the United States and foreign countries may permit others to use our discoveries or to develop and commercialize our technology and products and product candidates without providing any compensation to us, or may limit the number of patents or claims we can obtain. The laws of some countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as U.S. laws and those countries may lack adequate rules and procedures for defending our intellectual property rights.

If we fail to obtain and maintain patent protection and trade secret protection of our products and product candidates, we could lose our competitive advantage and competition we face would increase, reducing any potential revenues and adversely affecting our ability to attain or maintain profitability.

Developments in patent law could have a negative impact on our business.

From time to time, the United States Supreme Court, other federal courts, the United States Congress or the USPTO may change the standards of patentability and any such changes could have a negative impact on our business.

In addition, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the America Invents Act, which was signed into law in 2011, includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These changes include a transition from a “first-to-invent” system to a “first-to-file” system, changes the way issued patents are challenged, and changes the way patent applications are disputed during the examination process. These changes may favor larger and more established companies that have greater resources to devote to patent application filing and prosecution. The USPTO has developed regulations and procedures to govern the full implementation of the America Invents Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the America Invents Act, and, in particular, the first-to-file provisions, became effective on March 16, 2013. Substantive changes to patent law associated with the America Invents Act may affect our ability to obtain patents, and if obtained, to enforce or defend them. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the America Invents Act will ultimately have on the cost of prosecuting our patent applications, our ability to obtain patents based on our discoveries and our ability to enforce or defend any patents that may issue from our patent applications, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, our business and competitive position would be harmed.

In addition to patent protection, because we operate in the highly technical field of discovery and development of therapies and medical devices, we rely in part on trade secret protection in order to protect our proprietary technology and processes. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. We expect to enter into confidentiality and intellectual property assignment agreements with our employees, consultants, outside scientific and commercial collaborators, sponsored researchers, and other advisors. These agreements generally require that the other party keep confidential and not disclose to third parties all confidential information developed by the party or made known to the party by us during the course of the party’s relationship with us. These agreements also generally provide that inventions conceived by the party in the course of rendering services to us will be our exclusive property. However, these agreements may not be honored and may not effectively assign intellectual property rights to us.

In addition to contractual measures, we try to protect the confidential nature of our proprietary information using physical and technological security measures. Such measures may not, for example, in the case of misappropriation of a trade secret by an employee or third party with authorized access, provide adequate protection for our proprietary information. Our security measures may not prevent an employee or consultant from misappropriating our trade secrets and providing them to a competitor, and recourse we take against such misconduct may not provide an adequate remedy to protect our interests fully. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally disclosed or misappropriated a trade secret can be difficult, expensive, and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets. Trade secrets may be independently developed by others in a manner that could prevent legal recourse by us. If any of our confidential or proprietary information, such as our trade secrets, were to be disclosed or misappropriated, or if any such information was independently developed by a competitor, our competitive position could be harmed.

We may not be able to enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

The laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in certain foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of some countries, particularly developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, especially those relating to pharmaceuticals and medical devices. This could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of some of our patents, if obtained, or the misappropriation of our other intellectual property rights. For example, many foreign countries have compulsory licensing laws under which a patent owner must grant licenses to third parties. In addition, many countries limit the enforceability of patents against third parties, including government agencies or government contractors. In these countries, patents may provide limited or no benefit. Patent protection must ultimately be sought on a country-by-country basis, which is an expensive and time-consuming process with uncertain outcomes. Accordingly, we may choose not to seek patent protection in certain countries, and we will not have the benefit of patent protection in such countries.

Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial costs and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business. Accordingly, our efforts to protect our intellectual property rights in such countries may be inadequate. In addition, changes in the law and legal decisions by courts in the United States and foreign countries may affect our ability to obtain adequate protection for our technology and the enforcement of intellectual property.

Third parties may assert ownership or commercial rights to inventions we develop.

Third parties may in the future make claims challenging the inventorship or ownership of our intellectual property. We have or expect to have written agreements with collaborators that provide for the ownership of intellectual property arising from our collaborations. These agreements provide that we must negotiate certain commercial rights with collaborators with respect to joint inventions or inventions made by our collaborators that arise from the results of the collaboration. In some instances, there may not be adequate written provisions to address clearly the resolution of intellectual property rights that may arise from a collaboration. If we cannot successfully negotiate sufficient ownership and commercial rights to the inventions that result from our use of a third-party collaborator’s materials where required, or if disputes otherwise arise with

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respect to the intellectual property developed with the use of a collaborator’s samples, we may be limited in our ability to capitalize on the market potential of these inventions. In addition, we may face claims by third parties that our agreements with employees, contractors, or consultants obligating them to assign intellectual property to us are ineffective, or in conflict with prior or competing contractual obligations of assignment, which could result in ownership disputes regarding intellectual property we have developed or will develop and interfere with our ability to capture the commercial value of such inventions. Litigation may be necessary to resolve an ownership dispute, and if we are not successful, we may be precluded from using certain intellectual property, or may lose our exclusive rights in that intellectual property. Either outcome could have an adverse impact on our business.

Third parties may assert that our employees or consultants have wrongfully used or disclosed confidential information or misappropriated trade secrets.

We might employ individuals who were previously employed at universities or other biopharmaceutical or medical device companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees and consultants do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or our employees, consultants or independent contractors have inadvertently or otherwise used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of a former employer or other third parties. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and be a distraction to management and other employees.

A dispute concerning the infringement or misappropriation of our proprietary rights or the proprietary rights of others could be time consuming and costly, and an unfavorable outcome could harm our business.

There is significant litigation in the pharmaceutical and medical device industries regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. While we are not currently subject to any pending intellectual property litigation, and are not aware of any such threatened litigation, we may be exposed to future litigation by third parties based on claims that our products or product candidates infringe the intellectual property rights of others. If our development and commercialization activities are found to infringe any such patents, we may have to pay significant damages or seek licenses to such patents. A patentee could prevent us from using the patented drugs, compositions or devices. We may need to resort to litigation to enforce a patent issued to us, to protect our trade secrets, or to determine the scope and validity of third-party proprietary rights. From time to time, we may hire scientific personnel or consultants formerly employed by other companies involved in one or more areas similar to the activities conducted by us. Either we or these individuals may be subject to allegations of trade secret misappropriation or other similar claims as a result of prior affiliations. If we become involved in litigation, it could consume a substantial portion of our managerial and financial resources, regardless of whether we win or lose. We may not be able to afford the costs of litigation. Any adverse ruling or perception of an adverse ruling in defending ourselves against these claims could have a material adverse impact on our cash position and stock price. Any legal action against us or our collaborators could lead to:

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Risks Related to Our Organization, Structure and Operation

We intend to acquire, through asset purchases or in-licensing, businesses or products, or form strategic alliances, in the future, and we may not realize the intended benefits of such acquisitions or alliances.

We intend to acquire, through asset purchases or in-licensing, additional businesses or products, form strategic alliances and/or create joint ventures with third parties that we believe will complement or augment our existing business. If we acquire businesses or assets with promising markets or technologies, we may not be able to realize the benefit of acquiring such businesses or assets if we are unable to successfully integrate them with our existing operations and company culture. We may encounter numerous difficulties in developing, manufacturing and marketing any new products resulting from a strategic alliance or acquisition that delay or prevent us from realizing their expected benefits or enhancing our business. We cannot assure you that, following any such acquisition or alliance, we will achieve the expected synergies to justify the transaction. These risks apply to our acquisition of ProstaScint in May 2015, Primsol in October 2015 and Natesto in April 2016.

In fiscal 2016 and 2015, the great majority of our net revenue and gross accounts receivable were due to one significant customer, the loss of which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

During fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, one customer accounted for 86% and 83%, respectively, of our net revenue. At June 30, 2016 and 2015, this same customer accounted for 69% and 99%, respectively, of our gross accounts receivable. Although we have been growing our revenue, particularly in fiscal 2016, and launched Natesto after the close of fiscal 2016, and therefore expect to increase revenue and not be as reliant on this one customer, at least for fiscal 2017, and perhaps beyond, the loss of this customer could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our ability to operate our business effectively may suffer if we or Ampio terminate our services agreement, or if we are unable to establish on a cost-effective basis our own administrative and other support functions in order to operate as a stand-alone company after the expiration or termination of our services agreement with Ampio.

Prior to the Merger, we relied on administrative and other resources of Ampio to operate our business. We have entered into a services agreement to retain the ability for specified periods to use certain Ampio resources. We may elect to continue this agreement for an indefinite period of time. Any decision by us to terminate this agreement would be approved by disinterested members of our management and board of directors under our procedures regarding related party transactions. After the termination of this agreement, we will need to create our own administrative and other support systems or contract with third parties to replace Ampio’s services. These services may not be provided at the same level, and we may not be able to obtain the same benefits that we received prior to the separation. These services may not be sufficient to meet our needs, and if our agreement with Ampio is terminated, we may not be able to replace these services at all or obtain these services at prices and on terms as favorable as we currently have with Ampio. Any failure or significant downtime in our own administrative systems or in Ampio’s administrative systems during the transitional period could result in unexpected costs, impact our results or prevent us from paying our suppliers or employees and performing other administrative services on a timely basis.

We will need to develop and expand our company, and we may encounter difficulties in managing this development and expansion, which could disrupt our operations.

As of August 31, 2016, we had 58 full-time employees, and in connection with being a public company, we expect to continue to increase our number of employees and the scope of our operations. To manage our anticipated development and expansion, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Also, our management may need to divert a disproportionate amount of its attention away from its day-to-day activities and devote a substantial amount of time to managing these development activities. Due to our limited resources, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. This may result in weaknesses in our infrastructure, give rise to operational mistakes, loss of business opportunities, loss of employees and reduced productivity among remaining employees. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert

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financial resources from other projects, such as the planned expanded commercialization of our approved products and the development of our product candidates. If our management is unable to effectively manage our expected development and expansion, our expenses may increase more than expected, our ability to generate or increase our revenue could be reduced and we may not be able to implement our business strategy. Our future financial performance and our ability to expand the market for our approved products and develop our product candidates, if approved, and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to effectively manage the future development and expansion of our company.

We depend on key personnel and attracting qualified management personnel and our business could be harmed if we lose personnel and cannot attract new personnel.

Our success depends to a significant degree upon the technical and management skills of our officers and key personnel. Although our executive officers Joshua and Jarrett Disbrow and Jonathan McGrael have employment agreements, the existence of an employment agreement does not guarantee the retention of the executive officer for any period of time, and each agreement obligates us to pay the officer lump sum severance (two years' for Messrs. Disbrow and six months' for Mr. McGrael) if we terminate him without cause, as defined in the agreement, which could hurt our liquidity. The loss of the services of any of these individuals would likely have a material adverse effect on us. Our success also will depend upon our ability to attract and retain additional qualified management, marketing, technical, and sales executives and personnel. We do not maintain key person life insurance for any of our officers or key personnel. The loss of any of our key executives, or the failure to attract, integrate, motivate, and retain additional key personnel could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We compete for such personnel against numerous companies, including larger, more established companies with significantly greater financial resources than we possess. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in attracting or retaining such personnel, and the failure to do so could have a material adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

Product liability and other lawsuits could divert our resources, result in substantial liabilities and reduce the commercial potential of our product candidates.

The risk that we may be sued on product liability claims is inherent in the development and commercialization of pharmaceutical and medical device products. Side effects of, or manufacturing defects in, products that we develop and commercialized could result in the deterioration of a patient’s condition, injury or even death. Once a product is approved for sale and commercialized, the likelihood of product liability lawsuits increases. Claims may be brought by individuals seeking relief for themselves or by individuals or groups seeking to represent a class. These lawsuits may divert our management from pursuing our business strategy and may be costly to defend. In addition, if we are held liable in any of these lawsuits, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be forced to limit or forgo further commercialization of the affected products.

We may be subject to legal or administrative proceedings and litigation other than product liability lawsuits which may be costly to defend and could materially harm our business, financial condition and operations.

Although we maintain general liability, clinical trial liability and product liability insurance, this insurance may not fully cover potential liabilities. In addition, inability to obtain or maintain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or to otherwise protect against potential product or other legal or administrative liability claims could prevent or inhibit the commercial production and sale of any of our products and product candidates that receive regulatory approval, which could adversely affect our business. Product liability claims could also harm our reputation, which may adversely affect our collaborators’ ability to commercialize our products successfully.

In order to satisfy our obligations as a public company, we may need to hire additional qualified accounting and financial personnel with appropriate public company experience in the event that we no longer utilize the finance and administrative functions of Ampio.

As a public company, we must establish and maintain effective disclosure and financial controls. We may need to hire additional accounting and financial personnel with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge, and it may be difficult to recruit and maintain such personnel. Even if we are

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able to hire appropriate personnel, our existing operating expenses and operations will be impacted by the direct costs of their employment and the indirect consequences related to the diversion of management resources from product development efforts.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our third-party contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our product development programs.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our third-party contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we do not believe that we have experienced any such system failure, accident, or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a loss of clinical trial data for our product candidates which could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss of or damage to our data or applications or other data or applications relating to our technology or product candidates, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liabilities and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.

We are upgrading our enterprise resource planning system and may experience difficulties with the upgrade or after its full implementation.

As a result of the growth of our business, we needed to upgrade our enterprise resource planning, or ERP, system, which upgrade we began in July 2016. Our ERP system is critical to our ability to accurately maintain books and records, keep track of product inventory, marketing and sales, and prepare our financial statements. The implementation of the new ERP system will require additional investment of significant financial and human resources. In addition, we may not be able to successfully complete the full implementation of the ERP system without experiencing difficulties. Any disruptions, delays or deficiencies in the design and implementation of the new ERP system could adversely affect our ability to monitor our business and prepare our financial statements on an accurate and timely basis.

Our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.

As of June 30, 2016, we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $24.8 million. The available net operating losses, if not utilized to offset taxable income in future periods, will begin to expire in 2032 and will completely expire in 2035. Under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and the regulations promulgated thereunder, including, without limitation, the consolidated income tax return regulations, various corporate changes could limit our ability to use our net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes (such as research tax credits) to offset our income. Because Ampio’s equity ownership interest in our company fell to below 80% in January 2016, we will be deconsolidated from Ampio’s consolidated federal income tax group. As a result, certain of our net operating loss carryforwards may not be available to us and we may not be able to use them to offset our U.S. federal taxable income. As a consequence of the deconsolidation, it is possible that certain other tax attributes and benefits resulting from U.S. federal income tax consolidation may no longer be available to us. Our company and Ampio do not have a tax sharing agreement that could mitigate the loss of net operating losses and other tax attributes resulting from the deconsolidation or our incurrence of liability for the taxes of other members of the consolidated group by reason of the joint and several liability of group members. In addition to the deconsolidation risk, an “ownership change” (generally a 50% change (by value) in equity ownership over a three year period) under Section 382 of the Code could limit our ability to offset, post-change, our U.S. federal taxable income. Section 382 of the Code imposes an annual limitation on the amount of post-ownership change taxable income a corporation may offset with pre-ownership change net operating loss carryforwards and certain recognized built-in losses. Either the deconsolidation or the ownership change scenario could result in increased future tax liability to us.

Our historical financial information as a business conducted by Ampio may not be representative of our results as an independent public company.

The historical financial information included herein does not necessarily reflect what our financial position, operating results or cash flows would have been had we been an independent entity during the year ended

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June 30, 2015. The historical costs and expenses reflected in our financial statements include amounts for certain corporate functions historically provided by Ampio, including costs of finance and other administrative services, and income taxes. These expense allocations were developed on the basis of what we and Ampio considered to be reasonable prices for the utilization of services provided or the benefits received by us. The historical financial information in our audited financial statements may not be indicative of what our results of operations, financial position, changes in equity and cash flows would have been had we been a separate stand-alone entity during the periods presented or will be in the future. We have not made adjustments to reflect many significant changes that will occur in our cost structure, funding and operations as a result of our separation from Ampio, including changes in our employee base, changes in our tax structure, potential increased costs associated with reduced economies of scale and increased costs associated with being a publicly traded, stand-alone company, such as compliance costs, nor have we made offsetting adjustments to reflect the benefits of this offering, as these factors are presently difficult to quantify. These same risks will apply to the financial information of any business we acquire when it is included in our financial statements.

Risks Related to Securities Markets and Investment in our Securities

There is not now, and there may never be, an active and orderly trading market for our common stock.

An active trading market for our shares may never develop or be sustained. As a result, investors in our common stock must bear the economic risk of holding those shares for an indefinite period of time. Although our common stock is quoted on the OTCQX, an over-the-counter quotation system, trading of our common stock is extremely limited and sporadic and at very low volumes. We do not now, and may not in the future, meet the initial listing standards of any national securities exchange, and we presently anticipate that our common stock will continue to be quoted on the OTCQX or another over-the-counter quotation system for the foreseeable future. In those venues, our stockholders may find it difficult to obtain accurate quotations as to the market value of their shares of our common stock, and may find few buyers to purchase their stock and few market makers to support its price. As a result of these and other factors, you may be unable to resell your shares of our common stock at or above the price for which you purchased them, or at all. Further, an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling additional equity in the future, and may impair our ability to enter into strategic partnerships or acquire companies or products by using shares of our common stock as consideration.

Our ability to uplist our common stock to the NYSE MKT is subject to us meeting applicable listing criteria.

We intend to apply for our common stock to be listed on the NYSE MKT, a national securities exchange. The NYSE MKT requires companies desiring to list their common stock to meet certain listing criteria including total number of stockholders; minimum stock price, total value of public float, and in some cases total shareholders’ equity and market capitalization. Our failure to meet such applicable listing criteria could prevent us from listing our common stock on NYSE MKT. In the event we are unable to uplist our common stock, our common stock will continue to trade on the OTCQX market, which is generally considered less liquid and more volatile than the NYSE MKT. Our failure to uplist our common stock could make it more difficult for you to trade our common stock shares, could prevent our common stock trading on a frequent and liquid basis and could result in the value of our common stock being less than it would be if we were able to uplist.

If we apply and our common stock is accepted for uplisting on the NYSE MKT, our failure to meet the continued listing requirements of the NYSE MKT could result in a delisting of our common stock.

If our common stock were to be uplisted on the NYSE MKT, and thereafter we fail to satisfy the continued listing requirements of the NYSE MKT, such as the corporate governance requirements or the minimum closing bid price requirement, NYSE MKT may take steps to delist our common stock. Such a delisting would likely have a negative effect on the price of our common stock and would impair your ability to sell or purchase our common stock when you wish to do so. In the event of a delisting, we anticipate that we would take actions to restore our compliance with the NYSE MKT requirements, such exchange, stabilize our market price, improve the liquidity of our common stock, prevent our common stock from dropping below such exchange’s minimum bid price requirement, or prevent future non-compliance with such exchange’s listing requirements.

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If we fail to comply with the continued trading standards of the OTCQX U.S. Premier tier, it may result in our common stock moving tiers in the OTC Markets.

Our common stock is currently quoted for trading on the OTCQX U.S. Premier tier, and the continued quotation of our common stock on the OTCQX U.S. Premier tier is subject to our compliance with a number of standards. These standards include the requirement of our common stock to have a minimum bid price of $1.00 per share as of the close of business for at least one of every thirty consecutive calendar days.

Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and will be able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval.

At August 31, 2016, our executive officers, directors and entities affiliated with certain of our directors beneficially owned approximately 38% of our outstanding shares of common stock. Therefore, these stockholders have the ability to influence us through their ownership position. These stockholders may be able to determine the outcome of all matters requiring stockholder approval. For example, these stockholders may be able to control elections of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, or approval of any merger, sale of assets, or other major corporate transaction. This may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our common stock that you may feel are in your best interest as one of our stockholders.

The sale of shares of our common stock to Lincoln Park under the Purchase Agreement may cause substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and could cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Under the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park, we may sell to Lincoln Park, from time to time and under certain circumstances, up to $10,500,000 of our common stock over approximately 36 months subsequent to the effective date of the registration statement that covers the resale by Lincoln Park of up to 1,155,136 shares of our common stock issuable under the Purchase Agreement. As required under the Purchase Agreement and related registration rights agreement, we filed and had declared effective a registration statement for the resale by Lincoln Park of additional shares of our common stock that we may sell and issue to Lincoln Park. We may be required to file and have declared effective additional registration statements in connection with our Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park. Generally, with respect to the Purchase Agreement, we have the right, but no obligation, to direct Lincoln Park to periodically purchase up to $10,500,000 of our common stock in specific amounts under certain conditions, which periodic purchase amounts can be increased under specified circumstances.

Depending upon market liquidity at the time, sales of shares of our common stock to Lincoln Park may cause the trading price of our common stock to decline. Lincoln Park may ultimately purchase all, some or none of the $10,500,000 of common stock under the Purchase Agreement, and after it has acquired shares, Lincoln Park may sell all, some or none of those shares. Therefore, sales to Lincoln Park by us could result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. The sale of a substantial number of shares of our common stock to Lincoln Park, or the anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales. However, we have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares to Lincoln Park, and the Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time at our discretion without any cost to us.

We sold $500,000 of common stock to Lincoln Park in July 2016 when we executed the Purchase Agreement. As a result, as of the date of this prospectus we may sell an aggregate of $10,000,000 pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, assuming we meet the conditions required for sale.

Future sales and issuances of our equity securities or rights to purchase our equity securities, including pursuant to equity incentive plans, would result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, including pursuant to the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park, our stockholders may experience substantial dilution. We may, as we have in the past, sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or

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other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be further diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to existing stockholders.

Pursuant to our 2015 Stock Plan, our Board of Directors is authorized to award up to a total of 833,334 shares of common stock or options to purchase shares of common stock to our officers, directors, employees and non-employee consultants (which we intend to seek stockholder approval to increase to 2,000,000 shares at our 2016 annual meeting planned to be held on November 15, 2016). As of June 30, 2016, options to purchase 322,302 shares of common stock issued under our 2015 Stock Plan at a weighted average exercise price of $18.01 per share were outstanding. In addition, at June 30, 2016, there were outstanding warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,201,627 shares of our common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $6.19. Stockholders will experience dilution in the event that additional shares of common stock are issued under our 2015 Stock Plan, or options issued under our 2015 Stock Plan are exercised, or any warrants are exercised for shares of our common stock.

Our share price is volatile and may be influenced by numerous factors, some of which are beyond our control.

The trading price of our common stock is likely to be highly volatile, and could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. In addition to the factors discussed in this “Risk Factors” section and elsewhere in this prospectus, these factors include:

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In addition, the stock market in general, and the stocks of small-cap healthcare, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies in particular, have experienced extreme price and volume fluctuations that have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of these companies. Broad market and industry factors may negatively affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our actual operating performance. The realization of any of the above risks or any of a broad range of other risks, including those described in these “Risk Factors,” could have a dramatic and material adverse impact on the market price of our common stock.

FINRA sales practice requirements may limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our stock.

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, or FINRA, has adopted rules requiring that, in recommending an investment to a customer, a broker-dealer must have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer. Prior to recommending speculative or low-priced securities to their non institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA has indicated its belief that there is a high probability that speculative or low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. Because these FINRA requirements are applicable to our common stock, they may make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that at least some of their customers buy our common stock, which may limit the ability of our stockholders to buy and sell our common stock and could have an adverse effect on the market for and price of our common stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price and any trading volume could decline.

Any trading market for our common stock that may develop will depend in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on us or our business. If no securities or industry analysts commence coverage of our company, the trading price for our stock could be negatively affected. If securities or industry analysts initiate coverage, and one or more of those analysts downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and any trading volume to decline.

We have a substantial number of shares of authorized but unissued capital stock, and if we issue additional shares of our capital stock in the future, our existing stockholders will be diluted.

Our Certificate of Incorporation authorize the issuance of up to 100,000,000 shares of our common stock and up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock with the rights, preferences and privileges that our Board of Directors may determine from time to time. As of August 31, 2016, we had 5,070,591 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding, which represents approximately 5.1% of our total authorized shares of common stock. In addition to capital raising activities, which we expect to continue to pursue in order to raise the

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funding we will need in order to continue our operations, other possible business and financial uses for our authorized capital stock include, without limitation, future stock splits, acquiring other companies, businesses or products in exchange for shares of our capital stock, issuing shares of our capital stock to partners or other collaborators in connection with strategic alliances, attracting and retaining employees by the issuance of additional securities under our equity compensation plans, or other transactions and corporate purposes that our Board of Directors deems are in the best interest of our company. Additionally, shares of our capital stock could be used for anti-takeover purposes or to delay or prevent changes in control or our management. Any future issuances of shares of our capital stock may not be made on favorable terms or at all, they may not enhance stockholder value, they may have rights, preferences and privileges that are superior to those of our common stock, and they may have an adverse effect on our business or the trading price of our common stock. The issuance of any additional shares of our common stock will reduce the book value per share and may contribute to a reduction in the market price of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Additionally, any such issuance will reduce the proportionate ownership and voting power of all of our current stockholders.

Future sales and issuances of our common stock or rights to purchase common stock, including pursuant to our equity incentive plan or otherwise, could result in dilution of the percentage ownership of our stockholders and could cause our stock price to fall.

We expect that we will need significant additional capital in the future to continue our planned operations. To raise capital, we may sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors in a prior transaction may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Additionally, any such sales may result in material dilution to our existing stockholders, and new investors could gain rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of holders of our common stock. Further, any future sales of our common stock by us or resales of our common stock by our existing stockholders could cause the market price of our common stock to decline. Any future grants of options, warrants or other securities exercisable or convertible into our common stock, or the exercise or conversion of such shares, and any sales of such shares in the market, could have an adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Some provisions of our charter documents and applicable Delaware law may discourage an acquisition of us by others, even if the acquisition may be beneficial to some of our stockholders.

Provisions in our Certificate of Incorporation and Amended and Restated Bylaws, as well as certain provisions of Delaware law, could make it more difficult for a third-party to acquire us, even if doing so may benefit some of our stockholders. These provisions include:

These provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors, which is responsible for appointing the members of our management. In addition, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which generally prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any of a broad range of business combinations with an interested stockholder for a period of three years following the date on which the stockholder became an interested stockholder, unless such transactions are

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approved by the board of directors. This provision could have the effect of discouraging, delaying or preventing someone from acquiring us or merging with us, whether or not it is desired by or beneficial to our stockholders.

Any provision of our Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws or of Delaware law that is applicable to us that has the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control could limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their shares of our common stock in the event that a potentially beneficial acquisition is discouraged, and could also affect the price that some investors are willing to pay for our common stock.

The elimination of personal liability against our directors and officers under Delaware law and the existence of indemnification rights held by our directors, officers and employees may result in substantial expenses.

Our Certificate of Incorporation and our Bylaws eliminate the personal liability of our directors and officers to us and our stockholders for damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director or officer to the extent permissible under Delaware law. Further, our Certificate of Incorporation and our Bylaws and individual indemnification agreements we intend to enter with each of our directors and executive officers provide that we are obligated to indemnify each of our directors or officers to the fullest extent authorized by the Delaware law and, subject to certain conditions, advance the expenses incurred by any director or officer in defending any action, suit or proceeding prior to its final disposition. Those indemnification obligations could expose us to substantial expenditures to cover the cost of settlement or damage awards against our directors or officers, which we may be unable to afford. Further, those provisions and resulting costs may discourage us or our stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against any of our current or former directors or officers for breaches of their fiduciary duties, even if such actions might otherwise benefit our stockholders.

We do not intend to pay cash dividends on our capital stock in the foreseeable future.

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Any future payment of cash dividends in the future would depend on our financial condition, contractual restrictions, solvency tests imposed by applicable corporate laws, results of operations, anticipated cash requirements and other factors and will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Our stockholders should not expect that we will ever pay cash or other dividends on our outstanding capital stock.

There is not now and may not be an active liquid trading market for our publicly traded warrants.

There is no established active public trading market for our publicly traded warrants issued in May 2016 and that trade on the OTCQX. Although we plan to apply to have the warrants listed on the NYSE MKT, there is no assurance our application will be approved, or even if it is approved, that an active trading market will develop or if one develops that it will be maintained. Without an active market, the liquidity of the warrants will remain limited.

In the event we are unable to maintain an effective registration statement with respect to all of the shares issuable pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we may not be able to access the full amount available under the Purchase Agreement.

The registration statement we have filed with the SEC for the resale of shares issuable pursuant to the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park, does not register all of the shares issuable pursuant to the Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park. In order to access the Purchase Agreement beyond the shares offered thereunder, we must have an effective registration statement on file for any amount of shares in excess of the 1,155,136 shares registered and offered thereby. For us to issue additional shares pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we will have to file one or more registration statements for those additional shares. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to do so, or that the SEC will declare effective any registration statement that we may file. If we do not file and maintain an effective registration statement for the resale of additional shares issuable pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, we will be unable to access any additional funds that may be available under the Purchase Agreement. If we were unable to access a portion or the full remaining amount available to us under the Purchase Agreement, in the absence of any other financing sources, it would have a material adverse impact on our operations.

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Risks Related to this Offering

Investors in this offering will experience immediate and substantial dilution in net tangible book value.

The public offering price will be substantially higher than the net tangible book value per share of our outstanding shares of common stock. As a result, based upon the assumptions set forth in “Dilution”, investors purchasing shares in this offering will incur immediate dilution of $1.96 per share, based on an assumed public offering price of $2.90 per share (the closing price of our common stock as quoted on OTCQX on October 6, 2016). See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in our common stock will be diluted upon the completion of this offering.

We have not determined a specific use for a portion of the net proceeds from this offering, and we may use these proceeds in ways with which you may not agree.

