UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, DC 20549

 

Form 10-K

 

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015

For the transition period from                    to                    

Commission File Number: 000-51820

 

Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

2091 Stierlin Court

Mountain View, California 94043

(Address of Principal Executive Offices including Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(650) 944-7000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (b) of the Act:

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12 (g) of the Act:

None

 

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  o    No  x

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  o    No  x

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (of for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x    No  o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of Form 10-K or any amendments to this Form 10-K.    x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  o    No   x

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant was $18,482,850 based on the closing sale price of the Registrant’s common stock on The NASDAQ Global Market on June 30, 2015. Shares of the Registrant’s common stock beneficially owned by each executive officer and director of the Registrant and by each person known by the Registrant to beneficially own 10% or more of its outstanding common stock have been excluded, in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes. The number of outstanding shares of the Registrant’s common stock as of March 23, 2016 was 21,750,615.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed within 120 days after the end of the Registrant’s fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K to the extent stated therein.

 

 

 

 

 

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ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

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The names “Alexza Pharmaceuticals,” “Alexza,” “Staccato” and “ADASUVE” are trademarks of Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. We have registered these trademarks with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and other ex-U.S. trademark offices. All other trademarks, trade names and service marks appearing in this Annual Report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective owners.

PART I.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Some of the statements under “Business,” “Risk Factors,” “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and elsewhere in this Annual Report constitute forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: “may,” “will,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “project,” “potential,” “continue,” “ongoing” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. Examples of these statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding: the adequacy of our capital to support our operations through April 2016, the ability of us and our collaborator to effectively and profitably commercialize ADASUVE, our ability to enter into and complete any strategic transaction, including the proposed acquisition of all outstanding shares of our common stock by Grupo Ferrer Internacional S.A., estimated product revenues and royalties associated with the sales of ADASUVE, the timing of the commercial launch of ADASUVE in various countries, our ability to identify and complete a new commercial agreement for ADASUVE in the U.S., our ability to raise additional funds and the potential terms of such potential financings, our ability to implement and assess the ADASUVE REMS program, the timing and outcome of the ADASUVE post-marketing studies, the prospects of us or our collaborators receiving approval to market ADASUVE in additional Latin American countries, the Commonwealth of Independent States countries and other countries, the implications of interim or final results of our other clinical trials, the progress and timing of our research programs, including clinical testing, the extent to which our issued and pending patents may protect our products and technology, the potential of our product candidates to lead to the development of safe or effective therapies, our ability to enter into collaborations, our future operating expenses, our future losses, our future expenditures and the sufficiency of our cash resources. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. While we believe that we have a reasonable basis for each forward-looking statement contained in this Annual Report, we caution you that these statements are based on a combination of facts and factors currently known by us and our projections of the future, about which we cannot be certain.

In addition, you should refer to the “Risk Factors” section of this Annual Report for a discussion of other important factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by our forward-looking statements. As a result of these factors, we cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this Annual Report will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all.

We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are advised, however, to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and in our Current Reports on Form 8-K.

BACKGROUND

We are a pharmaceutical company focused on the research, development and commercialization of novel proprietary products for the acute treatment of central nervous system conditions. The Staccato^® system, our proprietary technology, is the foundation for our first approved product, ADASUVE^® (Staccato loxapine), and all of our product candidates. The Staccato system vaporizes excipient-free drugs to form a condensation aerosol that, when inhaled, allows for rapid systemic drug delivery. Because of the particle size of the aerosol, the drug is quickly

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absorbed through the deep lung into the bloodstream, providing speed of therapeutic onset that is comparable to intravenous, or IV, administration but with greater ease, patient comfort and convenience.

ADASUVE has been developed for the treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, ADASUVE has been approved for marketing in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, in the European Union, or EU, by the European Commission, or EC and in several countries in Latin America. In the United States, the EU and Latin America, ADASUVE is approved for similar indications. It is approved with a different number of dose strengths and has different risk mitigation and management plans in the United States, the EU and Latin America. ADASUVE is our only approved product.

We have two product candidates in active development. AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam) is being developed for the management of patients with acute repetitive seizures, sometimes called cluster seizures, or ARS. A Phase 2a proof-of-concept study for AZ-002 in patients with epilepsy was initiated in January 2015. Interim results of this clinical trial were released in December 2015 and presented at the Epilepsy Foundation Pipeline Conference in February 2016. AZ-007 (Staccato zaleplon) is being developed for the treatment of insomnia in patients who have difficulty falling asleep, including patients who awake in the middle of the night and have difficulty falling back asleep. We do not anticipate further clinical development of AZ-007 until we are able to obtain additional capital resources. 

We have retained all rights to the Staccato system and to our product candidates other than ADASUVE and AZ-104 (Staccato loxapine, low-dose). In May 2013, we licensed the exclusive rights for the U.S. market to commercialize ADASUVE and AZ-104 to Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., or Teva. In February 2016, we entered into an amendment to our agreement with Teva whereby we reacquired the ADASUVE U.S. commercial rights. For Europe, Latin America, the Commonwealth of Independent States countries, the Middle East and North Africa countries, Korea, Philippines and Thailand, or the Ferrer Territories, we have licensed the exclusive rights to commercialize ADASUVE to Grupo Ferrer Internacional S.A., or Ferrer. We are continuing to seek additional commercialization collaborations to commercialize ADASUVE in the U.S. and in territories outside the Ferrer Territories. We intend to develop certain product candidates internally and to identify external resources or collaborators to develop and commercialize other product candidates.

We believe that, based on our cash and cash equivalent balances at December 31, 2015, the additional $1.0 million drawn in March 2016 under that certain promissory note we issued to Ferrer in September 2015, or the Ferrer Note, and our expected cash usage, we have sufficient capital resources to meet our anticipated cash needs until the end of April 2016. Changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate, or to alter our operations. Even if circumstances do not cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate, we may be forced to significantly reduce our operations if our business prospects do not improve. If we are unable to source additional capital, we may be forced to shut down operations altogether.

In February 2016, we entered into a non-binding Letter of Intent, or the Letter of Intent, with Ferrer with respect to Ferrer’s proposed acquisition of all outstanding shares of our common stock, or the Transaction. The Letter of Intent does not constitute a binding agreement to consummate such acquisition and it entitles both us and Ferrer to terminate discussions at any time in our or Ferrer's sole discretion. Additionally we can, at our discretion, enter into discussions with third parties and continue to explore strategic options. We continue to have discussions with Ferrer regarding a transaction. There can be no assurance that such potential Transaction will be agreed to or consummated. The entering into the Letter of Intent follows exploration of strategic options that we announced previously. In September 2015, we announced that we had retained Guggenheim Securities, LLC to assist in exploring strategic options to enhance stockholder value, including a possible sale or disposition of one or more corporate assets, a strategic business combination, partnership or other transactions. Our Board of Directors will review and carefully evaluate the terms of the potential Transaction with our financial and legal advisors.

AGITATION — ADASUVE (Staccato loxapine)

Episodes of agitation afflict many people suffering from major psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In the United States, approximately 2.4 million adults have schizophrenia and approximately 5.7 million adults have bipolar disorder. Of these patients, approximately 900,000 adult patients with schizophrenia

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and 5 million adult patients with bipolar disorder are currently receiving pharmaceutical treatment and are the target patient population for ADASUVE. More than 90% of patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder will experience agitation in their lifetimes. Our primary market research indicates that approximately 50% of treated acute agitation episodes are treated in a hospital setting. In the hospital setting, patients are routinely treated in medical emergency departments, psychiatric emergency services and inpatient psychiatric units, which are the settings where ADASUVE may be used if such facilities are enrolled in the ADASUVE Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy, or REMS, program.

Commercialization Strategy Overview

Our global commercialization strategy for ADASUVE is to use strategic collaborations to commercialize ADASUVE. We currently have one commercialization collaboration. It is with Ferrer for the Ferrer Territories. We have reacquired the rights for ADASUVE in the United States and are working to identify a new commercialization collaboration partner for the United States.  In the interim, we expect to provide product to the customers already purchasing ADASUVE, through distribution systems established by Teva.  According to the February 2016 transition agreement with Teva, we have the ability to promote and distribute ADASUVE under the currently approved label for up to twelve months. We are continuing to seek additional commercialization collaborations to commercialize ADASUVE in territories outside the United States and the Ferrer Territories.

In December 2012, the FDA approved our New Drug Application, or NDA, for Staccato loxapine, as ADASUVE (loxapine) Inhalation Powder 10 mg for the acute treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder in adults. In the United States, ADASUVE must be administered only in healthcare facilities enrolled in the ADASUVE REMS program that have immediate access on-site to equipment and personnel trained to manage acute bronchospasm, including advanced airway management (intubation and mechanical ventilation). In connection with our reacquisition of the ADASUVE commercial U.S. rights, the ADASUVE NDA and other related regulatory documents were transferred to us and we have primary responsibility for all U.S. regulatory activities and requirements.  In December 2015, a supplemental New Drug Application or sNDA was submitted to the FDA, seeking certain changes in the product labeling and REMS.  The review period for this sNDA is projected to be six months. Effective March 1, 2016, the ADASUVE NDA and related U.S. regulatory documents were transferred to us from Teva.

In February 2013, the European Commission, or the EC, granted marketing authorization for ADASUVE in the EU. ADASUVE, 4.5 mg and 9.1 mg inhalation powder loxapine, pre-dispensed, is authorized in the EU for the rapid control of mild-to-moderate agitation in adult patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The ADASUVE marketing authorization requires that patients receive regular treatment immediately after control of acute agitation symptoms, and that ADASUVE is administered only in a hospital setting under the supervision of a healthcare professional. The ADASUVE marketing authorization also states that a short- acting beta-agonist bronchodilator treatment should be available for treatment of possible severe respiratory side-effects, such as bronchospasm. The marketing authorization for ADASUVE is valid in all 28 EU Member States, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Beginning in August 2014, Ferrer began to receive individual country approvals in Latin America. As of March 23, 2016, Ferrer or its distributors, currently markets ADASUVE in nineteen countries of the Ferrer Territories. Ferrer has also received approval to market ADASUVE in ten additional Latin American countries. In Latin America, we expect Ferrer will continue to work on product regulatory approvals and launch in already approved countries throughout 2016. We expect Ferrer will launch in a number of additional European countries throughout 2016.

Until June 2015, we had primary responsibility for certain post-approval requirements outlined in the EU marketing authorisation for ADASUVE. In June 2015, Ferrer assumed responsibility for these post-approval responsibilities.

Commercial Production

We are responsible for the global commercial manufacturing of ADASUVE in our facility in Mountain View, California for commercialization in the United States, the Ferrer Territories and in any potential future territories. This facility has been inspected by the U.S., EU and other country competent authorities, and operates under applicable U.S., EU and other country regulations.

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During 2013 and 2014, we completed production of ADASUVE for commercial launch and initial stocking, which did not utilize our full manufacturing capacity. In collaboration with Teva and Ferrer, Alexza conducted an analysis to evaluate forward-looking demand for the product and cost-effective strategies for ADASUVE commercial production. The analysis included supply chain requirements, production volume and timelines, batch sizes and possible scenarios to make global production more efficient and cost-effective. Early in 2015, Teva and Ferrer provided longer-term ADASUVE orders, allowing us to manufacture ADASUVE in a consistent manner to take advantage of the efficiencies of continued batch production. Through August 2015, we produced approximately 110,000 units of ADASUVE, which completed the fulfillment of the Teva and Ferrer orders. At that time, we suspended ADASUVE commercial production operations and reduced our headcount to approximately 28 employees.  We plan to resume commercial production in the future as additional commercial product is required by Ferrer or any future collaborators. We may also consider contracting with third party manufacturers for ADASUVE units if deemed more efficient, including third-party manufacturers with multi-product facilities. In June 2015, we provided certain commercial manufacturing options to Ferrer as part of an amendment to our Ferrer Agreement.   In January 2016, Ferrer exercised its option to manufacture and supply ADASUVE in their exclusive territory, outside their territory in all countries other than the U.S. and Canada, and in the U.S. and Canada in a manner to be agreed in a definitive agreement by April 2016.

Unit shipments in 2015, 2014, and 2013 consisted of the following:

 

 

Because our current license and supply agreement provides Ferrer with an acceptance period during which it may reject any product that does not conform to agreed-upon specifications, revenue for units shipped may be recognized in a period subsequent to the period in which the units were shipped to Ferrer.

ADASUVE is our only approved product. In the U.S., ADASUVE must be administered only in healthcare facilities enrolled in the ADASUVE REMS program that have immediate access on-site to equipment and personnel trained to manage acute bronchospasm, including advanced airway management (intubation and mechanical ventilation). In December 2015, we submitted a sNDA requesting a modification of the labeling and REMS for ADASUVE in the U.S. The review period for this sNDA is projected to be six months.  If we or a new U.S. partner are not able to successfully commercialize ADASUVE in the U.S., or if Ferrer is not able to successfully commercialize ADASUVE in the Ferrer Territories, our ability to generate revenue will be jeopardized and, consequently, our business will be seriously harmed.

Commercialization Strategy and Post-Approval Commitments — United States

In May 2013, we entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement Teva, or the Teva Agreement, which provided Teva with an exclusive license to develop and commercialize ADASUVE in the United States. In February 2016, we entered into an amendment of the Teva Agreement whereby we reacquired the ADASUVE U.S. commercial rights, or the Teva Amendment. Among other things, the Teva Amendment is intended to allow us to continue to provide ADASUVE product to patients and health care providers and provides for (i) the transfer of the New Drug Application, or NDA, and related regulatory filings for ADASUVE to us and the assumption of responsibility by us for all regulatory activities related to ADASUVE in the United States as soon as practicable; (ii) an exclusive license of Teva intellectual property with respect to ADASUVE, which intellectual property will be assigned to us in connection with a change of control or an exclusive license to ADASUVE in the U.S. to a third party; (iii) our undertaking of responsibility for the ADASUVE U.S. Phase 4 study, product pharmacovigilance, medical services, and REMS compliance, either through Teva’s vendors or a vendor otherwise selected by us; (iv) the transfer from Teva of existing supplies of ADASUVE as well as all commercial, medical and academic materials, documents and relationships; (v) our right to sell Teva-labeled products in accordance with all applicable laws and Teva policies; and (vi) the satisfaction and termination of all payment obligations of the parties with respect to the commercialization of ADASUVE except with respect to the amended and restated promissory note we

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issued to Teva in February 2016 and our issuance of 2,172,886 shares of our common stock to Teva. Effective March 1, 2016, the ADASUVE NDA and related U.S. regulatory documents were transferred to us from Teva.

Commercialization Strategy and Post-Approval Commitments — European Union and additional Ferrer Territory Countries

In October 2011, we entered into a commercial collaboration with Ferrer pursuant to a Collaboration, License and Supply Agreement, or the Ferrer Agreement, to commercialize ADASUVE in the Ferrer Territories. We supply ADASUVE to Ferrer for all of its commercial sales and receive a specified per-unit transfer price. Pursuant to the Ferrer Agreement, we were responsible for the EU Marketing Authorization Application for ADASUVE, or MAA, and for specific EU post-marketing commitments required by the marketing authorization for ADASUVE and Ferrer was responsible for satisfying all other regulatory, pricing and reimbursement requirements to market and sell ADASUVE in the EU Member States and the non-EU countries of the Ferrer Territories.

In June 2015, we entered into an amendment to the Ferrer Agreement. We and Ferrer agreed to transfer ownership of the MAA to Ferrer, whereby Ferrer became responsible for all post-approval requirements of the MAA, including the post-authorization safety study, the drug utilization study and the Phase 3 clinical trial for adolescents and all other related regulatory activities and costs associated with the ADASUVE MAA. The transfer of the MAA for ADASUVE to Ferrer was completed in August 2015.

Effective with the Ferrer Amendment, ADASUVE is now being marketed in nineteen countries in the Ferrer Territories (Austria, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain and Sweden). Ferrer anticipates additional EU Member States and Latin American country launches in 2016. In the other non-EU Ferrer countries, Ferrer continues to interact with various regulatory agencies and is working on the required independent regulatory submissions.

In countries where Ferrer does not have a direct commercial presence, it is seeking to establish distribution agreements with companies that it believes have sales capabilities in the hospital and/or psychiatry markets. As of December 31, 2015, Ferrer had established ADASUVE distribution agreements with AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, BioProjet, Galen Limited, Galenica SA and Medivir AB for sale of the product in certain countries where Ferrer does not have a direct sales organization. As a part of its education, market conditioning and commercialization strategy, Ferrer continues to build awareness about agitation and ADASUVE at national and regional medical conferences, hosting medical symposia and regional educational events, and exhibiting at medical meetings with a branded ADASUVE booth in applicable countries. Also, in each country in the Ferrer Territories, Ferrer uses a combination of medical science liaisons and sales representatives, as appropriate in each country, to target hospitals and medical settings that Ferrer believes treat a high volume of patients with agitation, and to call on physicians and clinicians to educate them about agitation and promote ADASUVE.

As a condition of the EU ADASUVE marketing authorisation, Ferrer is responsible for conducting and funding the several post-approval studies, including:

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Competition

ADASUVE competes with various injectable formulations of other antipsychotic and benzodiazepine drugs and oral, orally disintegrating tablet and liquid formulations of other antipsychotic drugs and benzodiazepine drugs. Only the injectable antipsychotics are approved for the treatment of agitation.

Product Candidate Development

We have retained all rights to the Staccato system and to our product candidates other than ADASUVE, the exclusive commercial rights to which we have licensed to Ferrer in the Ferrer Territories. We intend to develop certain product candidates internally and to identify external resources or collaborators to develop and commercialize other product candidates.

AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam) for Acute Repetitive Seizures

Epilepsy, a disorder of recurrent seizures, affects approximately 2.5 million Americans, making it the third most common neurological disorder in the United States. ARS refers to seizures that are serial, clustered, or crescendo, and ones that are distinct from the patient’s usual seizure pattern with an onset easily recognized by caregiver and physician. Typically there is recovery between seizures. Among the implications of ARS are concerns for patient safety. Prolonged or recurrent seizure activity persisting for 30 minutes or more may result in serious injury, health impacts or death that correlate directly with seizure duration. ARS, if left untreated, has been reported to evolve into a state of persistent seizure, or status epilepticus, which has a 3% mortality rate in children and 26% in adults.

Benzodiazepines are considered to be medications of first choice for the treatment of acute seizures. Clinical advantages of benzodiazepines include relatively rapid onset of action, high efficacy and minimal toxicity. The rapidity by which a medication can be delivered to the systemic circulation and then to the brain plays a significant role in reducing the time needed to treat seizures and reducing the likelihood of damage to the central nervous system. Current standard of care for ARS is the rectal gel formulation of diazepam, which must be administered by a caregiver or healthcare professional. In our market research, patients surveyed have commented that they find that the rectal gel takes longer to work than they would like and that the route of administration is sub-optimal and cannot be used in public. Intravenous benzodiazepines are rapid acting, but must be administered by a healthcare professional in a medical facility.

The ability to treat quickly is clinically imperative to prevent an epileptic event from evolving into status epilepticus or causing other serious complications. We believe a product that can be administered easily in the home setting to effectively treat ARS may result in avoiding a trip to the hospital for treatment or diminishing the need to use the rectal formulation of diazepam.