While we currently intend to use the net proceeds received from this offering to (1) fund the final upfront payment of $4 million to Acerus under the license and supply agreement we entered into on April 22, 2016 to acquire Natesto; and (2) fund the further commercialization of Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol, the acquisition of complementary urology products and/or product candidates, completion of clinical development activities for the MiOXSYS system, and for working capital and for other general corporate purposes, our management will have considerable discretion in the application of the proceeds received in connection with this offering. You will not have the opportunity, as part of your investment decision, to assess whether the proceeds are being used appropriately. You must rely on the judgment of our management regarding the application of the net proceeds of this offering. The net proceeds may be used for corporate purposes that do not improve our profitability or increase our share price. The net proceeds from this offering may also be placed in investments that do not produce income or lose value.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock following this offering may adversely affect the market price of our common stock and the issuance of additional shares will dilute all other stockholders.

Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or otherwise following this offering, or the perception that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of our common stock. After completion of this offering, our existing security holders will own approximately     % of our common stock assuming there is no exercise of the underwriters’ over-allotment option.

After completion of this offering, there will be approximately      shares of our common stock outstanding. In addition, our Certificate of Incorporation permits the issuance of up to approximately      additional shares of common stock after the completion of this offering, as well as up to 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock. Thus, we have the ability to issue substantial amounts of common stock in the future, which would dilute the percentage ownership held by the investors who purchase shares of our common stock in this offering.

We and our officers, directors and certain stockholders have agreed, subject to customary exceptions, not to, without the prior written consent of the Representative during the period ending 180 days from the date of this offering in the case of our directors and officers and 90 days from the date of this offering in the case of us and certain stockholders, directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell, pledge or otherwise transfer or dispose of any of shares of our common stock, enter into any swap or other derivatives transaction that transfers to another any of the economic benefits or risks of ownership of shares of our common stock, make any demand for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration statement, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration of any shares of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for our common stock or any other securities of ours or publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing. After the lock-up agreements with our directors and officers pertaining to this offering expire 180 days from the date of this offering unless waived earlier by the managing underwriter, all of our outstanding shares will be eligible for sale in the public market. Sales of a significant number of these shares of common stock in the public market could reduce the market price of the common stock.

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The warrants are speculative in nature.

The warrants to be issued to investors in this offering do not confer any rights of common stock ownership on their holders, such as voting rights or the right to receive dividends, but rather merely represent the right to purchase shares of common stock at a fixed price for a limited period of time. Specifically, commencing on the date of issuance, holders of the warrants may exercise their right to acquire shares of common stock at an exercise price of $6.00 per share, prior to 5:00 p.m., New York time, on May 2, 2021, after which date any unexercised warrants will expire and have no further value. There can be no assurance that the market price of the common stock will ever equal or exceed the exercise price of the warrants, and consequently, whether it will ever be profitable for holders of the warrants to exercise the warrants.

In the event we are unable to maintain an effective registration statement with respect to the shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants, holders of the warrants may be unable to exercise the warrants.

No warrants will be exercisable unless at the time of exercise a prospectus relating to common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants is current and the common stock has been registered or qualified or deemed to be exempt under the federal securities laws and the securities laws of the state of residence of the holder of the warrants. Under the terms of the warrant agent agreement, we have agreed to meet these conditions and use our reasonable and best efforts to maintain a current prospectus relating to common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants until the exercise or expiration of the warrants. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to do so, and if we do not maintain a current prospectus related to the common stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants, holders may be unable to exercise their warrants. If the prospectus relating to the common stock issuable upon the exercise of the warrants is not current or if the common stock is not qualified or exempt from qualification in the jurisdictions in which the holders of the warrants reside, the warrant will only be exercisable on a cashless basis, as described in the warrant agent agreement.

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus, including the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Business,” contains forward-looking statements that are based on our management’s belief and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are reasonable, these statements relate to future events or our future financial performance, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements in this prospectus include, but are not limited to, statements about:

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “anticipates,” “believes,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These statements are only predictions. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements because they involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which are, in some cases, beyond our control and which could materially affect results. Factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from current expectations include, among other things, those listed under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus. Actual events or results may vary significantly from those implied or projected by the forward-looking statements. No forward-looking statement is a guarantee of future performance. You should read this prospectus, and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from any future results expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements.

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The forward-looking statements in this prospectus represent our views as of the date of this prospectus. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should therefore not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this prospectus.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that the maximum net proceeds from the sale of the shares of common stock we are offering will be approximately $12.5 million (or approximately $14.4 million if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase additional shares of common stock and/or warrants), after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering costs payable by us.

We estimate that we will use the proceeds from this offering as follows:

Use of Proceeds		Minimum Offering Amount				Maximum Offering Amount
1. Contractual payment to Acerus(1)		$	4,000,000			$	4,000,000
2. Further commercialization of Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol		$	3,500,000			$	5,000,000
3. Potential acquisition(s) of complementary urology products(2)		$	—			$	4,000,000
4. Remaining clinical development of Mioxsys		$	500,000			$	500,000
5. Working capital for general corporate and administrative expenses		$	500,000			$	900,000
Total		$	8,500,000			$	14,400,000

The amounts and timing of our use of the net proceeds from this offering will depend on a number of factors, such as the timing and progress of our research and development efforts, the timing and progress of any collaborative or strategic partnering efforts, and the competitive environment for our planned products. As of the date of this prospectus, we cannot specify with certainty all of the particular uses for the net proceeds to us from this offering. Accordingly, our management will have broad discretion in the timing and application of these proceeds. Pending application of the net proceeds as described above, we intend to temporarily invest the proceeds in short-term, interest-bearing instruments.

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MARKET FOR COMMON STOCK

Our common stock is quoted on the OTCQX under the symbol “AYTU.” Prior to December 14, 2015, our common stock was quoted on the OTCQB Market. The following table sets forth the range of bid and asked closing quotations for our common stock on the OTCQX or OTCQB, for the periods shown. The quotations represent inter-dealer prices without retail markup, markdown or commission, and may not necessarily represent actual transactions.

		Year Ended June 30, 2015
		High				Low
First Quarter		$	29.40			$	24.12
Second Quarter		$	27.72			$	27.72
Third Quarter		$	36.48			$	23.40
Fourth Quarter		$	141.72			$	29.16

		Year Ending June 30, 2016
		High				Low
First Quarter		$	57.00			$	55.56
Second Quarter		$	57.00			$	37.68
Third Quarter		$	42.00			$	6.72
Fourth Quarter		$	7.32			$	3.60

		Year Ended June 30, 2017
		High				Low
First Quarter		$	5.00			$	3.01
Second Quarter (through October 6, 2016)		$	3.18			$	2.90

On October 6, 2016, the closing price as reported on the OTCQX of our common stock was $2.90. As of October 6, 2016, there were 473 holders of record of our common stock.

We intend to apply to list our common stock on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “AYTU” once we meet NYSE listing standards. We believe that we will qualify, and intend to list our common stock and warrants on the NYSE MKT, upon securing at least $8,500,000 in gross proceeds from this offering and achieving a per share closing price of $3.00 or greater for our stock. In case our stock price does not reach this level otherwise, we plan to seek stockholder approval in November 2016 for a reverse stock split to help us meet the stock price listing standard. However, it is not clear when, or if, we will meet the NYSE listing standards.

Equity Compensation Plan Information

In June 2015, our shareholders approved the adoption of a stock and option award plan (the “2015 Plan”), under which 833,334 shares were reserved for future issuance under restricted stock awards, options, and other equity awards. The 2015 Plan permits grants of equity awards to employees, directors and consultants. The following table displays equity compensation plan information as of June 30, 2016.

Plan Category		Number of Securities to be Issued upon Exercise of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (a)				Weighted-Average Exercise Price of Outstanding Options, Warrants and Rights (b)				Number of Securities Remaining Available for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans (Excluding Securities Reflected in Column (a)) (c)
Equity compensation plans approved by security holders			322,302			$	18.01				511,032
Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders			162,746				4.49				—
Total			485,048			$	13.47				511,032

The above table excludes all grants of equity awards to employees, directors and consultants after June 30, 2016. In connection with our private placement of approximately $4.7 million of common stock in 2013, we were obligated to issue to the placement agent warrants to purchase 8,553 shares of our common stock. The placement agent warrants have a term of five years from the date of issuance and an exercise price of $54.36.

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In connection with our private placement of approximately $5.2 million of convertible notes in July and August 2015, we were obligated to issue to the placement agents’ warrants for an amount of shares equal to 8% of the number of shares of our common stock issued upon conversion of the notes and any accrued interest. The placement agents’ warrants have a term of five years from the date of issuance of the related notes in July and August 2015, an exercise price equal to 100% of the price per share at which equity securities were sold in our next equity financing, and provide for cashless exercise. Those warrants were not approved by our stockholders. In connection with the conversions of the notes in February 2016 and May 2016, which were triggered by an equity financing in January 2016 and our public offering of common stock and warrants in May 2016, respectively, we issued warrants to the placement agents to purchase an aggregate of 22,254 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $7.80 per share, and an aggregate of 22,564 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $4.80 per share. In connection with our May 2016 public offering, we issued warrants to purchase an aggregate of 109,375 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $6.00 to the underwriters of the public offering.

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have not paid any cash dividends on our common stock and our Board of Directors presently intends to continue a policy of retaining earnings, if any, for use in our operations. The declaration and payment of dividends in the future, of which there can be no assurance, will be determined by the Board of Directors in light of conditions then existing, including earnings, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors. Delaware law prohibits us from declaring dividends where, if after giving effect to the distribution of the dividend:

Except as set forth above, there are no restrictions that currently materially limit our ability to pay dividends or which we reasonably believe are likely to limit materially the future payment of dividends on common stock.

Our Board of Directors has the right to authorize the issuance of preferred stock, without further stockholder approval, the holders of which may have preferences over the holders of our common stock as to payment of dividends.

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DILUTION

If you purchase shares in this offering, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the public offering price per share and the net tangible book value per share of our common stock after this offering. Our net tangible book value as of June 30, 2016 was $(3,689,738) million, or $(0.99) per share of common stock. “Net tangible book value” is total assets minus the sum of liabilities and intangible assets. “Net tangible book value per share” is net tangible book value divided by the total number of shares of common stock outstanding.

After giving effect to the sale by us in this offering of an assumed 4,310,345 shares and warrants to purchase 2,155,172 shares of common stock at an assumed offering price of $2.90 per share (the closing price of our common stock as quoted on OTCQX on October 6, 2016) and after deducting the estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses that we will pay, our net tangible book value as of June 30, 2016 would have been approximately $7,585,262, or $0.94 per share of common stock. This amount represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $1.93 per share to existing stockholders and an immediate dilution of $1.96 per share to purchasers in this offering.

The following table illustrates the dilution:

Assumed offering price per share		$	2.90
Net tangible book value per share as of June 30, 2016		$	(0.99	)
Increase in net tangible book value per share attributable to this offering		$	1.93
Pro forma net tangible book value per share after this offering		$	0.94
Dilution per share to new investors		$	1.96

This table:

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Based on the table above, if the underwriters exercise in full their option to purchase 646,552 additional shares and/or additional warrants, our net tangible book value per share after giving effect to this offering would be $1.07 per share, which amount represents an immediate increase in net tangible book value of $2.06.

If we issue any additional shares in connection with outstanding options or warrants, there will be additional dilution.

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our cash and cash equivalents and our capitalization as of June 30, 2016 on:

You should read this table in conjunction with “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our audited financial statements for the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015, and the related notes thereto, included in this prospectus.

		At June 30, 2016
		Actual				Adjustments for shares issued in the quarter ended September 2016				As Adjusted for shares issued in the quarter ended September 2016				Adjustments for Offering				Pro Forma Adjusted for the Offering
Cash and cash equivalents		$	8,054,190			$	631,480				8,685,670			$	12,225,000			$	20,910,670
Long-term debt			—				—				—				—				—
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock, $0.001 par value: 100,000,000 shares authorized, actual, as adjusted and pro forma; 3,741,944 shares issued and outstanding, actual, 5,110,591 shares issued and outstanding, as adjusted, and 9,420,936 shares issued and outstanding, pro forma as adjusted			374				137				511				432				943
Additional paid-in capital			56,646,304				4,371,353				61,017,657				12,224,568				73,242,225
Accumulated deficit			(46,561,425	)			—				(46,561,425	)			—				(46,561,425	)
Total stockholder’s equity			10,085,253				4,371,490				14,456,743				12,225,000				26,681,743
Total capitalization		$	10,085,253			$	4,371,490			$	14,456,743			$	12,225,000			$	26,681,743

The number of shares to be outstanding immediately after giving effect to this offering as shown above is based on 3,741,944 shares outstanding as of June 30, 2016 and:

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

We are a commercial-stage specialty pharmaceutical company concentrating on developing and commercializing products with an initial focus on urological diseases and conditions. We are currently focused on addressing significant medical needs in the areas of hypogonadism, urological cancers, urinary tract infections and male infertility.

Through a multi-step reverse triangular merger, on April 16, 2015, Vyrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Vyrix”) and Luoxis Diagnostics, Inc. (“Luoxis”) merged with and into our Company (herein referred to as the Merger) and we abandoned our pre-merger business plans to solely pursue the specialty healthcare market, including the business of Vyrix and Luoxis. In the Merger, we acquired the RedoxSYS, MiOXSYS and Zertane products. On June 8, 2015, we reincorporated as a domestic Delaware corporation under Delaware General Corporate Law and changed our name from Rosewind Corporation to Aytu BioScience, Inc., and effected a reverse stock split in which each common stock holder received one share of common stock for every 12.174 shares outstanding. On June 30, 2016, we effected another reverse stock split in which each common stock holder received one share of common stock for each 12 shares. All share and per share amounts in this prospectus have been adjusted to reflect the effect of these two reverse stock splits (herein referred to collectively as the Reverse Stock Splits).

In May 2015, we entered into an asset purchase agreement with Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc., pursuant to which we purchased assets related to Jazz Pharmaceuticals’ product known as ProstaScint (capromab pendetide), including certain intellectual property and contracts, and the product approvals, inventory and work in progress (together, the “ProstaScint Business”), and assumed certain of Jazz Pharmaceuticals’ liabilities, including those related to product approvals and the sale and marketing of ProstaScint. The purchase price consisted of the upfront payment of $1.0 million. We also paid an additional $500,000 within five days after transfer for the ProstaScint-related product inventory and $227,000 on September 30, 2015 (which represents a portion of certain FDA fees). We also will pay 8% on net sales made after October 31, 2017, payable up to a maximum aggregate payment of an additional $2.5 million.

In October 2015, we entered into an asset purchase agreement with FSC Laboratories, Inc., or FSC. Pursuant to the agreement, we purchased assets related to FSC’s product known as Primsol (trimethoprim solution), including certain intellectual property and contracts, inventory, work in progress and all marketing and sales assets and materials related solely to Primsol (together, the “Primsol Business”), and assumed certain of FSC’s liabilities, including those related to the sale and marketing of Primsol arising after the closing. We paid $500,000 at closing for the Primsol Business and we paid an additional $142,000, of which $102,000 went to inventory and $40,000 towards the Primsol Business, for the transfer of the Primsol-related product inventory. We also paid $500,000 on April 1, 2016 and $500,000 on July 1, 2016, and must pay $250,000, which we anticipate paying in October 2016 (together, the “Installment Payments”), for a total purchase price of $1,892,000.

In October 2015, we and Biovest International, Inc., or Biovest, (whose contract manufacturing business is now known as Cell Culture Company, or C3) entered into a Master Services Agreement, pursuant to which Biovest is to provide manufacturing services to us for our product ProstaScint. The agreement provides that we may engage Biovest from time to time to provide services in accordance with mutually agreed upon project addendums and purchase orders for ProstaScint. We expect to use the agreement from time to time for manufacturing services, including without limitation, the manufacturing, processing, quality control testing, release or storage of ProstaScint. The agreement provides customary terms and conditions, including those for performance of services by Biovest in compliance with project addendums, industry standards, regulatory standards and all applicable laws. Biovest will be responsible for obtaining and maintaining all governmental approvals, at our expense, during the term of the agreement. The agreement has a term of four years, provided that either party may terminate the agreement or any project addendum under the agreement on 30 days written notice of a material breach under the agreement. In addition, we may terminate the agreement or any project addendum under the agreement upon 180 days written notice for any reason.

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In April 2016, we entered into a license and supply agreement to acquire the exclusive U.S. rights to Natesto nasal gel from Acerus Pharmaceuticals Corporation, or Acerus, which rights we received on July 1, 2016. We paid Acerus an upfront fee of $2.0 million upon execution of the agreement. On or around October 3, 2016 we will pay an additional $2.0 million. On January 1, 2017, we will pay an additional $4.0 million. We also purchased on April 28, 2016, an aggregate of 12,245,411 shares of Acerus common stock for Cdn. $2,534,800 (approximately US $2.0 million), with a purchase price per share equal to Cdn. $0.207 or approximately US $0.16 per share. We could not dispose of these shares until after August 29, 2016 and have not yet sold any of these shares. We also agreed to make various payments up to an aggregate of $37.5 million based on net sales of Natesto. During the term of the agreement, we will purchase all of our Natesto product needs from Acerus at a designated price.

In May 2016, we sold in an underwritten public offering 1,562,500 shares of our common stock, par value $0.0001 per share, and warrants to purchase up to an aggregate 1,562,500 shares of common stock at a combined public offering price of $4.80 per share and related warrant. Each warrant is exercisable for five years from issuance and has an exercise price equal to $6.00. In addition, we granted the underwriters a 45-day option to purchase up to an additional 234,375 shares of common stock and/or 234,375 additional warrants. The underwriters elected a partial exercise of their over-allotment option to purchase 170,822 warrants. The net cash proceeds from the sale of the shares and warrants were approximately $6.6 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses.

In July 2016, we entered into a purchase agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”), together with a registration rights agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”),. Upon signing the Purchase Agreement, Lincoln Park agreed to purchase 133,690 shares of our common stock for $500,000 as an initial purchase under the agreement. We also issued as a commitment fee to Lincoln Park of 52,500 shares of common stock.

Under the terms and subject to the conditions of the Purchase Agreement, we have the right to sell to and Lincoln Park is obligated to purchase up to an additional $10.0 million in amounts of shares of our common stock, subject to certain limitations, from time to time, over the 36-month period commencing on the date that a registration statement, which we agreed to file with the SEC pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, is declared effective by the SEC and a final prospectus in connection therewith is filed. We have filed the required registration statement and it has been declared effective by the SEC.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have financed operations through a combination of private and public debt and equity financings including net proceeds from the private placements of stock and convertible notes. Although it is difficult to predict our liquidity requirements, based upon our current operating plan, as of the date of this prospectus, we believe we will have sufficient cash to meet our projected operating requirements for only the next several months. See “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

We have only begun to generate revenues from the commercialization of our product candidates in the last fiscal year. We have recognized approximately $2.1 million in revenue from ProstaScint, Primsol and RedoxSYS sales during fiscal 2016. We have incurred accumulated net losses since our inception, and at June 30, 2016, we had an accumulated deficit of $46.6 million. Our net loss was $28.2 million for fiscal 2016 and we used $10.7 million in cash from operations during that year.

Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates

Information regarding our Significant Accounting Policies and Estimates is contained in Note 2 to the Financial Statements.

Newly Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Information regarding the recently issued accounting standards (adopted and not adopted as of June 30, 2016) is contained in Note 2 to the Financial Statements.

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Results of Operations — June 30, 2016 Compared to June 30, 2015

Results of operations for the year ended June 30, 2016 (“fiscal 2016”) and the year ended June 30, 2015 (“fiscal 2015”) reflected losses of approximately $28.2 million and $7.7 million, respectively.

Revenue

Product and service revenue

The total product and service revenue recognized during 2016 was $2.1 million, related to the sale of our products ProstaScint and Primsol, as well as the RedoxSYS and MiOXSYS Systems. The product and service revenue in fiscal 2015 was $176,000 which was from the ProstaScint product and the RedoxSYS System. The increase in product revenue of over 1000% from fiscal 2015 to 2016 is due to our acquisitions of those products, which occurred late in fiscal 2015 and early fiscal 2016, respectively, and expanded marketing of those products.

As is customary in the pharmaceutical industry, our gross product sales are subject to a variety of deductions in arriving at reported net product sales. Provisions for these deductions are recorded concurrently with the recognition of gross product sales revenue and include discounts, chargebacks, distributor fees, processing fees, as well as allowances for returns and Medicaid rebates. Provision balances relating to estimated amounts payable to direct customers are netted against accounts receivable and balances relating to indirect customers are included in accounts payable and accrued liabilities. The provisions recorded to reduce gross product sales and net product sales are as follows:

		Year Ended June 30,
		2016				2015
Gross product and service revenue		$	2,657,000			$	178,000
Provisions to reduce gross product sales to net product and service sales			(606,000	)			(2,000	)
Net product and service revenue		$	2,051,000			$	176,000
Percentage of provisions to gross sales			22.8	%			1.1	%

License revenue

During fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, we recognized $512,000 and $86,000, respectively, in license revenue. In 2012, we received a payment of $500,000 for our license agreement of Zertane with a Korean pharmaceutical company. This payment was deferred and was being recognized over 10 years. In 2014, we received a payment of $250,000 for our license agreement of Zertane with a Canadian-based supplier. This payment was deferred and was being recognized over seven years. At June 30, 2016, Aytu determined that the Zertane asset has no value as Aytu does not have the resources to complete the necessary clinical trials and bring it to market before the patents expire. Therefore, the remaining unamortized deferred revenue of $426,000 which was outstanding as of the date it was determined not to proceed with the clinical trials was recognized as of June 30, 2016.

Expenses

Cost of Sales

The cost of sales of $957,000 and $88,000 recognized for fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively, are related to the ProstaScint and Primsol products and the RedoxSYS and MiOXSYS Systems. We expect to see cost of sales to continue to increase in the year ending June 30, 2017 (“fiscal 2017”) as we expect our sales to continue to grow.

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Research and Development

Research and development costs consist of clinical trials and sponsored research, manufacture transfer expense, labor, stock-based compensation, sponsored research — related party and consultants and other. These costs relate solely to research and development without an allocation of general and administrative expenses and are summarized as follows:

		Year Ended June 30,
		2016				2015
Manufacturing tech transfer		$	3,304,000			$	—
Clinical trials and sponsored research			2,278,000				2,244,000
Labor			427,000				411,000
Stock-based compensation			89,000				517,000
Sponsored research – related party			192,000				204,000
Consultants and other			30,000				47,000
		$	6,320,000			$	3,423,000

Comparison of Years Ended June 30, 2016 and 2015

Research and development expenses increased $2.9 million, or 84.6%, in fiscal 2016 over fiscal 2015. This was due primarily to switching our manufacturing process for our ProstaScint product to a new manufacturer, which is still in progress as of June 30, 2016 offset by a $428,000 reduction in stock-based compensation. We expect that the research and development expenses will decrease in fiscal 2017 as compared to fiscal 2016 since the transfer of the ProstaScint manufacturing is almost complete and since we should have no more clinical cost related to Zertane.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist of personnel costs for employees in executive, business development and operational functions and director fees; stock-based compensation; patents and intellectual property; professional fees including legal, auditing, accounting, investor relations, shareholder expense and printing and filing of SEC reports; occupancy, travel and other including rent, governmental and regulatory compliance, insurance, and professional subscriptions. These costs are summarized as follows:

		Year Ended June 30,
		2016				2015
Labor		$	3,684,000			$	979,000
Stock-based compensation			814,000				500,000
Patent costs			303,000				488,000
Professional fees			1,630,000				1,440,000
Occupancy, travel and other			2,086,000				619,000
Management fee – related party			308,000				311,000
		$	8,825,000			$	4,337,000

Comparison of Years Ended June 30, 2016 and 2015

General and administrative costs increased $4.5 million, or 103.5%, in fiscal 2016 over fiscal 2015. The increase in labor costs, stock-based compensation, and occupancy, travel and other primarily relates to increased costs related to the increase in professional staffing during fiscal 2016 as compared to fiscal 2015, bonuses earned, increased travel expense and stock options granted as well as the continuing vesting of stock option awards granted in previous years. We expect general and administrative expenses to increase in fiscal 2017 due to the expected overall growth of our company.

Impairment of Intangible Assets

Impairment of intangible assets was $7.5 million for fiscal 2016 related to the impairment of the Zertane in process research and development (IPRD) (see Note 2 to the financial statements). We did not recognize any impairment expense in fiscal 2015.

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Amortization of Intangible Assets

Amortization of intangible assets was $665,000 and $45,000 for fiscal 2016 and fiscal 2015, respectively. This expense increased due to the acquisition of the ProstaScint and Primsol businesses in late fiscal 2015 and early fiscal 2016, respectively, and the corresponding amortization of their finite-lived intangible assets. As we continue to license and purchase additional assets as part of our business strategy we would expect this non-cash expense to continue to grow.

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

During fiscal 2016, our operating activities used $10.7 million in cash. The use of cash was approximately $17.5 million lower than the net loss due primarily to non-cash charges for asset impairment, amortization of the beneficial conversion feature, stock-based compensation, depreciation, amortization and accretion, unrecognized loss on investment, noncash interest expense, amortization of prepaid research and development related party, an increase in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and an increase accrued compensation offset by an increase to inventory and a decrease to deferred revenue.

During fiscal 2015, our operating activities used $6.6 million in cash. The use of cash was approximately $1.1 million lower than the net loss due primarily to non-cash charges for stock-based compensation, depreciation and amortization, amortization of prepaid research and development-related party, an increase in accounts payable and an increase in contingent consideration related to the ProstaScint asset purchase. Cash used in operating activities also included a $24,000 deferred tax benefit and a $607,000 decrease in payable to Ampio.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

During fiscal 2016, cash was used to acquire Natesto, Primsol, our investment in Acerus, the purchase of fixed assets as well as the refund of a deposit for office space.

During fiscal 2015, cash was used to acquire ProstaScint as well as deposits for office space.

Net Cash from Financing Activities

Net cash of $16.7 million provided by financing activities during fiscal 2016 was primarily related to our registered public offering of $7.5 million of common stock and warrants offset by issuance costs of $905,000, the issuance of convertible promissory notes which reflects gross proceeds of $5.2 million offset by the cash portion of the debt issuance costs of $298,000, as well as the $5.0 million stock subscription payment from Ampio and $200,000 for a sale of stock subscriptions in January 2016 as well as the issuance costs of $30,000 related to the debt conversion.

Net cash provided by financing activities in fiscal 2015 was $12.4 million which reflects a $7.4 million loan from Ampio which was later converted to stock, a $5.0 million stock subscription payment from Ampio, $27,000 paid out to Luoxis option holders pursuant to the Merger and $20,000 paid out for liabilities pursuant to the Merger.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

Information regarding our Contractual Obligations and Commitments is contained in Note 7 to the Financial Statements.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We are a relatively young company and we have not yet generated substantial revenue as our primary activities are focused on commercializing our approved products, acquiring products and developing our product candidates, and raising capital. As of June 30, 2016, we had cash and cash equivalents totaling $8.1 million available to fund our operations offset by an aggregate of $8.9 million in accounts payable and accrued liabilities and the Natesto payables. In April 2016, we spent $2.0 million for the Natesto licensing agreement and approximately $2.0 million to purchase 12,245,411 shares of Acerus common stock. We have a remaining commitment of $6.0 million during fiscal year 2017. In May 2016, we completed a registered public offering of common stock and warrants for $6.3 million in proceeds, net of expenses. Based upon our resources at June 30, 2016, and assuming we can access the $10.0 million purchase agreement with

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Lincoln Park Capital entered into in July 2016, we believe we have adequate capital to continue operations into the second quarter of fiscal 2017. We intend to raise up to an additional $12.5 million in fiscal 2017, which, if successful, we believe would provide adequate capital to continue operations through fiscal 2017 and into 2018. We also intend to seek additional capital within the next 12 months to help acquire new products as well as to support general operations. We will evaluate the capital markets from time to time to determine when to raise additional capital in the form of equity, convertible debt or other financing instruments, depending on market conditions relative to our need for funds at such time. We will seek to raise additional capital at such time as we conclude that such capital is available on terms that we consider to be in the best interests of our Company and our stockholders.

We have prepared a budget for fiscal 2017 which reflects cash requirements from operations of approximately $3.0 million per quarter. Depending on the availability of capital, we may expend additional funds for the purchase of assets and commercialization of products. Accordingly, it may be necessary to raise additional capital and/or enter into licensing or collaboration agreements. At this time, we expect to satisfy our future cash needs through private or public sales of our securities or debt financings. We cannot be certain that financing will be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Over the last three years, including recently, volatility in the financial markets has adversely affected the market capitalizations of many bioscience companies and generally made equity and debt financing more difficult to obtain. This volatility, coupled with other factors, may limit our access to additional financing.

If we cannot raise adequate additional capital in the future when we require it, we could be required to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate one or more of our commercialization efforts or our research or development programs. We also may be required to relinquish greater or all rights to product candidates at less favorable terms than we would otherwise choose. This may lead to impairment or other charges, which could materially affect our balance sheet and operating results.

Going Concern

The continuation of our business is dependent upon obtaining further financing and achieving a break even or profitable level of operations in our business. The issuance of additional equity securities by us could result in a significant dilution in the equity interests of our current or future stockholders. Obtaining commercial loans, assuming those loans would be available, will increase our liabilities and future cash commitments. There are no assurances that we will be able to obtain additional financing through private placements and/or bank financing or other means necessary to support our working capital requirements. To the extent that funds generated from operations and any private placements, public offerings and/or bank financing are insufficient, we will have to raise additional working capital. No assurance can be given that additional financing will be available, or if available, will be on terms acceptable to us. These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have off-balance sheet arrangements, financings, or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons, also known as “variable interest entities.”

Impact of Inflation

In general, we believe that our operating expenses can be negatively impacted by increases in the cost of clinical trials due to inflation and rising health care costs.

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BUSINESS

Overview

We are a commercial-stage specialty pharmaceutical company focused on acquiring, developing and commercializing novel products in the field of urology. We have multiple urology-focused products on the market, and we seek to build a portfolio of novel therapeutics that serve large medical needs in the field of urology. We are initially concentrating on hypogonadism, prostate cancer, urinary tract infections, and male infertility and plan to expand into other urological indications for which there are significant medical needs.

We recently acquired exclusive U.S. rights to Natesto® (testosterone), a novel formulation of testosterone delivered via a discreet, easy-to-use nasal gel, and we launched Natesto in the United States with our direct sales force in July 2016. Natesto is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the treatment of hypogonadism (low testosterone) in men and is the only testosterone replacement therapy, or TRT, delivered via a nasal gel. Natesto offers multiple advantages over currently available TRTs and competes in a $2.4 billion market. Importantly, as Natesto is delivered via the nasal mucosa and not the skin, there is no risk of testosterone transference to others, a known potential side effect and black box warning associated with all other topically applied TRTs, including the market leader AndroGel®.

We currently market ProstaScint® (capromab pendetide), the only radioimaging agent indicated to detect the prostate specific membrane antigen, or PSMA, in the assessment and staging of prostate cancer. ProstaScint is approved by the FDA for use in both newly diagnosed, high-risk prostate cancer patients and patients with recurrent prostate cancer. We also market Primsol® (trimethoprim hydrochloride) — the only FDA-approved trimethoprim-only oral solution for urinary tract infections.

We have a focused pipeline, including primarily MiOXSYS, a novel in vitro diagnostic device that is currently CE marked (which generally enables it to be sold within the European Economic Area (see “Business — Foreign Regulatory Approval”)) and for which we intend to initiate a final clinical study to enable FDA clearance in the U.S.

Our MiOXSYS system is a novel, point-of-care semen analysis system with the potential to become a standard of care in the diagnosis and management of male infertility. Male infertility is a prevalent and underserved condition and oxidative stress is widely implicated in its pathophysiology. MiOXSYS was developed from our core oxidation-reduction potential research platform known as RedoxSYS®. We are advancing MiOXSYS toward FDA clearance and, as of the date of this prospectus, we will need to raise additional funding to complete the required clinical study.

In the future we will look to acquire additional urology products, including existing products we believe can offer distinct commercial advantages. Our management team’s prior experience has involved identifying clinical assets that can be re-launched to increase value, with a focused commercial infrastructure specializing in urology.

Natesto® (testosterone).

On April 22, 2016, we entered into an agreement to acquire the exclusive U.S. rights to Natesto^TM (testosterone) nasal gel from Acerus Pharmaceuticals Corporation, or Acerus, which rights we acquired on July 1, 2016. Natesto is a patented, FDA-approved testosterone replacement therapy, or TRT, and is the only nasally-administered formulation of testosterone available in the United States. Natesto is a discreet, easy-to-administer nasal gel that may be appropriate for men with active lifestyles as Natesto is small, portable, Transportation Security Administration, or TSA-compliant, and easy to use. Importantly, Natesto is not applied directly to the patient’s skin as other topically applied TRTs are. Rather, it is delivered directly into the nasal mucosa via a proprietary nasal applicator. Thus, Natesto does not carry a black box warning related to testosterone transference to a man’s female partner or children — as other topically (primarily gels and solutions) administered TRTs do by virtue of their delivery directly onto the skin. We launched Natesto in the U.S. in July 2016 with our direct sales force, and we are positioning Natesto as the ideal treatment solution for men with active, busy lifestyles who suffer from hypogonadism.

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ProstaScint® (capromab pendetide).

We became a commercial stage company by virtue of our acquisition of ProstaScint in May 2015 and are generating sales of this FDA-approved prostate cancer imaging agent. As prostate cancer is a condition commonly diagnosed and treated by urologists, ProstaScint complements our urology-focused product portfolio and pipeline. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the United States, with an estimated 241,000 annual cases (as of 2012). Further, more than 2,200,000 men were alive in 2006 with some history of prostate cancer, and over 30,000 U.S. men die each year from the disease. The effect of prostate cancer on healthcare economics is substantial, which makes the need for accurate disease staging critical for treatment and management strategies. The U.S. market for the diagnosis and screening of prostate cancer is expected to total $17.4 billion by 2017, a compound annual growth rate, or CAGR, of 7.5% since 2012.

Primsol® (trimethoprim solution).

On October 5, 2015, we purchased Primsol from FSC Laboratories, Inc. Primsol is the only FDA-approved liquid formulation of trimethoprim, an antibiotic that is well established in current guidelines for treating uncomplicated urinary tract infections, or UTIs. This differentiated product is appropriate for UTI patients that have difficulty swallowing tablets, such as the elderly, and particularly for patients that experience adverse reactions to sulfamethoxazole (“sulfa”). It is estimated that 150 million cases of urinary tract infections occur annually worldwide, and the annual estimated incidence is 0.5 – 0.7/persons per year. Importantly, there are more than 1 million catheter-associated UTIs in the U.S. alone. As many of these patients are elderly and unable to swallow pills, an oral liquid formulation represents a convenient formulation for easier administration. The acquisition of Primsol added a second established brand to our product portfolio. We expect to benefit from and continue to grow Primsol’s established base of prescribers, which already includes a significant proportion of urologists despite the fact that it has not been previously marketed to these specialists. We can thus utilize the same sales channel as ProstaScint, leading to potential commercial synergies and product growth.

MiOXSYS^TM

MiOXSYS is a rapid in vitro diagnostic semen analysis test used in the quantitative measurement of static oxidation-reduction potential, or sORP, in human semen. MiOXSYS is a recently CE marked system and is an accurate, easy to use, and fast infertility assessment tool. It is estimated that 72.4 million couples worldwide experience infertility problems. In the United States, approximately 10% of couples are defined as infertile. Male infertility is responsible for between 40 – 50% of all infertility cases and affects approximately 7% of all men. Male infertility is often unexplained (idiopathic), and this idiopathic infertility is frequently associated with levels of oxidative stress in the semen. As such, having a rapid, easy-to-use diagnostic platform to measure oxidative stress should provide a practical way for male infertility specialists to improve semen analysis and infertility assessments without having to refer patients to outside clinical laboratories.

Male infertility is prevalent and underserved, and oxidative stress is widely implicated in its pathophysiology. The global male infertility market is expected to grow to over $300 million by 2020 with a CAGR of nearly 5% from 2014 to 2020. Oxidative stress is broadly implicated in the pathophysiology of male infertility, yet very few diagnostic tools exist to effectively measure oxidative stress levels in men. However, antioxidants are widely available and recommended to infertile men. With the introduction of the MiOXSYS System, we believe for the first time there will be an easy and effective diagnostic tool to assess the degree of oxidative stress, sperm motility and morphology, and potentially enable the monitoring of patients’ responses to antioxidant therapy as a treatment regimen for infertility. The MiOXSYS System received CE marking in Europe in January 2016 and obtained Health Canada Class II Medical Device approval in March 2016. We expect to advance MiOXSYS into clinical trials in the United States in order to enable 510(k) clearance.

In addition to the MiOXSYS System, we are continuing to develop the global market for the RedoxSYS System across a range of applications. Specifically, we have begun initial commercializing of the RedoxSYS System for research use through distribution partners, primarily outside the U.S. In 2014, we received ISO 13485 certification, demonstrating our compliance with global quality standards in medical device manufacturing.

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The technology underpinning the RedoxSYS and MiOXSYS systems was developed by Luoxis Diagnostics, Inc. in the two years immediately preceding the merger between Luoxis, Vyrix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., and us (under our former name of Rosewind Corporation) in April 2015. Upon the consummation of the merger, the RedoxSYS System and MiOXSYS System became our assets.

Key elements of our business strategy include:

We plan to augment our core in-development and commercial assets through efficient identification of complementary therapeutics, devices, and diagnostics related to urological disorders. We intend to seek assets that are near commercial stage or already generating revenues. Further, we intend to seek to acquire products through asset purchases, licensing, co-development, or collaborative commercial arrangements (co-promotions, co-marketing, etc.).

Our management team has extensive experience across a wide range of business development activities and have in-licensed or acquired products from large, mid-sized, and small enterprises in the United States and abroad. Through an assertive product and business development approach, we expect that we will build a substantial portfolio of complementary urology products.

We previously were developing Zertane for the treatment of premature ejaculation, or PE. However, we determined to direct our resources to our commercial-stage products. As a result, at the end of fiscal 2016, we determined that the Zertane asset has no value as we do not have the resources to complete the necessary clinical trials and bring it to market before the patents expire. We intend to sell or out-license Zertane although there can be no assurance that we will be successful in doing so or, if successful, the value, if any, we might receive for the asset.

Our Strategy

We expect to create value by implementing a focused, three-pronged strategy. Our primary focus is on expanding the commercialization of the recently acquired Natesto in the U.S, growing our current, revenue-generating products, and building a complementary portfolio of aligned urology assets. In just over one year since our merger we have acquired or in-licensed three FDA-approved, marketed assets, launched a specialty urology sales force, initiated ex-U.S. partnering discussions for our commercial products ProstaScint and Primsol, advanced our lead diagnostic asset MiOXSYS to CE marking, engaged in asset purchase and licensing discussions for products aligned to our strategy, and launched Natesto in the U.S. through our own sales force.

We believe the strategy of focusing on commercializing assets prescribed by urologists makes sense for several reasons. First, urology is a large yet concentrated specialty practice area that can be efficiently targeted. There are approximately 10,000 active urologists in the U.S., and we believe that this audience can be efficiently reached with a relatively small, focused sales force. Additionally, 90% of urologists practice in metropolitan areas where concentrated sales targeting can be achieved and “windshield” or sales

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representative driving time between targets can be minimized. Importantly, 81% of urologists practice in group practices, and over 60% are in practices of four or more physicians. Further, and important in building a balanced yet focused product portfolio, sub-specialization within large urology clinics is common whereby there is frequently individual clinical focus on specific areas within urology including prostate cancer and conditions, infertility, sexual dysfunction, urinary incontinence, hypogonadism, etc. This enables a company to offer multiple products to the various sub-specialties within these focused, concentrated customer targets.

Further, urologists treat a wide range of conditions and are thus appropriate targets across a broad range of clinical assets (Natesto — hypogonadism; ProstaScint — prostate cancer; Primsol — urinary tract infections; MiOXSYS — male infertility). Importantly, in urology, direct physician office purchasing of drugs, devices, and diagnostics is common. Along with this, a significant proportion of urology groups are privately-owned and often own and operate their own outpatient surgery centers and in-office laboratories. Further, large urology group practices have substantial payer influence and can have the ability to negotiate as large groups to achieve better reimbursement and coverage for favored treatments and procedures. Perhaps as important as these other factors, urologists are exposed to relatively limited promotional focus by “Big Pharma” and we believe can therefore be accessed and impacted more readily by an emerging company, such as Aytu, over time.

Aytu BioScience’s Strategic Value Drivers

The primary elements of our strategy are:

Natesto is a novel, recently FDA-approved testosterone replacement therapy, or TRT, indicated for the treatment of hypogonadism in men. Natesto is the only nasal formulation of testosterone and is delivered via a proprietary nasal gel to enable simple, discreet use of testosterone into the nostrils. By virtue of applying Natesto to the nasal mucosa, and not to the man’s skin, there is no risk of transference to others. As such Natesto is the only TRT that does not have a black box warning associated with this potential for transference. Additionally, Natesto is a convenient form of testosterone that does not require application to large areas of the man’s body (arms, shoulders, upper torso, under arms) as required with market-leading products AndroGel and Axiron. A convenient form of TRT, applied two-to-three times in the nostrils, may be an appropriate option for men over 45 with hypogonadism who have active lifestyles, travel frequently, and value having a discreet way to treat their hypogonadism.

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Low testosterone is a condition affecting approximately 13 million U.S. men, with U.S. revenues estimated at $2.4 billion in 2013. The market is expected to grow to $5.0 billion by 2017, and we believe multiple factors are in place to position Natesto favorably in gaining market share in this large, growing market. By gaining less than a 5% share of the current U.S. market (assuming similar pricing and reimbursement), a novel TRT product could achieve annual revenues in excess of $100.0 million.

ProstaScint has several unique selling features that we believe will enable significant sales growth and regular use by healthcare providers diagnosing and treating prostate cancer. ProstaScint is the only imaging agent that specifically targets prostate cancer cells and demonstrates high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. In multiple clinical studies researchers have shown that when SPECT/CT scans were used in patients pre-treated with ProstaScint, ProstaScint imaging was highly sensitive in detecting prostate cancer and significantly predictive of 10-year biochemical disease free survival in prostate cancer patients (86.6% vs. 65.5%; p=0.0014). Additionally, the American Cancer Society specifically recognizes ProstaScint by name in current prostate cancer diagnosis guidelines.

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in the United States, with an estimated 241,000 annual cases (as of 2012). Further, more than 2.2 million men were alive in 2006 with some history of prostate cancer, and over 30,000 U.S. men die each year from the disease. The effect of prostate cancer on healthcare economics is substantial, which makes the need for accurate disease staging critical for treatment and management strategies. The U.S. market for the diagnosis and screening of prostate cancer is expected to total $17.4 billion in 2017, a CAGR of 7.5% since 2012.

Primsol is an antimicrobial agent that is indicated to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). Primsol is the only oral solution containing trimethoprim and offers a novel solution for UTI patients who are either allergic to sulfamethoxazole (which is commonly combined with trimethoprim) or have difficulty swallowing pills. Because many prostate cancer patients have temporary urinary catheters placed, they are frequently diagnosed with recurrent urinary tract infections. Primsol offers a solution to those patients and enables us to sell multiple products to a similar base of U.S. prescribing clinicians.

United States.  We have launched a commercial infrastructure in the U.S. in order to support increased sales and distribution of Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol in the U.S. We have a highly experienced sales force that is distinctly focused on impacting the prescribing of urologists, and through this efficient sales channel we are able to increase prescribing of our unique urology assets.

Ex-U.S.  As neither ProstaScint nor Primsol have been previously approved and marketed outside the U.S., we believe we can realize commercial opportunities through efficient corporate partnerships in key markets around the world. Also, with MiOXSYS now CE Marked we can develop a distribution network to launch this first-in-class in vitro diagnostic device.

In order to diversify our product portfolio and create more value, we intend to seek to acquire complementary products or product candidates to develop and/or commercialize, including marketed assets. Initially, the focus will be on acquiring products or product candidates for urological conditions but we will opportunistically consider other products or product candidates based on their ability to create value and complement our focus. We plan to pursue product acquisitions, inclusive of therapeutics, diagnostics, and devices, which we will evaluate for their strategic fit and potential for near-term and/or accretive value to us. In a little over a year from the Company’s merger in April 2015 we began generating revenue from the acquisition of both ProstaScint and Primsol, and we later launched Natesto in July 2016. We expect to continue to identify and acquire additional, complementary urology assets in the future.

With MiOXSYS now CE marked and available for sale in many markets outside the U.S., we are positioned to initiate our clinical studies in the U.S. to enable 510k de novo clearance. We expect to receive guidance from FDA on clinical study design and patient criteria and implement the required clinical program as soon as

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possible, subject to additional funding. If approved, MiOXSYS would be the first and only semen analysis diagnostic test for the detection of oxidative stress in infertility.

Male infertility is prevalent and underserved, and oxidative stress is widely implicated in its pathophysiology. As such, we have bolstered our research focus in this area with the MiOXSYS System to complement our focus on urologic conditions. The global male infertility market is expected to grow to over $300 million by 2020 with a CAGR of nearly 5% from 2014 to 2020. Oxidative stress is broadly implicated in the pathophysiology of idiopathic male infertility, yet very few diagnostic tools exist to effectively measure oxidative stress levels in men. However, antioxidants are widely available and recommended to infertile men. With the introduction of the MiOXSYS System, we believe for the first time there will be an easy and effective diagnostic tool to assess degree of oxidative stress and monitor patients’ responses to antioxidant therapy and improve diagnosis of male infertility.

Through our extensive network of researchers developed at one of our predecessor companies Luoxis, the RedoxSYS System has demonstrated the potential to have broad clinical applications inclusive of male infertility in semen analysis studies. Studies have been completed at a major U.S. university and major hospital outside the U.S. in the evaluation of male infertility. As such, we developed the MiOXSYS System as a line extension to RedoxSYS to specifically assess oxidative stress in semen as a tool to assess male infertility. In January 2016, the MiOXSYS System received CE Marking and is now available for sale in multiple ex-U.S. markets including Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. In March 2016, the MiOXSYS System obtained Health Canada Class II Medical Device approval. With Health Canada approval in place, the Company expects to begin initial marketing of the product in Canada.

Our FDA — Approved Urology Products

Three of our products have received FDA approval for marketing in the U.S.: Natesto, ProstaScint and Primsol.

Natesto for Testosterone Replacement

On April 22, 2016, we entered into and closed a license and supply agreement to acquire the exclusive U.S. rights to Natesto® (testosterone) nasal gel from Acerus Pharmaceuticals Corporation, or Acerus, which rights we acquired effective on July 1, 2016. Natesto is a patented, FDA-approved testosterone replacement therapy, or TRT, and is the only nasally-administered formulation of testosterone available in the United States. Natesto is a discreet, easy-to-administer nasal gel that may be appropriate for men with active lifestyles as Natesto is small, portable, TSA-compliant, and easy to use.

Importantly, Natesto is not applied directly to the patient’s skin as other topically applied TRTs are. Rather, it is delivered directly into the nasal mucosa via a patented nasal applicator. Thus, Natesto does not carry a black box warning related to testosterone transference to a man’s female partner or children — as other topically (primarily gels) administered TRTs do by virtue of their delivery directly onto the skin.

Image of Natesto (testosterone) nasal gel

The unique delivery of Natesto also enables simple, discreet use by a single three times daily application into the nose and may improve compliance over topical forms that are applied to large sections of the arms, shoulders, and other large areas of the man’s upper torso. It also offers a more discreet method of TRT administration compared to films/patches (Androderm & Testoderm, which is applied to the scrotum)

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and doesn’t involve the pain, potential for site injection infections, and the administration inconvenience of the injectable TRTs such as Testopel and Aveed.

A concern associated with the use of the currently marketed testosterone gels is the unintentional transfer of testosterone to women (or children) by skin contact with the man’s application site. In the event of a female partner receiving inadvertent testosterone exposure due to intimate contact with her male partner, she may develop hyperandrogenism, a condition characterized by excess levels of androgens. This condition may result in women developing acne, scalp hair loss, excessive facial or body hair, breast atrophy, and other symptoms. Natesto, as it is nasally administered, does not present this potential complication of ‘transference’ and thus does not have a black box warning as is associated with the topically applied testosterone supplements.

We believe Natesto offers additional distinct clinical advantages over market-leading AndroGel, which advantages may translate into clinical adoption of Natesto over AndroGel and other topically-applied TRT products. First, Natesto achieves C_max, or maximum concentration of testosterone, of 1,044 ng/dL, while AndroGel achieves a lower C_max of 845 ng/dL. Additionally, Natesto achieves C_max within 40 minutes, which is a rapid onset of action for a topically applied TRT. Natesto also enables effective restoration of serum testosterone levels with a low dose of only 5.5 mg per nasal actuation (5.5 mg per pump per nostril), while AndroGel delivers substantially more testosterone of 20.25 mg per pump (1-3 pumps may be applied per the AndroGel prescribing information). Importantly, Natesto’s prescribing information also indicates a relatively low incidence of rising Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), which is a well characterized effect of testosterone supplementation. Natesto yields a 5.1% incidence of rising PSA in the product information, while AndroGel yields 11.1%. While head-to-head comparative studies have not been conducted between these two products, we believe clinicians will recognize the potential benefits offered by Natesto over other topically-applied TRTs.

Natesto is an androgen indicated for replacement therapy in adult males for conditions associated with a deficiency or absence of endogenous testosterone including:

The U.S. Testosterone Replacement Therapy Market

We believe we have an opportunity to increase revenue with Natesto in the U.S. Natesto competes in a large, growing market. The U.S. TRT market is large, with annual revenues in the U.S. in 2013 of $2.4 billion. Revenues are expected to increase to $5 billion by 2017. If the TRT market grows as expected, with as little as 5% market penetration, a novel, patent-protected TRT product could achieve sales of $250 million. Even at the current market size of over $2.4 billion, a product with 5% market penetration could achieve sales in excess of $100 million annually, assuming comparatively similar product pricing and reimbursement levels as seen with other TRTs.

The U.S. prescription testosterone market is comprised primarily of topically applied treatments in the form of gels, solutions, and patches. Testopel® and Aveed®, injectable products typically implanted directly under the skin by a physician, are also FDA-approved.

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The actively marketed, FDA-approved TRTs include:

Brand Name		Form of Delivery		Company		Year Approved		Black Box Warning
Androderm®		Film/Patch		Allergan		1995		No
AndroGel®		Gel		AbbVie		2000		Yes
Aveed®		Injection		Endo Pharmaceuticals		2014		No
Axiron®		Solution		Eli Lilly & Company		2010		Yes
Fortesta®		Gel		Endo Pharmaceuticals		2010		Yes
Striant®		Extended Release Tablet		Endo Pharmaceuticals		2003		No
Testim®		Gel		Endo Pharmaceuticals		2002		Yes
Testoderm®		Film/Patch		Johnson & Johnson		1993		No
Testopel®		Injection		Endo Pharmaceuticals		1972		No
Vogelxo®		Gel		Upsher-Smith		2014		Yes

AndroGel®, marketed by AbbVie, is the leading TRT and had 2012 revenues of $1.15 billion. AndroGel had over half of the total TRT market across its 1.0% and 1.62% formulations of the product.

Importantly, however, AndroGel is beginning to face generic threats with the expiration of key patents for its 1.0% formulation, and Teva Pharmaceuticals has a competitive generic product in waiting. AbbVie has attempted to block Teva’s launch through the filing of a citizen’s petition. Products with significant shares of the TRT market and promotional spending include Axiron, Testim, Fortesta, Androderm, and Testopel.

We believe there are multiple factors in the U.S. TRT market that are favorable to Natesto and our company as we seek to expand commercialization of Natesto. First, the TRT market has demonstrated 5.5% growth on a quarter-over-quarter basis (quarter ended June 30, 2016 versus quarter ended June 30, 2015). With this expanding market we expect to capture a significant number of prescriptions from both newly diagnosed patients and currently treated patients who may be dissatisfied with current treatment. Additionally, the promotion of TRT products by major competitors including both AbbVie (AndroGel) and Eli Lilly & Company (Axiron) has been reduced. We believe this enables us to more effectively compete in this large, growing market. For example, direct-to-consumer advertising by these larger companies has been reduced, which should provide a more ‘even playing field’ among newer, smaller competitive entrants like Aytu. Finally, with the advent and increasing popularity of ‘high deductible plans’ provided by health insurers, many patients are paying more money out of pocket for their prescriptions, and TRT out-of-pocket prices have risen. With limited true low cost generic options in the TRT market, we expect that Natesto will be afforded a more equal footing in this competitive, growing market.

About Hypogonadism

Male hypogonadism is a condition in which the body does not produce enough testosterone — the hormone that plays a key role in masculine growth and development during puberty — or has an impaired ability to produce sperm or both. Men can be born with male hypogonadism, or it can develop later in life from injury or infection.

Hypogonadism is formally defined as deficient or absent male gonadal function that results in insufficient testosterone secretion. Hypogonadism may be caused primarily by testicular failure, or secondarily by hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction, resulting in the production or release of insufficient testosterone to maintain testosterone-dependent functions and systems. It can also result from a combination of testicular failure and hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction.

Hypogonadism affects an estimated 13 million men in the United States, and although it may occur in men at any age, low testosterone levels are especially common in older males. More than 60% of men over age 65 have free testosterone levels below the normal values of men aged 30 to 35. Studies suggest that hypogonadism in adult men is often underdiagnosed and under treated.

Low testosterone, as male hypogonadism is also known, is associated with a number of signs and symptoms, most notably loss of libido and erectile dysfunction (ED). Other signs of low testosterone include depressive symptoms, a decrease in cognitive abilities, irritability and lethargy or loss of energy. Deficient endogenous testosterone also has negative effects on bone mass and is a significant risk factor for osteoporosis in men.

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Progressive decrease in muscle mass and muscle strength and testicular dysfunction, often resulting in impaired sperm production, are also associated with low testosterone levels.

A younger patient may have pure hypogonadism as a primary event, whereas an older man may have an age-related decline in testosterone production that is a part of his ED profile. However, because both ED and loss of libido are hallmarks of hypogonadism, for a patient who presents with ED it is recommended that he have a basic hormone profile to determine if he has low testosterone. Treatments to normalize testosterone can not only improve libido, energy level and the potential to have normal erections, but can also improve the response to sildenafil, if that is deemed appropriate treatment.

Natesto Clinical Studies Demonstrating Safety and Efficacy

Natesto has been shown to be safe and effective in men with hypogonadism. It was approved by the FDA in May 2014. In its pivotal clinical trial, Natesto was evaluated for efficacy in a 90-day, open-label, multicenter study of 306 hypogonadal men. Eligible patients were 18 years of age and older (mean age 54 years) and had morning serum total testosterone concentrations less than 300 ng/dL. Patients were Caucasian (89%), African-American (6%), Asian (5%), or of other ethnicities (less than 1%).

Patients were instructed to self-administer Natesto (11 mg of testosterone) intranasally either two or three times daily. The primary endpoint was the percentage of patients with an average serum total testosterone concentration (C_avg) within the normal range (300 to 1050 ng/dL) on Day 90.

The secondary endpoint was the percentage of patients with a maximum total testosterone concentration (C_max) above three predetermined limits: greater than 1500 ng/dL, between 1800 and 2500 ng/dL, and greater than 2500 ng/dL. A total of 78 hypogonadal men received Natesto (11 mg of testosterone) three times daily (33 mg of testosterone daily). Of these, a total of 73 hypogonadal men were included in the statistical evaluation of efficacy (total testosterone pharmacokinetics) on Day 90 based on the intent-to-treat (ITT) population with last observation carried forward (LOCF). Ninety percent of these 73 patients had a C_avg within the normal range (300 to 1050 ng/dL) on Day 90. The percentages of patients with C_avg below the normal range (less than 300 ng/dL) and above the normal range (greater than 1050 ng/dL) on Day 90 were 10% and 0%, respectively.

The table below (Table 3 from the Natesto Prescribing Information) summarizes the mean (SD) serum total testosterone concentrations on Day 90 in 69 patients who had a full pharmacokinetic sampling profile and were treated with Natesto (11 mg of testosterone) three times daily for 90 days.

Table 3: Mean (SD) Serum Total Testosterone Concentrations on Day 90 Following
Administration of Natesto (11 mg of testosterone) Three Times Daily

		Natesto
		(11 mg of testosterone) Three Times Daily (N=69)
		Cavg (ng/dL)		421 (116)
		Cmax (ng/dL)		1044 (378)
		Cmin (ng/dL)		215 (74)

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In the same clinical trial studying the safety and efficacy of Natesto, which was conducted at 39 U.S. outpatient sites, it was shown that 70% of the per protocol patients in the twice-daily ‘titration arm’ (n=141) achieved normal testosterone levels. Ninety-one percent of the per protocol patients in the thrice-daily group (n=77) achieved normal testosterone levels, demonstrating that the majority of men in both treatment groups achieved normalization of testosterone levels while taking Natesto. The efficacy of both B.I.D. (twice daily) and T.I.D. (three times daily) dosing of Natesto is demonstrated in the graphs below:

Natesto Product Features and Patient Benefits

We believe Natesto has a unique opportunity to gain market share in the more than $2.4 billion U.S. market given the product’s novel features and patient benefits including:

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Natesto has proven efficacy and a product profile well suited for men suffering from hypogonadism who have active, busy lifestyles who want a simple, discreet TRT option. We believe Natesto can play an important role in the treatment of hypogonadism, a condition affecting approximately 13 million U.S. men.

Natesto Market Opportunity

Two recent developments have presented a unique opportunity for Natesto that we believe will enable us to effectively compete and be well positioned in the more than $2.4 billion TRT market. As previously indicated, AndroGel’s patent expired in 2015 and, unless a citizen’s petition filed by AbbVie to delay a Teva Pharmaceuticals generic is successful long-term, we expect a generic entrant to begin eroding AbbVie’s market share. As a result, we expect there to be diminished promotional support in the form of fewer physician details and lower overall promotional spending by AbbVie. In conjunction with the market leader’s diminished intellectual property position and potential diminished promotional spending, the TRT market has received increased scrutiny from the FDA.

On January 31, 2014 and subsequently on March 3, 2015, the FDA issued Safety Announcements relating to the possible increased risk of non-fatal heart attacks and strokes in patients taking testosterone. While the FDA has not concluded that the FDA-approved testosterone treatment increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, or death, this recent safety consideration has caused patient advocates and consumer groups to ask for increased scrutiny on the direct to consumer advertising associated with the leading testosterone replacement products, most notably AndroGel and Axiron. As a result, we expect decreased advertising spending in the TRT category to enable newer, less established products like Natesto to more effectively infiltrate the market through on-label, physician-directed promotion with a direct selling effort. While the potential safety concerns may cause a decrease in physician prescribing, we expect that physicians will continue to prescribe TRTs for patients for whom TRT treatment is appropriate.

Leading urology groups including the American Urological Association, or AUA, have strongly commented in favor of continued prescribing of TRTs for appropriate patients, and the safety data precipitating the FDA’s comments have been called into question. Importantly, the FDA has not called for discontinuation of TRTs. Rather, patients were encouraged to speak with their health care professional and not stop taking TRTs.