If approved, AZ-002 could reduce the use of IV or rectal benzodiazepines in treating patients who experience ARS. The potential benefits of AZ-002 may include a faster delivery to the blood stream, when compared to rectal delivery, and greater ease of use. AZ-002 could be administered after a first seizure in a cluster with the aim of preventing further seizures. The caregiver could provide dosing assistance between cluster seizures. We believe that alprazolam’s ability to inhibit anxiety, or anxiolytic action, may provide additional therapeutic benefits to ARS patients. We own full development and commercial rights to AZ-002. We have applied for orphan drug status with

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the FDA for AZ-002 and expect to apply for orphan drug status in the EU. There is no assurance that AZ-002 will receive such designation.

We initiated a Phase 2a proof-of-concept study for AZ-002 in January 2015. This AZ-002 Phase 2a study is an in-clinic, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind design, 5-way crossover evaluating patients with epilepsy using the Intermittent Photic Stimulation model, with the primary endpoint being reduction in mean Standardized Photosensitivity Range, or SPR.  The primary aim of this study is to assess the safety and the pharmacodynamic electroencephalographic effects of a single dose of AZ-002 at three dose strengths (0.5mg, 1.0mg and 2.0mg) as compared with a placebo (administered twice during the six-week protocol for each patient). This study has enrolled four patients to date (of the six initially planned) at three U.S. clinical centers. In December 2015, we announced results of the interim analysis of the study. The interim analysis showed that AZ-002 had dose-related effects on mean SPR (the primary endpoint of the study), no serious adverse effects and was well tolerated in the patients studied.  There were also dose-related changes in two visual-analogue scales for sedation and for alertness, which are established pharmacodynamic markers of benzodiazepine drug activity.  Importantly, in both measures the pharmacodynamic effect was demonstrated at the two-minute time point, which was the first assessment in the study, demonstrating the rapid onset of effect of alprazolam as delivered by the Staccato technology. Data from this clinical trial are expected to serve as the basis for dose determination in potential future efficacy and safety clinical studies. We expect to complete this study in the first half of 2016.

AZ-007 (Staccato zaleplon) for Insomnia

We are developing AZ-007 for the treatment of insomnia in patients who have difficulty falling asleep, including those patients with middle of the night awakening who have difficulty falling back asleep. Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder, and we believe that it affects at least 15% to 20% of the United States population, with some estimates of up to 50% of Americans reporting difficulty getting a good night’s sleep at least a few nights a week. Insomnia can be due to a variety of causes, including depression, grief or stress, menopause, age, shifting work, or environmental disruption. Whatever the cause of insomnia, it can take its toll on both the afflicted and the non-afflicted. Sleep disturbances have a major negative impact on public health and economic productivity.

Although benzodiazepines have been the clinical standard in treatment for sleep disorders for decades, issues with drug misuse and dependency are common and concerning. Other current treatments for insomnia include non-benzodiazepine GABA-A receptor agonists, which include zolpidem, immediate release and controlled-release tablets, zaleplon, and eszopiclone, which have less abuse potential and fewer side effects than classical benzodiazepines and can be used for longer term treatment. Patients and physicians surveyed in market research suggest that current oral forms of these leading insomnia medications can take from 30-60 minutes to work, while promotions for insomnia medications cite 20-30 minutes. Compounds with a longer half-life keep patients asleep longer and if dosed in the middle of the night, can have residual side effects that can cause a “hangover” feeling the next day.

We believe the opportunity in insomnia is a product which achieves a balance in treating patients so they can fall asleep quickly, whether at bedtime or in the middle of the night, while enabling them to function well the next day without a groggy feeling that can impact driving, employment or leisure activities.

We believe there is a potentially large clinical need for a product which has the potential to lead to rapid and predictable onset of sleep in patients with middle of the night insomnia, coupled with a predictable duration of sleep and rapid, clear awakening has the potential to be satisfied by AZ-007.

We have completed Phase 1 testing for AZ-007. In the Phase 1 study, AZ-007 delivered an IV-like pharmacokinetic profile with a median time to peak drug concentration of 1.6 minutes. Pharmacodynamics, measured as sedation assessed on a 100 mm visual- analog scale, showed onset of effect as early as 2 minutes after dosing. We do not anticipate further development of AZ-007 without obtaining additional capital resources, but if we are able to secure additional funding, we plan to initiate a Phase 2 clinical study for AZ-007. The primary goal of this study will be to: (i) determine AZ-007’s effects and impact on sleep, as measured with polysomnography, (ii) to determine AZ-007’s residual effects after dosing, as measured in a driving simulator environment, and (iii) to collect additional safety data on AZ-007.

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STACCATO SYSTEM

Background

Acute and intermittent medical conditions are characterized by a rapid onset of symptoms that are temporary and severe, and that occur at irregular intervals, unlike the symptoms of chronic medical conditions that continue at a relatively constant level over time. Approved drugs for the treatment of many acute and intermittent conditions, such as antipsychotics to treat agitation, triptans to treat migraine headaches and benzodiazepines to treat anxiety or epilepsy, are typically delivered either in tablets, by injections or by other formulations. Traditional oral inhalation technologies are also being developed to treat these conditions. These delivery methods have the following advantages and disadvantages:

As a result of these limitations, we believe there is a significant unmet medical and patient need for products for the treatment of acute and intermittent conditions that can be delivered in precise amounts, provide rapid therapeutic onset, and are noninvasive and easy to use.

Our Solution: Staccato System

Our Staccato system rapidly vaporizes an excipient-free drug compound to form a proprietary condensation aerosol that is inhaled and rapidly achieves systemic blood circulation via deep lung absorption. The Staccato system consistently creates aerosol particles averaging one to three and one-half microns in size, which is the most appropriate size for deep lung inhalation and absorption into the bloodstream for systemic effect.

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We believe our Staccato system matches delivery characteristics and product attributes to clinical and patient needs for acute and intermittent conditions, with the following advantages:

Drug Candidates Based on the Staccato System

We combine small molecule drugs with our Staccato system to create proprietary products and product candidates. We believe that the drugs we are currently using or studying are no longer eligible for patent protection as chemical entities or have their patent protection expiring in the next several years. These drugs have been widely used, and we believe their biological activity and safety are well understood and characterized. We have received composition of matter patent protection on the Staccato aerosolized forms of these drugs. We also intend to collaborate with pharmaceutical companies to develop new chemical entities, including compounds that might otherwise not be suitable for development because of limitations of traditional delivery methods.

Since our inception, we have screened more than 400 drug compounds, identifying approximately 200 drug compounds that demonstrate initial vaporization feasibility for delivery with our technology. We believe that a number of these drug compounds, when delivered by the Staccato system, would have a desirable therapeutic profile for the treatment of various acute and intermittent conditions. We are initially focusing on developing proprietary products by combining our Staccato system with small molecule drugs that have been in use for many years and are well-characterized to create Staccato-based aerosolized forms of these drugs.

Since 2004, we have filed six Investigational New Drug Applications, or INDs, and have received a U.S. NDA approval and EU marketing authorization for ADASUVE, based on the Staccato technology. ADASUVE has been also approved in several countries in Latin America. In addition to ADASUVE, our only product approved for marketing, we have AZ-002 and AZ-007, two product candidates in active development, we have in the past allocated resources to the development of the following product candidates, none of which are currently in active development: (i) AZ-104 (Staccato loxapine, low-dose) for the treatment of patients suffering from acute migraine headaches, (ii) AZ-003 (Staccato fentanyl) for the treatment of patients with acute pain, including patients with breakthrough cancer pain and postoperative patients with acute pain episodes and (iii) Staccato nicotine which is designed to help smokers quit by addressing both the chemical and behavioral components of nicotine addiction by delivering nicotine replacement via inhalation.

Staccato System

We invented the Staccato system. Our product candidates employing the Staccato system consist of three core components: (1) a heat source that includes an inert metal substrate; (2) a thin film of an excipient-free drug compound, also known as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, or API, coated on the substrate; and (3) an airway

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through which the patient inhales. The left panel of the illustration below depicts these core components prior to patient inhalation.

The right panel of the illustration below depicts the Staccato system during patient inhalation: (1) the heated substrate has reached peak temperature in less than one half second after the start of patient inhalation; (2) the thin drug film has been vaporized; and (3) the drug vapor has subsequently cooled and condensed into excipient-free drug aerosol particles that are being drawn into the patient’s lungs. The entire Staccato system actuation occurs in less than one second.

ADASUVE, AZ-002, AZ-007 and AZ-104 use the same disposable, single-dose delivery device. The single dose delivery device consists of a metal substrate that is chemically heated through a battery-initiated reaction of energetic materials. The device is portable and easy to carry. A diagram of the single dose delivery device is shown below:

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We control final assembly of the Staccato technology-based products in an effort to maintain quality, to reduce the risk for supply interruptions and to allow for potentially more cost-effective manufacturing. We continue to undertake engineering and development efforts to improve the commercial manufacturability of our single dose device.

AZ-003 uses our multiple dose delivery technology, with a device consisting of a reusable controller and a disposable dose cartridge. We have designed the multiple dose delivery platform to meet the specific needs of each product candidate. The AZ-003 dose cartridge currently contains 25 separate metal substrates, each coated with the API, which rapidly heat upon application of electric current from the controller. In the current design for AZ-003, 25 micrograms of drug compound are coated on each metal substrate. The device is portable and easy to carry, with dimensions of approximately five inches in length, two and one-half inches in width and one inch in thickness. The controller weighs approximately four ounces, and the dose cartridge weighs approximately one ounce.

We are developing the next generation of the Staccato platform, a “smart” Staccato intended to take advantage of the current electronics in the multiple dose platform device and the electronics that could be added. We believe that a “smart” Staccato medication could offer users and healthcare providers a therapeutic solution to an indicated condition via drug delivery with potential safety features (such as preventing delivery of a dose of medication if such delivery is not appropriate) and condition management features (such as collecting data about product use to assist healthcare providers to better manage patients). We believe the combination of these features has the potential to lead to a unique system of therapeutic management not available in other drug delivery systems. These smart features can be incorporated into our current pipeline, including AZ-002, AZ-003 and AZ-007. We do not expect to commit significant resources towards the development of the “smart” Staccato platform prior to obtaining additional funding specific to this next generation platform.

ACTIVE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

Acute Repetitive Seizures Program — AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam)

We are developing AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam) for the treatment of acute repetitive seizures, or ARS, which are clusters of epileptic seizures that occur over a short period of time. The active pharmaceutical agent, or API, of AZ-002 is alprazolam, a generic benzodiazepine drug. Alprazolam is currently approved in oral formulations in the United States for use in the management of anxiety disorder, for the short term relief of symptoms of anxiety, for anxiety associated with depression, and for the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, or an abnormal fear of being in public places.

Market Opportunity

Epilepsy, a disorder of recurrent seizures, affects approximately 2.5 million Americans, which means it is the third most common neurological disorder in the United States. ARS refers to seizures that are serial, clustered, or crescendo, and distinct from the patient’s usual seizure pattern despite treatment from anti-epileptic drugs. ARS occurs in a small subset of patients with epilepsy who regularly experience breakthrough seizures in flurries or clusters, despite treatment with a regimen of anti-epileptic drugs. The socioeconomic effects of seizure clustering include missed school and work, as well as greater use of health care resources.

Among the implications of ARS are concerns for patient safety. Prolonged or recurrent seizure activity persisting for 30 minutes or more may result in serious injury, health impacts and death that correlate directly with seizure duration. ARS, if left untreated, has been reported to evolve into a state of persistent seizure, or status epilepticus, which has a 3% mortality rate in children and 26% in adults.

Our market research among neurologists and caregivers of ARS patients indicates that patients may experience clusters of seizures that vary from weekly to several months between clusters of seizures. Seizures can be preceded by a sense of perceptual disturbance and can last from one to two seconds to a couple of minutes. Patients typically experience three or four seizures per cluster, and the interval between seizures can vary from half an hour to two hours. In the intervals between seizures, the majority of patients are able to follow simple instructions and participate in a conversation.

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Benzodiazepines are considered to be medications of first choice for the treatment of acute seizures. Clinical advantages of benzodiazepines include relatively rapid onset of action, high efficacy and minimal toxicity. The rapidity by which a medication can be delivered to the systemic circulation and then to the brain plays a significant role in reducing the time needed to treat seizures and reducing the likelihood of damage to the central nervous system. Improvements in quality of life reported anecdotally by families of individuals treated with benzodiazepines for epileptic seizures include reduced emergency room visits and hospitalizations, reduced disruption of daily activities, reduced time lost from work or school, and increased sense of “control.”

Current standard of care for ARS is the rectal gel formulation of diazepam, which must be administered by a caregiver or healthcare professional. In our market research, patients surveyed have commented that they find that the rectal gel takes longer to work than they would like and that the route of administration is sub-optimal and cannot be used in public. Intravenous benzodiazepines are rapidly acting, but must be administered by a healthcare professional in a medical facility.

The ability to treat quickly is clinically imperative to prevent an epileptic event from evolving into status epilepticus or causing other serious complications. A product that can be administered easily in the home setting to effectively treat ARS may result in avoiding a trip to the hospital for treatment or diminishing the need to use the rectal formulation.

If approved, AZ-002 could replace use of IV or rectal benzodiazepines currently used in treating patients who experience ARS. The potential benefits of AZ-002 as compared to IV or rectal delivery may include a faster delivery to the blood stream, compared to rectal delivery, and greater ease of use. AZ-002 could be administered after a first seizure in a cluster with the aim of preventing further seizures. The caregiver could provide dosing assistance between cluster seizures. We believe that alprazolam’s ability to inhibit anxiety, or anxiolytic action, may provide additional therapeutic benefits to ARS patients.

We own full development and commercial rights to AZ-002, and we believe AZ-002 could qualify for orphan drug status. Orphan drug designation is available for drugs intended to treat rare diseases or conditions (i.e., generally those that affect fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States at the time designation is sought). Drugs that receive orphan designation may be eligible for certain research tax credits and exemptions from certain fees and, upon approval, may receive 7 years of non-patent market exclusivity in the United States.

Development Status

Clinical Trials

We initiated a Phase 2a proof-of-concept study for AZ-002 in January 2015. This Phase 2a clinical trial is designed to be an in-clinic, randomized, double-blind evaluation of patients with epilepsy. The primary aim of this study will be to assess the safety and pharmacodynamic electroencephalographic effects of a single dose of AZ-002 at different dose strengths.

In December 2015, we announced results of the interim analysis of the study.  The interim analysis showed that AZ-002 had dose-related effects on mean SPR (the primary endpoint in the study), no serious adverse effects and was well tolerated in the patients studied. There were also dose-related changes in two visual-analogue scales for sedation and for alertness, which are established pharmacodynamic markers of benzodiazepine drug activity.  Importantly, in both measures the pharmacodynamic effect was demonstrated at the two-minute time point, which was the first assessment in the study, demonstrating the rapid onset of effect of alprazolam as delivered by the Staccato technology. Data from this clinical trial are expected to serve as the basis for dose determination in potential future efficacy and safety clinical studies. We expect to complete this study in the first half of 2016.

We have completed three clinical trials with AZ-002. In 2005, we completed a Phase 1 clinical trial of AZ-002 in healthy volunteers. The purpose of this trial was to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic properties of AZ-002. Using a dose escalation design, five doses (0.125 mg to 2.0 mg) of AZ-002 or placebo were studied in a total of 50 subjects. Results from the trial showed that AZ-002 was generally well tolerated at all doses. There were no serious adverse events observed across all dose groups, and all of the side effects were rated as mild or moderate in severity. Reported side effects included dizziness, sleepiness, fatigue and unpleasant taste. Across all doses, the

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pharmacokinetic analyses revealed that dose proportional plasma concentration of alprazolam and peak plasma levels were generally reached within the first few minutes after dosing.

In 2008, we released the preliminary results from our Phase 2a clinical trial with AZ-002 in patients with panic disorder. The study did not meet its two primary endpoints, which were the effect of AZ-002 on the incidence of a doxapram-induced panic attack and the effect of AZ-002 on the duration of a doxapram-induced panic attack, both as compared with placebo. There were no serious adverse events in the clinical trial, and AZ-002 was well tolerated in the study patient population. As a result of these studies, we made the decision to stop development of AZ-002 for the possible treatment of panic attacks in patients with panic disorder.

In 2009, we completed an abuse liability study with AZ-002. The objective of this clinical study was to compare the potential abuse liability of AZ-002, as compared to that of oral immediate-release alprazolam and Staccato placebo. This study was a Phase 1, single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover abuse liability study of three inhaled doses of AZ-002, 0.5 mg, 1 mg, and 2 mg, three oral doses of immediate-release alprazolam (1 mg, 2 mg, and 4 mg), and Staccato placebo. The subjects participated in the study as outpatients. After completion of the screening/training session, two qualifying sessions evaluated effects of oral alprazolam 2 mg and oral placebo, and subjects who demonstrated a preference for alprazolam were identified. This phase of the study was double-blind. Only those subjects whose abuse liability measures indicated greater preference for oral alprazolam versus oral placebo were continued in the study. The subsequent phase of the study followed a crossover schedule planned according to a seven-treatment, seven-period Latin Square design. This phase of the study employed a double-blind, double-dummy design and included seven experimental sessions during which the effects of three doses of oral immediate-release alprazolam, three doses of AZ-002, and Staccato placebo were evaluated. A total of 14 subjects completed the study. The primary outcome measure was the categorical response to the question: “Rate the degree to which you would like to take the drug again.” Secondary outcome measures included questions from other questionnaires and rating scales.

Study validity (active controls statistically different from placebo) was confirmed for the primary outcome endpoint and was supported by the secondary outcome endpoint results.

Results of this study demonstrated that the abuse potential of 2 mg AZ-002 is generally similar to that of 4 mg oral alprazolam, but greater than that of 1 mg and 2 mg oral alprazolam; the abuse potential of 1 mg AZ-002 is generally similar to that of 1 mg and 2 mg oral alprazolam, but less than that of 4 mg oral alprazolam; the abuse potential of 0.5 mg AZ-002 is generally similar to that of 1 mg oral alprazolam, but less than that of 2 mg and 4 mg oral alprazolam. Overall, there was no apparent increase in abuse potential for AZ-002 compared with oral alprazolam, based on the results of the primary outcome endpoint. However, the FDA or other regulatory agencies may disagree with the results of this study, find the results inconclusive, or may require additional studies to confirm the lack of abuse potential of AZ-002.

Preclinical Studies

Alprazolam has been approved for marketing in oral tablet form. There are publicly available safety pharmacology, systemic toxicology, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicology data that we believe we will be able to use for our regulatory filings. Therefore, our preclinical development plan was primarily focused on assessing the local tolerability of AZ-002. To date, our two preclinical inhalation toxicology studies with AZ-002 have indicated that it is generally well tolerated.