In the FDA’s initial statement about the potential cardiovascular risks associated with TRT treatment, the agency commented:

“Patients should not stop taking their prescribed testosterone products without first discussing their questions or concerns with their health care professionals. ... The prescribing information in the drug labels of FDA-approved testosterone products should be followed.”

Importantly, following the FDA’s statement, the AUA issued a strong response reiterating the clinical importance of low testosterone and maintaining their support for the appropriate use of testosterone replacement therapy:

“Men with hypogonadism may also experience reduced muscle mass and strength and increased body fat. Hypogonadism may also contribute to reduced bone mineral density and anemia. Testosterone therapy is appropriate treatment for patients with clinically significant hypogonadism, including those with idiopathic clinical hypogonadism that may or may not be age-related, after full discussion of potential adverse effects.”

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Additional publications publicly refuted the validity of the data that precipitated the FDA’s safety concern in a subsequent statement following the 2014 annual meeting of the AUA:

“During the last several months there has been a firestorm of negative media attention regarding testosterone deficiency and its treatment, precipitated by a study reporting an increased rate of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) associated with testosterone prescriptions. This public judgment of T therapy demands a response. As researchers and clinicians with extensive experience with T deficiency and its treatment, we disagree that the recent study published in PLOS (Public Library of Science) One presents any credible evidence that T prescriptions increase health risks, and we find baseless the general assertion that testosterone is prescribed to men “who are simply reluctant to accept the fact that they are getting older.” We object to comments questioning whether T deficiency is real, regardless of whether it is called hypogonadism or “low T” as used in advertisements.” (Note: The PLOS is an open access online publication venue, and while peer reviewed it is not a published medical journal.)

AbbVie’s sales of AndroGel dropped 5% in the first half of 2014, following the FDA’s initial Safety Announcement and the subsequent reaction of the AUA and others. In the face of significant new competitive entrants (Aveed, Vogelxo) at that time and the FDA’s expressed safety concerns, this represents a relatively insignificant sales decline. We believe this decline speaks to a real, present need in hypogonadism and a substantial opportunity for newly marketed products like Natesto. Natesto has proven safety, a recent FDA approval that speaks to the product’s efficacy, and unique product features and patient benefits we believe will set Natesto apart from the topically administered competitive products in the more than $2.4 billion U.S. TRT market.

ProstaScint for the Detection of Prostate Cancer

On May 20, 2015, we acquired ProstaScint® from Jazz Pharmaceuticals. ProstaScint Kit, or capromab pendetide, is a radio-labeled monoclonal antibody, which is a biologic product that targets a specific antigen. ProstaScint targets prostate specific membrane antigen, or PSMA, a protein uniquely expressed by prostate tissue. A radioactive substance called Indium (In 111) is attached to the proprietary, mouse-derived antibody. The radiolabeled antibody is infused into the patient and is taken up by prostate cancer cells which can be detected and visualized with a special nuclear medicine scan (single-photon emission tomography, or SPECT). ProstaScint has been shown to be clinically effective in determining the course of treatment for a patient who has had a prostatectomy and/or has suspected metastasis (spread of the cancer cells beyond the prostate). Further, ProstaScint has demonstrated efficacy in patients classified as high risk or with recurrent prostate cancer. ProstaScint has been approved by the FDA and Health Canada, and significant clinical data exist demonstrating the significant predictive value in prostate cancer staging.

Prostate Cancer Market

According to the American Cancer Society prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the United States, with an estimated 241,000 annual cases (as of 2012). Further, more than 2.2 million men were alive in 2006 with some history of prostate cancer, and over 30,000 U.S. men die each year from the disease. The effect of prostate cancer on healthcare economics is substantial, which makes the need for accurate disease staging critical for treatment and management strategies. The U.S. market for the diagnosis and screening of prostate cancer is expected to total $17.4 billion in 2017, a CAGR of 7.5% since 2012. Importantly, ProstaScint is the only FDA-approved radiopharmaceutical (for use in radioimmunoscintigraphy) specifically indicated for prostate cancer screening and is specifically highlighted in the American Cancer Society practice guidelines for prostate cancer screening and staging.

Prostate cancer is classified into four stages based on severity: Stages 1 through 4. Stage 3 is considered “high risk” and Stage 4 is when cancer has become metastatic. Radioimmunoscintigraphy has been established as a diagnostic to stage cancer malignancy and one of the most widespread clinical uses has been for the detection of prostate cancer.

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ProstaScint Clinical Data

Multiple clinical studies have been conducted in the United States and published in peer-reviewed publications that consistently demonstrate substantial clinical efficacy of ProstaScint in staging prostate cancer patients and specifically identify whether the cancer is confined to the prostate or has metastasized to other parts of the body. Through more accurate clinical staging and identification of metastatic prostate cancer, clinicians are able to better direct therapeutic interventions and improve outcomes. A brief summary of key clinical findings for ProstaScint from select studies are summarized below.

Radiation oncology experts have published numerous papers expressing the potential for expanded use of ProstaScint in prostate cancer imaging due to advances in imaging technologies since the product’s initial approval. Since the early 2000s, significantly greater image resolution has been enabled due to the advent of dual head cameras (and improved imaging in general) along with the use of co-registered images where radiologists now combine the images of SPECT and computerized tomography, or CT, or magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI. Because of these factors, we believe there is significant commercial opportunity for ProstaScint.

ProstaScint Product Information

ProstaScint is provided as a two-vial kit which contains all of the non-radioactive ingredients necessary to produce a single unit dose for administration by intravenous injection. The ProstaScint vial contains 0.5 mg of capromab pendetide in 1 mL of sodium phosphate buffered saline solution adjusted to pH 6; a sterile, pyrogen-free, clear, colorless solution that may contain some translucent particles. The vial of sodium acetate buffer contains 82 mg of sodium acetate in 2 mL of water for injection adjusted to pH 5 – 7 with glacial acetic acid; it is a sterile, pyrogen-free, clear, and colorless solution. Neither solution contains a preservative.

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Each kit also includes one sterile 0.22 μm Millex® GV filter, prescribing information, and two identification labels. The hospital is responsible for addition of Indium (In 111). ProstaScint may also be helpful in conjunction with other scans (CT or MRI) for higher risk patients, by detecting lymph nodes in the abdomen that are involved with prostate cancer cells, but may still appear falsely normal on CT or MRI scans.

The procedure to administer ProstaScint is as follows: the patient is given an intravenous, or IV, infusion of the monoclonal antibody, and 30 minutes later, a scan is performed. A second scan is done between 96 and 120 hours (4 – 5 days) after the infusion. The first scan (on the day of the infusion) takes approximately 1 hour, while the second scan takes approximately 2.5 hours.

ProstaScint Uses

ProstaScint is indicated as a diagnostic imaging agent in newly-diagnosed patients with biopsy-proven prostate cancer, thought to be clinically-localized after standard diagnostic evaluation (e.g. chest x-ray, bone scan, CT scan, or MRI), who are at high-risk for pelvic lymph node metastases. It is not indicated in patients who are not at high risk.

ProstaScint is also indicated as a diagnostic imaging agent in post-prostatectomy patients with a rising PSA and a negative or equivocal standard metastatic evaluation in whom there is a high clinical suspicion of occult metastatic disease. The imaging performance of Indium (In 111) ProstaScint following radiation therapy has not been studied.

The information provided by Indium (In 111) ProstaScint imaging should be considered in conjunction with other diagnostic information. Scans that are positive for metastatic disease should be confirmed histologically in patients who are otherwise candidates for surgery or radiation therapy unless medically contraindicated. Scans that are negative for metastatic disease should not be used in lieu of histological confirmation. ProstaScint is not indicated as a screening tool for carcinoma of the prostate nor for re-administration for the purpose of assessment of response to treatment.

ProstaScint was initially marketed by Cytogen Corporation, which was acquired by EUSA Pharma. Jazz Pharmaceuticals acquired EUSA in June 2012 but significantly reduced promotion of ProstaScint due to a lack of strategic focus. Despite limited commercialization efforts, peak annual unit sales of ProstaScint of 8,216 kits were achieved. At current pricing, this unit sales volume would equate to approximately $14.6 million in annual revenue.

Primsol for the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections

In October 2015 we acquired Primsol (trimethoprim hydrochloride oral solution) from FSC Laboratories, Inc. Primsol is the only FDA-approved trimethoprim-only oral solution for urinary tract infections and is standard therapy for such infections. Primsol is a sulfa-free, pleasant tasting, dye-free liquid that is appropriate for patients that are sulfa allergic and individuals that have difficulty swallowing pills. Primsol has demonstrated efficacy in eradicating key pathogens implicated in urinary tract infections including E. coli and has demonstrated similar efficacy to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole combination agents. Primsol addresses a significant issue as many patients experience an allergic reaction to sulfamethoxazole. As the only oral solution containing only trimethoprim, Primsol offers distinct advantages over sulfa-containing antibacterial agents. Primsol was approved by the FDA in 2000 and was originally marketed by Ascent Pediatrics. FSC Laboratories acquired Primsol from Taro Pharmaceutical.

On April 4, 2016, we entered into a co-promotion agreement for Primsol oral solution with Allegis Pharmaceuticals. Under the agreement, the third party will exclusively promote Primsol to pediatricians across the U.S. We retain all other rights in the U.S. and around the world and will continue to market the product in urologic indications. This co-promotion enables us to focus exclusively on the urology channel while monetizing Primsol by virtue of a relationship with a company focused on selling to a non-core non-urology audience than can drive prescription growth of Primsol.

About Primsol

Primsol is a solution of the synthetic antibacterial trimethoprim in water prepared with the aid of hydrochloric acid. Each 5 mL for oral administration contains trimethoprim hydrochloride equivalent to 50 mg trimethoprim and the inactive ingredients bubble gum flavor, fructose, glycerin, methylparaben,

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monoammonium glycyrrhizinate, povidone, propylparaben, propylene glycol, saccharin sodium, sodium benzoate, sorbitol, water and hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide to adjust pH to a range of 3.0 – 5.0. Primsol is indicated for the treatment of initial episodes of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in adults due to susceptible strains of the following organisms: Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter species and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species, including S. saprophyticus.

For the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections the usual oral adult dosage of Primsol is 100 mg (10 mL) every 12 hours or 200 mg (20 mL) every 24 hours, each for 10 days.

Urinary tract infections, or UTIs are among the most common diagnoses in the U.S., where the prevalence is estimated at 8.1 million physician office visits. Additionally, one fourth of women will have recurrent UTIs requiring the repeated use of oral antibiotics. Current UTI treatment recommendations include the use of trimethoprim-containing products given the compound’s longstanding, established efficacy profile in effectively eradicating the key pathogens implicated in UTIs. Primsol has demonstrated efficacy in the eradication of the key pathogens implicated in urinary tract infections as demonstrated by a series of quantitative methods and clinical studies.

Quantitative methods are used to determine antimicrobial minimum inhibitory concentrations, or MICs, to eradicate pathogens implicated in urinary tract infections. These MICs provide estimates of the susceptibility of bacteria to antimicrobial compounds. The MICs should be determined using a standardized procedure. Standardized procedures are based on a dilution method (broth or agar) or equivalent with standardized inoculum concentrations and standardized concentrations of trimethoprim powder.

The MIC values should be interpreted according to the following criteria:

For testing aerobic microorganisms isolated from urinary tract infections:

MIC (mcg/mL) Interpretation

≤ 8		Susceptible (S)
≥ 16		Resistant (R)

A report of “Susceptible” indicates that the pathogen is likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable. A report of “Intermediate” indicates that the result should be considered equivocal, and, if the microorganism is not fully susceptible to alternative, clinically feasible drugs, the test should be repeated. This category implies possible clinical applicability in body sites where the drug is physiologically concentrated or in situations where high dosage of drug can be used. This category also provides a buffer zone which prevents small uncontrolled technical factors from causing major discrepancies in interpretation. A report of “Resistant” indicates that the pathogen is not likely to be inhibited if the antimicrobial compound in the blood reaches the concentrations usually achievable; and other therapy should be selected.

Standardized susceptibility test procedures require the use of laboratory control microorganisms to control the technical aspects of the laboratory procedures. Standard trimethoprim powder as contained in Primsol provides the following MIC values against E. coli demonstrating significant susceptibility of this primary causal organism in urinary tract infections:

Microorganism MIC		(mcg/mL)
Escherichia coli		0.5 – 2

Trimethoprim has been shown to be active against the following microbial strains as indicated below and demonstrated through in vitro and clinical studies.

Aerobic gram-positive microorganisms

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Aerobic gram-negative microorganisms

Primsol has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections without the potential side effects and allergic reactions sometimes attributed to sulfa-containing trimethoprim formulations. Importantly, and despite the fact that FSC Laboratories did not historically promote Primsol to urologists, 26% of Primsol prescriptions over the six-year period of September 2009 through August 2015 were written by urologists. This, we believe, underscores the unmet market opportunity for Primsol in presenting this treatment option more assertively to urologists. As our sales team will already be accessing urologists through their promotion of ProstaScint, Primsol can be positioned as a first-line treatment option for urologists treating uncomplicated UTIs. With two FDA-approved products directed at urologists, we are able to efficiently drive awareness and increase through a focused field effort. ProstaScint and Primsol are commercially complementary and enable us to utilize our field sales force’s synergies to affect prescription growth on both products while directing promotional efforts to our urology customers.

Primsol was previously marketed by FSC Laboratories. Due to FSC’s strategic refocusing and new product acquisitions to which sales efforts were diverted, Primsol had only limited commercial emphasis in the three to four years preceding our acquisition of the product. Despite FSC’s limited commercial focus, annual unit sales of 7,842 units were achieved. At current pricing, this would result in annual revenues of approximately $5.3 million.

MiOXSYS In Vitro Diagnostic System for Male Infertility

Male infertility is a significant medical condition that urologists and infertility specialists treat frequently in the office setting or specialized fertility centers around the world. Of all sexually active couples, 8% to 12% are infertile and male infertility is the sole cause or contributing factor up to 50% of the time. The global male infertility market is large and growing. The market for male infertility diagnosis and treatments is expected to grow to more than $300 million globally by 2020, with a CAGR of nearly 5% from 2014 to 2020. Despite the prevalence of male infertility, difficulties remain in effectively diagnosing root causes. Oxidative stress assessment is considered a standard practice in complex andrology laboratories around the world, but due to various factors oxidative stress testing is not routinely employed in clinicians’ offices or standard laboratory settings.

Seminal oxidative stress has been well established throughout the peer-reviewed literature to play a substantial role in unexplained male infertility, and researchers and clinicians actively consider oxidative stress when conducting laboratory infertility assessment. While oxidative stress is well established as a leading contributing factor to male infertility, a significant proportion of male infertility remains unexplained in part because of the lack of standardized tests available to clinicians and researchers to assess oxidative stress in semen and plasma. This lack of standardization has resulted in poor implementation of semen and plasma analysis around the world. Further, current testing platforms are cost-prohibitive for small office settings or local medical laboratories and require extensive training and on-site expertise. Additionally, antioxidant supplementation is frequently recommended to patients by clinicians without an effective method of measuring treatment success. As such, we believe introducing the MiOXSYS System to assess oxidative stress levels in semen and seminal fluid represents a significant commercial opportunity and novel way for clinicians to assess male factor infertility and assess therapeutic responses of patients in a simple, reliable, and cost-effective way.

The MiOXSYS System was CE marked in January 2016, and we expect to initiate early commercialization efforts outside the U.S. by the middle of fiscal 2017.

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An attractive aspect of the reproductive health market relates to reimbursement as infertility treatments and the associated diagnostic tests are generally paid directly by patients. The current infertility treatments could cost in excess of $10,000 per treatment cycle, so the addition of a moderately priced oxidative stress test would consume nominal relative costs while providing specific, actionable information needed to improve the oxidative status of infertile patients. The current infertility treatments include antioxidant supplements and lifestyle modifications that lower oxidative stress (e.g., smoking cessation, exercise, dietary changes, etc.), so the measurements reported by the MiOXSYS System could effectively guide treatment in the infertile patients.

The global male infertility market is expected to grow to more than $300 million by 2020. With a substantial base of conditions for which the MiOXSYS System may present utility, we believe there is significant revenue potential from this first-in-class system.

As part of our strategy to develop future clinical applications of the RedoxSYS System (the MiOXSYS System’s predecessor product for plasma and whole blood detection), we have conducted initial studies in male reproductive health. Male infertility is a significant medical condition in which oxidative stress is well known to play a substantial role. As such, we believe developing a clinical application to assess oxidative stress levels with the uniquely designed and programmed MiOXSYS System for semen analysis represents a significant commercial opportunity. Oxidative stress is well established as a leading contributing factor to male infertility. Further, a significant proportion of male infertility remains unexplained in part because of the lack of standardized tests available to clinicians and researchers to assess oxidative stress in semen and seminal plasma. This lack of standardization has resulted in poor implementation of semen and plasma analysis around the world. Further, currently available tests are cumbersome, time consuming to perform, and costly.

We conducted initial proof-of-concept clinical studies in male infertility with a leading research center in the United States, which demonstrated that oxidation-reduction potential effectively measures oxidative stress levels in semen and seminal plasma — and that these levels strongly correlate with established markers of infertility. Semen analysis studies are routinely conducted to assess causes of infertility, so we expect clinicians and oxidative stress researchers to readily integrate the MiOXSYS System into routine use upon the completion of more extensive studies and regulatory clearance for this use. Additional studies are now in the late planning stages that will evaluate the MiOXSYS System’s performance in the detection of oxidative stress levels and correlations with key semen parameters in both healthy and infertile males. The MiOXSYS System must receive 510(k) de novo clearance from the FDA before we can market it for clinical use in the United States. We expect to begin envolling patients in a single clinical study prior to year-end with 501(k) de novo clearance expected in late 2017. Of the $300 million male infertility market projected for 2020, the North American, Middle Eastern, and Asia Pacific markets dominate due to prevalence, awareness of treatment, and availability of treatment resources. Thus, it is important that we have already established distribution relationships and direct access to major oxidative stress researchers in many of these important markets.

Following our initial proof of concept studies with a leading center in the United States with the MiOXSYS system, we conducted our CE mark-enabling study with over 300 infertile patients. The two key studies conducted with these leading centers are presented below.

United States-Based Proof-of-Concept Clinical Study

Fifty-one (51) male patients were seen in a national clinic for suspected infertility. In addition to standard semen analyses (WHO 5^th Edition, 2010), samples were measured for oxidative stress using the MiOXSYS System. Raw sORP values were normed to sperm concentration (mv/10⁶ sperm/mL) and compared across six semen parameters that are associated with fertility: ejaculate volume, concentration, total sperm number, total motility, progressive motility, and normal morphology. Higher sORP values are associated with a higher state of oxidative stress.

Patients with abnormally low ejaculate volume had similar sORP values as those with a normal volume. Those with an abnormally low sperm concentration or overall total number, have significantly higher sORP values than those in the normal range. Abnormally few motile sperm or few sperm with a progressive motility were also associated with significantly higher sORP values than those in the normal range. Lastly, semen samples that had fewer normal sperm had slightly, but not significantly, higher sORP values. Thus, most abnormal semen parameters appear to be associated with higher measures of oxidative stress.

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When samples that achieve all six parameters associated with fertile semen are compared to samples that fail one or more of the parameters, the samples that meet the parameters have significantly lower sORP values than those that fail one or more. A cutoff value of 1.635 mv/10⁶ sperm/mL separated those that met fertility standards from those that did not. In the current study, 85.7% of samples that met standards fell below this cutoff value, whereas 71.8% of those that failed one or more parameters had sORP values above this cutoff. The probability that a semen sample with a measured sORP value higher than the cutoff is abnormal in at least one of the semen parameters, is 96.5%. Lastly, the more parameters that a semen sample falls within the abnormal range, the higher the sORP values, thus those that are abnormal on five or six parameters have higher sORP values than those that are abnormal on one or two.

Data derived from patients of the national clinic confirms the results obtained in an international fertility clinic. Overall, semen that falls into the abnormal range for concentration, total number, motility, and morphology have higher levels of oxidative stress as indicated by higher sORP values. These values are uniquely obtained using the MiOXSYS System for semen analysis.

In April 2016, we observed encouraging data from two prospective studies of the MiOXSYS System that demonstrated its clinical utility as a tool for measuring ORP to assess the degree of oxidative stress levels in human semen.

The first study measured sORP in the semen samples of infertile men that correlated well with the sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. The second study further suggests that sORP is an easy to determine one-step indicator of increased oxidative stress in semen samples of infertile men especially with leukocytospermia. The results are currently being validated in a larger cohort of infertile men.

International Pivotal Clinical Study

Three-hundred sixty-six (366) male partners from couples seeking fertility advisement in an international clinic were recruited. In addition to standard semen analyses (WHO 5^th Edition, 2010), samples were measured for oxidative stress using the MiOXSYS System. Raw sORP values were normed to sperm concentration (mv/10⁶ sperm/mL) and compared across six semen parameters that are associated with fertility: ejaculate volume, concentration, total sperm number, total motility, progressive motility, and normal morphology. Higher sORP values are associated with a higher state of oxidative stress.

Patients with abnormally low ejaculate volume had similar sORP values as those with a normal volume. Those with an abnormally low sperm concentration or overall total number, have significantly higher sORP values than those in the normal range. Abnormally few motile sperm or few sperm with a progressive motility were also associated with significantly higher sORP values than those in the normal range. Lastly, semen samples that had fewer normal sperm had significantly higher sORP values than those that fell into the range of normal morphology. Thus, most abnormal semen parameters appear to be associated with higher measures of oxidative stress.

When samples that achieve all six parameters associated with fertile semen are compared to samples that fail one or more of the parameters, the samples that meet the parameters have significantly lower sORP values than those that fail one or more. A cutoff value of 1.635 mv/10⁶ sperm/mL separated those that met fertility standards from those that did not. In the current study, 91.43% of samples that met fertility standards fell below this cutoff value whereas 59.5% of those that failed one or more had sORP values above this cutoff. The probability that a semen sample with a measured sORP value higher than the cutoff is abnormal in at least one of the semen parameters, is 98.6%. Lastly, the more parameters that a semen samples falls within the abnormal range, the higher the sORP values, thus those that are abnormal on five or six parameters have higher sORP values than those that are abnormal on one or two.

Data derived from patients at this international clinic confirms the results obtained in United States fertility clinic. Overall, semen that falls into the abnormal range for concentration, total number, motility, and morphology have higher levels of oxidative stress as indicated by higher sORP values. These values are obtained uniquely using the MiOXSYS System for semen analysis.

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Proof of concept clinical studies have been conducted at the Cleveland Clinic’s Department of Urology, and two posters were presented at the 2015 American Society for Reproductive Medicine in November 2015. These abstracts are presented below.

Establishing the Oxidation-Reduction Potential in Semen and Seminal Plasma

A. Agarwal,¹ S. S. Du Plessis,^1,2 R. Sharma,1 L. Samanta,^1,3 A. Harlev,^1,4 G. Ahmad,^1,5 S. Gupta,¹ E. S. Sabanegh⁶; 1. Center For Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 2. Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa, 3. Redox Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Orissa, India, 4. Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel, 5. Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, 6. Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH

Abstract:

Objective:  Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) is a novel measure of oxidative stress or redox imbalance in biological samples. Static ORP (sORP) provides an integrated measure of the balance between total oxidants and reductants in a biological system, whereas capacity ORP (cORP) equates to the amount of antioxidant reserves. sORP has been shown to correlate well with illness and injury severity that accompanies the state of oxidative stress; cORP correlates with the ability to respond to illness or injury. Our objectives were to evaluate whether 1) ORP can be measured in semen and seminal plasma samples and 2) ORP levels correlate with sperm motility.

Design:  Prospective study measuring ORP in both semen and seminal plasma.

Materials and Methods:  Semen samples (n=18) from normal control subjects were divided into two fractions and the seminal plasma was isolated from one fraction (300 x g, 7min). Sperm count and motility were assessed manually. sORP (mV/106 sperm) and cORP (μC/106 sperm) were measured in both fractions (RedoxSYS®, Aytu BioScience). Values are reported as Mean ± SEM. Spearman correlation and Receiver Operating Characteristic curves (ROC) were used for statistical analysis.

Results:  sORP and cORP levels in semen correlated significantly with the levels in seminal plasma. A significant negative correlation existed between sperm motility and sORP in both semen (r=-0.609; p=0.004) and seminal plasma (r=-0.690; p=0.002). Furthermore, a sORP cutoff of 4.73mV/106 sperm in semen (sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 89.5%, AUC=0.947) and 4.65mV/106 sperm in seminal plasma (sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 93.8%, AUC = 0.969) was highly predictive of abnormal sperm motility.

Conclusions:  RedoxSYS® accurately measured sORP and cORP in both semen and seminal plasma samples. Based on high sensitivity as assessed by ROC analysis, sORP levels can be used to screen infertile men with oxidative stress. These results are being validated in a larger cohort of infertile men.

Effect of Time on Oxidation-Reduction Potential in Semen and Seminal Plasma

R. Sharma,¹ S. S. Du Plessis,^1,2 A. Agarwal,¹ A. Harlev,^1,3 L. Samanta,^1,4 G. Ahmad,^1,5 S. Gupta,¹ E. S. Sabanegh⁶; 1. Center For Reproductive Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 2. Medical Physiology, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa, 3. Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel, 4. Redox Biology Laboratory, School of Life Science, Ravenshaw University, Orissa, India, 5. Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan, 6. Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH

Abstract:

Objective:  Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) is a novel measure of oxidative stress or redox imbalance in biological fluids. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive and have a very short half-life. ROS levels in the seminal ejaculate should be measured within an hour after collection to prevent a reduction in ROS levels over time. The traditional methods of measuring seminal ROS are time sensitive and time consuming, making it difficult to use them for diagnostic purposes. It would be highly advantageous to employ a method that is independent of semen age and provides results in real time. The objective was to assess the effect of time on static ORP (sORP), which provides a snapshot of current redox balance, and capacity ORP (cORP) which is indicative of the amount of antioxidant reserves available.

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Design:  Prospective study measuring ORP in semen and seminal plasma samples at time 0 and 120 minutes. Materials and Methods: The sORP and cORP of both semen (n=18) and seminal plasma (n=15) samples from normal control subjects were measured after liquefaction (time 0) and after 120 minutes of incubation at room temperature (RedoxSYS®, Aytu BioScience). Values are mean ± SEM. Spearman correlation was used for statistical analysis.

Results:  A significant correlation was seen between sORP at time 0 and 120 minutes in semen and seminal plasma. Similar correlations were found for cORP values at both time intervals.

Conclusions:  ORP values are not affected by the age of semen or seminal plasma for up to 120 minutes, making it easier to employ this new technology for diagnostic use.

RedoxSYS System for Research Use

We completed the development of the RedoxSYS System (MiOXSYS’ predecessor product) during the two years preceding the Merger. In 2014, we received ISO 13485 certification, demonstrating our compliance with global quality standards in medical device manufacturing. This enabled the launch of the RedoxSYS System into the research market around the world. We also received a CE marking in Europe in January 2016 and Health Canada clearance in March 2016 to begin the market development of the RedoxSYS System as a clinical diagnostic in Europe, Canada, and elsewhere around the world where CE marking is recognized. We launched sales efforts into the research market in late 2014 and since that time have placed the RedoxSYS System at a number of prominent research centers in the United States, Europe, and Israel. We expect to leverage these research relationships and build numerous applications in areas where researchers are studying oxidative stress. Currently, there are no available research platforms that measure oxidation-reduction potential in biologic fluids (i.e., blood, plasma, serum, semen, seminal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue, and cells). While oxidative stress is commonly studied in research settings around the world (both academia and industry), the current assessment methods are incomplete, time consuming, and often impractical for assessing oxidative stress completely. To position the RedoxSYS System effectively in the research market, we have placed key personnel in the United States, Europe, and Asia to develop direct research business relationships as well as distribution networks. Through these proof of concept studies and clinical exploratory studies, we identified the application of oxidation-reduction potential in male infertility assessment. As such, MiOXSYS was developed specifically for assessing semen and seminal plasma ORP levels. While we expect additional clinical applications to be developed through these applications, our near-term focus is on completing the development of MiOXSYS for use in semen analysis for male infertility assessment.

Background on the MiOXSYS System

MiOXSYS is a novel, portable device that measures oxidation-reduction potential, or ORP, a global measure of oxidative stress. MiOXSYS is the first and only system that measures ORP in biologic specimens to provide a complete measure of redox balance, which is broadly implicated across a wide range of both acute and chronic conditions.

Potential Role of ORP in Diagnosing Male Infertility

Oxidation-reduction potential is defined in the published literature as follows:

“ORP in a biological system is an integrated measure of the balance between total oxidants and reductants. In plasma, many constituents contribute to the ORP. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as the superoxide ion, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, transition metal ions, and hypochlorous acid, contribute to the oxidative potential. Plasma reductants include thiols, vitamin C, tocopherol, β-carotene, lycopene, uric acid, bilirubin, and flavonoids. Enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, or SOD, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, are involved in the conversion of ROS into less reactive species. ORP monitoring of plasma represents a single measurement that integrates the overall quantitative balance among the oxidants and reductants of the system.”

Given that ORP represents a single, global measure of oxidative stress in a biological system, we believe the potential for ORP to serve as a standardized marker in semen analysis and other aspects of infertility assessment is significant. A major limitation of oxidative stress assays relates to the fact that there is poor standardization in testing. As many factors contribute to oxidative stress (e.g., free radical proliferation,

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antioxidant depletion, DNA damage, etc.), it is important to have an integrated measure that combines all known and unknown oxidants and reductants in the respective system into one measurement. We believe ORP is an integrated measure of oxidative stress that can be easily and quickly measured with the MiOXSYS System.

In the context of infertility, having an integrated value representing all relevant biologic constituents contributing to oxidative stress will enable simple, robust analysis in a two to three minute test. There are various techniques in use to assess semen in cases of male infertility. The most commonly implemented techniques involve DNA fragmentation, oxidative stress analysis, microscopic examination, sperm penetration assays, sperm agglutination, computer assisted semen analysis, and others. The currently available oxidative stress analysis tools are widely considered expensive and cumbersome to use in routine clinical practice. In both developed countries as well as in the developing world, expensive analysis tools and recurring reagent expenses make routine testing nearly impossible to implement with regularity.

The MiOXSYS System Overview

The MiOXSYS System is comprised of two distinct, patented components that enable a system capable of measuring the ORP and antioxidant capacity of a biological fluid: an analyzer and sensor strips. In mechanical terms, ORP is defined as the potential between a working electrode, and a reference electrode at equilibrium. The RedoxSYS System has been specifically studied in human whole blood, serum, semen, seminal plasma, blood plasma, and other biological fluids.

The MiOXSYS System measures two distinct elements to determine a patient’s oxidation reduction potential:

The MiOXSYS Analyzer

The MiOXSYS analyzer is a portable, lightweight desktop platform that may be used in a clinical or research laboratory or near a patient care area. The analyzer is a small device that accepts an inserted sensor that has collected a small specimen as obtained by traditional specimen collection procedures. The analyzer is battery powered and equipped with a custom 5 lead strip connector. The reader consists of a Galvanostat analog circuit with greater than 1012 MHz input impedance.

The analyzer contains a 10 MHz external crystal (internal 4X PLL for 40 MHz operation), and a programming/serial header is externally accessible. The device has internal power/heart-beat indicator LED, primary storage of 128Mbit (16Mbyte) SPI Flash (3.3V) (Bulk data storage), and secondary storage of 2Mbit (256Kbyte) SPI FRAM (3.3V) (Hi-Speed Storage).

The MiOXSYS analyzer contains a user-friendly interface that is flexibly designed to accommodate multiple endpoints depending upon the specific clinical condition being considered. The interface is LCD, 16x2, with a white backlight, variable delay auto-off time-out. Two status LED indicators are visible through front panel mounted lenses. Further, the reader contains three DPDT push-button switches (Left, Center, Right), power on button(s) for battery mode operation, switch usage switch, audible alerts, strip detection, and test completion signals.

Further, the MiOXSYS analyzer enables data transfer, has USB serial communication, and is configured for data download to a connected PC.

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The MiOXSYS analyzer’s power management consists of an external 5VDC power jack with input capacitance and filtering, a boost converter supplied by external 5VDC power or internal Li-Ion battery, and provides main 5VDC digital board supply. The reader functions with or without the battery connected. The battery lasts in excess of 24 hours with continuous operation to enable prolonged use outside of a laboratory setting.

Image of the MiOXSYS Analyzer

The MiOXSYS Sensor Strips

The MiOXSYS sensor strips, via standard biological specimen collection techniques, receive 20 – 40 microliters of a specimen from which the ORP clinical analysis is performed. The ORP sensor strips are small, disposable, and biocompatible and consist of a ceramic substrate and a five-lead configuration. Significant intellectual property surrounds the design, construct, and electrochemical algorithms associated with the sensors.

Image of the MiOXSYS Sensor Strips

Regulatory Pathway

We achieved ISO 13485: 2003 in late 2013 following the successful development of a compliant medical device quality system. Following the issuance of our ISO certification, we obtained CE marking for the RedoxSYS System, which has enabled initial market development in Europe and markets that accept a CE marking. In December 2015, we achieved CE marking for MiOXSYS following technical validation and clinical study completion in male infertility. In March 2016, we obtained Health Canada Class II Medical approvals for MiOXSYS. In the United States, we intend to pursue 510k de novo clearance with the FDA for the MiOXSYS System. We have recent, ongoing correspondence with the FDA and have confirmed that MiOXSYS is appropriate for the 510k de novo pathway, and we are pursuing regulatory clearance through this pathway.

United States Commercial Strategy

If the clinical studies to measure oxidative stress in male infertility are successful, we expect to pursue that intended use for the MiOXSYS System via the FDA 510k de novo pathway. If cleared for the infertility intended use, we intend to seek to commercialize the MiOXSYS System as a new tool for the assessment of oxidative stress in infertility in men. We envision pursuing a direct sales effort to high priority urology/andrology laboratories, infertility clinics and reference centers across the United States. We have identified the primary, influential centers in the United States and believe our commercial deployment will be efficient through a focused sales and marketing effort. We intend to seek to sell the MiOXSYS System into individual centers and laboratories but will focus our revenue model on the repeat ordering of the disposable,

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single use MiOXSYS sensor strips. We expect to realize a favorable gross margin on the basis of estimated low cost of goods sold on both components of the system. We envision an average selling price for the disposable sensors of approximately $25 – $40. We envision selling the MiOXSYS analyzers for $2,500 – $5,500 but will also pursue an instrument rental agreement model with minimum disposable sensor purchase requirements.

We also intend to leverage our urology commercialization efforts with other products with a focus on urology centers, infertility clinics, and reproductive health laboratories around the United States.

We believe a focused sales force at the onset of commercialization will enable effective representation of our products and penetration of the reproductive health market. Our sales efforts into the research markets will be enabled initially through a full-time business development professional who will focus on collaborative research and research sales to major oxidative stress centers in the United States. We expect to pursue identical pricing in the research market and the clinical diagnostics markets.

ROW Commercial Strategy

We intend to undertake a similar strategy outside the United States for the RedoxSYS and MiOXSYS systems while complementing our efforts in infertility and research with adjunct applications in critical care conditions. To efficiently execute across our strategy, we intend to utilize a network of established distributors in the target markets in Europe and Asia. We have already engaged with distributors in multiple countries, while many other potential distributors are in advanced stages of discussions with us. We anticipate slightly reduced pricing outside the U.S. for the disposable sensors given the anticipated lower pricing observed ex-US for diagnostic and research products.

Our Business Development Strategy — Identifying & Acquiring Complementary Urology Assets

A key growth and value driver for our Company is the ongoing identification and acquisition of novel urology products for commercialization. We seek to identify unique products with urologic indications that may be non-strategic, undervalued or under-resourced by the company that currently markets the product. We believe that we can continue to acquire strategically aligned products at an appropriate valuation and grow those products via our focused sales and marketing efforts. We will also consider acquiring novel, late-stage development products that represent unique commercial opportunities and can be efficiently developed.

We are actively identifying unique product assets to acquire based on specific attributes including but not limited to: therapeutic area/indication; growth potential; intellectual property position (patents, regulatory, manufacturing or development technicalities, etc.), valuation, strategic fit, commercial orientation and other factors. Indications of interest include products to treat conditions such as urinary incontinence, sexual dysfunction, hypogonadism, prostate and other urological cancers, urinary tract infections, and other urological conditions.

Past Product Candidate — Zertane for the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation

Zertane, is a specifically formulated orally disintegrating tablet, or ODT, of tramadol hydrochloride patented for the on-demand treatment of premature ejaculation, or PE. We had been developing Zertane utilizing a regulatory pathway pursuant to Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA, as the active ingredient is already well characterized for the treatment of pain, and we were relying on the FDA’s finding of safety of tramadol hydrochloride to support its use in a new indication, PE, at a lower dose. The FDA accepted the IND for Zertane in late 2015.

While we had partnerships in place to market Zertane in South Korea and Brazil in the event of regulatory approval in those countries, and had entered into an agreement with Endo Ventures Limited, which recently acquired Paladin Labs Inc., or Paladin, a leading Canadian specialty pharmaceutical company, to provide exclusive rights to market, sell and distribute Zertane in Canada, the Republic of South Africa, certain countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Colombia and Latin America, we decided to cease the development of Zertane as of June 30, 2016 because we are directing our resources towards our commercial-stage products and do not plan to complete the necessary clinical trials and bring Zertane to market ourselves prior to the expiration of the patent covering the product. We intend to attempt to sell or out-license Zertane to one or more third parties to develop independently. We can provide no assurance as to the value, if any, we might receive for Zertane in the event we were to out-license or sell it.

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Government Regulation

While we do not have any pharmaceutical product candidates that we are actively developing as of the date of this prospectus, we may in the future acquire such products. Currently, we are developing two medical device candidates, the RedoxSYS and MiOXSYS Systems, for which regulatory approval must be received before we can market them. Regulatory approval processes for our current and any future product candidates are discussed below.

Approval Process for Pharmaceutical Products

FDA Approval Process for Pharmaceutical Products

In the United States, pharmaceutical products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or the FDC Act, and other federal and state statutes and regulations, govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve pending NDAs, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties, and criminal prosecution.

Pharmaceutical product development in the United States typically involves the performance of satisfactory nonclinical, also referred to as pre-clinical, laboratory and animal studies under the FDA’s Good Laboratory Practice, or GLP, regulation, the development and demonstration of manufacturing processes, which conform to FDA mandated current good manufacturing requirements, or cGMP, including a quality system regulating manufacturing, the submission and acceptance of an IND application, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin in the United States, obtaining the approval of Institutional Review Boards, or IRBs, at each site where we plan to conduct a clinical trial to protect the welfare and rights of human subjects in clinical trials, adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and effectiveness of the drug for each indication for which FDA approval is sought, and the submission to the FDA for review and approval of an NDA. Satisfaction of FDA requirements typically takes many years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity, and novelty of the product or disease.

Pre-clinical tests generally include laboratory evaluation of a product candidate, its chemistry, formulation, stability and toxicity, as well as certain animal studies to assess its potential safety and efficacy. Results of these pre-clinical tests, together with chemistry, manufacturing controls and analytical data and the clinical trial protocol, which details the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated, along with other requirements must be submitted to the FDA as part of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials can begin. The entire clinical trial and its protocol must be in compliance with what are referred to as good clinical practice, or GCP, requirements. The term, GCP, is used to refer to various FDA laws and regulations, as well as international scientific standards intended to protect the rights, health and safety of patients, define the roles of clinical trial sponsors and assure the integrity of clinical trial data.

An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions about the intended conduct of the trials and imposes what is referred to as a clinical hold. Pre-clinical studies generally take several years to complete, and there is no guarantee that an IND based on those studies will become effective, allowing clinical testing to begin. In addition to FDA review of an IND, each medical site that desires to participate in a proposed clinical trial must have the protocol reviewed and approved by an independent IRB or Ethics Committee, or EC. The IRB considers, among other things, ethical factors, and the selection and safety of human subjects. Clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s GCP requirements. The FDA and/or IRB may order the temporary, or permanent, discontinuation of a clinical trial or that a specific clinical trial site be halted at any time, or impose other sanctions for failure to comply with requirements under the appropriate entity jurisdiction.

Clinical trials to support NDAs for marketing approval are typically conducted in three sequential phases, but the phases may overlap. In Phase 1 clinical trials, a product candidate is typically introduced either into healthy human subjects or patients with the medical condition for which the new drug is intended to be used.

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The main purpose of the trial is to assess a product candidate’s safety and the ability of the human body to tolerate the product candidate. Phase 1 clinical trials generally include less than 50 subjects or patients. During Phase 2 trials, a product candidate is studied in an exploratory trial or trials in a limited number of patients with the disease or medical condition for which it is intended to be used in order to: (i) further identify any possible adverse side effects and safety risks, (ii) assess the preliminary or potential efficacy of the product candidate for specific target diseases or medical conditions, and (iii) assess dosage tolerance and determine the optimal dose for Phase 3 trials. Phase 3 trials are generally undertaken to demonstrate clinical efficacy and to further test for safety in an expanded patient population with the goal of evaluating the overall risk-benefit relationship of the product candidate. Phase 3 trials are generally designed to reach a specific goal or endpoint, the achievement of which is intended to demonstrate the candidate product’s clinical efficacy and adequate information for labeling of the approved drug.

There are three main types of NDAs, which are covered by Section 505 of the FDC Act: (1) an application that contains full reports of investigations of safety and efficacy (Section 505(b)(1)); (2) an application that contains full reports of investigations of safety and effectiveness but where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the application has not obtained a right of reference (Section 505(b)(2)); and (3) an application that contains information to show that the proposed product is identical in active ingredient, dosage form, strength, route of administration, labeling, quality, performance characteristics, and intended use, among other things, to a previously approved product (Section 505(j)). Section 505(b)(2) expressly permits the FDA to rely, for approval of an NDA, on data not developed by the applicant. In the pre-IND briefing meeting with Ampio and in June 2012, the FDA agreed that our NDA may be submitted under Section 505(b)(2). As such, we intend to rely on studies published in the scientific literature and reference FDA-approved NDAs for tramadol-containing products (NDAs 21-693, 20-281 and 21-692) to support the safety and efficacy demonstrated in our clinical program.

After completion of the required clinical testing, an NDA is prepared and submitted to the FDA. FDA approval of the NDA is required before marketing of the product may begin in the U.S. The NDA must include the results of all pre-clinical, clinical, and other testing and a compilation of data relating to the product’s pharmacology, chemistry, manufacture, and controls. The cost of preparing and submitting an NDA is substantial. Under federal law, the submission of most NDAs is additionally subject to a substantial application user fee, currently exceeding $2.3 million and the manufacturer and/or sponsor under an approved NDA are also subject to annual product and establishment user fees, currently approximately $0.1 million per product and $0.6 million per establishment. These fees are typically increased annually.

The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of an NDA to determine whether the application will be accepted for filing based on the FDA’s threshold determination that it is sufficiently complete to permit substantive review. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review. The FDA has agreed to certain performance goals in the review of NDAs. Most such applications for standard review drug products are reviewed within ten months; most applications for priority review drugs are reviewed in six months. Priority review can be applied to drugs that the FDA determines offer major advances in treatment, or provide a treatment where no adequate therapy exists. The review process for both standard and priority review may be extended by the FDA for three additional months to consider certain late-submitted information, or information intended to clarify information already provided in the submission. The FDA may also refer applications for novel drug products, or drug products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy, to an advisory committee — typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts — for review, evaluation, and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved. The FDA is not bound by the recommendation of an advisory committee, but it generally follows such recommendations. Before approving an NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP. Additionally, the FDA will inspect the facility or the facilities at which the drug is manufactured. The FDA will not approve the product unless compliance with cGMP is satisfactory and the NDA contains data that provide substantial evidence that the drug is safe and effective in the indication studied.

After the FDA evaluates the NDA and the manufacturing facilities, it issues either an approval letter or a complete response letter. A complete response letter generally outlines the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. If and when those deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction in a resubmission of the NDA, the

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FDA will issue an approval letter. The FDA has committed to reviewing such resubmissions in two or six months depending on the type of information included. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. As a condition of NDA approval, the FDA may require a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy, or REMS, to help ensure that the benefits of the drug outweigh the potential risks.

REMS can include medication guides, communication plans for healthcare professionals, and elements to assure safe use, or ETASU. ETASU can include, but are not limited to, special training or certification for prescribing or dispensing, dispensing only under certain circumstances, special monitoring, and the use of patient registries. The requirement for a REMS can materially affect the potential market and profitability of the drug. Moreover, product approval may require substantial post-approval testing and surveillance to monitor the drug’s safety or efficacy. Once granted, product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory standards is not maintained or problems are identified following initial marketing.

The Hatch-Waxman Act

In seeking approval for a drug through an NDA, applicants are required to list with the FDA each patent whose claims cover the applicant’s product. Upon approval of a drug, each of the patents listed in the application for the drug is then published in the FDA’s Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book. Drugs listed in the Orange Book can, in turn, be cited by potential competitors in support of approval of an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA. An ANDA provides for marketing of a drug product that has the same active ingredients in the same strengths and dosage form as the listed drug and has been shown through bioequivalence testing to be therapeutically equivalent to the listed drug. Other than the requirement for bioequivalence testing, ANDA applicants are not required to conduct, or submit results of, pre-clinical or clinical tests to prove the safety or effectiveness of their drug product. Drugs approved in this way are commonly referred to as “generic equivalents” to the listed drug, and can often be substituted by pharmacists under prescriptions written for the original listed drug.

The ANDA applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the approved product in the FDA’s Orange Book that: 1) the required patent information has not been filed; 2) the listed patent has expired; 3) the listed patent has not expired, but will expire on a particular date and approval is sought after patent expiration; or 4) the listed patent is invalid or will not be infringed by the new product. A certification that the new product will not infringe the already approved product’s listed patents, or that such patents are invalid, is called a Paragraph IV certification. If the applicant does not challenge the listed patents, the ANDA application will not be approved until all the listed patents claiming the referenced product have expired.

If the ANDA applicant has provided a Paragraph IV certification to the FDA, the applicant must also send notice of the Paragraph IV certification to the NDA and patent holders once the ANDA has been accepted for filing by the FDA. The NDA and patent holders may then initiate a patent infringement lawsuit in response to the notice of the Paragraph IV certification. The filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of the receipt of a Paragraph IV certification automatically prevents the FDA from approving the ANDA until the earlier of 30 months, expiration of the patent, settlement of the lawsuit, or a decision in the infringement case that is favorable to the ANDA applicant.

The ANDA application also will not be approved until any non-patent exclusivity listed in the Orange Book for the referenced product has expired. Federal law provides a period of five years following approval of a drug containing no previously approved active ingredients during which ANDAs for generic versions of those drugs cannot be submitted, unless the submission contains a Paragraph IV challenge to a listed patent — in which case the submission may be made four years following the original product approval. Federal law provides for a period of three years of exclusivity during which FDA cannot grant effective approval of an ANDA based on the approval of a listed drug that contains previously approved active ingredients but is approved in a new dosage form, route of administration or combination, or for a new use; the approval of which was required to be supported by new clinical trials conducted by, or for, the applicant.

Post-Approval Regulation

Even if a product candidate receives regulatory approval, the approval is typically limited to specific clinical indications. Further, even after regulatory approval is obtained, subsequent discovery of previously unknown problems with a product may result in restrictions on its use or even complete withdrawal of the product from

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the market. Any FDA-approved products manufactured or distributed by us are subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including record-keeping requirements and reporting of adverse events or experiences. Further, drug manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic inspections by the FDA and state agencies for compliance with cGMP, which impose rigorous procedural and documentation requirements upon us and our contract manufacturers. We cannot be certain that we or our present or future contract manufacturers or suppliers will be able to comply with cGMP regulations and other FDA regulatory requirements. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in, among other things, total or partial suspension of production activities, failure of the FDA to grant approval for marketing, and withdrawal, suspension, or revocation of marketing approvals.

If the FDA approves one or more of our product candidates, we and the contract manufacturers we use for manufacture of clinical supplies and commercial supplies must provide certain updated safety and efficacy information. Product changes, as well as certain changes in the manufacturing process or facilities where the manufacturing occurs or other post-approval changes may necessitate additional FDA review and approval. The labeling, advertising, promotion, marketing and distribution of a drug or biologic product or medical devices, also must be in compliance with FDA and Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, requirements which include, among others, standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activities involving the Internet. The FDA and FTC have very broad enforcement authority, and failure to abide by these regulations can result in penalties, including the issuance of a warning letter directing us to correct deviations from regulatory standards and enforcement actions that can include seizures, fines, injunctions and criminal prosecution.

Approval Process for Medical Devices

In the United States, the FDCA, FDA regulations and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern, among other things, medical device design and development, preclinical and clinical testing, premarket clearance or approval, registration and listing, manufacturing, labeling, storage, advertising and promotion, sales and distribution, export and import, and post-market surveillance. The FDA regulates the design, manufacturing, servicing, sale and distribution of medical devices, including molecular diagnostic test kits and instrumentation systems. Failure to comply with applicable U.S. requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve pending applications, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties and criminal prosecution.

Unless an exemption applies, each medical device we wish to distribute commercially in the United States will require marketing authorization from the FDA prior to distribution. The two primary types of FDA marketing authorization applicable to a device are premarket notification, also called 510(k) clearance, and premarket approval, also called PMA approval. The type of marketing authorization is generally linked to the classification of the device. The FDA classifies medical devices into one of three classes (Class I, II or III) based on the degree of risk the FDA determines to be associated with a device and the level of regulatory control deemed necessary to ensure the device’s safety and effectiveness. Devices requiring fewer controls because they are deemed to pose lower risk are placed in Class I or II. Class I devices are deemed to pose the least risk and are subject only to general controls applicable to all devices, such as requirements for device labeling, premarket notification and adherence to the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, known as the Quality System Regulations, or QSR. Class II devices are intermediate risk devices that are subject to general controls and may also be subject to special controls such as performance standards, product-specific guidance documents, special labeling requirements, patient registries or post-market surveillance. Class III devices are those for which insufficient information exists to assure safety and effectiveness solely through general or special controls and include life sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices, devices of substantial importance in preventing impairment of human health, or which present a potential, unreasonable risk of illness or injury.

Most Class I devices and some Class II devices are exempted by regulation from the 510(k) clearance requirement and can be marketed without prior authorization from the FDA. Some Class I devices that have not been so exempted and Class II devices are eligible for marketing through the 510(k) clearance pathway. By contrast, devices placed in Class III require PMA approval prior to commercial marketing. The PMA

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approval process is more stringent, time-consuming and expensive than the 510(k) clearance process, however, the 510(k) clearance process has also become increasingly stringent and expensive. The FDA has provided initial guidance to us that the RedoxSYS and MiOXSYS Systems are appropriate for the 510(k) clearance process, likely through the de novo pathway.

510(k) Clearance.  To obtain 510(k) clearance for a medical device, an applicant must submit a premarket notification to the FDA demonstrating that the device is “substantially equivalent” to a device legally marketed in the United States that is not subject to PMA approval, commonly known as the “predicate device.” A device is substantially equivalent if, with respect to the predicate device, it has the same intended use and has either (i) the same technological characteristics or (ii) different technological characteristics and the information submitted demonstrates that the device is as safe and effective as a legally marketed device and does not raise different questions of safety or effectiveness. A showing of substantial equivalence sometimes, but not always, requires clinical data. Generally, the 510(k) clearance process can exceed 90 days and may extend to a year or more.

After a device has received 510(k) clearance for a specific intended use, any change or modification that significantly affects its safety or effectiveness, such as a significant change in the design, materials, method of manufacture or intended use, may require a new 510(k) clearance or PMA approval and payment of an FDA user fee. The determination as to whether or not a modification could significantly affect the device’s safety or effectiveness is initially left to the manufacturer using available FDA guidance; however, the FDA may review this determination to evaluate the regulatory status of the modified product at any time and may require the manufacturer to cease marketing and recall the modified device until 510(k) clearance or PMA approval is obtained. The manufacturer may also be subject to significant regulatory fines or penalties.

Before we can submit a medical device for 510(k) clearance, we may have to perform a series of generally short studies over a period of months, including method comparison, reproducibility, interference and stability studies to ensure that users can perform the test successfully. Some of these studies may take place in clinical environments, but are not usually considered clinical trials. For PMA submissions, we would generally be required to conduct a longer clinical trial over a period of years that supports the clinical utility of the device and how the device will be used.

Although clinical investigations of most devices are subject to the investigational device exemption, or IDE, requirements, clinical investigations of diagnostic tests, including our products and products under development, are generally exempt from the IDE requirements. Thus, clinical investigations by intended users for intended uses of our products generally do not require the FDA’s prior approval but may require approval of an Institutional Review Board, or IRB, and written informed consent by the patient, provided the clinical evaluation testing is non-invasive, does not require an invasive sampling procedure that presents a significant risk, does not intentionally introduce energy into the subject and is not used as a diagnostic procedure without confirmation by another medically established test or procedure. In addition, our products must be labeled per FDA regulations “for research use only-RUO” or “for investigational use only-IUO,” and distribution controls must be established to assure that our products distributed for research, method comparisons or clinical evaluation studies are used only for those purposes.

Regulation after FDA Clearance or Approval

Any devices we manufacture or distribute pursuant to clearance or approval by the FDA are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA and certain state agencies. We are required to adhere to applicable regulations setting forth detailed cGMP requirements, as set forth in the QSR, which include, among other things, testing, control and documentation requirements. Noncompliance with these standards can result in, among other things, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, recalls or seizures of products, total or partial suspension of production, refusal of the government to grant 510(k) clearance or PMA approval of devices, withdrawal of marketing approvals and criminal prosecutions, fines and imprisonment. Our contract manufacturers’ facilities operate under the FDA’s cGMP requirements.

Foreign Regulatory Approval

Outside of the United States, our ability to market our product candidates will be contingent also upon our receiving marketing authorizations from the appropriate foreign regulatory authorities, whether or not FDA approval has been obtained. The foreign regulatory approval process in most industrialized countries

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generally encompasses risks similar to those we will encounter in the FDA approval process. The requirements governing conduct of clinical trials and marketing authorizations, and the time required to obtain requisite approvals, may vary widely from country to country and differ from those required for FDA approval.

In the European Union, we are required under the European Medical Device Directive (Council Directive 93/42/EEC) to affix the CE mark to certain of our products in order to sell the products in member countries of the European Union. The CE mark is an international symbol that represents adherence to certain essential principles of safety and effectiveness mandated in the European Medical Device Directive, which are referred to as the “essential requirements”. Once affixed, the CE mark enables a product to be sold within the European Economic Area, or EEA, which is composed of the 28 member states of the EU plus Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein as well as other countries that accept the CE mark.

To demonstrate compliance with the essential requirements, we must undergo a conformity assessment procedure which varies according to the type of medical device and its classification. Except for low risk medical devices (Class I with no measuring function and which are not sterile) where the manufacturer can issue an EC Declaration of Conformity based on a self-assessment of the conformity of its products with the essential requirements of the Medical Devices Directive, a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of an organization accredited by a member state of the EEA to conduct conformity assessments, or a notified body. Depending on the relevant conformity assessment procedure, the notified body would typically audit and examine the technical file and the quality system for the manufacture, design and final inspection of our devices. The notified body issues a CE certificate of Conformity following successful completion of a conformity assessment procedure conducted in relation to the medical device and its manufacturer and their conformity with the essential requirements. This certificate entitles the manufacturer to affix the CE mark to its medical devices after having prepared and signed a related EC Declaration of Conformity.

If we modify our devices, we may need to apply for permission to affix the CE mark to the modified product. Additionally, we may need to apply for a CE mark for any new products that we may develop in the future. Certain products regulated as medical devices according to EC-Directives are subject to vigilance requirements for reporting of adverse events.

We will be subject to additional regulations in other countries in which we market, sell and import our products, including Canada. We or our distributors must receive all necessary approvals or clearance prior to marketing and/or importing our products in those markets.

The International Standards Organization, or ISO, promulgates internationally recognized standards, including those for the requirements of quality systems. To support ISO certifications, surveillance audits are conducted by a notified body yearly and recertification audits every three years that assess continued compliance with the relevant ISO standards.

Other Regulatory Matters

Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities following product approval are also subject to regulation by numerous regulatory authorities in addition to the FDA, including, in the United States, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, other divisions of the Department of Health and Human Services, the Drug Enforcement Administration, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, the Occupational Safety &Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency and state and local governments. In the United States, sales, marketing and scientific/educational programs must also comply with state and federal fraud and abuse laws. Pricing and rebate programs must comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the U.S. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and more recent requirements in the Health Care Reform Law, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or ACA. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. The handling of any controlled substances must comply with the U.S. Controlled Substances Act and Controlled Substances Import and Export Act. Products must meet applicable child-resistant packaging requirements under the U.S. Poison Prevention Packaging Act. Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities are also potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws.

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The distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to additional requirements and regulations, including extensive recordkeeping, licensing, storage and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized sale of pharmaceutical products.

The failure to comply with regulatory requirements subjects firms to possible legal or regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result in criminal prosecution, fines, imprisonment or other penalties, injunctions, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product approvals, or refusal to allow a firm to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts. In addition, even if a firm complies with FDA and other requirements, new information regarding the safety or effectiveness of a product could lead the FDA to modify or withdraw product approval. Prohibitions or restrictions on sales or withdrawal of future products marketed by us could materially affect our business in an adverse way.

Changes in regulations, statutes or the interpretation of existing regulations could impact our business in the future by requiring, for example: (i) changes to our manufacturing arrangements; (ii) additions or modifications to product labeling; (iii) the recall or discontinuation of our products; or (iv) additional record-keeping requirements. If any such changes were to be imposed, they could adversely affect the operation of our business.

United States Patent Term Restoration and Marketing Exclusivity

Depending upon the timing, duration and other specific aspects of the FDA approval of our drug candidates, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Hatch-Waxman Amendments. The Hatch-Waxman Amendments permit a patent restoration term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and the FDA regulatory review process. However, patent term restoration cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. The patent term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND and the submission date of an NDA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA and the approval of that application. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. In the future, if any of our NDA’s are approved, we intend to apply for restoration of patent term for one of our currently owned or licensed patents to add patent life beyond the current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant NDA.