INSOMNIA PROGRAM: AZ-007 (Staccato zaleplon)

We are developing AZ-007 for the treatment of insomnia in patients who have difficulty falling asleep, including those patients with middle of the night awakening who have difficulty falling back asleep. Insomnia is the most prevalent sleep disorder, and we believe that it affects at least 15% to 20% of the United States population, with some estimates of up to 50% of Americans reporting difficulty getting a good night’s sleep at least a few nights a week. Insomnia can be due to a variety of causes, including depression, grief or stress, menopause, age, shift work, or environmental disruption. Whatever the cause of insomnia, it can take its toll on both the afflicted and the non-afflicted. Sleep disturbances have a major negative impact on public health and economic productivity. Costs for direct healthcare associated with insomnia are estimated to be approximately $14 billion to $15 billion each year.

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Market Opportunity

Insomnia is a prevalent disorder with almost $5 billion in worldwide sales of prescription medications each year. In a survey conducted by the National Sleep Foundation in 2009, results showed that 64% of the respondents experienced a minimum of one symptom of insomnia at least a few nights a week, with 41% reporting this occurring every night or almost every night and 31% using some sort of sleep aid at least a few nights per week, 18% of whom use a medication sleep aid. Of those, respondents complained primarily of waking up feeling unrefreshed (45%), being awake a lot during the night (46%), having difficulty falling asleep (29%), and waking up too early and not being able to get back to sleep (30%). Additionally, more than one-half of adults (54%) reported that they have driven at least once while drowsy in the past year, with almost a third (28%) reporting that they do so at least once per month, and 28% have nodded off or fallen asleep while driving. Of those who have driven drowsy, 38% reported using a sleep aid at least a few nights per week.

Although benzodiazepines have been the clinical standard in treatment for sleep disorders for decades, issues with drug misuse and dependency are common and concerning. Other current treatments for insomnia include non-benzodiazepine GABA-A receptor agonists, which include zolpidem, both immediate release and controlled-release tablets, zaleplon, and eszopiclone, which have less abuse potential and fewer side effects than classical benzodiazepines and can be used for longer term treatment. Patients and physicians surveyed in market research suggest that current oral forms of these leading insomnia medications can take from 30-60 minutes to work, while promotions for insomnia medications cite 20-30 minutes. Compounds with a longer half-life keep patients asleep longer. Those compounds that are dosed in the middle of the night have residual side effects that can cause a “hangover” feeling the next day.

We believe the opportunity in insomnia is a product which achieves a balance in treating patients so they can fall asleep quickly, whether at bedtime or in the middle of the night, while enabling them to function well the next day without a groggy feeling that can impact driving, employment or leisure activities. We believe there is a potentially large clinical need for a product which has the potential to lead to rapid and predictable onset of sleep in patients with insomnia, coupled with a predictable duration of sleep and rapid, clear awakening that has the potential to be satisfied by AZ-007.

Development Status

Clinical Studies

In April 2008, we announced positive results from a Phase 1 clinical trial of AZ-007. The AZ-007 Phase 1 clinical trial enrolled 40 healthy volunteers at a single U.S. clinical center. The purpose of this trial was to assess the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic parameters of a single dose of AZ-007. Using a double blind, randomized, dose-escalation trial design, 4 doses of zaleplon (ranging from 0.5 to 4.0 mg) were compared to placebo.

AZ-007 delivered an IV-like pharmacokinetic profile with a median time to peak venous concentration of 1.6 minutes. Zaleplon exposure was dose proportional across the 4 doses studied, as calculated by power analysis. Pharmacodynamics, measured as sedation assessed on a 100 mm visual-analog scale, showed onset of effect as early as 2 minutes after dosing with AZ-007.

The most common side effects, reported by at least 10% of the patients in any treatment group, were dizziness and somnolence. These side effects were generally mild to moderate in severity. These data indicated a rapid onset of effect, apparently directly related to the IV-like pharmacokinetics, and showed that AZ-007 was generally safe and well tolerated in this population of healthy volunteers.

In 2010, we initiated internal work to move AZ-007 to the current commercial production device, or CPD, and completed that work in 2011. We plan to initiate a Phase 2 clinical study with AZ-007 if financing is secured. The primary goal of this study will be to: (i) determine AZ-007’s effects and impact on sleep, as measured with polysomnography, (ii) to determine AZ-007’s residual effects after dosing, as measured in a driving simulator environment, and (iii) to collect additional safety data on AZ-007.

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Preclinical Studies

Zaleplon, the active pharmaceutical ingredient in AZ-007, has been approved for marketing in oral form. There are publicly available safety pharmacology, systemic toxicology, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicology data we will be able to use for our regulatory filings. Therefore, our preclinical development testing has been primarily focused on assessing the local tolerability of inhaled zaleplon. Our two preclinical inhalation toxicology studies with zaleplon have indicated that it was generally well tolerated.

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OUR PRODUCT CANDIDATE DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIAL STRATEGY

Key elements of our strategy include:

Research and Development

Research and development expenditures made to advance ADASUVE and our product candidates, and, prior to commercial production of ADASUVE, develop our manufacturing capabilities during the last three years ended December 31, 2015, were as follows (in thousands):

 

 

Beginning in the second quarter of 2013, certain quality and manufacturing expenses began to be classified as cost of goods sold or inventory rather than research and development expenses as a result of the start of commercial manufacturing for ADASUVE.

We expect that research and development expenses will decrease during the fiscal year 2016 compared to 2015. We anticipate continuing to incur expenses related to our AZ-002 Phase 2a clinical trial, and, if financing is secured, expenses related to the clinical development of AZ-007. With the suspension of commercial ADASUVE production operations in the third quarter of 2015, a larger percentage of fixed overhead costs were allocated to research and development expenses beginning in the fourth quarter of 2015.

MANUFACTURING

We manufactured ADASUVE with components supplied by qualified vendors. We own all manufacturing rights to our product candidates and, subject to Teva’s co-exclusive right with us and our affiliates, to ADASUVE. Prior to the suspension of manufacturing operations in the third quarter of 2015, the drug product manufacturing portion of the process was completed at our facility in Mountain View, California. We believe our manufacturing facility will have sufficient capacity to manufacture commercial scale batches of ADASUVE and to manufacture materials for toxicology studies and clinical trials for future studies of our product candidates.

For our single dose delivery platform utilized by ADASUVE, after inspection and release of incoming components, we assemble the components of the product and spray-coat the exterior of the heat package with a thin film of API (loxapine, in the case of ADASUVE). We then assemble the plastic airway housings around the coated heat package and insert the completed product in a pharmaceutical-grade foil pouch.

We believe we have developed quality assurance, quality control systems and regulatory compliance appropriate to the design, manufacture, packaging, labeling and storage of ADASUVE and our product candidates in compliance with applicable regulations and the appropriate level of current Good Manufacturing Practice, or cGMP. These systems include extensive requirements with respect to design, quality management, quality planning and

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organization, product design, manufacturing facilities, equipment, purchase and handling of components, production and process controls, packaging and labeling controls, device evaluation, distribution and record keeping.

In 2007, we completed the construction of a cGMP compliant manufacturing facility located in Mountain View, California. In November 2007, we received a pharmaceutical manufacturing license from the California State Food and Drug Branch for this facility. The license was renewed in January 2015 and is valid until January 31, 2017.

In August 2012, the Spanish competent authorities, on behalf of the EMA, determined that our facility complied with the principles and guidelines of Good Manufacturing Practice set forth in Directive 2003/94/EC and issued an EU Certificate of Good Manufacturing Practices Compliance of a Manufacturer for our facility. This certificate is valid through May 15, 2016.  We hosted a planned inspection with the Spanish competent authorities, on behalf of the EMA, in July 2015.  We believe that there were no inspection findings that would preclude us from maintaining GMP certification.

In November 2012, the FDA completed a Pre-Approval Inspection of our facility, as part of the review process for the ADASUVE NDA. All issues related to this and other previous inspections were satisfactorily resolved, and in December 2012, we received FDA approval to market ADASUVE in the United States.  We have had additional non-planned inspections with the FDA in January 2014, February 2014, and May 2015.  We believe we have satisfactorily responded to all of the questions resulting from these inspections. The FDA issued an Establishment Inspection Report for our facility in January 2016.  We have notified the FDA that we have suspended ADASUVE commercial production in our facility for the time being.

In July 2015, we hosted planned inspections with the Brazilian Health Surveillance Agency and the Turkish Regulatory Agency.  We view them as part of the normal course of product approval review within these two countries.

We outsourced the production of the components of our single dose delivery platform, including the printed circuit boards, the molded plastic airways and the heat packages. We currently use single source suppliers for these components, as well as for the API used in ADASUVE and AZ-002. We do not carry a significant inventory of these components, and establishing additional or replacement suppliers for any of these components may not be accomplished quickly, or at all, and could cause significant additional expense. Any supply interruption from our vendors would limit our ability to manufacture ADASUVE, including for our post-approval clinical trials, and/or could delay clinical trials for, and regulatory approval of our product candidates that are in development.

The controller for our multiple dose delivery design includes the battery power source for heating the individual metal substrates, a microprocessor that directs the electric current to the appropriate metal substrate at the appropriate time, and an icon-based liquid crystal display that shows pertinent information to the user, such as the number of doses remaining in the dose cartridge and the controller status. We may need to develop modified versions of our devices for future product candidates.

Autoliv ASP, Inc.

In November 2007, we entered into a manufacturing and supply agreement, or the Manufacture Agreement, with Autoliv ASP, Inc., or Autoliv, relating to the commercial supply of chemical heat packages for our single dose Staccato device, or Chemical Heat Packages. Autoliv had developed these Chemical Heat Packages for us pursuant to a development agreement between Autoliv and us executed in October 2005.

Subject to certain exceptions, Autoliv has agreed to manufacture, assemble and test the Chemical Heat Packages solely for us in conformance with our specifications. We pay Autoliv a specified purchase price, which varies based on annual quantities we order, per Chemical Heat Package delivered. Upon termination of the Manufacture Agreement, we were to retain full ownership of the production equipment for commercial manufacture of the Chemical Heat Packages developed for us by Autoliv, and Autoliv’s obligations under the Manufacture Agreement will terminate in full. In December 2014, we amended the Manufacture Agreement through which we and Autoliv are extending the Manufacture Agreement through 2018. In addition, we have the right to engage a

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second source supplier and implement a manufacturing line transfer from Autoliv to manufacture and supply the Chemical Heat Packages to us or our licensees.

We have contracted with Autoliv, through a third-party supplier, to build one additional manufacturing cell to manufacture Chemical Heat Packages at a cost of approximately $2.4 million, or the New Cell. The New Cell was expected to be installed at Autoliv with the cell currently being utilized by Autoliv to be installed at a second source supplier. The New Cell may be utilized if and when commercial production of ADASUVE resumes.

GOVERNMENT REGULATION

FDA Product Approval Process

The testing, manufacturing, labeling, advertising, promotion, distribution, export and marketing of our product candidates are subject to extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. Our product candidates include drug compounds incorporated into our delivery device and are considered “combination products” in the United States. We have agreed with the FDA that our product candidates will be reviewed by the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. The FDA regulates pharmaceutical products in the United States under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, or FDCA. The steps required before a drug may be approved for marketing in the United States generally include:

The testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and the receipt and timing of any approval is uncertain. Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluations of the product candidate, as well as animal studies to assess the potential safety and efficacy of the product candidate. The results of the preclinical studies, together with manufacturing information and analytical data, are submitted to the FDA as part of the IND, which must become effective before clinical trials may commence. The IND will become effective automatically 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA raises concerns or questions about the conduct of the trials as outlined in the IND prior to that time. In that case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before clinical trials can proceed.

Clinical trials typically begin with the administration of the product candidates to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of a qualified principal investigator. Before a clinical trial may begin, an independent institutional review board, or IRB, at or servicing each institution must review and approve each clinical trial. The IRB will consider, among other things, ethical factors, the safety of human subjects and the possible liability of the institution.

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Clinical trials typically are conducted in three sequential phases prior to approval, but the phases may overlap. A fourth, or post-approval, phase may include additional clinical studies. These phases generally include the following:

In the case of products for the treatment of severe or life threatening diseases, the initial clinical trials are sometimes conducted in patients rather than in healthy volunteers. Since these patients are already afflicted with the target disease, it is possible that such clinical trials may provide evidence of efficacy traditionally obtained in Phase 2 clinical trials. These trials are referred to frequently as Phase 1/2 clinical trials. The FDA may suspend clinical trials at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

The results of preclinical studies and clinical trials, together with detailed information on the manufacture and composition of the product, are submitted to the FDA in the form of an NDA requesting approval to market the product. Generally, regulatory approval of a new drug by the FDA may follow one of three routes. The most traditional of these routes is the submission of a full NDA under Section 505(b)(1) of the FDCA. A second route, which is possible where an applicant chooses to rely in part on the FDA’s conclusion about the safety and effectiveness of previously approved drugs, is to submit a more limited NDA described in Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA. The final route is the submission of an Abbreviated New Drug Application for products that are shown to be therapeutically equivalent to previously approved drug products as permitted under Section 505(j) of the FDCA. We do not expect any of our product candidates to be submitted under Section 505(j). Both Section 505(b)(1) and Section 505(b)(2) applications are required by the FDA to contain full reports of investigations of safety and effectiveness. However, in contrast to a traditional NDA submitted pursuant to Section 505(b)(1) in which the applicant submits all of the data demonstrating safety and effectiveness, an application submitted pursuant to Section 505(b)(2) can rely upon findings by the FDA that the reference drug is safe and effective. As a consequence, the preclinical and clinical development programs leading to the submission of an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) may be less expensive to carry out and may be concluded in a shorter period of time than programs required for a Section 505(b)(1) application. In its review of any NDA submissions, however, the FDA has broad discretion to require an applicant to generate additional data related to safety and efficacy, and it is impossible to predict the number or nature of the studies that may be required before the FDA will grant approval. Notwithstanding the approval of many products by the FDA pursuant to Section 505(b)(2), certain brand-name pharmaceutical

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companies and others have objected to the FDA’s interpretation of Section 505(b)(2). If the FDA changes its interpretation of Section 505(b)(2), this could delay or even prevent the FDA from approving any Section 505(b)(2) NDA that we submit.

To the extent that a Section 505(b)(2) applicant is relying on the FDA’s findings for an already-approved reference product, the applicant is required to certify to the FDA concerning any patents listed for the reference product in the FDA’s publication, Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book. A certification that the new product will not infringe the reference product’s Orange Book-listed patents or that such patents are invalid is called a paragraph IV certification, and could be challenged in court by the patent owner or holder of the application of the reference product. This could delay the approval of any Section 505(b)(2) application we submit. In addition, any period of non-patent exclusivity applicable to the reference product might delay approval of any Section 505(b)(2) application we submit. Any Section 505(b)(1) or Section 505(b)(2) application we submit for a drug product containing a previously approved API might be eligible for three years of marketing exclusivity, provided new clinical investigations that were conducted or sponsored by us are deemed to be essential to the FDA’s approval of the application. Five years of data exclusivity are granted if the FDA approves an NDA for a new chemical entity. In addition, we are required to list in the Orange Book the patents that claim the approved drug product or drug substance, or that cover an approved method-of-use of the drug product. In order for a generic or 505(b)(2) applicant to rely on the FDA’s approval of any NDA we submit, the generic or 505(b)(2) applicant must certify to any Orange Book listed patents and might be subject to any non-patent exclusivity covering our approved drug product.

For the ADASUVE NDA, we followed, and in future submissions for ADASUVE and our other product candidates we plan to follow the development pathway permitted under the FDCA that we believe will maximize the commercial opportunities for these product candidates. We are currently pursuing the Section 505(b)(2) application route for our product candidates. As such, we have engaged and intend to continue to engage in discussions with the FDA to determine which, if any, portions of our development program can be modified, based on previous FDA findings of a drug’s safety and effectiveness.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA inspects the facilities at which the product is manufactured, whether ours or our third-party manufacturers’, and will not approve the product unless the manufacturing facility complies with cGMP and, where applicable to medical device components, the Quality System Regulation, or QSR. The FDA reviews all NDAs submitted before it accepts them for filing and may request additional information rather than accept an NDA for filing. Once the NDA submission has been accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, the FDA has 10 months in which to complete its initial review of a standard NDA and respond to the applicant, and six months for a priority NDA. Those time frames run from the date that FDA accepts an NDA for filing if the NDA is for a New Molecular Entity, or NME, and from the date of NDA submission for a non-NME NDA. The FDA does not always meet the PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority NDAs. The review process is often significantly extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification. The FDA may delay approval of an NDA if applicable regulatory criteria are not satisfied, require additional testing or information and/or require post-marketing testing and surveillance to monitor safety or efficacy of a product. Also, if regulatory approval of a product is granted, such approval may include limitations on the indicated uses for which such product may be marketed. Once approved, the FDA may withdraw the product approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and conditions of approvals are not maintained or if safety problems occur after the product reaches the marketplace. In addition, the FDA may require testing, including Phase 4 studies or clinical trials, and surveillance programs to monitor the approved products, and may limit further marketing of the product based on the results of these post-marketing programs.

Post-Marketing Regulations

ADASUVE and any other product candidates that receive NDA approval will be limited to those diseases and conditions for which the product is effective, as demonstrated through clinical trials and as specified in the approved labeling. Even if that regulatory approval is obtained, a marketed product, its manufacturer and its manufacturing facilities, and those who market and promote the product, are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and, in our case, the State of California. Discovery of previously unknown problems with a medicine, device, manufacturer or facility may result in restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of an approved product,

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including costly recalls or withdrawal of the product from the market. The FDA has broad post-market regulatory and enforcement powers, including the ability to suspend or delay issuance of approvals, withdraw approvals, and through the Department of Justice, to initiate court actions seeking to seize products, enjoin violations and impose criminal penalties.

Other Governmental Regulations

In addition to regulation by the FDA and certain state regulatory agencies, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, imposes various registration, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, procurement and manufacturing quotas, labeling and packaging requirements, security controls and a restriction on prescription refills on certain pharmaceutical products under the Controlled Substances Act, or CSA. The DEA regulates drug substances as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances, with FDA approved drugs in Schedules II through V. A principal factor in determining the particular requirements, if any, applicable to a substance under the CSA is its actual or potential abuse profile. Substances controlled in Schedule I and II have the highest potential for abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest potential for abuse relative to the substances in other schedules. Alprazolam and zaleplon, the APIs in AZ-002 and AZ-007, respectively, are regulated as Schedule IV substances and fentanyl, the API in AZ-003, is regulated as a Schedule II substance. Each of these product candidates is subject to DEA regulations relating to registration, security, recordkeeping, and distribution procedures, and, if approved, prescription restrictions and the DEA regulations may impact the availability of the scheduled substance for clinical trials and commercial distribution. As a Schedule II substance, fentanyl is subject to additional controls, including quotas on the amount of product that can be manufactured and additional limitations on prescription refills. We have received necessary registrations from the DEA for the manufacture of AZ-002, AZ-003 and AZ-007. The DEA periodically inspects facilities for compliance with its rules and regulations. Failure to comply with current and future CSA requirements and regulations of the DEA could lead to a variety of sanctions, including revocation, or denial of renewal, of DEA registrations, injunctions, or civil or criminal penalties, and could harm our business and financial condition.

The single dose design of our Staccato system uses what we refer to as “energetic materials” to generate the rapid heating necessary for vaporizing the drug while avoiding degradation. Manufacture of products containing these types of materials is controlled by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, or ATF, under 18 United States Code Chapter 40 and implementing regulations. Technically, the energetic materials used in our Staccato system are classified as “low explosives,” and we have been granted a license/permit by the ATF for their manufacture.