Market exclusivity provisions under the FDCA can also delay the submission or the approval of certain marketing applications. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to obtain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity, or NCE. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. Recently, the FDA stated that it may change its interpretation of 5-year NCE exclusivity determinations to apply to each drug substance in a fixed-combination drug product, not for the drug product as a whole. If this change is implemented, for example, a fixed-combination drug product that contains a drug substance with a single, new active moiety would be eligible for 5 year NCE exclusivity, even if the fixed-combination also contains a drug substance with a previously approved active moiety. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an abbreviated new drug application, or ANDA, or a Section 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for another drug based on the same active moiety, regardless of whether the drug is intended for the same indication as the original innovator drug or for another indication, where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement to one of the patents listed with the FDA by the innovator NDA holder. The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example new indications, dosages or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the modification for which the drug received approval on the basis of the new clinical

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investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugs containing the active agent for the original indication or condition of use. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the pre-clinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness. Orphan drug exclusivity, as described above, may offer a seven-year period of marketing exclusivity, except in certain circumstances. Pediatric exclusivity is another type of regulatory market exclusivity in the United States. Pediatric exclusivity, if granted, adds six months to existing exclusivity periods and patent terms. This six-month exclusivity, which runs from the end of other exclusivity protection or patent term, may be granted based on the voluntary completion of a pediatric trial in accordance with an FDA-issued “Written Request” for such a trial.

Reimbursement

Natesto is covered by many commercial insurance providers and pharmacy benefit management companies and is largely dependent upon reimbursement for continued use in the U.S. market. However, Natesto is covered under a Rebate Agreement between us and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. This, in turn, enables states to offer public payer coverage of Natesto through their separate Medicare and public assistance programs. Additionally, privately managed Medicare Part D plans may choose to cover Natesto prescriptions through their plans’ pharmacy benefits. ProstaScint is dependent upon reimbursement for continued use in the U.S. market, and ProstaScint does have a reimbursement code as assigned by the American Medical Association. ProstaScint is currently reimbursed by Medicare, Medicaid, and various private health plans. However, reimbursement is not universally available throughout the United States for ProstaScint. Primsol is also dependent upon reimbursement for continued use in the U.S. market, and Primsol is covered under a Rebate Agreement between us and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. This, in turn, enables states to offer public payer coverage of Primsol through their separate Medicaid and public assistance programs. Primsol is also covered by many private payers who offer coverage benefits to patients for branded, prescription antibiotic treatments. We do not anticipate that the sales of our product candidate, the MiOXSYS System, if approved for sale in the U.S., will be heavily dependent upon reimbursement by third-party payors. Traditionally, sales of pharmaceutical products that are not “life style” indications depend, in part, on the extent to which products will be covered by third-party payors, such as government health programs, commercial insurance and managed healthcare organizations. These third-party payors are increasingly reducing reimbursements for medical products and services.

Lack of third-party reimbursement for our product candidate or a decision by a third-party payor to not cover our product candidates could reduce physician usage of the product candidate and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, in some foreign countries, the proposed pricing for a drug must be approved before it may be lawfully marketed. The requirements governing drug pricing vary widely from country to country. For example, the European Union provides options for its member states to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices of medicinal products for human use. A member state may approve a specific price for the medicinal product or it may instead adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company placing the medicinal product on the market. There can be no assurance that any country that has price controls or reimbursement limitations for pharmaceutical products will allow favorable reimbursement and pricing arrangements for any of our products. Historically, products launched in the European Union do not follow price structures of the United States and generally tend to be significantly lower.

DEA Regulation

Natesto, already approved by the FDA, is a “controlled substance” as defined in the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, or CSA, because it contains testosterone. As a result, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agencies, or DEA, regulate Natesto and have listed it as a Schedule III substance.

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Annual registration is required for any facility that manufactures, distributes, dispenses, imports or exports any controlled substance. The registration is specific to the particular location, activity and controlled substance schedule. For example, separate registrations are needed for import and manufacturing, and each registration will specify which schedules of controlled substances are authorized. Similarly, separate registrations are also required for separate facilities.

The DEA typically inspects a facility to review its security measures prior to issuing a registration and on a periodic basis. Reports must also be made for thefts or losses of any controlled substance, and to obtain authorization to destroy any controlled substance. In addition, special permits and notification requirements apply to imports and exports of narcotic drugs.

The DEA establishes annually an aggregate quota for how much of a controlled substance may be produced in total in the United States based on the DEA’s estimate of the quantity needed to meet legitimate scientific and medicinal needs. The DEA may adjust aggregate production quotas and individual production and procurement quotas from time to time during the year, although the DEA has substantial discretion in whether or not to make such adjustments. Our or our manufacturers’ quotas of an active ingredient may not be sufficient to meet commercial demand or complete clinical trials. Any delay, limitation or refusal by the DEA in establishing our or our manufacturers’ quota for controlled substances could delay or stop our clinical trials or product launches, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

To enforce these requirements, the DEA conducts periodic inspections of registered establishments that handle controlled substances. Failure to maintain compliance with applicable requirements, particularly as manifested in loss or diversion, can result in administrative, civil or criminal enforcement action that could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. The DEA may seek civil penalties, refuse to renew necessary registrations, or initiate administrative proceedings to revoke those registrations. In some circumstances, violations could result in criminal proceedings.

Individual states also independently regulate controlled substances. We and our manufacturers will be subject to state regulation on distribution of these products, including, for example, state requirements for licensures or registration.

Intellectual Property

Aytu has an exclusive license from Acerus Pharmaceuticals Corporation for the United States to intellectual property related to a nasal gel drug product containing testosterone to treat hypogonadism in males, including the FDA approved product Natesto®, as well as an authorized generic version and OTC versions thereof. The license includes sublicense rights to intellectual property owned by Mattern Pharmaceuticals and exclusively licensed to Acerus by Mattern Pharmaceuticals. The sublicensed intellectual property includes four Orange Book listed patents directed at nasal gel formulations containing testosterone or methods of testosterone replacement therapy by nasal administration of the same. It further includes a pending application, and two patents that are not listed in the Orange Book directed at a method of making a testosterone formulation and a method for reducing physical or chemical interactions between a nasal testosterone formulation and a plastic container.

The Acerus license also grants rights to intellectual property owned by Acerus which includes twelve nonprovisional patent applications, some of which may be abandoned. These patent applications include at least three pending applications directed to testosterone titration methods, intranasal testosterone bio-adhesive gel formulations, and controlled release testosterone formulations.

We have an extensive range of intellectual property for Primsol, MiOXSYS, and RedoxSYS. We have patent protection in the United States and several other large markets worldwide. Specifically, we have numerous patents issued and pending for the RedoxSYS/MiOXSYS systems and their use in the U.S., Europe, Canada, Israel, Japan, and China. Further, we have patent protection in the United States and several other large markets worldwide for the use of tramadol hydrochloride to treat PE.

We have restructured our patent portfolio related to RedoxSYS/MiOXSYS to focus on the United States and core foreign jurisdictions which include Europe, Canada, Israel, Japan and China. In other foreign jurisdictions, patents and pending applications will be allowed to lapse through non-payment of annuities

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for issued patents and non-response to outstanding actions for pending applications. The portfolio to be supported in the United States and core foreign jurisdictions consists of 17 issued patents and 20 pending applications.

The portfolio primarily consists of four families filed in the United States and in core foreign jurisdictions. The first family includes six issued patents and five pending applications with claims directed to the measurement of the ORP of a patient sample to evaluate various conditions. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family is in 2028. The second family includes two pending United States applications, two issued United States patents and four pending applications in core foreign jurisdictions with claims directed to the measurement of the ORP capacity of a patient sample to evaluate various conditions. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family is in 2033. The third family includes seven issued patents and four pending applications with claims directed to devices and methods for the measurement of ORP and ORP capacity. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family is in 2032. The fourth family includes one pending United States application, one issued United States patent, and five pending applications in core foreign jurisdictions with claims directed to multiple layer gel test strip measurement devices and methods of making for use in measuring ORP and ORP capacity. The standard 20-year expiration for patents in this family is in 2033.

Primsol is protected by a formulation patent and its regulatory designation. By virtue of the fact that Primsol was approved as an NDA and the extremely large backlog of Abbreviated New Drug Applications at the FDA (two to three year review time currently), we do not expect generic competition for Primsol in the next three to four years. There are currently no generic competitors filed with the FDA under Paragraph IV, which is required of potential generic competitors seeking to genericize an on-patent NDA.

ProstaScint is protected by significant trade secrets and manufacturing know-how related to the production of the product and linkage of the base monoclonal antibody and imaging component. The antibody in the ProstaScint product is produced by a proprietary cell line.

We also maintain trade secrets and proprietary know-how that we seek to protect through confidentiality and nondisclosure agreements. These agreements may not provide meaningful protection or adequate remedies in the event of unauthorized use or disclosure of confidential and proprietary information. If we do not adequately protect our trade secrets and proprietary know-how, our competitive position and business prospects could be materially harmed.

We expect to seek United States and foreign patent protection for drug and diagnostic products we discover, as well as therapeutic and diagnostic products and processes. We expect also to seek patent protection or rely upon trade secret rights to protect certain other technologies which may be used to discover and characterize drugs and diagnostic products and processes, and which may be used to develop novel therapeutic and diagnostic products and processes.

The patent positions of companies such as ours involve complex legal and factual questions and, therefore, their enforceability cannot be predicted with any certainty. Our issued and licensed patents, and those that may be issued to us in the future, may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and the rights granted under the patents or licenses may not provide us with meaningful protection or competitive advantages. Our competitors may independently develop similar technologies or duplicate any technology developed by us, which could offset any advantages we might otherwise realize from our intellectual property. Furthermore, even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, the time required for development, testing, and regulatory review could mean that protection afforded us by our patents may only remain in effect for a short period after commercialization. The expiration of patents or license rights we hold could adversely affect our ability to successfully commercialize our pharmaceutical drugs or diagnostics, thus harming our operating results and financial position.

We will be able to protect our proprietary intellectual property rights from unauthorized use by third parties primarily to the extent that such rights are covered by valid and enforceable patents or are effectively maintained as trade secrets. If we must litigate to protect our intellectual property from infringement, we may incur substantial costs and our officers may be forced to devote significant time to litigation-related matters. The laws of certain foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the

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laws of the United States. Our pending patent applications, or those we may file or license from third parties in the future, may not result in patents being issued. Until a patent is issued, the claims covered by an application for patent may be narrowed or removed entirely, thus depriving us of adequate protection. As a result, we may face unanticipated competition, or conclude that without patent rights the risk of bringing product candidates to market exceeds the returns we are likely to obtain. We are generally aware of the scientific research being conducted in the areas in which we focus our research and development efforts, but patent applications filed by others are maintained in secrecy for at least 18 months and, in some cases in the United States, until the patent is issued. The publication of discoveries in scientific literature often occurs substantially later than the date on which the underlying discoveries were made. As a result, it is possible that patent applications for products similar to our drug or diagnostic products and product candidates may have already been filed by others without our knowledge.

The biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries are characterized by extensive litigation regarding patents and other intellectual property rights, and it is possible that our development of products and product candidates could be challenged by other pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies. If we become involved in litigation concerning the enforceability, scope and validity of the proprietary rights of others, we may incur significant litigation or licensing expenses, be prevented from further developing or commercializing a product or product candidate, be required to seek licenses that may not be available from third parties on commercially acceptable terms, if at all, or subject us to compensatory or punitive damage awards. Any of these consequences could materially harm our business.

Competition

The healthcare industry is highly competitive and subject to significant and rapid technological change as researchers learn more about diseases and develop new technologies and treatments. Significant competitive factors in our industry include product efficacy and safety; quality and breadth of an organization’s technology; skill of an organization’s employees and its ability to recruit and retain key employees; timing and scope of regulatory approvals; government reimbursement rates for, and the average selling price of, products; the availability of raw materials and qualified manufacturing capacity; manufacturing costs; intellectual property and patent rights and their protection; and sales and marketing capabilities. Market acceptance of our current products and product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including: (i) potential advantages over existing or alternative therapies or tests, (ii) the actual or perceived safety of similar classes of products, (iii) the effectiveness of sales, marketing, and distribution capabilities, and (iv) the scope of any approval provided by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities.

We are a very small biopharmaceutical company compared to other companies that we are competing against. Our current and potential competitors include large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, and specialty pharmaceutical and generic drug companies. Many of our current and potential competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and human resources than we do and significantly more experience in the marketing, commercialization, discovery, development and regulatory approvals of products, which could place us at a significant competitive disadvantage or deny us marketing exclusivity rights. Specifically, our competitors will most likely have larger sales teams and have more capital resources to support their products then we do.

Accordingly, our competitors may be more successful than we may be in achieving widespread market acceptance and obtaining FDA approval for product candidates. We anticipate that we will face intense and increasing competition as new products enter the market, as advanced technologies become available and as generic forms of currently branded products become available. Finally, the development of new treatment methods for the diseases we are targeting could render our products non-competitive or obsolete.

We cannot assure you that any of our products that we acquire or successfully develop will be clinically superior or scientifically preferable to products developed or introduced by our competitors.

Our current approved products compete in highly competitive fields whereby there are numerous options available to clinicians including generics. These generic treatment options are frequently less expensive and more widely available.

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Natesto

Natesto competes in a large, growing market. The U.S. TRT market is large, with annual revenues in the U.S. in 2013 of $2.4 billion. If the TRT market grows as expected, with as little as 5% market penetration, a novel, patent-protected TRT product could achieve sales of $250 million. Even at the current market size of approximately $2.4 billion, a product with 5% market penetration could achieve sales of approximately $120 million annually, assuming comparatively similar product pricing and reimbursement levels as seen with other TRTs.

The U.S. prescription testosterone market is comprised primarily of topically applied treatments in the form of gels, solutions, and patches. Testopel® and Aveed®, injectable products typically implanted directly under the skin by a physician, are also FDA-approved. AndroGel is the market-leading TRT and is marketed by AbbVie.

ProstaScint

Currently, there are several FDA approved imaging techniques for cancer in general, however there is only one SPECT-specific agent targeting prostate cancer — ProstaScint. The other imaging methods are F18-fluorodeoxyglucose (F18-FDG), C11-Acetate, and C11-Choline. The primary advantage of these methods is that they all use PET imaging, a technique with better resolution than SPECT. The use of PET is also a disadvantage, however, since it uses radiolabels with short half-lives necessitating the need for a local or on-site cyclotron to generate the labels. The half-life of fluorine-18 (F18) and of carbon-11 (C11) are approximately 110 and 20 minutes, respectively. The radiolabel used by ProstaScint is Indium-11, with a half-life of about 2 – 3 days. This longer time period allows the radiolabel to be made remotely and shipped to the imaging facility; however, it does use SPECT as the imaging modality.

As indicated, ProstaScint is the only radio-imaging marker that is specific for prostate specific membrane antigen (PMSA). ProstaScint is based on radiolabeling the antibody against PSMA, a protein express by prostate cells. This specificity for prostate cells is what allows ProstaScint to detect the metastases of prostate cancer regardless of location. The mechanism of labeling for F18-FDG, C11-Acetate, and C11-Choline is the intracellular accumulation of these markers in cancer cells, due to the fact that cancer cells typically have a higher cellular metabolism than non-cancerous cells. Thus, these markers can accumulate in any type of cancer cell with a high metabolism. Unfortunately for these technologies, prostate cancer cells tend to have a lower cellular metabolism resulting in higher false positives attributed to hyperplasia and prostatitis.

In a meta-analysis of 21 studies evaluating accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive values, ProstaScint using combined SPECT/CT imaging was comparable to PET/CT imaging based on F18-FDG and C11-Choline.

Primsol

There are any number of antibiotics available on the market that could compete with Primsol. However, Primsol is the only FDA-approved liquid formulation of trimethoprim, an antibiotic that is well established in current guidelines for treating UTIs. Further, Primsol is the only trimethoprim oral solution on the U.S. market that does not contain sulfamethoxazole, or sulfa. Therefore, Primsol is appropriate for UTI patients that have difficulty swallowing tablets, such as the elderly, and particularly for patients that experience adverse reactions to sulfa.

MiOXSYS/RedoxSYS

With respect to MiOXSYS competitive offerings, there are other oxidative stress diagnostic tests available throughout the world, although none are approved in the United States for clinical use. Diagnostic systems that are marketed for clinical use outside the United States include the FRAS 4 system (H&D srl), FREE Carpe Diem (Diacron International), and the FORM and FORMPlus systems (Callegari srl). These systems are used in both research and clinical settings but do not generate significant sales in the clinical setting. If approved in the United States for clinical use, these systems could present competition to the MiOXSYS System. However, their testing parameters differ significantly from MiOXSYS and would need to demonstrate clinical superiority to MiOXSYS in order to substantially detract from MiOXSYS prescribing and sales. Additionally, to our knowledge these systems have not demonstrated clinical feasibility in human semen or seminal plasma.

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Research and Development

Our strategy is to minimize our research and development activities. When we do conduct research and development, we intend to utilize consultants with domain experience for research, development and regulatory guidance.

Our MiOXSYS System has been developed in conjunction with numerous medical device and diagnostic development consultants. Further, we have relationships with regulatory consultants who are actively assisting in the development of our regulatory strategy with the FDA. To complement our internal clinical research efforts with the MiOXSYS System, we have engaged with numerous universities around the world to identify and develop research and clinical applications for the MiOXSYS System. Through these engagements we have access to data and analyses that enable us to develop new uses for the MiOXSYS and RedoxSYS systems. Additionally, we have formal research agreements in place with two prominent U.S.-based universities and one prominent European university for which we are paying a research fee.

Manufacturing

Our business strategy is to use cGMP compliant contract manufacturers for the manufacture of clinical supplies as well as for commercial supplies if required by our commercialization plans, and to transfer manufacturing responsibility to our collaboration partners when possible.

Natesto

On April 22, 2016, we entered into a license and supply agreement with Acerus pursuant to which we will pay Acerus a supply price per unit of the greater of (i) a fixed percentage of Acerus’ cost of goods sold for Natesto, not to exceed a fixed ceiling price and (ii) a low double digit percentage of the net selling price for the first year of the agreement, that increases in each of the second and third years and remains constant after that.

ProstaScint

We have acquired a two-year supply of ProstaScint through our asset purchase agreement with Jazz Pharmaceuticals, which we project to last through calendar 2017. Further, we have begun the process of transferring the manufacturing of ProstaScint to a new contract manufacturer as discussed below.

On October 8, 2015, we and Biovest International, Inc., or Biovest, entered into a Master Services Agreement, pursuant to which Biovest is to provide manufacturing services to us for ProstaScint. The agreement provides that we may engage Biovest from time to time to provide services in accordance with mutually agreed upon project addendums and purchase orders for ProstaScint. We expect to use the agreement from time to time for manufacturing services, including without limitation, the manufacturing, processing, quality control testing, release or storage of ProstaScint. The agreement provides customary terms and conditions, including those for performance of services by Biovest in compliance with project addendums, industry standards, regulatory standards and all applicable laws. Biovest will be responsible for obtaining and maintaining all governmental approvals, at our expense, during the term of the agreement. The agreement has a term of four years, provided that either party may terminate the agreement or any project addendum under the agreement on 30 days written notice of a material breach under the agreement.

In addition, we may terminate the agreement or any project addendum under the agreement upon 180 days written notice for any reason. In conjunction with entering into the agreement, we submitted a work order to Biovest to provide us with active pharmaceutical ingredient for ProstaScint over a four-year period at a total cost of $5.3 million, of which we paid $1.0 million upon submission of the work order and $500,000 in each of January and April 2016. In June 2016, we paid $300,000 and in July of 2016, we paid another $500,000 towards this project.

Primsol

We have entered into a supply agreement for Primsol with the same manufacturer used by FSC Laboratories, from whom we purchased Primsol. Pursuant to the agreement, we can order supply as needed at a fixed price for the first two years of the agreement through September 30, 2017; thereafter we will negotiate the price but do not expect the supply price to increase by more than 25%.

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MiOXSYS/RedoxSYS

We have completed the technical development of the RedoxSYS System by engaging contract development and manufacturing companies in the United States. We secured supply and quality agreements with manufacturers for both the RedoxSYS and MiOXSYS instruments as well as the RedoxSYS and MiOXSYS sensor strips. Both manufacturers hold long-standing ISO 13485:2003 certifications and are established medical device manufacturers. Both manufacturers have high volume manufacturing capacity such that production volumes can be easily scaled. Both manufacturers have been audited by our quality engineers and are fully compliant.

Employees

As of August 31, 2016, we had 58 full-time employees and utilized the services of a number of consultants on a temporary basis. Overall, we have not experienced any work stoppage and do not anticipate any work stoppage in the foreseeable future. None of our employees is subject to a collective bargaining agreement. Management believes that relations with our employees are good.

Properties

In August 2015, Aytu entered into a 37 month non-cancellable operating lease for new office space effective September 1, 2015. The new lease has initial base rent of $8,500 per month beginning in October 2015, with the total base rent over the term of the lease of approximately $318,000 which includes rent abatements. We have also opened a 1,333 square foot office in Raleigh, North Carolina for which the lease runs until July 31, 2018. We believe our current office space is sufficient to meet our current needs.

We recognize rental expense of the facility on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Differences between the straight-line net expenses on rent payments are classified as liabilities between current deferred rent and long-term deferred rent.

Legal Proceedings

We are currently not party to any material legal or administrative proceedings and are not aware of any material pending or threatened legal or administrative proceedings in which we will become involved.

Available Information

Our principal executive offices are located at 373 Inverness Parkway, Suite 206, Englewood, Colorado 80112 USA, and our phone number is (720) 437-6580.

We maintain a website on the internet at http://aytubio.com. We make available free of charge through our website, by way of a hyperlink to a third-party site that includes filings we make with the SEC website (www.sec.gov), our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports electronically filed or furnished pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. The information on our website is not, and shall not be deemed to be, a part of this prospectus or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC. In addition, the public may read and copy any materials we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington D.C., 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a written code of ethics that applies to our officers, directors and employees, including our principal executive officer and principal accounting officer. We intend to disclose any amendments to, or waivers from, our code of ethics that are required to be publicly disclosed pursuant to rules of the SEC by filing such amendment or waiver with the SEC. This code of ethics and business conduct can be found in the corporate governance section of our website, http://aytubio.com.

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MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth the names and ages of all of our directors and executive officers. Our Board of Directors is currently comprised of five members, who are elected annually to serve for one year or until their successor is duly elected and qualified, or until their earlier resignation or removal. Executive officers serve at the discretion of the Board of Directors and are appointed by the Board of Directors.

Name		Age		Position
Joshua R. Disbrow		41		Chairman & Chief Executive Officer
Jarrett T. Disbrow		41		Chief Operating Officer
Gregory A. Gould		50		Chief Financial Officer, Secretary, and Treasurer
Jonathan H. McGrael		46		Vice President of Commercial Operations
Michael Macaluso		64		Director
Carl C. Dockery		53		Director
John A. Donofrio, Jr.		49		Director
Gary V. Cantrell		61		Director

The following is a biographical summary of the experience of our executive officers and directors during the past five years, and an indication of directorships held by the director in other companies subject to the reporting requirements under the federal securities law.

Joshua R. Disbrow — Chairman and Chief Executive Officer

Joshua R. Disbrow has been employed by us since April 16, 2015. Prior to the closing of the Merger, Mr. Disbrow was the Chief Executive Officer of Luoxis since January 2013. Mr. Disbrow was also the Chief Operating Officer of Ampio since December 2012. Prior to joining Ampio, he served as the Vice President of Commercial Operations at Arbor Pharmaceuticals, a specialty pharmaceutical company, from May 2007 through October 2012. He joined Arbor as that company’s second full-time employee. Mr. Disbrow led the company’s commercial efforts from inception to the company’s acquisition in 2010 and growth to over $127 million in net sales in 2011. By the time Mr. Disbrow departed Arbor in late 2012, he had led the growth of the commercial organization to comprise over 150 people in sales, marketing sales training, managed care, national accounts, and other commercial functions. Mr. Disbrow has spent over 17 years in the pharmaceutical, diagnostic and medical device industries and has held positions of increasing responsibility in sales, marketing, sales management, commercial operations and commercial strategy. Prior to joining Arbor, Mr. Disbrow served as Regional Sales Manager with Cyberonics, Inc., a medical device company focused on neuromodulation therapies from June 2005 through April 2007. Prior to joining Cyberonics he was the Director of Marketing at LipoScience, an in vitro diagnostics company. Mr. Disbrow holds an MBA from Wake Forest University and BS in Management from North Carolina State University. Mr. Disbrow’s experience in executive management and marketing within the pharmaceutical industry, monetizing company opportunities, and corporate finance led to the conclusion that he should serve as a director of our Company in light of our business and structure.

Jarrett T. Disbrow — Chief Operating Officer

Jarrett Disbrow has been employed by us since April 16, 2015. Prior to the closing of the Merger, Mr. Disbrow was the Chief Executive Officer of Vyrix from November 2013. Mr. Disbrow joined Vyrix from Eurus Pharma LLC, or Eurus Pharma, where he held the position of general manager from 2011 to 2013. Prior to joining Eurus Pharma, Mr. Disbrow was the founder, president and chief executive officer of Arbor Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Arbor Pharmaceuticals from 2006 to 2010. Following Arbor Pharmaceuticals’ acquisition in 2010, Mr. Disbrow remained with the company as vice president of commercial development. Prior to founding Arbor Pharmaceuticals in 2006, he was head of marketing for Accentia Biopharmaceuticals, Inc. from 2002 to 2006. Mr. Disbrow began his career with GlaxoWellcome, Inc. (now GlaxoSmithKline plc) from 1997 to 2001, where he held positions of increasing responsibility in sales and later marketing. Mr. Disbrow received a BS in business management from North Carolina State University in Raleigh, NC. Mr. Disbrow served on our Board of Directors from April 2015 to July 2016.

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Gregory A. Gould — Chief Financial Officer, Secretary, and Treasurer

Gregory A. Gould has been our Chief Financial Officer since April 16, 2015. Mr. Gould is also the Chief Financial Officer of Ampio where he has been employed since June 2014. Prior to joining Ampio, he provided financial and operational consulting services to the biotech industry through his consulting company, Gould LLC from April 2012 until June 2014. Mr. Gould was Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of SeraCare from November 2006 until the company was sold to Linden Capital Partners in April 2012. During the period from July 2011 until April 2012 Mr. Gould also served as the Interim President and Chief Executive Officer of SeraCare Life Sciences. Mr. Gould has held several other executive positions at publicly traded life sciences companies including the Chief Financial Officer role at Atrix Laboratories, Inc., an emerging specialty pharmaceutical company focused on advanced drug delivery. During Mr. Gould’s tenure at Atrix he was instrumental in the negotiation and sale of the company to QLT, Inc. for over $855 million. He also played a critical role in the management of several licensing agreements including the global licensing agreement with Sanofi-Synthelabo of the Eligard® products. Mr. Gould was the Chief Financial Officer at Colorado MedTech, Inc., a publicly traded medical device design and manufacturing company where he negotiated the transaction to sell the company to KRG Capital Partners. Mr. Gould began his career as an auditor with Arthur Andersen, LLP. He currently serves on the board of directors of CytoDyn, Inc., a publicly traded drug development company pursuing anti-viral agents for the treatment of HIV. Mr. Gould graduated from the University of Colorado with a BS in Business Administration and is a Certified Public Accountant.

Jonathan H. McGrael — Vice President of Commercial Operations

Jonathan McGrael joined us on September 30, 2015 as Vice President of Sales and in May 2016 became our Vice President of Commercial Operations. Mr. McGrael has spent 17 years in the pharmaceutical industry and has held positions of increasing responsibility in sales, sales training, marketing, sales management, and leadership development. Until September 15, 2015, he was Director of Sales at Arbor Pharmaceuticals, which he joined in 2010 as that company’s 14^th employee. Under his leadership the sales organization grew from 10 sales representatives to over 400 and achieved significant, consistent revenue growth throughout his leadership tenure. Mr. McGrael also designed comprehensive leadership development and training programs for sales leaders, as well as a marketing structure that ensured “plug-and-play” incorporation of new products. Mr. McGrael began his career at TAP Pharmaceuticals (now Takeda) where he held positions within the sales and marketing divisions. He received an MS in Public Health from Missouri State University and a BS in Human Bio-Dynamics also from Missouri State University.

Michael Macaluso — Director

Michael Macaluso has been a member of our Board of Directors since April 2015. Mr. Macaluso is also the Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Ampio. Mr. Macaluso has been a member of Ampio Pharmaceuticals’ Board of Directors since March 2010 and Ampio’s Chief Executive Officer since January 2012. Mr. Macaluso served in the roles of president and Chief Executive Officer of Isolagen, Inc. (AMEX: ILE) from June 2001 until September 2004. Mr. Macaluso also served on the board of directors of Isolagen from June 2001 until April 2005. From October 1998 until June 2001, Mr. Macaluso was the owner of Page International Communications, a manufacturing business. Mr. Macaluso was a founder and principal of International Printing and Publishing, a position Mr. Macaluso held from 1989 until 1997, when he sold that business to a private equity firm. Mr. Macaluso’s experience in executive management and marketing within the pharmaceutical industry, monetizing company opportunities, and corporate finance led to the conclusion that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure.

Carl C. Dockery — Director

Carl Dockery joined our Board as an independant director in April 2016. Mr. Dockery is a financial executive with 30 years of experience as an executive in the insurance and reinsurance industry and more recently in 2006 as the founder and president of a registered investment advisory firm, Alpha Advisors, LLC. Mr. Dockery’s career as an insurance executive began in 1988 as an officer and director of two related and closely held insurance companies, including serving as secretary of Crossroads Insurance Co. Ltd. of Bermuda and as vice president of Gulf Insurance Co. Ltd. of Grand Cayman. Familiar with the London reinsurance market, in the 1990s, Mr. Dockery worked at Lloyd’s and the London Underwriting Centre brokering various types of reinsurance placements. Mr. Dockery serves as a director of CytoDyn Inc. (OTCQB: “CYDY”), a biotechnology company. Mr. Dockery graduated from Southeastern University with a Bachelor of Arts in

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Humanities. Mr. Dockery’s financial expertise and experience, as well as his experience as a director of a publicly traded biopharmaceutical company, led to the conclusion that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure.