Additionally, due to inclusion of the energetic materials in our Staccato system, shipments of the single dose design of our Staccato system have been evaluated to determine if they are regulated by the Department of Transportation, or DOT, under Section 173.56, Title 49 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations. The single dose version of our Staccato device has been granted “Not Regulated as an Explosive” status by the DOT.

We have received funding for one or more research projects from a funding agency of the United States government, and inventions conceived or first actually reduced to practice in performance of the research project, or subject inventions, are subject to the rights and limitations of certain federal statutes and various implementing regulations known generally and collectively as the “Bayh-Dole Requirements.” As a funding recipient, we are subject to certain reporting requirements for subject inventions, and certain limitations are placed on assignment of the invention rights. In addition, the federal government retains a non-exclusive, irrevocable, paid-up license to practice any subject invention and, in exceptional cases, the federal government may seek to take title to the invention.

We will be subject to a variety of foreign regulations governing clinical trials and the marketing of any future products. The conduct of clinical trials in the EU is governed by Directive 2001/20/EC which imposes obligations and procedures that are similar to those provided in applicable U.S. laws. European Union Good Clinical Practice rules and EU Good Laboratory Practice obligations must also be respected during conduct of the trials. The conduct of clinical trials must be approved by the competent regulatory authorities and the competent Ethics Committees in the EU Member States in which clinical trials take place. All marketing authorisation holders will be required to comply with the requirements of the new EU Clinical Trials Regulation which will come into force no later than May 28, 2016. As a regulation, it will be directly binding in all EU Member States without the need for any related

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national implementing legislation. The new EU Clinical Trials Regulation, which will replace the current Directive 2001/20/EC, introduces a complete overhaul of the existing regulation of clinical trials for medicinal products in the EU, including a new coordinated procedure for authorisation of clinical trials that is reminiscent of the mutual recognition procedure for marketing authorisation of medicinal products. In the EU, in order to obtain marketing authorization for a medicinal product, applicants are required to submit applications for marketing authorization based on the ICH Common Technical Document to the relevant competent authorities, and must demonstrate the quality, safety and efficacy of the medicinal product. As part of the applications applicants must include a demonstration that studies have been conducted with the medicinal product in the pediatric population as provided by a Pediatric Investigation Plan approved by the Pediatric Committee of the EMA. Alternatively, confirmation that the applicant has been granted a waiver or deferral for the conduct of these studies must be provided.

Similarly to the U.S., marketing authorization holders and manufacturers of medicinal products in the EU are subject to comprehensive regulatory oversight by the EMA and the competent authorities of the EU Member States. This oversight is conducted both before and after grant of manufacturing and marketing authorizations. It includes control of compliance with EU cGMP rules.

Failure to comply with EU and EU Member State laws governing the conduct of clinical trials, grant of marketing authorization for medicinal products and the marketing of such products, both before and after grant of marketing authorization, could result in administrative, civil or criminal penalties. These penalties could include refusal to authorize the conduct of clinical trials, refusal to grant marketing authorization, product withdrawals and recalls, product seizures, suspension or withdrawal of the marketing authorization, fines and criminal penalties.

Outside the United States and the EU, our ability to market a product depends upon receiving a marketing authorization from the appropriate regulatory authorities. The requirements governing the conduct of clinical trials, marketing authorization, pricing and reimbursement vary widely from country to country. In any country, however, we will only be permitted to commercialize our products if the appropriate regulatory authority is satisfied that we have presented adequate evidence of safety, quality and efficacy. Whether or not FDA approval or EC authorization has been obtained, approval of a product by the comparable regulatory authorities of foreign countries must be obtained prior to the commencement of marketing of the product in those countries. The time needed to secure approval may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA approval. The regulatory approval and oversight process in other countries includes all of the risks associated with the FDA process described above.

Federal Anti-Kickback, False Claims Act, Federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, and Equivalent Foreign Regulations

In addition to FDA restrictions on marketing of pharmaceutical products, several other types of U.S. state and federal laws are relevant to certain marketing practices in the pharmaceutical industry. These laws include the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, false claims statutes, and the Federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act. We are subject to these laws and they may affect our business. The Federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, lease, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal health care programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Violations of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute are punishable by imprisonment, criminal fines, civil monetary penalties and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. The Federal Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 and subsequent legislation, or collectively, the Healthcare Reform Act or PPACA, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, PPACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the false claims statutes. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common activities from prosecution or other regulatory sanctions; however, the exceptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that do not fit squarely within an exception or safe harbor may be subject to scrutiny.

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The Federal False Claims Act prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim. Several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have faced enforcement actions under these laws for allegedly inflating drug prices they report to pricing services, which in turn were used by the government to set Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement rates, and for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Federal Anti-Kickback Statute violations and certain marketing practices, including off-label promotion, also may implicate the Federal False Claims Act. Federal False Claims Act violations may result in imprisonment, criminal fines, civil monetary damages and penalties and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs. The majority of U.S. states also have statutes or regulations similar to the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute and False Claims Act, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs. A number of states have Anti-Kickback Statutes that apply regardless of the payor.

In addition, the Federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act requires extensive tracking of physician and teaching hospital payments, maintenance of a payments database, and public reporting of the payment data. The system for reporting is called Open Payments and applies to pharmaceutical companies. Last year was the first year for reporting under the Open Payments system. Failure to comply with the reporting obligations may result in civil monetary penalties.

Several states now require pharmaceutical companies to report expenses relating to the marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products in those states and to report gifts and payments to individual health care providers in those states. Some of these states also prohibit certain marketing related activities including the provision of gifts, meals, or other items to certain health care providers. In addition, some states require pharmaceutical companies to implement compliance programs or marketing codes.

In the EU, the advertising and promotion of our products is also subject to EU and EU Member States’ laws concerning promotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercial practices, as well as other EU Member State legislation that may apply to the advertising and promotion of medicinal products. These laws require that promotional materials and advertising in relation to medicinal products comply with the product’s Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) as approved by the competent authorities. The SmPC is the document that provides information to physicians concerning the safe and effective use of the medicinal product. It forms an intrinsic and integral part of the marketing authorization granted for the medicinal product. Promotion of a medicinal product that does not comply with the SmPC is considered to constitute off-label promotion. The off-label promotion of medicinal products is prohibited in the EU. The applicable laws at EU level and in the individual EU Member States also prohibit the direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription-only medicinal products. Violations of the rules governing the promotion of medicinal products in the EU could be penalized by administrative measures, fines and imprisonment. These laws may further limit or restrict communications concerning the advertising and promotion of our products to the general public and may also impose limitations on our promotional activities with healthcare professionals.

Failure to comply with the EU Member State laws implementing the Community Code on medicinal products, EU rules governing the promotion of medicinal products, interactions with physicians, misleading and comparative advertising and unfair commercial practices, with the EU Member State laws that apply to the promotion of medicinal products, statutory health insurance, bribery and anti-corruption or with other applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the EU Member State authorities, which may include any of the following: fines, imprisonment, orders forfeiting products or prohibiting or suspending their supply to the market, or requiring the manufacturer to issue public warnings, or to conduct a product recall.

Interactions between pharmaceutical companies and physicians are also governed by strict laws, regulations, industry self-regulation codes of conduct and physicians’ codes of professional conduct in the individual EU Member States. The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians to induce or encourage the prescription, recommendation, endorsement, purchase, supply, order or use of medicinal products is prohibited in the EU. The provision of benefits or advantages to physicians is also governed by the national anti-bribery laws of the EU Member States. One example is the UK Bribery Act 2010. This Act applies to any company incorporated in or “carrying on business” in the UK, irrespective of where in the world the alleged bribery activity occurs. This Act

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could have implications for our interactions with physicians in and outside the UK. Violation of these laws could result in substantial fines and imprisonment.

Payments made to physicians in certain EU Member States must be publically disclosed. Moreover, agreements with physicians must often be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his/her competent professional organization, and/or the competent authorities of the individual EU Member States. These requirements are provided in the national laws, industry codes, or professional codes of conduct, applicable in the EU Member States. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment.

United States Healthcare Reform

In March 2010, the Healthcare Reform Act, or PPACA, was adopted in the United States. This law substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacts the pharmaceutical industry. The Healthcare Reform Act contains a number of provisions that are expected to impact our business and operations, in some cases in ways we cannot currently predict. Changes that may affect our business include those governing enrollment in federal and private healthcare programs, new Medicare reimbursement methods and rates, increased rebates and taxes on pharmaceutical products, and revised fraud and abuse and enforcement requirements. These changes will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in the development of new programs, including Medicare payment for performance initiatives and improvements to the physician quality reporting system and feedback program.

Additional provisions of the Healthcare Reform Act may negatively affect our future revenues. For example, the Healthcare Reform Act makes changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, including increasing the minimum rebate from 15.1% to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price, or AMP, for most innovator products and from 11% to 13% for non-innovator products changed the calculation of the rebate for certain innovator products that qualify as line extensions of existing drugs, and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the average manufacturer price. We expect that the increased minimum rebate of 23.1% will apply to ADASUVE’s commercialization in the United States.

The Healthcare Reform Act also expanded the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program, in which we expect to participate. We believe our licensees will participate as well. The 340B pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily-defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. The ceiling price can represent a significant discount and is based on the pricing data reporting to the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. The Healthcare Reform Act expanded the 340B program to include additional types of covered entities: certain free-standing cancer hospitals, critical access hospitals, rural referral centers and sole community hospitals, each as defined by the Healthcare Reform Act. The Healthcare Reform Act exempts orphan drugs — those designated under section 526 of the FDCA — from the ceiling price requirements for these newly-eligible entities. We believe our product candidate in active development, AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam), could qualify for orphan drug status. AZ-002 may not be granted, orphan drug status.

The Health Resources and Services Administration, or HRSA, which administers the 340B program, previously had issued a final regulation to implement the orphan drug exception that interpreted the orphan drug exception narrowly. That final regulation was vacated by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on May 23, 2014 on the ground that HRSA did not have the authority to issue a regulation on this topic. On July 21 2014, HRSA issued an “interpretive” rule that again interprets the orphan drug exception narrowly, consistent with the invalidated final rule. Like the invalidated final rule, it exempts orphan drugs from the ceiling price requirements for the newly-eligible entities only when the orphan drug is used for its orphan indication. Under the interpretive rule, the newly-eligible entities are entitled to purchase orphan drugs at the ceiling price when the orphan drug is not used for its orphan indication. The uncertainty regarding how the statutory orphan drug exception will be applied will increase the complexity of compliance, will make compliance more time-consuming, and could negatively impact our results of operations. HRSA previously was expected to issue a comprehensive proposed regulation in 2014 that would have addressed many aspects of the 340B program. However, the invalidation of the orphan drug regulation on the ground that HRSA did not have rulemaking authority for that topic has raised questions regarding whether HRSA has the authority to issue the comprehensive regulation. HRSA has stated that in 2015 it plans to

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issue a proposed guidance for notice and comment that will address key policy issues raised by various stakeholders committed to the integrity of the 340B program. HRSA also states it is planning to issue proposed rules pertaining to civil monetary penalties for manufacturers, calculation of the 340B ceiling price and administrative dispute resolution. When the guidance is issued, it could affect our obligations under the 340B program in ways we cannot anticipate. In addition, legislation may be introduced that, if passed, would further expand the 340B program to additional covered entities or would require participating manufacturers to agree to provide 340B discounted pricing on drugs used in the inpatient setting.

Many of the Healthcare Reform Act’s most significant reforms started taking effect in last year with more still pending, and the details will be shaped significantly as the various provisions become active, especially given the political nature of the law. In 2012, the Supreme Court of the United States heard challenges to the constitutionality of the individual mandate and the viability of certain provisions of the Healthcare Reform Act. The Supreme Court’s decision upheld most of the Healthcare Reform Act and determined that requiring individuals to maintain “minimum essential” health insurance coverage or pay a penalty to the Internal Revenue Service was within Congress’s constitutional taxing authority. However, the Supreme Court struck down a provision in the Healthcare Reform Act that penalized states that choose not to expand their Medicaid programs through an increase in the Medicaid eligibility income limit from a state’s current eligibility levels to 133% of the federal poverty limit. As a result of the Supreme Court’s ruling, it is unclear whether states will expand their Medicaid programs by raising the income limit to 133% of the federal poverty level and whether there will be more uninsured patients in 2015 than anticipated when Congress passed the Healthcare Reform Act. For each state that does not choose to expand its Medicaid program, there will be fewer insured patients overall. The reduction in the number of insured patients could impact our sales, business and financial condition.

PHARMACEUTICAL PRICING AND REIMBURSEMENT

In both domestic and foreign markets, our ability to commercialize successfully and/or attract strategic collaborators for ADASUVE and our other product candidates depends in significant part on the availability of adequate coverage and reimbursement from third-party payors, including, in the United States, governmental payors such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, managed care organizations, and private health insurers.

In the United States, the Medicare program is administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS. Coverage and reimbursement for products and services under Medicare are determined in accordance with the Social Security Act and pursuant to regulations promulgated by CMS, as well as the agency’s subregulatory coverage and reimbursement determinations. Medicare Part B provides limited coverage of outpatient drugs and biologicals that are furnished “incident to” a physician’s services. Generally, “incident to” drugs and biologicals are covered only if they satisfy certain criteria, including that they are of the type that is not usually self-administered by the patient and they are reasonable and necessary for a medically accepted diagnosis or treatment. CMS and Medicare contractors may limit coverage of ADASUVE for beneficiaries in accordance with the approved product labeling. In the past, state Medicaid programs were required to cover drugs and biologicals of manufacturers that entered into a Medicaid Drug Rebate Agreement, although such drugs and biologicals were still subject to prior authorization or other utilization controls.

Medicare Part B pays providers that administer covered Part B drugs and biologicals under a payment methodology using average sales price, or ASP, information. Manufacturers, including us when we or any collaborator commercialize one of our products, are required to provide ASP information to CMS on a quarterly basis. This information is used to compute Medicare payment rates, updated quarterly based on this ASP information. Until enough ASP data are available to calculate a payment rate, reimbursement is wholesale acquisition cost plus six percent. There also is a mechanism for comparison of the ASP for a product to the widely available market price and the Medicaid Average Manufacturer Price for the product, which could cause further decreases in Medicare payment rates.

We anticipate that ADASUVE will be used only in hospital inpatient and hospital outpatient settings that are enrolled in the ADASUVE REMS and that have immediate access on-site to equipment and personnel trained to manage acute bronchospasm, including advanced airway management (intubation and mechanical ventilation). The Medicare statute establishes the payment rate for new drugs and biologicals administered in hospital outpatient departments that are granted “pass-through status” at the rate applicable in physicians’ offices (i.e., ASP plus six

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percent) for two to three years after FDA approval. ADASUVE has pass-through status under OPPS starting January 1, 2014. CMS establishes the payment rates for drugs and biologicals that do not have pass-through status by regulation. For 2015, these drugs are reimbursed at ASP plus six percent if they have an average cost per day exceeding $95; drugs with an average cost per day of less than $95 are not separately reimbursed in the hospital outpatient department setting. Drugs furnished in the hospital inpatient setting generally are not separately reimbursed but are paid for as part of the payment for the inpatient stay. CMS granted a C-code for ADASUVE, which will provide for reimbursement for the product used in emergency departments under a hospital’s OPPS.

The statutory methodology under which CMS establishes reimbursement rates is subject to change, particularly because of budgetary pressures facing the Medicare program and the federal government. As of April 1, 2013, Medicare payments for all items and services, including drugs and biologicals, were reduced by up to 2% under the sequestration required by the Budget Control Act of 2011, Pub. L. No. 112-25 as amended by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, Pub. L. 112-240, unless Congress acts to prevent the cuts. Congress also could enact further cuts, and, in fact, under the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, the cuts originally scheduled through 2021 were extended through 2023. The Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 made changes in reimbursement methodology that reduced the Medicare reimbursement rates for many drugs. In the past, Congress has considered additional reductions in Medicare reimbursement for drugs as part of legislation to reduce the budget deficit. Similar legislation could be enacted in the future. The Medicare regulations and interpretive determinations that determine how drugs and services are covered and reimbursed also are subject to change.

Third-party payors other than Medicare have a variety of methodologies for paying for drugs and biologicals. Payors also are increasingly considering new metrics as the basis for reimbursement rates, ASP, AMP and Actual Acquisition Cost. The existing data for reimbursement based on these metrics is relatively limited, although certain states have begun to survey acquisition cost data for the purpose of setting Medicaid reimbursement rates. CMS has made draft National Average Drug Acquisition Cost, or NADAC, and draft National Average Retail Price, or NARP, data publicly available on at least a monthly basis. In July 2013, CMS suspended the publication of draft NARP data, pending funding decisions. In November 2013, CMS moved to publishing final rather than draft NADAC data and has since made updated NADAC data publicly available on a weekly basis. Therefore, it may be difficult to project the impact of these evolving reimbursement mechanics on the willingness of payors to cover ADASUVE.

Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the prices charged for medical products and services and examining their cost effectiveness, in addition to their safety and efficacy. We may need to conduct expensive pharmacoeconomic studies in order to demonstrate the cost effectiveness of any future product candidates. Even with studies, our product candidates may be considered less safe, less effective or less cost effective than existing products, and third-party payors therefore may not provide coverage and reimbursement for our product candidates, in whole or in part. We are responsible for conducting any cost-effectiveness studies for ADASUVE in the United States.

Political, economic and regulatory influences are subjecting the healthcare industry in the United States to fundamental changes. There have been, and we expect there will continue to be, legislative and regulatory proposals and enactments to change the healthcare system in ways that could impact our ability to sell our products profitably. We anticipate that the U.S. Congress, state legislatures and the private sector will continue to consider and may adopt healthcare policies intended to curb rising healthcare costs. These cost containment measures include:

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If we commercialize future product candidates ourselves, we expect to participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, established by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and amended by the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 as well as subsequent legislation. We would also expect to participate in and have certain price reporting obligations to several state Medicaid supplemental rebate programs and other governmental pricing programs. Once we begin to participate in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, we will be required to pay a rebate to each state Medicaid program for our covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program as a condition of having federal funds being made available to the states for our drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. Those rebates will be based on pricing data that we will report on a monthly and quarterly basis to CMS, the federal agency that administers the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. These data will include the AMP and, in the case of innovator products, such as Staccato-technology based products, the best price, or BP, for each drug. We expect that a significant portion of our or future U.S. collaborator’s revenue from sales of ADASUVE will be obtained through government payors, including Medicaid, and any failure to qualify for reimbursement for ADASUVE under those programs would have a material adverse effect on future revenues from sales of ADASUVE.

Federal law also requires that a company that participates in the Medicaid rebate program report ASP information to CMS for certain categories of drugs that are paid under Part B of the Medicare program. Manufacturers calculate ASP based on a statutorily defined formula and interpretations of the statute by CMS as to what should or should not be considered in computing ASP. An ASP for each National Drug Code for a product that is subject to the ASP reporting requirement must be submitted to CMS no later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter. CMS uses these submissions to determine payment rates for drugs under Medicare Part B. Changes affecting the calculation of ASP could affect the ASP calculations for our products and the resulting Medicare payment rate, and could negatively impact our results of operations, once we begin to participate in the Medicare program.