John A. Donofrio, Jr. — Director

John Donofrio joined our Board as an independant director in July 2016. He is a Senior Finance Executive with 24 years of experience in the pharmaceutical industry across a broad range of areas, including consolidated financial reporting, international accounting and internal controls, financial systems development and implementation, cost accounting, inventory management, supply chain, transfer pricing, budget and forecast planning, integration of mergers and acquisitions and business development. He has served as the Chief Financial Officer and Head of North American Business Development for Merz North America, or Merz, since August 2013. Merz is a specialty healthcare company that develops and commercializes innovative treatment solutions in aesthetics, dermatology and neurosciences in the U.S. and Canada. At Merz, Mr. Donofrio is accountable for financial performance, cost management, business development and strategic business planning and analysis for the finance organization in North America. Prior to joining Merz, Mr. Donofrio served as Vice President, Stiefel Global Finance, U.S. Specialty Business and Puerto Rico for Stiefel, a GlaxoSmithKline plc company from July 2009 to July 2013. In that role, Mr. Donofrio was responsible for the financial strategy, management reporting, and overall control framework for the Global Dermatology Business Unit. He was also the Senior Finance Partner accountable for the U.S. Specialty Business Units of GlaxoSmithKline plc. Mr. Donofrio served as a director of Vyrix Pharmaceuticals from February 2014 to April 2015. Mr. Donofrio holds a degree in Accounting from North Carolina State University. Mr. Donofrio’s financial expertise and experience in the pharmaceutical industry, led to the conclusion that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure.

Gary V. Cantrell — Director

Gary Cantrell joined our Board as an independant director in July 2016. He has 30 years of experience in the life sciences industry ranging from clinical experience as a respiratory therapist to his current exclusive consulting role with Mayne Pharma (ASX: MYX) as Business Development Executive focused on acquiring branded prescription assets for Mayne’s U.S. Specialty Brands Division. Mr. Cantrell served as CEO of Yasoo Health Inc., a global specialty nutritional company from 2007 through June 2015, highlighted by the sale of its majority asset AquADEKs to Actavis in March 2016. Previously, he was President of The Catevo Group, a U.S.-based healthcare consulting firm. Prior to that, he was Executive Vice President, Sales and Marketing for TEAMM Pharmaceuticals, an Accentia Biopharmaceuticals company, where he led all commercial activities for a public specialty pharmaceutical business. His previous 22 years were at GlaxoSmithKline plc where he held progressively senior management positions in sales, marketing and business development. Mr. Cantrell is a graduate of Wichita State University and serves as an advisor to several emerging life science companies. He served as a director for Yasoo Health Inc., Yasoo Health Limited and Flexible Stenting Solutions, Inc., a leading developer of next generation peripheral arterial, venous, neurovascular and biliary stents, which was sold to Cordis, while a Division of Johnson & Johnson in March 2013. Mr. Cantrell served as a director of Vyrix Pharmaceuticals from February 2014 to April 2015. Mr. Cantrell’s experience in consulting and executive management within the pharmaceutical industry led to the conclusion that he should serve as a director of our company in light of our business and structure.

Family Relationships

Jarrett T. Disbrow, our Chief Operating Officer, is the brother of Joshua R. Disbrow, our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. There are no other family relationships among or between any of our current or former executive officers and directors.

Involvement in Certain Legal Proceedings

None of our directors or executive officers has been involved in any legal proceeding in the past 10 years that would require disclosure under Item 401(f) of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Securities Act.

Board Committees

Our Board has established an Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee. Our Audit Committee consists of Mr. Donofrio (Chair), Mr. Cantrell and Mr. Dockery. Our

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Compensation Committee consists of Mr. Cantrell (Chair), Mr. Dockery and Mr. Donofrio. Our Nominating and Governance Committee consists of Mr. Dockery (Chair), Mr. Cantrell and Mr. Donofrio. The independence of our directors is discussed below under the caption “Director Independence.”

Each of the above-referenced committees operates pursuant to a formal written charter. The charters for these committees, which have been adopted by our Board, contain a detailed description of the respective committee’s duties and responsibilities and are available on our website at http://aytubio.com under the “Investor Relations — Corporate Governance” tab.

Our Board has determined Mr. Donofrio qualifies as an audit committee financial expert, as defined in Item 407(d)(5) of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC.

Stockholder Proposals

Our bylaws establish procedures for stockholder nominations for elections of directors and bringing business before any annual meeting or special meeting of stockholders. A stockholder entitled to vote in the election of directors may nominate one or more persons for election as directors at a meeting only if written notice of such stockholder’s intent to make such nomination or nominations has been delivered to our Corporate Secretary at our principal executive offices not less than 90 days nor more than 120 days prior to the first anniversary of the prior year’s annual meeting. In the event that the date of the annual meeting is more than 30 days before or more than 60 days after the anniversary date of the prior year’s annual meeting, the stockholder notice must be given not more than 120 days nor less than the later of 90 days prior to the date of the annual meeting or, if it is later, the 10^th day following the date on which the date of the annual meeting is first publicly announced or disclosed by us. These notice deadlines are the same as those required by the SEC’s Rule 14a-8.

Pursuant to the bylaws, a stockholder’s notice must set forth among other things: (a) as to each person whom the stockholder proposes to nominate for election or reelection as a director all information relating to such person that is required to be disclosed in solicitations of proxies for election of directors in an election contest, or is otherwise required, in each case pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder; and (b) as to any other business that the stockholder proposes to bring before the meeting, a brief description of the business desired to be brought before the meeting, the reasons for conducting such business at the meeting and any material interest in such business of such stockholder and the beneficial owner, if any, on whose behalf the proposal is made.

There have been no changes to these nominating procedures since the adoption of the bylaws.

Executive Compensation

In accordance with Item 402 of Regulation S-K promulgated by the SEC, we are required to disclose certain information regarding the makeup of and compensation for our company’s directors and named executive officers. On April 16, 2015, we acquired Luoxis and Vyrix in the Merger. Because for certain periods some of our named executive officers were, prior to the Merger on April 16, 2015, employed by Luoxis and Vyrix, we are providing past compensation information concerning such executive officers with respect to Luoxis and Vyrix.

In establishing executive compensation, our Board is guided by the following goals:

Compensation of Directors

Our current compensation package for non-employee directors, effective July 1, 2017, consists of: an annual cash retainer of $25,000 for each director, $10,000 for each committee chair and $5,000 for each other

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committee member; a one-time grant of 65,000 restricted shares of stock upon appointment to the board; and an annual stock option grant of 15,000 shares thereafter. In April 2016, we prorated for the last quarter of fiscal 2016 the annual cash retainer (amounting to $6,250) and also made the annual grant of 100,000 stock options to our then two non-employee directors. Prior to April 1, 2016, we paid no cash compensation and made no annual stock option grants. We also reimburse directors for expenses incurred in connection with their service as director.

The following table provides information regarding all compensation paid to non-employee directors of Aytu during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016.

Name		Fees Earned or Paid in Cash				Stock Option Awards(1)				All Other Compensation				Total
Michael Macaluso(2)		$	6,250			$	34,169			$	—			$	40,419
Carl C. Dockery(2)		$	6,250			$	34,169			$	—			$	40,419
Gary V. Cantrell(2)(3)		$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—
John A. Donofrio Jr(2)(3)		$	—			$	—			$	—			$	—

Executive Officer Compensation

The following table sets forth all cash compensation earned, as well as certain other compensation paid or accrued for the years ended June 30, 2016 and 2015 to each of the following named executive officers.

Name and Principal Position (a)		Year (b)				Salary ($) (c)				Bonus ($) (d)				Stock Award ($) (e)				Option Award ($)(1) (f)				Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($) (g)				Change in Pension Value and Nonqualified Deferred Compensation Earnings ($) (h)				All Other Compensation ($) (i)				Total ($) (j)
Named Executive Officers
Joshua R. Disbrow(2) Chief Executive Officer since December 2012			2016				250,000				312,500				—				559,000				—				—				—				1,121,500
			2015				246,000				202,500				—				198,000				—				—				7,045	(3)			653,545
Jarrett T. Disbrow(4) Chief Operating Officer			2016				250,000				287,500				—				559,000				—				—				—				1,096,500
			2015				218,000				5,000				—				—				—				—				—				223,000
Gregory A. Gould(5) Chief Financial Officer since June 2014			2016				—				250,000				—				—				—				—				—				250,000
			2015				—				—				—				66,000				—				—				—				66,000
Jonathan H. McGrael(6) VP of Commercial Operations			2016				140,417				237,737				—				186,337				—				—				13,233	(7)			577,724
			2015				—				—				—				—				—				—				—				—

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Our executive officers are reimbursed by us for any out-of-pocket expenses incurred in connection with activities conducted on our behalf. Executives are reimbursed for business expenses directly related to Aytu business activities, such as travel, primarily for business development as we grow and expand our product lines. On average, each executive incurs between $1,000 to $3,000 of out-of-pocket business expenses each month. The executive management team meets weekly and determines which activities they will work on based upon what we determine will be the most beneficial to our company and our shareholders. No interest is paid on amounts reimbursed to the executives.

Grants of Plan-Based Awards

The following table sets forth certain information regarding grants of plan-based awards to the Named Executive Officers during the year ended June 30, 2016:

Name		Grant Date				All Other Option Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Options (#)				Exercise Price of Option Awards ($/Share)(3)				Grant Date Fair Value of Option Awards ($)(1)
Named Executive Officers
Joshua R Disbrow			11/11/2015				50,000			$	18.12			$	559,000
Jarrett T Disborw			11/11/2015				50,000			$	18.12			$	559,000
Gregory A Gould			11/11/2015				20,834			$	18.12			$	—	(2)
Jonathan H McGrael			11/11/2015				16,667			$	18.12			$	186,337

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Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal Year-End 2016

The following table contains certain information concerning unexercised options for the Named Executive Officers as of June 30, 2016.

		Option Awards
Name (a)		Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable (#) (b)				Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable (#) (c)				Equity Incentive Plan Awards: Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Unearned Options (#) (d)				Option Exercise Price ($) (e)(1)				Option Expiration Date (f)
Named Executive Officers
Joshua R. Disbrow			—				50,000				—			$	18.12				11/11/2025
Jarrett T. Disbrow			—				50,000				—			$	18.12				11/11/2025
Gregory A. Gould			20,834				—				—			$	18.12				11/11/2025
Jonathan H. McGrael			—				16,667				—			$	18.12				11/11/2025

Employment Agreements

We entered into an employment agreement with Joshua Disbrow in connection with his employment as our Chief Executive Officer. The agreement is for a term of 24 months beginning on April 16, 2015, subject to termination by us with or without Cause or as a result of officer’s disability, or by the officer with or without Good Reason (as discussed below). Mr. Disbrow is entitled to receive $250,000 in annual salary, plus a discretionary performance bonus with a target of 125% of his base salary. Mr. Disbrow is also eligible to participate in the benefit plans maintained by us from time to time, subject to the terms and conditions of such plans.

We entered into an employment agreement with Jarrett Disbrow, our Chief Operating Officer, in connection with his employment with us. The agreement is for a term of 24 months beginning on April 16, 2015, subject to termination by us with or without Cause or as a result of the officer’s disability, or by the officer with or without Good Reason (as discussed below). Mr. Disbrow is entitled to receive $250,000 in annual salary, plus a discretionary performance bonus with a target of 125% of his base salary. Mr. Disbrow is also eligible to participate in the benefit plans maintained by us from time to time, subject to the terms and conditions of such plans.

In September 2015, we entered into an employment agreement with Jonathan McGrael, our Vice President of Sales, in connection with his employment with us. The agreement is at will, subject to termination by us with or without Cause or as a result of the officer’s disability, or by the officer with or without Good Reason (as discussed below). Mr. McGrael is entitled to receive $175,000 in annual salary, plus a discretionary performance bonus with a target of 43% of his base salary. Mr. McGrael will also receive up to $20,000 for relocation reimbursement. Mr. McGrael is also eligible to participate in the benefit plans maintained by us from time to time, subject to the terms and conditions of such plans. On May 15, 2016, we amended Mr. McGrael’s contract to increase his salary to $190,000 and to name him our Vice President of Commercial Operations.

Payments Provided Upon Termination for Good Reason or Without Cause

Pursuant to the employment agreements, in the event Joshua Disbrow’s or Jarrett Disbrow’s employment is terminated without Cause by us or either officer terminates his employment with Good Reason, we will be obligated to pay him any accrued compensation and a lump sum payment equal to two times his base salary in effect at the date of termination, as well as continued participation in the health and welfare plans for up to two years. All vested stock options shall remain exercisable from the date of termination until the expiration date of the applicable award. So long as a Change in Control is not in effect, then all options which are

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unvested at the date of termination Without Cause or for Good Reason shall be accelerated as of the date of termination such that the number of option shares equal to  1/24^th the number of option shares multiplied by the number of full months of such officer’s employment shall be deemed vested and immediately exercisable by the officer. Any unvested options over and above the foregoing shall be cancelled and of no further force or effect, and shall not be exercisable by such officer.

“Good Reason” with respect to the agreements with Joshua Disbrow and Jarrett Disbrow, means, without the officer’s written consent, there is:

“Cause” with respect to the agreements with Joshua Disbrow and Jarrett Disbrow, means:

In the case of Mr. McGrael’s termination without Cause or with Good Reason, we will be obligated to pay him any accrued compensation and continue his salary for six months. In addition, all unvested options will receive accelerated vesting in full.

“Good Reason” with respect to the agreement with Mr. McGrael, means, without the officer’s written consent, there is:

“Cause” with respect to the agreement with Mr. McGrael means:

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The severance benefits described above are contingent on each officer executing a general release of claims.

Payments Provided Upon a Change in Control

Pursuant to the employment agreements for Joshua Disbrow and Jarrett Disbrow, in the event of a Change in Control of us, all stock options, restricted stock and other stock-based grants granted or may be granted in the future by us to the officers will immediately vest and become exercisable.

“Change in Control” means: the occurrence of any of the following events:

Our only obligation to Joshua Disbrow and Jarrett Disbrow had a Change in Control occurred as of June 30, 2016, would be the acceleration of the vesting of all options held by them at that date. On June 30, 2016, the closing price of our common stock was below the exercise price for all of the options held by Joshua Disbrow and Jarrett Disbrow and therefore there would have been no economic benefit to them upon the acceleration of vesting of those options.

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TRANSACTIONS WITH RELATED PERSONS

Related Party Transactions

We describe below all transactions and series of similar transactions, other than compensation arrangements, during the last three fiscal years, to which we were a party or will be a party, in which:

Merger

On April 16, 2015, pursuant to the Merger Agreement entered into among Rosewind, Luoxis, Vyrix and two subsidiaries of Rosewind created solely for the purposes of the Merger, and which did not survive the Merger, the Merger occurred in two stages.

In the first stage, each of Vyrix and Luoxis merged with one of Rosewind’s merger subsidiaries. Vyrix and Luoxis survived these mergers. The outstanding shares of stock of Vyrix and the outstanding shares of stock of Luoxis were converted into the right to receive shares of our common stock. The Vyrix stock and the Luoxis stock were each converted at an exchange factor. The exchange factor for each of them was determined upon the basis of a relative value opinion obtained by Ampio, the parent company of Vyrix and Luoxis. The outstanding shares of Rosewind’s merger subsidiary that merged with Vyrix were converted into shares of Vyrix as the surviving corporation. The outstanding shares of Rosewind’s merger subsidiary that merged with Luoxis were converted into shares of Luoxis as the surviving corporation. After completion of the first stage, Vyrix and Luoxis became subsidiaries of Rosewind.

In the second stage, which occurred on the same day as the first stage, each of Vyrix and Luoxis merged with Rosewind with Rosewind surviving. The first and second stage mergers are referred to collectively as the “Merger.”

Concurrently with the Merger:

Rosewind

On March 3, 2015, Rosewind accepted a cash investment from two irrevocable trusts for estate planning of which Joshua Disbrow and Jarrett Disbrow are beneficiaries. None of such persons have or share investment control over our shares held by such trusts. None of such persons, nor members of their respective immediate families, are trustees of such trusts. None of such persons have or share power to revoke such trusts. Accordingly, under Rule 16a-8(b) and related rules, none of such persons has beneficial ownership over our shares purchased and held by such trusts.

Luoxis and Vyrix

Ampio Loan Agreements

In November 2013, Vyrix entered into a loan agreement with Ampio. Pursuant to the loan agreement, Ampio agreed to lend Vyrix up to an aggregate amount of $3,000,000 through cash advances of up to $500,000 each. Unpaid principal amounts under the loan agreement bear simple interest at the “Applicable Federal Rate” for long-term obligations prescribed under Section 1274(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (or any successor provision with similar applicability). The initial term of this loan agreement is for one year, subject to automatic extension of successive one-year terms. Vyrix may repay any outstanding balance at any time without penalty. Ampio has an option of converting any balance outstanding under the loan agreement into shares of Vyrix common stock at the fair market value per share of Vyrix common stock, as determined by the Ampio board of directors, as of such conversion date. On April 16, 2015, in connection with the

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closing of the Merger, Ampio released Vyrix from its then outstanding obligation of $4,000,000 under the loan agreement as consideration of its share purchase, and the loan agreement was terminated.

In March 2014, Luoxis entered into a loan agreement with Ampio. Pursuant to the loan agreement, Ampio agreed to lend Luoxis $3,000,000. Unpaid principal amounts under the loan agreement bear simple interest at the “Applicable Federal Rate” for long-term obligations prescribed under Section 1274(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (or any successor provision with similar applicability). The initial term of this loan agreement is for one year, subject to automatic extension of successive one-year terms. Luoxis may repay any outstanding balance at any time without penalty. Ampio has an option of converting any balance outstanding under the loan agreement into shares of Luoxis common stock at the fair market value per share of Luoxis common stock, as determined by the Ampio board of directors, as of such conversion date. On April 16, 2015, in connection with the closing of the Merger, Ampio released Luoxis from its then outstanding obligation of $8,000,000 under the loan agreement as consideration of its share purchase, and the loan agreement was terminated.

On April 16, 2015, Ampio received 396,816 shares of common stock of Aytu for (i) issuance to Aytu of a promissory note from Ampio in the principal amount of $10,000,000, maturing on the first anniversary of the Merger, (ii) cancellation of indebtedness of Luoxis to Ampio in the amount of $8,000,000; and (iii) cancellation of indebtedness of Vyrix to Ampio in the amount of $4,000,000.

Services Agreements

In January 2013, Luoxis entered into a services agreement with Ampio whereby Ampio provides corporate overhead services and a shared facility with Luoxis in exchange for $15,000 per month. The amount can be modified in writing upon the consent of both parties. The agreement may be terminated at any time by either party. In January 2014, Vyrix entered into a services agreement with Ampio whereby Ampio provides corporate overhead services to Vyrix in exchange for $7,000 per month. The amount can be modified in writing upon the consent of both parties. The agreement may be terminated at any time by either party. Both agreements were assigned to us upon the closing of the Merger.

In July 2015, the prior service agreements were canceled and Aytu entered into agreements with Ampio whereby Aytu agreed to pay Ampio $30,000 per month for shared overhead which includes costs related to the shared facility, corporate staff, and other miscellaneous overhead expenses. This agreement will be in effect until it is terminated in writing by both parties. This agreement was amended in April 2016, which reduced the monthly amount to $18,000. This agreement was amended again in July 2016, which reduced the monthly amount to approximately $17,000 per month.

Sponsored Research Agreement

In June 2013, Luoxis entered into a sponsored research agreement with TRLLC, an entity controlled by Ampio’s director and Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Bar-Or. The agreement, which was amended in September 2013 and provides for Luoxis to pay $6,000 per month to TRLLC in consideration for services related to research and development of Luoxis’ RedoxSYS System. In March 2014, Luoxis also agreed to pay a sum of $615,000 which is being amortized over the contractual term of 60.5 months and is divided between current and long-term on the balance sheet; this amount has been paid in full. This agreement is set to expire March 2019 and cannot be terminated prior to March 2017.

Review, Approval or Ratification of Transactions with Related Persons

Effective upon its adoption in July 2016, pursuant to the Audit Committee Charter, the Audit Committee is responsible for reviewing and approving all related party transactions as defined under Item 404 of Regulation S-K, after reviewing each such transaction for potential conflicts of interests and other improprieties. Our policies and procedures for review and approval of transactions with related persons are in writing in our Code of Conduct and Ethics available on our website at http://aytubio.com under the “Investor Relations — Corporate Governance” tab.

Prior to the adoption of the Audit Committee Charter, and due to the small size of our company, we did not have a formal written policy regarding the review of related party transactions, and relied on our Board of Directors to review, approve or ratify such transactions and identify and prevent conflicts of interest. Our

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Board of Directors reviewed any such transaction in light of the particular affiliation and interest of any involved director, officer or other employee or stockholder and, if applicable, any such person’s affiliates or immediate family members.

Director Independence

Our common stock is not listed on any exchange. Consequently, no exchange rules regarding director independence are applicable to us. Audit Committee members must satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, for listed companies. In order to be considered to be independent for purposes of Rule 10A-3, a member of an audit committee of a listed company may not, other than in his or her capacity as a member of the audit committee, the board of directors or any other board committee: (1) accept, directly or indirectly, any consulting, advisory or other compensatory fee from the listed company or any of its subsidiaries; or (2) be an affiliated person of the listed company or any of its subsidiaries.

Three of our five directors, namely Messrs. Dockery, Donofrio and Cantrell, are independent under the definition of the NYSE. The other two directors are not independent under either definition due to (i) being an executive officer of our Company, in the case of Josh Disbrow, and (ii) the payments we make to Ampio under the services agreement with Aytu, in the case of Mr. Macaluso.

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SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of August 31, 2016 for:

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC. These rules generally attribute beneficial ownership of securities to persons who possess sole or shared voting power or investment power with respect to those securities and include common stock that can be acquired within 60 days of August 31, 2016. The percentage ownership information shown in the table is based upon 5,070,591 shares of common stock outstanding as of August 31, 2016.

Except as otherwise indicated, all of the shares reflected in the table are shares of common stock and all persons listed below have sole voting and investment power with respect to the shares beneficially owned by them, subject to applicable community property laws. The information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose.

In computing the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by a person and the percentage ownership of that person, we deemed outstanding shares of common stock subject to options and warrants held by that person that are immediately exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of August 31, 2016. We did not deem these shares outstanding, however, for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Beneficial ownership representing less than 1% is denoted with an asterisk (*). The information in the table below is based on information known to us or ascertained by us from public filings made by the stockholders. Except as otherwise indicated in the table below, addresses of the director, executive officers and named beneficial owners are in care of Aytu BioScience, Inc., 373 Inverness Parkway, Suite 206, Englewood, Colorado 80112.

Name of Beneficial Owner		Number of Shares Beneficially Owned				Percentage of Shares Beneficially Owned
5% Stockholders:
Alpha Venture Capital Partners, L.P.(1)			837,300				16.5	%
Directors and Named Executive Officers:
Joshua R. Disbrow(2)			296,863				5.8	%
Jarrett T. Disbrow(3)			267,673				5.3	%
Gregory A. Gould(4)			227,733				4.5	%
Jonathan H. McGrael(5)			140,000				2.8	%
Michael Macaluso(6)			119,156				2.3	%
Carl C. Dockery(7)			912,301				16.6	%
John Donofrio(8)			68,750				1.4	%
Gary Cantrell(9)			72,500				1.4	%
All directors and executive officers as a group (eight persons)			2,104,976				37.6	%

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DESCRIPTION OF CAPITAL STOCK

General

We are authorized to issue up to 100.0 million shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, and 50.0 million shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share.

As of August 31, 2016, a total of 5,070,591 shares of our common stock were issued and outstanding and no shares of our preferred stock were issued and outstanding.

We intend to hold our annual meeting of shareholders on November 15, 2016, at which meeting we intend to ask our shareholders to approve an amendment to our Certificate of Incorporation to effect a reverse stock split at a ratio of any whole number between 1-for-2 and 1-for-4, as determined by our board of directors, at any time before November 15, 2017, if and as determined by our board of directors.

Common Stock

The holders of common stock are entitled to one vote per share. Our Certificate of Incorporation does not expressly prohibit cumulative voting. The holders of our common stock are entitled to receive ratably such dividends, if any, as may be declared by the Board of Directors out of legally available funds. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, the holders of our common stock are entitled to share ratably in all assets that are legally available for distribution. The holders of our common stock have no preemptive, subscription, redemption or conversion rights.

The rights, preferences and privileges of holders of our common stock are subject to, and may be adversely affected by, the rights of the holders of any series of preferred stock, which may be designated solely by action of the Board of Directors and issued in the future.

Preferred Stock

Our Certificate of Incorporation provides our Board of Directors with the authority, without any vote of the holders of common stock, to divide the preferred stock into series and to fix and determine the rights and preferences of the shares of any series of preferred stock established to the full extent permitted by the laws of the State of Delaware and the Certificate of Incorporation.

Warrants Outstanding Prior to this Offering

As of August 31, 2016, we had outstanding warrants to purchase an aggregate of 2,284,465 shares of our common stock, consisting of:

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Warrants Issued in this Offering

The following summary of certain terms and provisions of the warrants offered hereby is not complete and is subject to, and qualified in its entirety by the provisions of the form of the warrant, which is filed as an exhibit to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part of. Prospective investors should carefully review the terms and provisions set forth in the form of warrant.

Exercisability.  The warrants are exercisable immediately upon issuance and at any time up to May 6, 2021. The warrants will be exercisable, at the option of each holder, in whole or in part by delivering to us a duly executed exercise notice accompanied by payment in full for the number of shares of our common stock purchased upon such exercise (except in the case of a cashless exercise as discussed below). Unless otherwise specified in the warrant, the holder will not have the right to exercise any portion of the warrant if the holder (together with its affiliates) would beneficially own in excess of 4.99% of the number of shares of our common stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to the exercise, as such percentage ownership is determined in accordance with the terms of the warrants.

Cashless Exercise.  In the event that a registration statement covering shares of common stock underlying the warrants, or an exemption from registration, is not available for the resale of such shares of common stock underlying the warrants, the holder may, in its sole discretion, exercise the warrant in whole or in part and, in lieu of making the cash payment otherwise contemplated to be made to us upon such exercise in payment of the aggregate exercise price, elect instead to receive upon such exercise the net number of shares of common stock determined according to the formula set forth in the warrant. In no event shall we be required to make any cash payments or net cash settlement to the registered holder in lieu of issuance of common stock underlying the warrants.

Exercise Price.  The initial exercise price per share of common stock purchasable upon exercise of the warrants is $6.00. The exercise price is subject to appropriate adjustment in the event of certain stock dividends and distributions, stock splits, stock combinations, reclassifications or similar events affecting our common stock and also upon any distributions of assets, including cash, stock or other property to our stockholders.

Certain Adjustments.  The exercise price and the number of shares of common stock purchasable upon the exercise of the warrants are subject to adjustment upon the occurrence of specific events, including stock dividends, stock splits, combinations and reclassifications of our common stock.

Transferability.  Subject to applicable laws, the warrants may be transferred at the option of the holders upon surrender of the warrants to us together with the appropriate instruments of transfer.

Warrant Agent and Exchange Listing.  The warrants will be issued in registered form under a warrant agency agreement between VSTock Transfer, LLC, as warrant agent, and us.

Fundamental Transaction.  If, at any time while the warrants are outstanding, (1) we consolidate or merge with or into another corporation and we are not the surviving corporation, (2) we sell, lease, license, assign, transfer, convey or otherwise dispose of all or substantially all of our assets, (3) any purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer (whether by us or another individual or entity) is completed pursuant to which holders of our shares of common stock are permitted to sell, tender or exchange their shares of common stock for other securities, cash or property and has been accepted by the holders of 50% or more of our outstanding shares of common stock, (4) we effect any reclassification or recapitalization of our shares of common stock or any compulsory share exchange pursuant to which our shares of common stock are converted into or exchanged for other securities, cash or property, or (5) we consummate a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination with another person or entity whereby such other person or entity acquires more than 50% of our outstanding shares of common stock, each, a “Fundamental Transaction,” then upon

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any subsequent exercise of the warrants, the holders thereof will have the right to receive the same amount and kind of securities, cash or property as it would have been entitled to receive upon the occurrence of such Fundamental Transaction if it had been, immediately prior to such Fundamental Transaction, the holder of the number of warrant shares then issuable upon exercise of the warrant, and any additional consideration payable as part of the Fundamental Transaction.

Rights as a Stockholder.  Except as otherwise provided in the warrants or by virtue of such holder’s ownership of shares of our common stock, the holder of a warrant does not have the rights or privileges of a holder of our common stock, including any voting rights, until the holder exercises the warrant.

Listing of Warrants.  The warrants are quoted on the OTCQX under the symbol “AYTUW”. We intend to apply to list the warrants on the NYSE MKT once we meet NYSE listing standards.

Options

Prior to the closing of the Merger, each of Vyrix and Luoxis had an option plan and had made equity grants thereunder. On April 16, 2015, upon the closing of the Merger, an aggregate of $27,476 was paid to holders of in-the-money options and all equity compensation plans of Vyrix and Luoxis were terminated and all the awards granted thereunder were cancelled.

On June 1, 2015, our stockholders approved the 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan, which provides for the award of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock and other equity awards for up to an aggregate of 833,334 shares of common stock. The shares of common stock underlying any awards that are forfeited, canceled, reacquired by us prior to vesting, satisfied without any issuance of stock, expire or are otherwise terminated (other than by exercise) under the 2015 Plan will be added back to the shares of common stock available for issuance under the 2015 Plan.