Once we or any collaborator begin to participate in government pricing programs, we or any collaborator will be liable for errors associated with our submission of pricing data. If we or any collaborator are found to have knowingly submitted false AMP, ASP, or BP information to the government, we or any collaborator may be liable for civil monetary penalties in the amount of $100,000 per item of false information. If a manufacturer is found to have made a misrepresentation in the reporting of ASP, the statute provides for civil monetary penalties of up to $10,000 for each misrepresentation for each day in which the misrepresentation was applied. Failure to submit monthly/quarterly AMP, ASP, and BP data on a timely basis could result in a civil monetary penalty of $10,000 per day for each day the information is late beyond the due date. In the event that CMS were to terminate our rebate agreement after we or any collaborator begin to participate in the Medicaid program, no federal payments would be available under Medicaid or Medicare Part B for our covered outpatient drugs.

Federal law requires that any company that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program also participate in the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’s drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily-defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. These 340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from the Public Health Service, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low-income patients. The 340B ceiling price is calculated using a statutory formula, which is based on the AMP and rebate amount for the covered outpatient drug as calculated under the Medicaid rebate program. Changes to the definition of AMP and the Medicaid rebate amount under PPACA and CMS’s issuance of final regulations implementing those changes also could affect our 340B ceiling price calculations and negatively impact our results of operations once we begin to participate in the 340B program.

As described above, the Healthcare Reform Act expanded the 340B program to include additional types of covered entities but exempts “orphan drugs” — those designated under section 526 of the FDCA — from the ceiling

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price requirements for these newly-eligible entities. We believe our product candidate in active development, AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam), could qualify for orphan drug status. HRSA previously had issued a final regulation to implement the orphan drug exception that interpreted the orphan drug exception narrowly. That final regulation was vacated by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on May 23, 2014 on the ground that HRSA did not have the authority to issue a regulation on this topic. On July 21 2014, HRSA issued an “interpretive” rule that again interprets the orphan drug exception narrowly, consistent with the invalidated final rule. Like the invalidated final rule, it exempts orphan drugs from the ceiling price requirements for the newly-eligible entities only when the orphan drug is used for its orphan indication. Under the interpretive rule, the newly-eligible entities are entitled to purchase orphan drugs at the ceiling price when the orphan drug is not used for its orphan indication. The uncertainty regarding how the statutory orphan drug exception will be applied will increase the complexity of compliance, will make compliance more time-consuming, and could negatively impact our results of operations. HRSA previously was expected to issue a comprehensive proposed regulation in 2014 that would have addressed many aspects of the 340B program. However, the invalidation of the orphan drug regulation on the ground that HRSA did not have rulemaking authority for that topic has raised questions regarding whether HRSA has the authority to issue the comprehensive regulation. HRSA has stated that in 2015 it plans to issue a proposed guidance for notice and comment that will address key policy issues raised by various stakeholders committed to the integrity of the 340B program. HRSA also states it is planning to issue proposed rules pertaining to civil monetary penalties for manufacturers, calculation of the 340B ceiling price and administrative dispute resolution. When the guidance is issued, it could affect or obligations under the 340B program in ways we cannot anticipate. In addition, legislation may be introduced that, if passed, would further expand the 340B program to additional covered entities or would require participating manufacturers to agree to provide 340B discounted pricing on drugs used in the inpatient setting.

In order to be eligible to have our products paid for with federal funds under the Medicaid and Medicare Part B programs and purchased by certain federal agencies and grantees, we anticipate that we will participate in the Department of Veterans Affairs, or VA, Federal Supply Schedule, or FSS, pricing program, established by Section 603 of the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992. Under this program, we will be obligated to make our product available for procurement on an FSS contract and charge a price to four federal agencies — VA, Department of Defense, Public Health Service, and Coast Guard — that is no higher than the statutory Federal Ceiling Price, or FCP. The FCP is based on the non-federal average manufacturer price, which we will be required to calculate and report to the VA on a quarterly and annual basis.

We expect to experience pricing pressures in the United States in connection with the sale of ADASUVE due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals. We are unable to predict what additional legislation, regulations or policies, if any, relating to the healthcare industry or third-party coverage and reimbursement may be enacted in the future or what effect such legislation, regulations or policies would have on our business. Any cost containment measures, including those listed above, or other healthcare system reforms that are adopted could have a material adverse effect on our ability to operate profitably.

In the EU the sole legal instrument at the EU level governing the pricing and reimbursement of medicinal products is Council Directive 89/105/EEC, or the Price Transparency Directive. The aim of this Directive is to ensure that pricing and reimbursement mechanisms established in the EU Member States are transparent and objective, do not hinder the free movement and trade of medicinal products in the EU and do not hinder, prevent or distort competition on the market. The Price Transparency Directive does not provide any guidance concerning the specific criteria on the basis of which pricing and reimbursement decisions are to be made in individual EU Member States. Neither does it have any direct consequence for pricing nor reimbursement levels in individual EU Member States. The EU Member States are free to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices and/or reimbursement levels of medicinal products for human use. An EU Member State may approve a specific price or level of reimbursement for the medicinal product, or alternatively adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company responsible for placing the medicinal product on the market, including volume-based arrangements and reference pricing mechanisms.

Health Technology Assessment, or HTA, of medicinal products is becoming an increasingly common part of the pricing and reimbursement procedures in some EU Member States. These EU Member States include the United

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Kingdom, France, Germany and Sweden. The HTA process in the EU Member States is governed by the national laws of these countries. HTA is the procedure according to which the assessment of the public health impact, therapeutic impact and the economic and societal impact of use of a given medicinal product in the national healthcare systems of the individual country is conducted. HTA generally focuses on the clinical efficacy and effectiveness, safety, cost, and cost-effectiveness of individual medicinal products as well as their potential implications for the healthcare system. Those elements of medicinal products are compared with other treatment options available on the market.

The outcome of HTA regarding specific medicinal products will often influence the pricing and reimbursement status granted to these medicinal products by the competent authorities of individual EU Member States. The extent to which pricing and reimbursement decisions are influenced by the HTA of the specific medicinal product vary among EU Member States.

In 2011, Directive 2011/24/EU was adopted at EU level. This Directive concerns the application of patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare. The Directive is intended to establish rules for facilitating access to safe and high-quality cross-border healthcare in the EU. It also provides for the establishment of a voluntary network of national authorities or bodies responsible for HTA in the individual EU Member States. The purpose of the network is to facilitate and support the exchange of scientific information concerning HTAs. This could lead to harmonization among EU Member States of the criteria taken into account in the conduct of HTA and their impact on pricing and reimbursement decisions.

Pricing for ADASUVE has already been approved by the competent authorities in certain individual EU Member States in which ADASUVE is being marketed.

PATENTS AND PROPRIETARY RIGHTS

We actively seek to patent the technologies, inventions and improvements we consider important to the development of our business. In addition, we rely on trade secrets and contractual arrangements to protect our proprietary information. Some areas for which we seek patent protection include:

As of March 23, 2016, we held 204 issued and allowed U.S. and international patents. Most of our patents are directed to compositions for delivery of an aerosol comprising drugs other than our primary product candidates described below, and cover the process for producing those aerosols using the Staccato system. As of March 23, 2016, we held 11 additional pending patent applications in the United States. As of March 23, 2016, we also held 9 pending corresponding foreign patent applications that will permit us to pursue additional patents outside of the United States. The claims in these various patents and patent applications are directed to various aspects of our drug delivery devices and their components, methods of using our devices, drug containing aerosol compositions and methods of making and using such compositions.

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ADASUVE (Staccato loxapine)

One of our issued U.S. patents covers compositions for delivery of a condensation aerosol comprising loxapine and covers the process for producing such condensation aerosol using the Staccato system technology. This patent expires in October 2021. Counterparts to this patent are in force in a number of foreign jurisdictions, including Europe. We also have four other U.S. patents directed to condensation aerosol compositions for delivery of loxapine, kits containing devices for forming such compositions and methods of administering such compositions. In total, we reference 12 patents for ADASUVE in the Orange Book. The latest expiration date for the Orange Book listed patents is 2026.

AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam)

One of our issued U.S. patents covers compositions for delivery of a condensation aerosol comprising alprazolam and covers the process for producing such condensation aerosol using the Staccato system technology. This patent will not expire until 2022. Counterparts to this patent are in force in a number of foreign jurisdictions, including Europe. We also have three other U.S. patents directed to condensation aerosol compositions for delivery of alprazolam, kits containing devices for forming such compositions, and methods of administering such compositions.

AZ-007 (Staccato zaleplon)

One of our issued U.S. patents covers compositions for delivery of a condensation aerosol comprising zaleplon and covers the process for producing such condensation aerosol using the Staccato system technology. This patent will not expire until 2022. Counterparts to this patent are in force in a number of foreign jurisdictions, including Europe. We also have three other U.S. patents directed to condensation aerosol compositions for delivery of zaleplon, kits containing devices for forming such compositions, and methods of administering such compositions.

COMPETITION

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are intensely competitive. Many pharmaceutical companies, biotechnology companies, public and private universities, government agencies and research organizations are actively engaged in research and development of products targeting the same markets as ADASUVE and our other product candidates. Many of these organizations have substantially greater financial, research, drug development, manufacturing and marketing resources than we have. Large pharmaceutical companies in particular have extensive experience in clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals for drugs, and commercial capabilities. Our ability to compete successfully will depend largely on our ability to:

We expect ADASUVE and any future products we develop to compete on the basis of, among other things, product efficacy, speed of onset and safety, time to market, price, extent of adverse side effects experienced and convenience of treatment procedures. One or more of our competitors may develop products based upon the principles underlying our proprietary technologies earlier than we do, obtain approvals for such products from the FDA, the EC or third country authorities more rapidly than we do or develop alternative products or therapies that are safer, more effective and/or more cost effective than ADASUVE or any future products developed by us. In

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addition, our ability to compete may be affected if insurers and other third-party payors encourage the use of generic or other products through other routes of administration. ADASUVE competes with various injectable formulations of other antipsychotic and benzodiazepine drugs and oral, orally disintegrating tablet and liquid formulations of other antipsychotic drugs and benzodiazepine drugs. Only the injectable antipsychotics are approved for the treatment of agitation.

Any future products developed by us would compete with a number of alternative drugs and therapies, including the following:

Many of these existing drugs have substantial current sales and long histories of effective and safe use. As patent protection expires for these drugs, we will also compete with their generic versions. In addition to currently marketed drugs and their generic versions, we believe there are a number of drug candidates in clinical trials that, if approved in the future, would compete with ADASUVE or any future product candidates we may develop. In addition, after patent protection and non-patent exclusivity expire for our products, we may face direct generic competition, or competition from sponsors relying to some extent on our approval by filing NDAs under section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA.

CORPORATE INFORMATION

We were incorporated in the state of Delaware on December 19, 2000 as FaxMed, Inc. In June 2001, we changed our name to Alexza Corporation and in December 2001 we became Alexza Molecular Delivery Corporation. In July 2005, we changed our name to Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Employees

As of March 23, 2016, we had 27 full time employees, 4 of whom held Ph.D. degrees, 14 of whom were engaged in full-time research and development, regulatory and quality functions. We had no part-time employees and two subcontractors. None of our employees are represented by a labor union, and we consider our employee relations to be good.

Available Information

Our website address is www.alexza.com; however, information found on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report. We file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. We make available free of charge on or through our website copies of these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The SEC maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding our filings at www.sec.gov. You may also read and copy any of our materials filed with the SEC at the SEC’s Public References Room at 100 F Street, NW, Washington, DC 20549. Information regarding the operation of the Public Reference Room can be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330.

 

 

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RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information included in this Annual Report, before deciding whether to invest in shares of our common stock. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations. The occurrence of any of the following risks could harm our business, financial condition or results of operations. In such case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Relating to Our Business

We have concluded that due to our need for additional capital, and the uncertainties surrounding our ability to raise such funding, substantial doubt exists as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

We have incurred significant losses from operations since our inception and expect losses to continue for the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2015, we had cash and cash equivalents of $7.8 million and a working capital deficiency of $47.2 million. We believe that, based on our cash and cash equivalent balances at December 31, 2015, the additional $1.0 million drawn in March 2016 under the Ferrer Note and our expected cash usage, we have sufficient capital resources to meet our anticipated cash needs until the end of April 2016. We have incurred significant losses from operations since our inception and expect losses to continue for the foreseeable future. In light of our ongoing costs and product candidate development, and our projected working capital needs, we expect to need to source additional capital to finance our ongoing operations in the next twelve months. We may not be able to source sufficient capital on acceptable terms, or at all, to continue to pursue approval to commercialize ADASUVE in the United States or other countries, to continue development of our other product candidates or to continue operations. We plan to source additional capital which may be used to fund strategic initiatives, operations and working capital, or development of product candidates. In addition to product revenues, royalties and milestone payments, we may finance our operations through additional distribution or licensing collaborations, sale of equity securities, or utilization of debt arrangements. Such funding may not be available or may be on terms that are not favorable to us. Our inability to source capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition, results of operations or our ability to execute on our strategic initiatives. Even if we are able to source additional capital, we may be forced to significantly reduce our operations if our business prospects do not improve. If we are unable to source additional capital, we may be forced to shut down operations altogether.

In February 2016, we entered into the Letter of Intent with Ferrer with respect to the Transaction. The Letter of Intent does not constitute a binding agreement to consummate such acquisition and it entitles both us and Ferrer to terminate discussions at any time in our or Ferrer's sole discretion. Additionally we can, at our discretion, enter into discussions with third parties and continue to explore strategic options. We continue to have discussions with Ferrer regarding a transaction. There can be no assurance that such potential transaction will be agreed to or consummated and you should not acquire any shares of our common stock in reliance on our consummation of the Transaction.  Additionally, if we are unable to complete the Transaction, we will likely need to source additional financing to fund our operations.

Our audited consolidated financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 were prepared on a going concern basis in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles. The going concern basis of presentation assumes that we will continue in operation for the next twelve months and will be able to realize our assets and discharge our liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from our inability to continue as a going concern. Our operating and capital plans for the next twelve months call for cash expenditure to exceed our current cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and working capital. We concluded that due to our need for additional capital, and the uncertainties surrounding our ability to raise such funding, substantial doubt exists as to our ability to continue as a going concern. We may be forced to reduce our operating expenses, raise additional funds, principally through the additional sales of our securities or debt financings, or enter into an additional corporate partnership to meet our working capital needs. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to obtain sufficient additional funds when

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needed or that such funds, if available, will be obtainable on terms satisfactory to us. If we are unable to raise sufficient additional capital or complete a strategic transaction, we may be unable to continue to fund our operations, develop our product candidates or realize value from our assets and discharge our liabilities in the normal course of business. These uncertainties raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we become unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets, and might realize significantly less than the values at which they are carried on our financial statements, and stockholders may lose all or part of their investment in our common stock.

We may not complete our proposed transaction with Ferrer and our inability to consummate the proposed   transaction could harm the market price of our common stock and our business, results of operations and financial condition.

There is no assurance that the proposed Transaction with Ferrer will occur when and as we expect, or at all. Currently, we are party only to the non-binding Letter of Intent with respect to the proposed Transaction, and we may not be able to reach an agreement with Ferrer as to the terms of a definitive agreement. In addition, even if we do enter into a definitive agreement, the proposed Transaction may not be completed, due to a failure to satisfy required closing conditions or otherwise. If the proposed Transaction is not completed for any reason, the market price of our common stock may decline. In addition, failure to complete the proposed Transaction will result in a reduction in the amount of cash otherwise available to us and may limit our ability to implement our business strategy. The failure of the proposed Transaction to occur may also result in negative publicity and a negative impression of us among other potential strategic partners, as well as in the investment community generally. Finally, we are incurring expenses pursuing the proposed Transaction, and these expenses will reduce our earnings and cash flows, whether or not the proposed Transaction is completed.

Our near-term prospects are dependent on ADASUVE. If we or our present and future collaborators are unable to successfully commercialize ADASUVE for the acute treatment of agitation in adults with schizophrenia or bipolar disease, our ability to generate significant revenue or achieve profitability will be adversely affected.

ADASUVE is our only product approved for marketing in the United States, the EU and certain Latin American countries, and our ability to generate revenue in the near term is entirely dependent upon sales of ADASUVE. We do not have any product approved for marketing outside of the United States, the EU or Latin America. We or our present and future collaborators may not be able to successfully commercialize ADASUVE for a number of reasons, including:

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If we or our collaborator are unable to successfully commercialize ADASUVE for the treatment of agitation in adults with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, our ability to generate revenue from royalties and product sales and achieve profitability will be adversely affected and our stock price would likely decline.

In February 2016, we entered into the Teva Amendment to reacquire the ADASUVE U.S. commercial rights and restructure our obligations under the Teva Note. The Teva Amendment provides for (i) the transfer of the NDA and related regulatory filings for ADASUVE to us and the assumption of responsibility by us for all regulatory activities related to ADASUVE in the U.S. as soon as practicable; (ii) an exclusive license of Teva intellectual property with respect to ADASUVE, which intellectual property will be assigned to us in connection with a change of control or an exclusive license to ADASUVE in the United States to a third party; (iii) our undertaking responsibility for the REMS program, either through Teva’s vendors or vendors otherwise selected by us; (iv) the transfer from Teva of existing supplies of ADASUVE as well as all commercial, medical and academic materials, documents and relationships; (v) the right of us to sell Teva-labeled product in accordance with all applicable laws and Teva policies; and (vi) the satisfaction and termination of all payment obligations of the parties with respect to the commercialization of ADASUVE except as with respect to the Amended Teva Note and our issuance of 2,172,886 shares of our common stock to Teva. We cannot be assured that we will be able to resume production to continue product availability to patients and healthcare providers in the United States after the return of the rights to us. If we are not able to continue product availability to patients and healthcare providers in the United States, we will not be able to generate any commercial revenue from ADASUVE.

We plan to identify a new U.S. commercial partner for ADASUVE in 2016, however, we cannot be assured that we will be successful or whether or not the terms of such collaboration would be on terms less favorable to us than those of our future collaborators.

There is no guarantee that even if we do engage in a strategic transaction that such strategic transaction will increase stockholder value.

We have engaged Guggenheim Securities, LLC to assist in exploring strategic options to enhance stockholder value, including a possible sale or disposition of one or more corporate assets, a strategic business combination, partnership or other transactions. We may never complete a strategic transaction, and in the event that we do complete a strategic transaction, implementation of such transactions may impair stockholder value or otherwise adversely affect our business. Any such transaction may require us to incur non-recurring or other charges and may pose significant integration challenges and/or management and business disruptions, any of which could harm our results of operation, business prospects, and impair the value of any such strategic transaction to our stockholders.

We have a history of net losses. We expect to continue to incur substantial and increasing net losses for the foreseeable future, and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We are not profitable and have incurred significant net losses in each year since our inception, including net losses of $21.3 million, $36.7 million, and $39.6 million for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $432.0 million and a stockholders’ deficit of $71.7 million. We expect to continue to incur substantial net losses and negative operating cash flow for the foreseeable future. These losses and negative operating cash flows have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity and working capital.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the commercialization of ADASUVE by us and Ferrer, our ability to supply commercial quantities of ADASUVE, and conduct pharmaceutical product development, we are unable to predict accurately the timing or amount of future revenues or expenses, or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. In February 2016, we reacquired the U.S. rights for ADASUVE from Teva. We plan to identify a new U.S. commercial partner for ADASUVE in 2016, however, we cannot be assured that we will be successful or whether or not the terms of such collaboration would be on terms

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less favorable to us than those of our future collaborators. Even if we were to enter into such an agreement, we cannot be assured that we or a new collaborator would be able to successfully commercialize ADASUVE in the U.S.

To date, we have not generated any significant royalty revenue. We have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities, equipment financing, debt financing, collaboration and licensing agreements, and government grants. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of growth or contraction of our expenses and the level and rate of growth, if any, of our revenues. Revenues from strategic collaborations are uncertain because we may not enter into any additional strategic collaborations or our current collaboration may have different results than we anticipate. If we or our collaborator are unable to successfully commercialize ADASUVE or one or more of our product candidates or if sales revenue from ADASUVE or any product candidate that receives marketing approval is insufficient, we will not achieve profitability. Even if we do achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability.

Our operating results are unpredictable and may fluctuate. If our operating results are below the expectations of securities analysts or investors, the trading price of our stock could decline.

Our operating results are difficult to predict and will likely fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year. ADASUVE sales will be difficult to predict from period to period. For example, we did not have any shipments of ADASUVE in the fourth quarter of  2014 and do not anticipate any product shipments beginning in the first quarter of 2016 through at least the second quarter of 2017. We believe that our quarterly and annual results of operations may be negatively affected by a variety of factors, including:

In addition, we measure compensation cost for stock-based awards made to employees at the grant date of the award, based on the fair value of the award, and recognize the cost as an expense over the employee’s requisite service period. As the variables that we use as a basis for valuing these awards change over time, including our underlying stock price, the magnitude of the expense that we must recognize may vary significantly. Any such variance from one period to the next could cause a significant fluctuation in our operating results.

For these reasons, it is difficult for us to accurately forecast future profits or losses. As a result, it is possible that in some quarters our operating results could be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors, which could cause the trading price of our common stock to decline, perhaps substantially.

We will need substantial additional capital in the future. If additional capital is not available, we will have to delay, reduce or cease operations.

We will need to source additional capital to fund our operations, to develop our product candidates and to support our commercial manufacturing capabilities. Our future capital requirements will be substantial and will depend on many factors including:

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We believe that, based on our cash and cash equivalent balances at December 31, 2015, the additional $1.0 million drawn in March 2016 under the Ferrer Note and our expected cash usage, we have sufficient capital resources to meet our anticipated cash needs until the end of April 2016. Changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate, or to alter our operations. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could exhaust our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect.  The key assumptions underlying these estimates include:

Even if circumstances do not cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate, we may be forced to significantly reduce our operations if our business prospects do not improve. If we are unable to source additional capital, we may be forced to shut down operations altogether.

We may never be able to generate a sufficient amount of product or royalty revenue to cover our expenses. We did not generate any product revenues until the second quarter of 2013 and did not generate any royalty revenues until the second quarter of 2014. We suspended our commercial production operations during the third quarter of 2015 and fulfilled our close-out orders from Teva and shipped the last order from Ferrer in October 2015. We are uncertain when we will resume production and do not anticipate any product shipments through at least the second quarter of 2017 or until we find a partnering solution in the U.S. to replace Teva. In February 2016, we entered into the Teva Amendment to reacquire the ADASUVE U.S. commercial rights for and restructure our obligations under the Teva Note. The Teva Amendment provides for (i) the transfer of the NDA and related regulatory filings for ADASUVE to us and the assumption of responsibility by us for all regulatory activities related to ADASUVE in the U.S. as soon as practicable; (ii) an exclusive license of Teva intellectual property with respect to ADASUVE, which intellectual property will be assigned to us in connection with a change of control or an exclusive license to ADASUVE in the United States to a third party; (iii) our undertaking responsibility for the REMS program, either through Teva’s vendors or vendors otherwise selected by us; (iv) the transfer from Teva of existing supplies of ADASUVE as well as all commercial, medical and academic materials, documents and relationships; (v) the right of us to sell Teva-labeled product in accordance with all applicable laws and Teva policies; and (vi) the satisfaction and termination of all payment obligations of the parties with respect to the commercialization of ADASUVE except as with respect to the Amended Teva Note and our issuance of 2,172,886 shares of our common stock to Teva . If we are not able to continue product availability to patients and healthcare

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providers in the United States, we will not be able to generate any commercial revenue from ADASUVE. In addition, in connection with a royalty securitization financing we effected in March 2014, we contributed and sold our rights to U.S. ADASUVE royalties and milestone payments to a wholly-owned subsidiary that issued $45.0 million of 12.25% senior secured notes, or the Notes. To date we have not recognized significant royalty revenues. Until we generate sufficient revenues to cover expenses, we expect to finance our future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, strategic collaborations or licensing arrangements. Any financing transaction may contain unfavorable terms. For example, the terms of certain warrants we have issued in previous financings could require us to pay warrant holders a significant portion of the proceeds in a change of control transaction, potentially materially reducing the proceeds available to holders of our common stock. If we source additional funds by issuing equity securities our stockholders’ equity will be diluted and debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants. If we source additional funds through strategic collaborations, we may be required to relinquish rights to ADASUVE, our product candidates or our technologies, or to grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. Complying with the terms of the foregoing rights and restrictions may make it more difficult to complete certain types of transactions and result in delays to our fundraising efforts.

We do not have sales and marketing capabilities, and consequently must rely on commercial collaborations to sell our products, and we and our collaborator may be unable to generate significant product revenue.

In December 2012, the FDA granted marketing approval for ADASUVE in the United States for the acute treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in adults. The approval of ADASUVE was our first regulatory approval. We do not have a sales and marketing organization and as a company, we do not have significant experience in the sales and distribution of pharmaceutical products.

In February 2016, we entered into the Teva Amendment to reacquire the ADASUVE U.S. commercial rights for and restructure our obligations under the Teva Note. The Teva Amendment provides for (i) the transfer of the NDA and related regulatory filings for ADASUVE to us and the assumption of responsibility by us for all regulatory activities related to ADASUVE in the U.S. as soon as practicable; (ii) an exclusive license of Teva intellectual property with respect to ADASUVE, which intellectual property will be assigned to us in connection with a change of control or an exclusive license to ADASUVE in the United States to a third party; (iii) our undertaking responsibility for the REMS program, either through Teva’s vendors or vendors otherwise selected by us; (iv) the transfer from Teva of existing supplies of ADASUVE as well as all commercial, medical and academic materials, documents and relationships; (v) the right of us to sell Teva-labeled product in accordance with all applicable laws and Teva policies; and (vi) the satisfaction and termination of all payment obligations of the parties with respect to the commercialization of ADASUVE except as with respect to the Amended Teva Note and our issuance of 2,172,886 shares of our common stock to Teva. We plan to identify a new U.S. commercial partner for ADASUVE in 2016, however, we cannot be assured that we will be successful or whether or not the terms of such collaboration would be on terms less favorable to us than those of our future collaborators. Also, the end of Teva’s commercialization efforts could have an effect on investors’ perception of potential sales of ADASUVE inside and outside the United States, which could also cause a decline in our stock price and may make it more difficult for us to enter into additional strategic collaborations. The Notes issued by our wholly-owned subsidiary in conjunction with our royalty securitization financing are secured by the right to receive U.S. ADASUVE royalty and milestone payments and our equity ownership in the wholly-owned subsidiary. To date, royalties and milestone payments based on commercial sales of ADASUVE in the U.S. have not been sufficient to pay the amounts due under the Notes. If the amounts received by the wholly-owned subsidiary are not sufficient to meet the obligations under the Notes and we do not voluntarily provide the subsidiary with the funds to make required payments as they come due, the holders of the Notes may foreclose on the equity we own in the subsidiary and we could lose rights to receive future payments related to U.S. rights to ADASUVE.

In February 2013, the EC granted a marketing authorization for ADASUVE, as ADASUVE (Staccato loxapine) 4.5 mg or 9.1 mg, inhalation powder, pre-dispensed. In October 2011, we entered into a commercial collaboration with Ferrer pursuant to the Ferrer Agreement, to commercialize ADASUVE in the Ferrer Territories. The marketing authorization for ADASUVE is valid in all 28 EU Member States, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Beginning in August 2014, Ferrer began to receive individual country approvals in Latin America. As of September 30, 2015, Ferrer or its distributors, currently markets ADASUVE in nineteen countries of the Ferrer Territories (Austria, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Paraguay, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, and Sweden). Ferrer has also received

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approval to market ADASUVE in ten additional Latin American countries. Ferrer anticipates additional European and Latin American country approvals and launches in 2016. If Ferrer is unable to commercialize ADASUVE successfully in the various Ferrer Territories or if Ferrer is unable to fulfill the post-marketing authorization commitments that were required as part of the marketing authorization granted for ADASUVE in the EU, our revenue will suffer and our stock price may decline. The transfer of the MAA for ADASUVE to Ferrer was completed in August 2015.

We also intend to seek distribution collaborators in addition to Ferrer for ADASUVE and our product candidates. If we are unable to enter into an international or domestic distribution collaboration, we will be unable to generate revenues from countries outside the United States and the Ferrer Territories.

If we enter into additional strategic collaborations, we may be required to relinquish important rights to and control over the development of ADASUVE or our product candidates or otherwise be subject to terms unfavorable to us.

Our relationship with Ferrer is, and any other strategic collaboration with pharmaceutical or biotechnology companies we may establish will be, subject to a number of risks including:

The REMS program for ADASUVE imposes, and any REMS on any other approved products may impose, regulatory burdens on the distribution and sales of ADASUVE or any other approved products and also on healthcare providers that may make the products commercially unattractive or impractical.

As a condition of FDA approval, we are required to have a REMS program for ADASUVE, and we may be required to implement a REMS program for any other product candidates we may develop. A REMS may include various elements, such as distribution of a medication guide or a patient package insert; implementation of a communication plan to educate healthcare providers of the drug’s risks; imposition of limitations on who may prescribe or dispense the drug, including training and certification requirements; or other measures that the FDA

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deems necessary to assure the safe use of the drug. The FDA has a wide degree of discretion in deciding which elements are necessary for the safe use of a product, and it may impose elements that significantly burden our ability to commercialize the product, or that burden healthcare providers to the extent that use of the product is severely curtailed.

For ADASUVE, the REMS program contains measures to ensure that the product is administered only in healthcare facilities enrolled in the ADASUVE REMS program that have immediate on-site access to equipment and personnel trained to manage acute bronchospasm, including advanced airway management (intubation and mechanical ventilation). The REMS program may not allow commercialization and use of ADASUVE in a commercially feasible manner. In the future, the FDA could impose additional REMS elements, such as if the REMS proves inadequate in managing the risk of bronchospasm associated with ADASUVE or if new safety risks emerge, and such additional elements could substantially burden or even eliminate our ability to commercialize ADASUVE in a feasible manner.

If we or our current and future collaborators are unable to successfully complete the ADASUVE post-marketing studies required by the FDA and EC, or if data generated from the post-marketing studies indicate safety concerns, our sales could be diminished and our ability to generate a profit could be negatively affected.

As a condition of U.S. ADASUVE approval, there are several required post-marketing studies, including a 10,000 patient observational clinical trial that is designed to gather patient safety data based on the “real-world” use of ADASUVE in the hospital setting and a clinical program designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ADASUVE in agitated adolescent patients. The data derived from any post-approval study or trial could result in additional restrictions on the commercialization of ADASUVE through changes to the approved ADASUVE label, additional goals or elements in the REMS program, the imposition of additional post-approval studies or trials, or even the withdrawal of the approval of ADASUVE. Our business, operations and stock price may be negatively affected if any of these or similar events occur.

As a condition of the ADASUVE EU marketing authorisation, we were responsible for conducting and funding the post-approval studies, including (i) a benzodiazepine interaction study, which has been completed, (ii) a controlled study to determine ADASUVE’s effect on cardiac rhythms, or a thorough QTc study, with two doses of ADASUVE, which has been completed, (iii) a clinical program designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ADASUVE in agitated adolescent patients, (iv) an observational clinical trial, and (v) a drug utilization clinical trial. As part of the transfer of the MAA to Ferrer in June 2015, Ferrer assumed responsibility for completing any outstanding studies. Results of the benzodiazepine interaction study and the thorough QTc study have been submitted to the EMA.

If we and our present or future collaborators are unable to fulfill the FDA or EU post-marketing obligations, or do not fulfill these obligations within an appropriate time, or if the EMA determines from the results of the completed benzodiazepine interaction study or the completed thorough QTc study that ADASUVE poses or may pose actual or possible safety risks to some patients, the NDA could be suspended, withdrawn, or limited, and the current marketing authorization in the EU could be varied, suspended or withdrawn and our business, operations and stock price may be negatively affected.

Additionally, in February 2016 we reacquired the U.S. rights for ADASUVE from Teva including the assumption of responsibility by us for all regulatory activities related to ADASUVE in the United States as soon as practicable. We cannot be assured that we will be able to fulfill these FDA post-marketing obligations without the support of Teva.

If we do not produce our commercial devices cost effectively, we will never be profitable.

ADASUVE and our Staccato system-based product candidates contain electronic and other components in addition to the API. The cost to produce ADASUVE and our product candidates, and any additional approved products, will likely be higher per dose than the cost to produce intravenous or oral tablet products. This higher cost of goods may prevent us or our collaborators from ever selling any products at a profit. The development and production of our technology entail a number of technical challenges, including achieving adequate dependability in our production, that may be expensive or time consuming to solve. Any delay in or failure to develop and

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manufacture any future products in a cost effective way could prevent us from generating any meaningful revenues and prevent us from becoming profitable.

In October 2011, we committed to sell ADASUVE to Ferrer for a fixed transfer price, which is below our current production costs, and in May 2013, we committed to supply ADASUVE to Teva at a price based on costs of commercial production, which transfer price will convert to a fixed price upon achievement of costs equal to a specified per-unit price. In February 2016 we reacquired the U.S. rights for ADASUVE from Teva. We cannot be assured that the supply terms to a future collaborator, if any, will be on equivalent or better terms as with Teva. Our future manufacturing costs per unit will be dependent on future demand of ADASUVE. If we and our present and future collaborators do not generate sufficient demand, our manufacturing costs will exceed the fixed transfer price and will result in losses. If we are unable to generate profits from manufacturing our products, we may be required to seek alternative manufacturing strategies.

During 2013 and 2014, Alexza completed production of ADASUVE for commercial launch and initial stocking, which did not utilize Alexza’s full manufacturing capacity. In collaboration with Teva and Ferrer, Alexza conducted an analysis to evaluate need for the product and cost-effective strategies for ADASUVE commercial production. The analysis included supply chain requirements, production volume and timelines, batch sizes and possible scenarios to make global production more efficient and cost-effective. In the first quarter of 2015, Teva and Ferrer provided longer-term, ADASUVE orders, allowing us to manufacture ADASUVE in a consistent manner to take advantage of the efficiencies of continued batch production. During the third quarter of 2015, we completed all required ADASUVE production for Teva’s and Ferrer’s ADASUVE orders. As a result, we suspended our ADASUVE commercial manufacturing operations. We plan for ADASUVE commercial production to resume in the future as additional commercial product is required by Ferrer or any future collaborators. We may also consider contracting with third party manufacturers for ADASUVE units if deemed more efficient, including third-party manufacturers with multi-product facilities. We cannot predict when, if ever, we will begin to again commercially manufacture ADASUVE. If we do not restart our commercial manufacturing, we cannot predict if third-party manufacturers will be able to produce ADASUVE at a price which would allow us to generate profits.

The availability and amount of reimbursement for ADASUVE and our product candidates and the manner in which government and private payors may reimburse for our potential products is uncertain.

Many of the patients in the United States who seek treatment with ADASUVE or any other of our products that are approved for marketing will be eligible for Medicare benefits. Other patients may be covered by private health plans. The Medicare program is administered by CMS, and coverage and reimbursement for products and services under Medicare are determined pursuant to statute, regulations promulgated by CMS, and CMS’s subregulatory coverage and reimbursement determinations. CMS’s regulations and interpretive determinations are subject to change, as are the procedures and criteria by which CMS makes coverage and reimbursement determinations and the reimbursement amounts established by statute, particularly because of budgetary pressures facing the Medicare program. For example, we anticipate that ADASUVE will be used only in the hospital inpatient and hospital outpatient settings. In the hospital inpatient setting, Medicare does not provide separate reimbursement for drugs but pays for them as part of the payment for the hospital stay. In the hospital outpatient setting, the statute establishes the payment rate for new drugs and biologicals administered incident to a physician’s service that are granted “pass-through status” at the rate applicable in physicians’ offices (i.e., ASP plus six percent) for two to three years after FDA approval. For drugs and biologicals that do not have pass-through status, CMS establishes the payment rates by regulation. For 2015, these drugs are reimbursed at ASP plus six percent if they have an average cost per day exceeding $95; drugs with an average cost per day of less than $95 are not separately reimbursed. In future years, CMS could change both the payment rate and the average cost threshold, and these changes could adversely affect payment for ADASUVE. In addition, the President has proposed and Congress has considered amending the statute to reduce Medicare’s payment rates for drugs and biologicals, and if such legislation is enacted, it could adversely affect payment for ADASUVE. Moreover, ADASUVE is different from many drugs covered by Medicare Part B because it is administered by a healthcare professional through a disposable inhaler.

Effective April 1, 2013, Medicare payments for all items and services, including drugs and biologicals, were reduced by up to 2% under the sequestration (i.e., automatic spending reductions) required by the Budget Control Act of 2011, Pub. L. No. 112-25, or BCA, as amended by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, Pub. L. 112-240, or ATRA. The BCA requires sequestration for most federal programs, excluding Medicaid, Social Security,

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and certain other programs, because Congress failed to enact legislation by January 15, 2012, to reduce federal deficits by $1.2 trillion over ten years. The BCA caps the cuts to Medicare payments or items and services at 2%, and requires the cuts to be implemented on the first day of the first month following the issuance of a sequestration order. The ATRA delayed implementation of sequestration from January 2, 2013, to March 1, 2013, and as a result, the Medicare cuts took effect April 1, 2013, and will remain in effect unless Congress enacts legislation to cancel the cuts. The cuts were originally scheduled to occur through 2021, but under the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013, these cuts were extended through 2023. These cuts could adversely impact payment for ADASUVE and related procedures.

In March 2014, Teva announced the U.S. launch of ADASUVE. We expect ADASUVE to experience pricing pressures in the United States due to the trend toward managed healthcare, the increasing influence of health maintenance organizations and additional legislative proposals. We cannot be sure that reimbursement amounts, or the lack of reimbursement, will not reduce the demand for, or the price of, ADASUVE or any future products. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we or any collaborator may not be able to effectively commercialize ADASUVE or any future products, In addition, if we or any collaborator fail to successfully secure and maintain reimbursement coverage for ADASUVE or any future products or are significantly delayed in doing so, we or any collaborator will have difficulty achieving market acceptance of our products and our business will be harmed.