We intend to hold our annual meeting of shareholders on November 15, 2016, at which meeting we intend to ask our shareholders to approve amendments to our 2015 Stock Option and Incentive Plan to (i) increase the number of authorized shares of common stock reserved for issuance thereunder from 833,334 shares to 2,000,000 shares, (ii) increase the number of shares that may be issued as incentive stock options from 833,334 shares to 2,000,000 shares, and (iii) increase the maximum number of shares of common stock (A) underlying stock options or stock appreciation rights that may be granted to any one individual during any calendar year period, and (B) granted to any one individual that is intended to qualify as “performance-based compensation” under Section 162(m) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, for any performance cycle, in each case from 166,667 shares to 1,000,000 shares.

As of August 31, 2016, we had outstanding options to purchase an aggregate of 762,217 shares of our common stock at a weighted average exercise price of $3.52 per share. Of these, an aggregate of 140,840 are exercisable. The remainder have vesting requirements with an aggregate of 129,167 vesting one third on each of November 11, 2016, 2017 and 2018, an aggregate of 47,086 vesting one quarter on each of November 11, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, an aggregate of 3,125 vesting one quarter on each of August 7, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2019, and an aggregate of 442,499 vesting one quarter on each of July 7, 2017, 2018 and 2019.

The 2015 Plan is administered by our Board or a committee designated by the Board (as applicable, the Administrator). The Administrator has full power to select, from among the individuals eligible for awards, the individuals to whom awards will be granted, to make any combination of awards to participants, and to determine the specific terms and conditions of each award, subject to the provisions of the 2015 Plan. The Administrator may delegate to our Chief Executive Officer the authority to grant stock options and other awards to employees who are not subject to the reporting and other provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and not subject to Section 162(m) of the Code, subject to certain limitations and guidelines.

Persons eligible to participate in the 2015 Plan are full or part-time officers, employees, non-employee directors, directors and other key persons (including consultants and prospective officers) of our company and its subsidiaries as selected from time to time by the Administrator in its discretion. Approximately 30 individuals are currently eligible to participate in the 2015 Plan, which includes officers, employees who are not officers, non-employee director, former employees and other individuals who are primarily consultants.

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The 2015 Plan provides that upon the effectiveness of a “sale event” as defined in the 2015 Plan, except as otherwise provided by the Administrator in the award agreement, all stock options, stock appreciation rights and other awards will be assumed or continued by the successor entity and adjusted accordingly to take into account the impact of the transaction. To the extent, however, that the parties to such sale event do not agree that all stock options, stock appreciation rights or any other awards shall be assumed or continued, then such stock options and stock appreciation rights shall become fully exercisable and the restrictions and conditions on all such other awards with time-based conditions will automatically be deemed waived. Awards with conditions and restrictions relating to the attainment of performance goals may become vested and non-forfeitable in connection with a sale event in the Administrator’s discretion. In addition, in the case of a sale event in which our stockholders will receive cash consideration, we may make or provide for a cash payment to participants holding options and stock appreciation rights equal to the difference between the per share cash consideration and the exercise price of the options or stock appreciation rights in exchange for the cancellation thereto.

Quotation on the OTCQX U.S. Premier Market

Our common stock is quoted on the OTCQX U.S. Premier Market under the symbol “AYTU”. We intend to apply to list our common stock on the NYSE MKT under the symbol “AYTU” once we meet NYSE listing standards. We believe that we will qualify, and intend to list our common stock and warrants on the NYSE MKT, upon securing at least $8,500,000 in gross proceeds from this offering and achieving a per share closing price of $3.00 or greater for our stock. In case our stock price does not reach this level otherwise, we plan to seek stockholder approval in November 2016 for a reverse stock split to help us meet the stock price listing standard. However, it is not clear when, or if, we will meet the NYSE listing standards.

Transfer Agent

The transfer agent of our common stock is VStock Transfer. Their address is 18 Lafayette Place, Woodmere, NY 11598.

Director Duties

Under Delaware law, every member of the Company's Board of Director owes fiduciary duties, including the duty of care and the duty of loyalty, to a corporation and its stockholders. The duty of care requires directors to act in good faith and make rational decisions based on adequate information, just as any other prudent person would, given similar circumstances. As with most, if not all, companies, and as permitted by Delaware law, our certificate of incorporation eliminates a director's personal liability for breaches of the duty of care to the fullest extent permitted by law. The duty of loyalty concerns the relationship between a director's interests and those of the corporation and its stockholders. The law imposes the duty of loyalty to ensure that directors, acting in good faith, serve the interests of the corporation and all its stockholders before the directors' own interests or those of a specific stockholder or class of stockholders. A corporation may not eliminate a director's personal liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty, though it may provide indemnification against such claims, which we do under our bylaws and indemnification agreements.

Delaware Anti-Takeover Law and Provisions of Our Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws

Delaware Anti-Takeover Law.  We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law. Section 203 generally prohibits a public Delaware corporation from engaging in a “business combination” with an “interested stockholder” for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder, unless:

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Section 203 defines a “business combination” to include:

In general, Section 203 defines an “interested stockholder” as any person that is:

Under specific circumstances, Section 203 makes it more difficult for an “interested stockholder” to effect various business combinations with a corporation for a three-year period, although the stockholders may, by adopting an amendment to the corporation’s certificate of incorporation or bylaws, elect not to be governed by this section, effective 12 months after adoption.

Our certificate of incorporation and bylaws do not exclude us from the restrictions of Section 203. We anticipate that the provisions of Section 203 might encourage companies interested in acquiring us to negotiate in advance with our board of directors since the stockholder approval requirement would be avoided if a majority of the directors then in office approve either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder.

Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaw.  Provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change of control or change in our management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares, or transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. Therefore, these provisions could adversely affect the price of our common stock. Among other things, these provisions include:

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UNDERWRITING

Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC is acting as representative of the underwriters (the “Representative”). We have entered into an underwriting agreement dated •, 2016 with the Representative. Subject to the terms and conditions of the underwriting agreement, we have agreed to sell to each underwriter named below, and each underwriter named below has severally agreed to purchase, at the public offering price less the underwriting discounts set forth on the cover page of this prospectus, the number of shares of common stock and warrants listed next to its name in the following table:

Name		Number of Shares				Number of Warrants
Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC
Feltl and Company, Inc.
Fordham Financial Management, Inc.
Total:

The underwriters are committed to purchase all the shares of common stock and warrants offered by us other than those covered by the option to purchase additional shares and/or warrants described below, if they purchase any shares or warrants. The obligations of the underwriters may be terminated upon the occurrence of certain events specified in the underwriting agreement. Furthermore, pursuant to the underwriting agreement, the underwriters’ obligations are subject to customary conditions, representations and warranties contained in the underwriting agreement, such as receipt by the underwriters of officers’ certificates and legal opinions.

We have agreed to indemnify the underwriters against specified liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act, and to contribute to payments the underwriters may be required to make in respect thereof.

The underwriters are offering the shares and warrants, subject to prior sale, when, as and if issued to and accepted by them, subject to approval of legal matters by their counsel and other conditions specified in the underwriting agreement. The underwriters reserve the right to withdraw, cancel or modify offers to the public and to reject orders in whole or in part.

We have granted the underwriters an over-allotment option. This option, which is exercisable for up to 45 days after the date of this prospectus, permits the underwriters to purchase a maximum of • additional shares (15% of the shares sold in this offering) and/or • additional warrants (15% of the warrants sold in this offering) from us to cover over-allotments, if any. If the underwriters exercise all or part of this option, they will purchase shares and warrants covered by the option at the public offering price that appears on the cover page of this prospectus, less the underwriting discount. If this option is exercised in full, the total price to the public will be $• and the total net proceeds, before expenses, to us will be $•.

Discounts

The following table shows the public offering price, underwriting discount and proceeds, before expenses, to us. The information assumes either no exercise or full exercise by the underwriters of their over-allotment option.

Per Share

Per Warrant

Total Without Over-Allotment Option

Total With Full Over-Allotment Option

Public offering price

$

•

$

•

$

•

$

•

Underwriting discount (7%)

$

•

$

•

$

•

$

•

Non-accountable expense allowance (1%)

$

•

$

•

$

•

$

•

Proceeds, before expenses, to us

$

•

$

•

$

•

$

•

The underwriters propose to offer the shares and warrants offered by us to the public at the public offering price set forth on the cover of this prospectus. In addition, the underwriters may offer some of the shares to other securities dealers at such price less a concession of $• per share. If all of the shares and warrants offered by us are not sold at the public offering price, the Representative may change the offering price and other selling terms by means of a supplement to this prospectus.

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We have agreed to pay the Representative a non-accountable expense allowance of 1% of the public offering price at the closing, excluding the over-allotment option. We have paid an expense deposit of $10,000 to the Representative, which will be applied against such non-accountable expense allowance. The advance will be returned to the Company to the extent not actually incurred in accordance with FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(c).

We have also agreed to pay the following expenses of the Representative relating to the offering: (a) all fees, expenses and disbursements relating to background checks of our officers and directors in an amount not to exceed $5,000 per individual and $15,000 in the aggregate; (b) all filing fees and communication expenses associated with the review of this offering by FINRA; (c) all fees, expenses and disbursements relating to the registration, qualification or exemption of securities offered under the securities laws of such states and foreign jurisdictions designated by the Representative; (d) the fees and expenses of the Representative’s legal counsel, not to exceed $37,500; (e) $29,500 for the underwriters’ use of Ipreo’s book-building, prospectus tracking and compliance software for this offering; and (f) $20,000 of the Representative’s actual accountable road show expenses for the offering.

We estimate that the total expenses of the offering payable by us, excluding the total underwriting discount, will be approximately $225,000.

Discretionary Accounts

The underwriters do not intend to confirm sales of the securities offered hereby to any accounts over which they have discretionary authority.

Lock-Up Agreements

Pursuant to “lock-up” agreements, we and our executive officers and directors and certain stockholders, have agreed, subject to limited exceptions, without the prior written consent of the Representative not to directly or indirectly, offer to sell, sell, pledge or otherwise transfer or dispose of any of shares of (or enter into any transaction or device that is designed to, or could be expected to, result in the transfer or disposition by any person at any time in the future of) our common stock, enter into any swap or other derivatives transaction that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic benefits or risks of ownership of shares of our common stock, make any demand for or exercise any right or cause to be filed a registration statement, including any amendments thereto, with respect to the registration of any shares of common stock or securities convertible into or exercisable or exchangeable for common stock or any other securities of the Company or publicly disclose the intention to do any of the foregoing, subject to customary exceptions, for a period of 180 days from the date of this prospectus, in the case of our directors and officers, and 90 days from the date of this prospectus, in the case of our company.

Underwriters’ Warrants

We have agreed to issue to certain of the Underwriters warrants to purchase up to a total of • shares of common stock (7% of the shares of common stock sold in this offering, excluding the over-allotment option). The warrants will be exercisable at any time, and from time to time, in whole or in part, during the four-year period commencing one year from the effective date of the offering, which period shall not extend further than five years from the effective date of the offering in compliance with FINRA Rule 5110(f)(2)(G). The warrants are exercisable at a per share price equal to 125% of the public offering price per share in the offering. The underwriters (or permitted assignees under Rule 5110(g)(1)) will not sell, transfer, assign, pledge, or hypothecate these warrants or the securities underlying these warrants, nor will they engage in any hedging, short sale, derivative, put, or call transaction that would result in the effective economic disposition of the warrants or the underlying securities.

The exercise price and number of shares issuable upon exercise of the warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances including in the event of a stock dividend, extraordinary cash dividend or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the warrant exercise price or underlying shares will not be adjusted for issuances of shares of common stock at a price below the warrant exercise price.

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Right of First Refusal

Until August 6, 2017 certain of the Underwriters will have a right of first refusal to each act as an investment broker, book-runner and/or placement agents for any future public or private equity and debt offering that we conduct during such period.

Electronic Offer, Sale and Distribution of Shares

A prospectus in electronic format may be made available on the websites maintained by one or more of the underwriters or selling group members. The Representative may agree to allocate a number of shares and warrants to underwriters and selling group members for sale to its online brokerage account holders. Internet distributions will be allocated by the underwriters and selling group members that will make internet distributions on the same basis as other allocations. Other than the prospectus in electronic format, the information on these websites is not part of, nor incorporated by reference into, this prospectus or the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part, has not been approved or endorsed by us, and should not be relied upon by investors.

Stabilization

In connection with this offering, the underwriters may engage in stabilizing transactions, over-allotment transactions, syndicate-covering transactions, penalty bids and purchases to cover positions created by short sales.

These stabilizing transactions, syndicate covering transactions and penalty bids may have the effect of raising or maintaining the market price of our shares of common stock or preventing or retarding a decline in the market price of our shares of common stock. As a result, the price of our common stock in the open market may be higher than it would otherwise be in the absence of these transactions. Neither we nor the underwriters make any representation or prediction as to the effect that the transactions described above may have on the price of our common stock. These transactions may be effected in the over-the-counter market or otherwise and, if commenced, may be discontinued at any time.

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Passive market making

In connection with this offering, underwriters and selling group members may engage in passive market making transactions in our common stock on the OTCQX in accordance with Rule 103 of Regulation M under the Exchange Act, during a period before the commencement of offers or sales of the shares and extending through the completion of the distribution. A passive market maker must display its bid at a price not in excess of the highest independent bid of that security. However, if all independent bids are lowered below the passive market maker’s bid, then that bid must then be lowered when specified purchase limits are exceeded.

Other Relationships

Certain of the underwriters and their affiliates have provided and may in the future provide various investment banking, commercial banking and other financial services for us and our affiliates for which they have received and may in the future receive customary fees.

Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, (i) Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC and Fordham Financial Management, Inc. are party to an advisory agreement with us, dated July 27, 2016, pursuant to which they have received aggregate cash advisory fees of $200,000, and (ii) Joseph Gunnar & Co., LLC and Fordham Financial Management, Inc. acted as underwriters under our public offering that closed May 6, 2016, pursuant to which they received customary fees and commissions.

Offer restrictions outside the United States

Other than in the United States, no action has been taken by us or the underwriters that would permit a public offering of the securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction where action for that purpose is required. The securities offered by this prospectus may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, nor may this prospectus or any other offering material or advertisements in connection with the offer and sale of any such securities be distributed or published in any jurisdiction, except under circumstances that will result in compliance with the applicable rules and regulations of that jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this prospectus comes are advised to inform themselves about and to observe any restrictions relating to the offering and the distribution of this prospectus. This prospectus does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any securities offered by this prospectus in any jurisdiction in which such an offer or a solicitation is unlawful.

Australia

This prospectus is not a disclosure document under Chapter 6D of the Australian Corporations Act, has not been lodged with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission and does not purport to include the information required of a disclosure document under Chapter 6D of the Australian Corporations Act. Accordingly, (i) the offer of the securities under this prospectus is only made to persons to whom it is lawful to offer the securities without disclosure under Chapter 6D of the Australian Corporations Act under one or more exemptions set out in section 708 of the Australian Corporations Act, (ii) this prospectus is made available in Australia only to those persons as set forth in clause (i) above, and (iii) the offeree must be sent a notice stating in substance that by accepting this offer, the offeree represents that the offeree is such a person as set forth in clause (i) above, and, unless permitted under the Australian Corporations Act, agrees not to sell or offer for sale within Australia any of the securities sold to the offeree within 12 months after its transfer to the offeree under this prospectus.

China

The information in this document does not constitute a public offer of the securities, whether by way of sale or subscription, in the People’s Republic of China (excluding, for purposes of this paragraph, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Macau Special Administrative Region and Taiwan). The securities may not be offered or sold directly or indirectly in the PRC to legal or natural persons other than directly to “qualified domestic institutional investors.”

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European Economic Area — Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg and Netherlands

The information in this document has been prepared on the basis that all offers of securities will be made pursuant to an exemption under the Directive 2003/71/EC (“Prospectus Directive”), as implemented in Member States of the European Economic Area (each, a “Relevant Member State”), from the requirement to produce a prospectus for offers of securities.

An offer to the public of securities has not been made, and may not be made, in a Relevant Member State except pursuant to one of the following exemptions under the Prospectus Directive as implemented in that Relevant Member State:

France

This document is not being distributed in the context of a public offering of financial securities (offre au public de titres financiers) in France within the meaning of Article L.411-1 of the French Monetary and Financial Code (Code monétaire et financier) and Articles 211-1 et seq. of the General Regulation of the French Autorité des marchés financiers (“AMF”). The securities have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, to the public in France.

This document and any other offering material relating to the securities have not been, and will not be, submitted to the AMF for approval in France and, accordingly, may not be distributed or caused to distributed, directly or indirectly, to the public in France.

Such offers, sales and distributions have been and shall only be made in France to (i) qualified investors (investisseurs qualifiés) acting for their own account, as defined in and in accordance with Articles L.411-2-II-2° and D.411-1 to D.411-3, D. 744-1, D.754-1 and D.764-1 of the French Monetary and Financial Code and any implementing regulation and/or (ii) a restricted number of non-qualified investors (cercle restreint d’investisseurs) acting for their own account, as defined in and in accordance with Articles L.411-2-II-2° and D.411-4, D.744-1, D.754-1 and D.764-1 of the French Monetary and Financial Code and any implementing regulation.

Pursuant to Article 211-3 of the General Regulation of the AMF, investors in France are informed that the securities cannot be distributed (directly or indirectly) to the public by the investors otherwise than in accordance with Articles L.411-1, L.411-2, L.412-1 and L.621-8 to L.621-8-3 of the French Monetary and Financial Code.

Ireland

The information in this document does not constitute a prospectus under any Irish laws or regulations and this document has not been filed with or approved by any Irish regulatory authority as the information has not been prepared in the context of a public offering of securities in Ireland within the meaning of the Irish Prospectus (Directive 2003/71/EC) Regulations 2005 (the “Prospectus Regulations”). The securities have not been offered or sold, and will not be offered, sold or delivered directly or indirectly in Ireland by way of a public offering, except to (i) qualified investors as defined in Regulation 2(l) of the Prospectus Regulations and (ii) fewer than 100 natural or legal persons who are not qualified investors.

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Israel

The securities offered by this prospectus have not been approved or disapproved by the Israeli Securities Authority (the ISA), or ISA, nor have such securities been registered for sale in Israel. The shares may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, to the public in Israel, absent the publication of a prospectus. The ISA has not issued permits, approvals or licenses in connection with the offering or publishing the prospectus; nor has it authenticated the details included herein, confirmed their reliability or completeness, or rendered an opinion as to the quality of the securities being offered. Any resale in Israel, directly or indirectly, to the public of the securities offered by this prospectus is subject to restrictions on transferability and must be effected only in compliance with the Israeli securities laws and regulations.

Italy

The offering of the securities in the Republic of Italy has not been authorized by the Italian Securities and Exchange Commission (Commissione Nazionale per le Societ — $$ — Aga e la Borsa, “CONSOB” pursuant to the Italian securities legislation and, accordingly, no offering material relating to the securities may be distributed in Italy and such securities may not be offered or sold in Italy in a public offer within the meaning of Article 1.1(t) of Legislative Decree No. 58 of 24 February 1998 (“Decree No. 58”), other than:

Any offer, sale or delivery of the securities or distribution of any offer document relating to the securities in Italy (excluding placements where a Qualified Investor solicits an offer from the issuer) under the paragraphs above must be:

Any subsequent distribution of the securities in Italy must be made in compliance with the public offer and prospectus requirement rules provided under Decree No. 58 and the Regulation No. 11971 as amended, unless an exception from those rules applies. Failure to comply with such rules may result in the sale of such securities being declared null and void and in the liability of the entity transferring the securities for any damages suffered by the investors.

Japan

The securities have not been and will not be registered under Article 4, paragraph 1 of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law of Japan (Law No. 25 of 1948), as amended (the “FIEL”) pursuant to an exemption from the registration requirements applicable to a private placement of securities to Qualified Institutional Investors (as defined in and in accordance with Article 2, paragraph 3 of the FIEL and the regulations promulgated thereunder). Accordingly, the securities may not be offered or sold, directly or indirectly, in Japan or to, or for the benefit of, any resident of Japan other than Qualified Institutional Investors. Any Qualified Institutional Investor who acquires securities may not resell them to any person in Japan that is not a Qualified Institutional Investor, and acquisition by any such person of securities is conditional upon the execution of an agreement to that effect.

Portugal

This document is not being distributed in the context of a public offer of financial securities (oferta pública de valores mobiliários) in Portugal, within the meaning of Article 109 of the Portuguese Securities Code (Código dos Valores Mobiliários). The securities have not been offered or sold and will not be offered or sold,

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directly or indirectly, to the public in Portugal. This document and any other offering material relating to the securities have not been, and will not be, submitted to the Portuguese Securities Market Commission (Comissao do Mercado de Valores Mobiliários) for approval in Portugal and, accordingly, may not be distributed or caused to distributed, directly or indirectly, to the public in Portugal, other than under circumstances that are deemed not to qualify as a public offer under the Portuguese Securities Code. Such offers, sales and distributions of securities in Portugal are limited to persons who are “qualified investors” (as defined in the Portuguese Securities Code). Only such investors may receive this document and they may not distribute it or the information contained in it to any other person.

Sweden

This document has not been, and will not be, registered with or approved by Finansinspektionen (the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority). Accordingly, this document may not be made available, nor may the securities be offered for sale in Sweden, other than under circumstances that are deemed not to require a prospectus under the Swedish Financial Instruments Trading Act (1991:980) (Sw. lag (1991:980) om handel med finansiella instrument). Any offering of securities in Sweden is limited to persons who are “qualified investors” (as defined in the Financial Instruments Trading Act). Only such investors may receive this document and they may not distribute it or the information contained in it to any other person.

Switzerland

The securities may not be publicly offered in Switzerland and will not be listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange (“SIX”) or on any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. This document has been prepared without regard to the disclosure standards for issuance prospectuses under art. 652a or art. 1156 of the Swiss Code of Obligations or the disclosure standards for listing prospectuses under art. 27 ff. of the SIX Listing Rules or the listing rules of any other stock exchange or regulated trading facility in Switzerland. Neither this document nor any other offering material relating to the securities may be publicly distributed or otherwise made publicly available in Switzerland.

Neither this document nor any other offering material relating to the securities have been or will be filed with or approved by any Swiss regulatory authority. In particular, this document will not be filed with, and the offer of securities will not be supervised by, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority (FINMA).

This document is personal to the recipient only and not for general circulation in Switzerland.

United Arab Emirates

Neither this document nor the securities have been approved, disapproved or passed on in any way by the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates or any other governmental authority in the United Arab Emirates, nor has the Company received authorization or licensing from the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates or any other governmental authority in the United Arab Emirates to market or sell the securities within the United Arab Emirates. This document does not constitute and may not be used for the purpose of an offer or invitation. No services relating to the securities, including the receipt of applications and/or the allotment or redemption of such shares, may be rendered within the United Arab Emirates by the Company.

No offer or invitation to subscribe for securities is valid or permitted in the Dubai International Financial Centre.

United Kingdom

Neither the information in this document nor any other document relating to the offer has been delivered for approval to the Financial Services Authority in the United Kingdom and no prospectus (within the meaning of section 85 of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, as amended (“FSMA”)) has been published or is intended to be published in respect of the securities. This document is issued on a confidential basis to “qualified investors” (within the meaning of section 86(7) of FSMA) in the United Kingdom, and the securities may not be offered or sold in the United Kingdom by means of this document, any accompanying letter or any other document, except in circumstances which do not require the publication of a prospectus pursuant to section 86(1) FSMA. This document should not be distributed, published or reproduced, in whole or in part, nor may its contents be disclosed by recipients to any other person in the United Kingdom.

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Any invitation or inducement to engage in investment activity (within the meaning of section 21 of FSMA) received in connection with the issue or sale of the securities has only been communicated or caused to be communicated and will only be communicated or caused to be communicated in the United Kingdom in circumstances in which section 21(1) of FSMA does not apply to the Company.

In the United Kingdom, this document is being distributed only to, and is directed at, persons (i) who have professional experience in matters relating to investments falling within Article 19(5) (investment professionals) of the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Financial Promotions) Order 2005 (“FPO”), (ii) who fall within the categories of persons referred to in Article 49(2)(a) to (d) (high net worth companies, unincorporated associations, etc.) of the FPO or (iii) to whom it may otherwise be lawfully communicated (together “relevant persons”). The investments to which this document relates are available only to, and any invitation, offer or agreement to purchase will be engaged in only with, relevant persons. Any person who is not a relevant person should not act or rely on this document or any of its contents.

Canada

The securities may be sold in Canada only to purchasers purchasing, or deemed to be purchasing, as principal that are accredited investors, as defined in National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions or subsection 73.3(1) of the Securities Act (Ontario), and are permitted clients, as defined in National Instrument 31-103 Registration Requirements, Exemptions and Ongoing Registrant Obligations. Any resale of the securities must be made in accordance with an exemption from, or in a transaction not subject to, the prospectus requirements of applicable securities laws. Securities legislation in certain provinces or territories of Canada may provide a purchaser with remedies for rescission or damages if this prospectus (including any amendment thereto) contains a misrepresentation, provided that the remedies for rescission or damages are exercised by the purchaser within the time limit prescribed by the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory. The purchaser should refer to any applicable provisions of the securities legislation of the purchaser’s province or territory for particulars of these rights or consult with a legal advisor. Pursuant to section 3A.3 of National Instrument 33-105 Underwriting Conflicts (NI 33-105), the underwriters are not required to comply with the disclosure requirements of NI 33-105 regarding underwriter conflicts of interest in connection with this offering.

LEGAL MATTERS

The validity of the securities being offered by this prospectus will be passed upon for us by Wyrick Robbins Yates & Ponton, LLP, Raleigh, North Carolina. Certain legal matters in connection with this offering have been passed upon for the underwriters by Sichenzia Ross Friedman Ference LLP, New York, New York.

EXPERTS

The financial statements of Aytu BioScience, Inc. at June 30, 2016 and 2015, and for each of the two years in the period ended June 30, 2016, included in this prospectus have been audited by EKS&H LLLP, independent registered public accounting firm, as set forth in their report thereon appearing elsewhere herein, and are included in reliance upon such report given on the authority of such firm as experts in accounting and auditing.

WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION

This prospectus, which constitutes a part of the registration statement on Form S-1 that we have filed with the SEC under the Securities Act, does not contain all of the information in the registration statement and its exhibits. For further information with respect to us and the common stock offered by this prospectus, you should refer to the registration statement and the exhibits filed as part of that document. Statements contained in this prospectus as to the contents of any contract or any other document referred to are not necessarily complete, and in each instance, we refer you to the copy of the contract or other document filed as an exhibit to the registration statement. Each of these statements is qualified in all respects by this reference.

We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and file annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC. You can read our SEC filings, including the registration statement, over the Internet at the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

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We also maintain a website at http://aytubio.com, at which you may access these materials free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this prospectus.

You may also read and copy any document we file with the SEC at its public reference facilities at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, DC 20549. You may also obtain copies of these documents at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the SEC at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the public reference facilities. You may also request a copy of these filings, at no cost, by writing or telephoning us at: 373 Inverness Parkway, Suite 206, Englewood, Colorado 80112, (720) 437-6580.

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INDEX TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
AYTU BIOSCIENCE, INC.

		Page
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			F-2
Balance Sheets			F-3
Statements of Operations			F-4
Statements of Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)			F-5
Statements of Cash Flows			F-6
Notes to the Financial Statements			F-8

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders
Aytu Bioscience, Inc.
Englewood, Colorado

We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of Aytu BioScience, Inc. (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2016 and 2015, and the related statements of operations, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the periods then ended. The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Aytu BioScience, Inc. as of June 30, 2016 and 2015, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the periods then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 3 to the financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has a net capital deficiency that raises substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 3. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ EKS&H LLLP

September 1, 2016
Denver, Colorado

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AYTU BIOSCIENCE, INC.
 
Balance Sheets

		June 30,
		2016				2015
Assets
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents		$	8,054,190			$	7,353,061
Accounts receivable, net			162,427				157,058
Inventory, net			524,707				39,442
Prepaid expenses and other			215,558				370,888
Prepaid research and development – related party (Note 11)			121,983				121,983
Investment in Acerus			1,041,362				—
Total current assets			10,120,227				8,042,432
Fixed assets, net			231,430				29,706
Developed technology, net			1,159,736				780,125
Customer contracts, net			1,353,375				711,000
Trade names, net			194,472				79,000
Natesto asset			10,549,797				—
Goodwill			221,000				74,000
In-process research and development			—				7,500,000
Patents, net			296,611				628,776
Long-term portion of prepaid research and development – related party (Note 11)			213,471				335,454
Deposits			2,888				4,886
			14,222,780				10,142,947
Total assets		$	24,343,007			$	18,185,379
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities		$	3,519,711			$	1,195,368
Natesto payable			5,379,675				—
Accrued compensation			1,200,930				196,503
Deferred revenue			—				85,714
Deferred rent			4,109				—
Total current liabilities			10,104,425				1,477,585
Contingent consideration			3,869,122				664,000
Long-term deferred revenue			—				425,893
Deferred rent			8,215				1,449
Warrant derivative liability			275,992				—
Total liabilities			14,257,754				2,568,927
Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)
Stockholders’ equity
Preferred Stock, par value $.0001; 50,000,000 shares authorized; none issued			—				—
Common Stock, par value $.0001; 100,000,000 shares authorized; shares issued and outstanding 3,741,944 in 2016 and 1,188,307 in 2015			374				119
Additional paid-in capital			56,646,304				38,997,674
Ampio stock subscription			—				(5,000,000	)
Accumulated deficit			(46,561,425	)			(18,381,341	)
Total stockholders’ equity			10,085,253				15,616,452
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity		$	24,343,007			$	18,185,379