Payors also are increasingly considering new metrics as the basis for reimbursement rates, such as ASP, AMP and Actual Acquisition Cost. The existing data for reimbursement based on these metrics is relatively limited, although certain states have begun to survey acquisition cost data for the purpose of setting Medicaid reimbursement rates. CMS has made draft National Average Drug Acquisition Cost, or NADAC, and draft National Average Retail Price, or NARP, data publicly available on at least a monthly basis. In July 2013, CMS suspended the publication of draft NARP data, pending funding decisions. In November 2013, CMS moved to publishing final rather than draft NADAC data and has since made updated NADAC data publicly available on a weekly basis. Therefore, it may be difficult to project the impact of these evolving reimbursement mechanics on the willingness of payors to cover ADASUVE or any future products. As discussed below, once we or any collaborator begin to participate in government pricing programs, recent legislative changes to the 340B drug pricing program, and the Medicaid Drug Rebate program also could impact our revenues. We anticipate that a significant portion of our revenue from sales of ADASUVE will be obtained through government payors, including Medicaid, and any failure to qualify for reimbursement for ADASUVE under those programs would have a material negative effect on revenues from sales of ADASUVE.

The EU Member States are free to restrict the range of medicinal products for which their national health insurance systems provide reimbursement and to control the prices and/or reimbursement levels of medicinal products for human use. An EU Member State may approve a specific price or level of reimbursement for the medicinal product, or alternatively adopt a system of direct or indirect controls on the profitability of the company responsible for placing the medicinal product on the market, including volume-based arrangements and reference pricing mechanisms. We anticipate that pricing and reimbursement decisions concerning ADASUVE in the EU will have a significant impact on the sales of the product in the EU. Failure to obtain pricing and reimbursement for ADASUVE at an appropriate level in any of the EU Member States would, in part due to EU parallel trade rules, have a material adverse effect on revenues from sales of ADASUVE.

Healthcare law and policy changes, including those based on recently enacted legislation, may impact our business in ways that we cannot currently predict and these changes could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Healthcare costs have risen significantly over the past decade. In March 2010, the Healthcare Reform Act, or PPACA, was adopted in the United States. The Healthcare Reform Act substantially changes the way health care is financed by both governmental and private insurers, and significantly impacts the pharmaceutical industry. The Healthcare Reform Act contains a number of provisions that are expected to impact our business and operations, in some cases in ways we cannot currently predict. Changes that may affect our business include those governing enrollment in federal and private healthcare programs, new Medicare reimbursement methods and rates, increased rebates and taxes on pharmaceutical products, expansion of the 340B program, and revised fraud and abuse and enforcement requirements. These changes will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in

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the development of new programs, including Medicare payment for performance initiatives and improvements to the physician quality reporting system and feedback program.

We anticipate that if we continue to commercialize ADASUVE in the United States or other potential product candidates, some of our revenue and the revenue from our future collaborators may be derived from U.S. government healthcare programs, including Medicare. We expect that the Healthcare Reform Act and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future could have an adverse effect on our industry generally and the ability to successfully commercialize ADASUVE or our product candidates or could limit or eliminate our spending on development projects.

The Healthcare Reform Act made significant changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, in which we expect to participate. Effective March 23, 2010, rebate liability expanded from fee-for-service Medicaid utilization to include the utilization of Medicaid managed care organizations as well. With regard to the amount of the rebates owed, the Healthcare Reform Act increased the minimum Medicaid rebate from 15.1% to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price for most innovator products and from 11% to 13% for non-innovator products; changed the calculation of the rebate for certain innovator products that qualify as line extensions of existing drugs; and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the average manufacturer price. We expect that the increased minimum rebate of 23.1% will apply to ADASUVE. Finally, the Healthcare Reform Act requires pharmaceutical manufacturers of branded prescription drugs to pay a branded prescription drug fee to the federal government beginning in 2011. Each individual pharmaceutical manufacturer pays a prorated share of the branded prescription drug fee of $3.0 billion in 2015 (and set to increase in ensuing years), based on the dollar value of its branded prescription drug sales to certain federal programs identified in the law. Additional provisions of the Healthcare Reform Act, some of which became effective in 2011, may negatively affect our future revenues.

The Healthcare Reform Act also expanded the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program, which we expect to participate in. The 340B pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily-defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. The Healthcare Reform Act expanded the 340B program to include additional types of covered entities: certain free-standing cancer hospitals, critical access hospitals, rural referral centers and sole community hospitals, each as defined by the Healthcare Reform Act. The Healthcare Reform Act, as drafted, exempted “orphan drugs” — those designated under section 526 of the FDCA — from the ceiling price requirements for these newly-eligible entities.

The Health Resources and Services Administration, or HRSA, which administers the 340B program, previously had issued a final regulation to implement the orphan drug exception that interpreted the orphan drug exception narrowly. That final regulation was vacated by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on May 23, 2014 on the ground that HRSA did not have the authority to issue a regulation on this topic. On July 21 2014, HRSA issued an “interpretive” rule that again interprets the orphan drug exception narrowly, consistent with the invalidated final rule. Like the invalidated final rule, it exempts orphan drugs from the ceiling price requirements for the newly-eligible entities only when the orphan drug is used for its orphan indication. Under the interpretive rule, the newly-eligible entities are entitled to purchase orphan drugs at the ceiling price when the orphan drug is not used for its orphan indication. The uncertainty regarding how the statutory orphan drug exception will be applied will increase the complexity of compliance, will make compliance more time-consuming, and could negatively impact our results of operations. HRSA previously was expected to issue a comprehensive proposed regulation in 2014 that would have addressed many aspects of the 340B program. However, the invalidation of the orphan drug regulation on the ground that HRSA did not have rulemaking authority for that topic has raised questions regarding whether HRSA has the authority to issue the comprehensive regulation. We have applied for orphan drug status for AZ-002, and expect to apply for orphan drug status in the EU. There can be no assurance that AZ-002 will receive such designation, and should HRSA successfully attempt to limit the scope of the orphan drug exception in the future, this might have a negative impact on our business.

The Healthcare Reform Act also obligates the Secretary of the HHS to create regulations and processes to improve the integrity of the 340B program and to update the agreement that manufacturers must sign to participate in the 340B program to obligate a manufacturer to offer the 340B price to covered entities if the manufacturer makes the drug available to any other purchaser at any price and to report to the government the ceiling prices for its drugs. HRSA has stated on its website that in 2015 it plans to issue a proposed guidance for notice and comment that will

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address key policy issues raised by various stakeholders committed to the integrity of the 340B program. HRSA also states it is planning to issue proposed rules pertaining to civil monetary penalties for manufacturers, calculation of the 340B ceiling price, and administrative dispute resolution. When this guidance is issued, it could affect our obligations under the 340B program in ways we cannot anticipate. In addition, legislation may be introduced that, if passed, would further expand the 340B program to additional covered entities or would require participating manufacturers to agree to provide 340B discounted pricing on drugs used in the inpatient setting.

Many of the Healthcare Reform Act’s most significant reforms started taking effect last year with more still pending, and the details will be shaped significantly as the various provisions become active, especially given the political nature of the law. In 2012, the Supreme Court of the United States heard challenges to the constitutionality of the individual mandate and the viability of certain provisions of the Healthcare Reform Act. The Supreme Court’s decision upheld most of the Healthcare Reform Act and determined that requiring individuals to maintain “minimum essential” health insurance coverage or pay a penalty to the Internal Revenue Service was within Congress’s constitutional taxing authority. However, the Supreme Court struck down a provision in the Healthcare Reform Act that penalized states that choose not to expand their Medicaid programs through an increase in the Medicaid eligibility income limit from a state’s current eligibility levels to 133% of the federal poverty limit. As a result of the Supreme Court’s ruling, it is unclear whether states will expand their Medicaid programs by raising the income limit to 133% of the federal poverty level and whether there will be more uninsured patients in 2015 than anticipated when Congress passed the Healthcare Reform Act. For each state that does not choose to expand its Medicaid program, there will be fewer insured patients overall. The reduction in the number of insured patients could impact the sales, business and financial condition.

While the constitutionality of key provisions of the Healthcare Reform Act was upheld by the Supreme Court, legislative changes to it remain possible. We expect that the Healthcare Reform Act, as currently enacted or as it may be amended in the future, and other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future could have a material adverse effect on our industry generally and on our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates or could limit or eliminate our future spending on development projects.

In addition to the Healthcare Reform Act, there will continue to be proposals by legislators at both the federal and state levels, regulators and third-party payors to keep these costs down while expanding individual healthcare benefits. Certain of these changes could impose limitations on the prices we will be able to charge for ADASUVE or any other product candidates that are approved or the amounts of reimbursement available for these products from governmental agencies or third-party payors, or may increase the tax obligations on life sciences companies such as ours. While it is too early to predict specifically what effect the Health Reform Act and its implementation or any future legislation or policies will have on our business, we believe that healthcare reform may have an adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

If future products are regulated solely as medical devices and we fail to complete the required IRS forms for exemptions, make timely semi-monthly payments of collected excise taxes, or submit quarterly reports as required by the Medical Device Excise Tax, we may be subject to penalties, such as Section 6656 penalties for any failure to make timely deposits.

Section 4191 of the Internal Revenue Code, enacted by Section 1405 of the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, Public Law 111-152 (124 Stat. 1029 (2010)), in conjunction with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Public Law 111-148 (124 Stat. 119 (2010)), imposed as of January 1, 2013, an excise tax on the sale of certain medical devices. The excise tax imposed by Section 4191 is 2.3% of the price for which a taxable medical device is sold within the U.S.

If FDA determines that any future company product is regulated as a medical device, the excise tax will apply to future sales of any company medical device listed with the FDA under Section 510(j) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and 21 C.F.R. Part 807, unless the device falls within an exemption from the tax, such as the exemption governing direct retail sale of devices to consumers or for foreign sales of these devices. We will need to assess to what extent this excise tax may impact the sales price and distribution agreements under which any of our products are sold in the U.S. If any product is regulated as a medical device, we expect general and administrative expense to increase due to the medical device excise tax. We will need to submit IRS forms applicable to relevant exemptions, make semi-monthly payments of any collected excise taxes, and make timely (quarterly) reports to the

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IRS regarding the excise tax. To the extent we do not comply with the requirements of the Medical Device Excise Tax we may be subject to penalties.

If we or any collaborator fail to comply with reporting and payment obligations under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program or other governmental pricing programs, including programs developed by countries outside the United States, after we or any collaborator begin to participate in such programs, we or any collaborator could be subject to additional reimbursement requirements, penalties, sanctions and fines which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

We expect to participate, or any collaborator to participate, in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, established by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and amended by the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992 as well as subsequent legislation. We also expect to participate, or any collaborator to participate, in and have certain price reporting obligations to several state Medicaid supplemental rebate programs, and we anticipate that we will have obligations to report ASP for the Medicare program for future product candidates. Under the Medicaid Drug Rebate program, we will be required to pay a rebate to each state Medicaid program for our covered outpatient drugs that are dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries and paid for by a state Medicaid program as a condition of having federal funds being made available to the states for our drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. Those rebates will be based on pricing data that we will report on a monthly and quarterly basis to CMS, the federal agency that administers the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. These data will include the AMP and, in the case of innovator products, the best price, or BP, for each drug. The rebate liability resulting from this reporting will negatively impact our financial results.

The PPACA made significant changes to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. Effective March 23, 2010, rebate liability expanded from fee-for-service Medicaid utilization to include the utilization of Medicaid managed care organizations as well. With regard to the amount of the rebates owed, the PPACA increased the minimum Medicaid rebate from 15.1% to 23.1% of the average manufacturer price for most innovator products and from 11% to 13% for non-innovator products; changed the calculation of the rebate for certain innovator products that qualify as line extensions of existing drugs; and capped the total rebate amount for innovator drugs at 100% of the average manufacturer price. We expect that the increased minimum rebate of 23.1% will apply to ADASUVE. In addition, the PPACA and subsequent legislation changed the definition of AMP. Finally, the PPACA requires pharmaceutical manufacturers of branded prescription drugs to pay a new branded prescription drug fee to the federal government beginning in 2011. Each individual pharmaceutical manufacturer will pay a prorated share of the branded prescription drug fee of $3.0 billion in 2014 (and set to increase in ensuing years) based on the dollar value of its branded prescription drug sales to certain federal programs identified in the law. Additional provisions of the Healthcare Reform Act, some of which became effective in 2011, may negatively affect our future revenues.

In the future, Congress could enact legislation that further increases Medicaid drug rebates or other costs and charges associated with participating in the Medicaid Drug Rebate program. The issuance of regulations and coverage expansion by various governmental agencies relating to the Medicaid Drug Rebate program will increase our costs and the complexity of compliance, will be time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Federal law requires that any company that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program also participate in the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing discount program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’s drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B pricing program requires participating manufacturers to agree to charge statutorily-defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for the manufacturer’s covered outpatient drugs. These 340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from the Public Health Service, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low-income patients. The 340B ceiling price is calculated using a statutory formula, which is based on the average manufacturer price and rebate amount for the covered outpatient drug as calculated under the Medicaid rebate program. Changes to the definition of average manufacturer price and the Medicaid rebate amount under PPACA and CMS’s issuance of final regulations implementing those changes also could affect our 340B ceiling price calculations and negatively impact our results of operations once we or any collaborator begin to participate in the 340B program.

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Compliance with the regulations associated with the 340B program will increase our costs and the complexity of compliance, will be time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations once we or any collaborator begin to participate in the 340B program.

As described above, the Healthcare Reform Act expanded the 340B program to include additional types of covered entities but exempts “orphan drugs” — those designated under section 526 of the FDCA — from the ceiling price requirements for these newly-eligible entities. We believe our product candidate in active development, AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam), could qualify for orphan drug status. HRSA previously had issued a final regulation to implement the orphan drug exception that interpreted the orphan drug exception narrowly. That final regulation was vacated by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on May 23, 2014 on the ground that HRSA did not have the authority to issue a regulation on this topic. On July 21 2014, HRSA issued an “interpretive” rule that again interprets the orphan drug exception narrowly, consistent with the invalidated final rule. Like the invalidated final rule, it exempts orphan drugs from the ceiling price requirements for the newly-eligible entities only when the orphan drug is used for its orphan indication. Under the interpretive rule, the newly-eligible entities are entitled to purchase orphan drugs at the ceiling price when the orphan drug is not used for its orphan indication. The uncertainty regarding how the statutory orphan drug exception will be applied will increase the complexity of compliance, will make compliance more time-consuming, and could negatively impact our results of operations. HRSA previously was expected to issue a comprehensive proposed regulation in 2014 that would have addressed many aspects of the 340B program. However, the invalidation of the orphan drug regulation on the ground that HRSA did not have rulemaking authority for that topic has raised questions regarding whether HRSA has the authority to issue the comprehensive regulation.

The Healthcare Reform Act also obligates the Secretary of the HHS to create regulations and processes to improve the integrity of the 340B program and to update the agreement that manufacturers must sign to participate in the 340B program to obligate a manufacturer to offer the 340B price to covered entities if the manufacturer makes the drug available to any other purchaser at any price and to report to the government the ceiling prices for its drugs. HRSA has stated that in 2015 it plans to issue a proposed guidance for notice and comment that will address key policy issues raised by various stakeholders committed to the integrity of the 340B program. HRSA also states it is planning to issue proposed rules pertaining to civil monetary penalties for manufacturers, calculation of the 340B ceiling price, and administrative dispute resolution.

Federal law also requires that a company that participates in the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program report ASP information to CMS for certain categories of drugs that are paid under Part B of the Medicare program. We anticipate that ADASUVE will fall into that category. Manufacturers calculate ASP based on a statutorily defined formula and interpretations of the statute by CMS as to what should or should not be considered in computing ASP. An ASP for each National Drug Code for a product that is subject to the ASP reporting requirement must be submitted to CMS no later than 30 days after the end of each calendar quarter. CMS uses these submissions to determine payment rates for drugs under Medicare Part B. Once we or any collaborator begin to participate in the Medicare program, changes affecting the calculation of ASP could affect the ASP calculations for our products and the resulting Medicare payment rate, and could negatively impact our results of operations once we begin to participate in the Medicare program.

Pricing and rebate calculations vary among products and programs. The calculations are complex and are often subject to interpretation by governmental or regulatory agencies and the courts. Once we or any collaborator begin to participate in the Medicaid program, the Medicaid rebate amount will be computed each quarter based on our submission to the CMS of our current AMP and BP for the quarter. If we become aware that our reporting for prior quarters was incorrect, or has changed as a result of recalculation of the pricing data, we or any collaborator will be obligated to resubmit the corrected data for a period not to exceed 12 quarters from the quarter in which the data originally were due. Such restatements and recalculations would serve to increase our costs for complying with the laws and regulations governing the Medicaid rebate program. Once we begin to participate in the Medicaid program, any corrections to our rebate calculations could result in an overage or underage in our rebate liability for past quarters, depending on the nature of the correction. Price recalculations also may affect the price that we or any collaborator will be required to charge certain safety-net providers under the Public Health Service 340B drug discount program.

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Once we or any collaborator begin to participate in government pricing programs, we or any collaborator will be liable for errors associated with our submission of pricing data. In addition to retroactive rebates and the potential for 340B program refunds, if we or any collaborator are found to have knowingly submitted false average manufacturer price, average sales price, or best price information to the government, we or any collaborator may be liable for civil monetary penalties in the amount of $100,000 per item of false information. If a manufacturer is found to have made a misrepresentation in the reporting of ASP, the statute provides for civil monetary penalties of up to $10,000 for each misrepresentation for each day in which the misrepresentation was applied. Failure to submit monthly/quarterly average manufacturer price, average sales price, and best price data on a timely basis could result in a civil monetary penalty of $10,000 per day for each day the information is late beyond the due date. In the event that CMS were to terminate our rebate agreement after we or any collaborator begin to participate in the Medicaid program, no federal payments would be available under Medicaid or Medicare Part B for our covered outpatient drugs.

In September 2010, CMS and the Office of the Inspector General indicated that they intend to pursue more aggressively companies who fail to report these data to the government in a timely manner. Governmental agencies may also make changes in program interpretations, requirements or conditions of participation, some of which may have implications for amounts previously estimated or paid. We cannot assure you that our or any collaborator’s submissions, once we or any collaborator begin to submit pricing data to CMS, will not be found by CMS to be incomplete or incorrect.

Federal law requires that for a company to be eligible to have its products paid for with federal funds under the Medicaid and Medicare Part B programs, as well as to be purchased by certain federal agencies and grantees, it also must participate in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Federal Supply Schedule, or FSS, pricing program. To participate, we or any collaborator will be required to enter into an FSS contract with the VA, under which we must make our innovator “covered drugs,” such as ADASUVE or other product candidates, available to the “Big Four” federal agencies — the VA, the Department of Defense, or DoD, the Public Health Service, and the Coast Guard — at pricing that is capped pursuant to a statutory federal ceiling price, or FCP, formula set forth in Section 603 of the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992, or VHCA. The FCP is based on a weighted average wholesaler price known as the “non-federal average manufacturer price,” or Non-FAMP, which manufacturers are required to report on a quarterly and annual basis to the VA. If a company misstates Non-FAMPs or FCPs it must restate these figures. Pursuant to the VHCA, knowing provision of false information in connection with a Non-FAMP filing can subject a manufacturer to penalties of $100,000 for each item of false information.

FSS contracts are federal procurement contracts that include standard government terms and conditions, separate pricing for each product, and extensive disclosure and certification requirements. All items on FSS contracts are subject to a standard FSS contract clause that requires FSS contract price reductions under certain circumstances where pricing is reduced to an agreed “tracking customer.” Further, in addition to the “Big Four” agencies, all other federal agencies and some non-federal entities are authorized to access FSS contracts. FSS contractors are permitted to charge FSS purchasers other than the Big Four agencies “negotiated pricing” for covered drugs that is not capped by the FCP; instead, such pricing is negotiated based on a mandatory disclosure of the contractor’s commercial “most favored customer” pricing. We cannot anticipate the pricing structure we will enter into with respect to our products. The FSS contract price may have a material adverse effect on future revenues from sales of ADASUVE.

Once we or any collaborator enter into an FSS contract, if we or any collaborator overcharge the government in connection with the FSS contract, whether due to a misstated FCP or otherwise, we or any collaborator will be required to refund the difference to the government. Failure to make necessary disclosures and/or to identify contract overcharges could result in allegations under the Federal False Claims Act and other laws and regulations. Unexpected refunds to the government, and responding to a government investigation or enforcement action, would be expensive and time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

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If we or any collaborators fail to gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, third-party payors and the medical community, we will not become profitable.

The Staccato system is a fundamentally new method of drug delivery. ADASUVE or any future product based on our Staccato system may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, third-party payors and the medical community. If these products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we will not meet our revenue guidance nor will we generate sufficient product or royalty revenues to become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of ADASUVE or any of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including:

We are subject to significant ongoing regulatory obligations and oversight, which may result in significant additional expense and limit our and our collaborators’ ability to commercialize our products.

We and our collaborators are subject to significant ongoing regulatory obligations, such as safety reporting requirements, periodic and annual reporting requirements, and regulatory oversight of the promotion and marketing of our products. In addition, the manufacture, labeling, packaging, distribution, import, export, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for ADASUVE and any of our product candidates that may be approved by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements. We are responsible for completing several post-marketing requirements that were a condition to FDA approval of ADASUVE, including the responsibility for conducting a 10,000 patient observational clinical trial designed to gather patient safety data based on the real-world use of ADASUVE, as well as a clinical program addressing the safety and efficacy of ADASUVE in agitated adolescent patients. The adolescent efficacy study has been completed. With the reacquisition of commercial rights, we have the responsibility for the remaining post marketing requirements. As a condition of grant of EU marketing authorization for ADASUVE by the EC, we were responsible for the conduct and funding of post-authorization studies, including (i) a benzodiazepine interaction

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study, which has been completed, (ii) a controlled study to determine ADASUVE’s effect on cardiac rhythms, or a thorough QTc study, with two doses of ADASUVE, which has been completed, (iii) a clinical program designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ADASUVE in agitated adolescent patients, (iv) an observational clinical trial, and (v) a drug utilization clinical trial. As part of the transfer of the MAA to Ferrer in June 2015, Ferrer assumed responsibility for completing any outstanding EU studies.

The FDA and foreign regulatory authorities may also impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses or marketing of our future products, or impose requirements for burdensome post-approval study commitments. For example, ADASUVE’s U.S. labeling contains a “boxed warning” regarding the risks of bronchospasm caused by the product and the increased risk of death for elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis. Boxed warnings are used to highlight warning information that is especially important to the prescriber. Products with boxed warnings are subject to more restrictive advertising and promotion regulations than products without such warnings. The terms of any product approval, including labeling, may be more restrictive than we desire and could affect the commercial potential of the product. If we become aware of previously unknown problems with any of our products in the United States or overseas or at our contract manufacturers’ facilities, a regulatory agency may impose labeling changes or restrictions on our products, our collaborators, our manufacturers or on us. In such an instance, we could experience a significant drop in the sales of the affected products, our product revenues and reputation in the marketplace may suffer, and we could become the target of lawsuits.

The FDA and other governmental authorities, including foreign regulatory authorities, also actively enforce regulations prohibiting off-label promotion, and governments have levied large civil and criminal fines against companies for alleged improper promotion. Governments have also required companies to enter into corporate integrity agreements and/or non-prosecution agreements that impose significant reporting and other burdens on the affected companies.

We and our commercial collaborators are also subject to regulation by regional, national, state and local agencies, including the Drug Enforcement Administration, or DEA, the Department of Justice, the Federal Trade Commission, the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and other regulatory bodies, as well as governmental authorities in those foreign countries in which we may in the future commercialize our products. The FDCA, the Public Health Service Act, the Social Security Act, and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern to varying degrees the research, development, manufacturing and commercial activities relating to prescription pharmaceutical products, including preclinical testing, approval, production, labeling, sale, distribution, import, export, post-market surveillance, advertising, dissemination of information, promotion, marketing, and pricing to government purchasers and government healthcare programs. Any manufacturing, licensing, or commercialization collaborators we have or may in the future have, including Ferrer, will be subject to many of the same requirements.

The Federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting, or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical companies on one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Further, the Healthcare Reform Act, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the Healthcare Reform Act provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the false claims statutes. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting certain common manufacturer business arrangements and activities from prosecution, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor. We intend to comply with the exemptions and safe harbors whenever possible, but our practices or those of our commercial collaborators may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for safe harbor protection from anti-kickback liability and may be subject to scrutiny.

The Federal False Claims Act prohibits any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid. Many pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been investigated and have

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reached substantial financial settlements with the federal government under these laws for a variety of alleged marketing activities, including providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product; providing consulting fees, grants, free travel, and other benefits to physicians to induce them to prescribe our products; and inflating prices reported to private price publication services, which are used to set drug payment rates under government healthcare programs. Companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of the marketing of their products for unapproved uses. Pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have also been prosecuted on other legal theories of Medicare and Medicaid fraud.

The majority of U.S. states also have statutes or regulations similar to the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute and Federal False Claims Act, which apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payor. Several states now require pharmaceutical companies to report expenses relating to the marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products in those states and to report gifts and payments to individual health care providers in those states. Some of these states also prohibit certain marketing related activities including the provision of gifts, meals, or other items to certain health care providers. In addition, California, Connecticut, Nevada and Massachusetts require pharmaceutical companies to implement compliance programs or marketing codes.

Compliance with various federal and state laws is difficult and time consuming, and companies that violate them may face substantial penalties. The potential sanctions include civil monetary penalties, exclusion of a company’s products from reimbursement under government programs, criminal fines and imprisonment. Because of the breadth of these laws and the lack of extensive legal guidance in the form of regulations or court decisions, it is possible that some of our business activities or those of our commercial collaborators could be subject to challenge under one or more of these laws. Such a challenge could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition and growth prospects.

We or our commercial collaborators could become subject to government investigations and related subpoenas. Such subpoenas are often associated with previously filed qui tam actions, or lawsuits filed under seal under the Federal False Claims Act. Qui tam actions are brought by private plaintiffs suing on behalf of the federal government for alleged Federal False Claims Act violations. The time and expense associated with responding to such subpoenas, and any related qui tam or other actions, may be extensive, and we cannot predict the results of our review of the responsive documents and underlying facts or the results of such actions. Responding to government investigations, defending any claims raised, and any resulting fines, restitution, damages and penalties, settlement payments or administrative actions, as well as any related actions brought by stockholders or other third parties, could have a material impact on our reputation, business and financial condition and divert the attention of our management from operating our business.

The number and complexity of both federal and state laws continues to increase, and additional governmental resources are being added to enforce these laws and to prosecute companies and individuals who are believed to be violating them. In particular, the Healthcare Reform Act includes a number of provisions aimed at strengthening the government’s ability to pursue anti-kickback and false claims cases against pharmaceutical manufacturers and other healthcare entities, including substantially increased funding for healthcare fraud enforcement activities, enhanced investigative powers, amendments to the False Claims Act that make it easier for the government and whistleblowers to pursue cases for alleged kickback and false claim violations and, since last year, payments made on or after August 1, 2013, public reporting of payments by pharmaceutical manufacturers to physicians and teaching hospitals nationwide. While it is too early to predict what effect these changes will have on our business, we anticipate that government scrutiny of pharmaceutical sales and marketing practices will continue for the foreseeable future and subject us and our commercial collaborators to the risk of government investigations and enforcement actions. Responding to a government investigation or enforcement action would be expensive and time-consuming, and could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition and growth prospects.

Similar restrictions are imposed on the promotion and marketing of medicinal products in the EU and other countries. The applicable laws at EU level and in the individual EU Member States require promotional materials and advertising concerning medicinal products to comply with the product’s Summary of Product Characteristics, or SmPC, as approved by the competent authorities. The SmPC is the document that provides information to physicians concerning the safe and effective use of a medicinal product. Promotion of a medicinal product which does not comply with the SmPC is considered to constitute off-label promotion. The off-label promotion of

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medicinal products is prohibited in the EU. The applicable laws at both EU level and in the individual EU Member States also prohibit the direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription-only medicinal products. Violations of the rules governing the promotion of medicinal products in the EU could be penalized by administrative measures, fines and imprisonment.

Interactions between pharmaceutical companies and physicians are also governed by strict laws, regulations, industry self-regulation codes of conduct and physicians’ codes of professional conduct in the individual EU Member States. The provision of any inducement to physicians to prescribe, recommend, endorse, order, purchase, supply, use or administer a medicinal product is prohibited. A number of EU Member States have introduced additional rules requiring pharmaceutical companies to publically disclose their interactions with physicians and to obtain approval from employers, professional organizations and/or competent authorities before entering into agreements with physicians. Violations of these rules could lead to the imposition of fines or imprisonment.

Laws, including those governing promotion, marketing and anti-kickback provisions, industry regulations and professional codes of conduct are often strictly enforced. Increasing regulatory scrutiny of the promotional activities of pharmaceutical companies has been observed in a number of EU Member States. The Bribery Act in the United Kingdom entered into force on 1 July 2011. This Act applies to any company incorporated in or “carrying on business” in the UK, irrespective of where in the world the alleged bribery activity occurs. Even though we strive for complete and continuous adherence to all laws and rules during our promotion and marketing activities, this Act could have implications for our interactions or those of Ferrer with physicians both in and outside the UK.

Payments made to physicians in certain EU Member States must be publically disclosed and this obligation will expand to other EU Member States. Moreover, agreements with physicians must often be the subject of prior notification and approval by the physician’s employer, his/her competent professional organization, and/or the competent authorities of the individual EU Member States. These requirements are provided in the national laws, industry codes, or professional codes of conduct, applicable in the EU Member States. Failure to comply with these requirements could result in reputational risk, public reprimands, administrative penalties, fines or imprisonment. Even in those countries where we are not directly responsible for the promotion and marketing of our products, inappropriate activity by our international distribution collaborators can have implications for us.

If we or any current or future collaborators fail to comply with applicable federal, state, local, or foreign regulatory requirements, we or they could be subject to a range of regulatory actions that could affect our or any collaborators’ ability to commercialize our products and could harm or prevent sales of the affected products, or could substantially increase the costs and expenses of commercializing and marketing our products. Any threatened or actual government enforcement action could also generate adverse publicity and require that we devote substantial resources that could otherwise be used in other aspects of our business.

We could be adversely affected by violations of applicable anti-corruption laws such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010.

Anti-corruption laws, such as the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010, generally prohibit directly or indirectly giving, offering, or promising anything of value to improperly induce the recipient to act, or refrain from acting, in a manner that would confer a commercial advantage. The anti-bribery provisions of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act generally prohibit directly or indirectly giving, offering or promising an inducement to a public official (broadly interpreted) to corruptly influence the official’s actions in order to obtain a commercial advantage. The U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 prohibits both domestic and international bribery, as well as bribery in both the private and public sectors. In addition, an organization that “fails to prevent bribery” by anyone associated with the organization may be charged under the U.K. Bribery Act unless the organization can establish the defense of having implemented “adequate procedures” to prevent bribery. In recent years, the U.S. Government has brought enforcement actions that resulted in significant monetary penalties against several multinational healthcare companies for violations of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act stemming from illegal payments and other illegal benefits provided to non-U.S. healthcare professionals. We plan to adopt and implement policies and procedures designed to ensure that those involved in the marketing, sale, and distribution of our products are both aware of these legal requirements and committed to complying therewith. However, we cannot assure that these policies and procedures will protect us from potentially illegal acts committed by individual employees or agents. If we were found to be liable for anti-corruption law violations, we could be subject to criminal or civil penalties or other consequences that could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

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If we do not establish additional strategic collaborations, we will have to undertake additional development and future commercialization efforts on our own, which would be costly and delay our ability to commercialize any future products.

An element of our business strategy is our intent to selectively collaborate with pharmaceutical, biotechnology and other companies to obtain assistance for the development and commercialization of ADASUVE and our product candidates. In October 2011, we entered into the Ferrer Agreement with Ferrer for the commercialization of ADASUVE in the Ferrer Territories. In May 2013, we entered into a commercial collaboration with Teva, granting Teva an exclusive license to develop and commercialize ADASUVE in the United States. In February 2016 we reacquired the U.S. rights for ADASUVE from Teva. We cannot be assured that we will be able to successfully commercialize ADASUVE in the U.S. As a result of our reacquisition of the U.S. rights to ADASUVE, we plan to identify a new U.S. commercial partner for ADASUVE in 2016, however, we cannot be assured that we will be successful or whether or not the terms of such collaboration would be on terms less favorable to us than those of the Teva Agreement. We may never enter into additional strategic collaborations with third parties to develop and commercialize ADASUVE or our product candidates. Other than Ferrer, we do not currently have any strategic collaborations for ADASUVE or any of our product candidates. The Notes issued by our wholly-owned subsidiary in conjunction with our royalty securitization financing are secured by the right to receive royalty and milestone payments based on commercial sales of ADASUVE in the U.S. and our equity ownership in the wholly-owned subsidiary. To date, royalties and milestone payments based on commercial sales of ADASUVE in the U.S. have not been sufficient to pay the amounts due under the Notes. If the amounts received by the wholly-owned subsidiary are not sufficient to meet the obligations under the Notes and we do not voluntarily provide the subsidiary with the funds to make required payments as they come due, the holders of the Notes may foreclose on the equity we own in the subsidiary and we could lose rights to receive future payments related to U.S. rights to ADASUVE.

We face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic collaborators, and these strategic collaborations can be intricate and time consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be able to negotiate additional strategic collaborations on acceptable terms, or at all. We are unable to predict when, if ever, we will enter into any additional strategic collaborations because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with establishing strategic collaborations. We are currently seeking collaborations to commercialize ADASUVE outside of the United States and the Ferrer Territories. If we are unable to negotiate additional strategic collaborations for ADASUVE outside of the United States and the Ferrer Territories, we may be unable to maximize ADASUVE’s commercial potential.

If we are unable to negotiate additional collaborations for ADASUVE or our product candidates we may be forced to curtail the development of a particular candidate, reduce or delay its development program, or one or more of our other development programs, delay its commercialization, or undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. In addition, we will bear all the risk related to the development of a product candidate. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we will need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we will not be able to bring ADASUVE or our product candidates to market successfully and generate revenue or profit.

ADASUVE and any of our product candidates approved for marketing remain subject to ongoing regulatory review in the United States, the EU or in other countries. If we or any collaborators fail to comply with the regulations, we could lose these approvals, and the sale of any future products could be suspended. If approval is denied or limited in a country, or if a country imposes post-marketing requirements, that decision could negatively affect our ability to market our product in such countries.

Even with regulatory approval to market a particular product candidate, the FDA, the EC or another foreign regulatory authority could condition approval on conducting additional costly post-approval studies or trials or could limit the scope of our approved labeling or could impose burdensome post-approval obligations, such as those required in the United States and in the post-marketing obligations required as part of a marketing authorization in the EU. Moreover, the product may later cause adverse effects that limit or prevent its widespread use, force us to withdraw it from the market, cause the FDA, the EC or another foreign regulatory authority to impose additional obligations or restriction on marketing, or impede or delay our ability to obtain regulatory approvals in additional countries. In addition, we will continue to be subject to FDA, EMA, EC and other foreign regulatory authority

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regulations, as well as periodic inspections to ensure adherence to applicable regulations. After receiving marketing approval, the FDA, the EC and other foreign regulatory authorities could impose extensive regulatory requirements on the manufacturing, labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion, distribution, and record keeping related to the product. The approval of the ADASUVE NDA requires that we implement, administer and assess at regular intervals a REMS program that, among other things, limits the use of ADASUVE to healthcare facilities enrolled in the ADASUVE REMS program.

In February 2016, we entered into the Teva Amendment to reacquire the ADASUVE U.S. commercial rights for and restructure our obligations under the Teva Note. The Teva Amendment provides for (i) the transfer of the NDA and related regulatory filings for ADASUVE to us and the assumption of responsibility by us for all regulatory activities related to ADASUVE in the U.S. as soon as practicable; (ii) an exclusive license of Teva intellectual property with respect to ADASUVE, which intellectual property will be assigned to us in connection with a change of control or an exclusive license to ADASUVE in the United States to a third party; (iii) our undertaking responsibility for the REMS program, either through Teva’s vendors or vendors otherwise selected by us; (iv) the transfer from Teva of existing supplies of ADASUVE as well as all commercial, medical and academic materials, documents and relationships; (v) the right of us to sell Teva-labeled product in accordance with all applicable laws and Teva policies; and (vi) the satisfaction and termination of all payment obligations of the parties with respect to the commercialization of ADASUVE except as with respect to the Amended Teva Note and our issuance of 2,172,886 shares of our common stock to Teva.

We plan to identify a new U.S. commercial partner for ADASUVE in 2016, however, we cannot be assured that we will be successful or whether or not the terms of such collaboration would be on terms less favorable to us than those of the Teva Agreement. Notes issued by our wholly-owned subsidiary in conjunction with the royalty securitization financing are secured by the right to receive U.S. ADASUVE royalty and milestone payments and our equity ownership in the wholly-owned subsidiary. To date, royalties and milestone payments based on commercial sales of ADASUVE in the U.S. have not been sufficient to pay the amounts due under the Notes. If the amounts received by the wholly-owned subsidiary are not sufficient to meet the obligations under the Notes and we do not voluntarily provide the subsidiary with the funds to make required payments as they come due, the Note holders may foreclose on the equity we own in the subsidiary and we could lose rights to receive future payments related to U.S. rights to ADASUVE.

As a condition to marketing authorization for ADASUVE granted by the EC in the EU, we are responsible for the conduct and funding of post-marketing studies, including (i) a benzodiazepine interaction study, which has been completed, (ii) a controlled study to determine ADASUVE’s effect on cardiac rhythms, or a thorough QTc study, with two doses of ADASUVE, which has been completed, (iii) a clinical program designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ADASUVE in agitated adolescent patients, (iv) an observational clinical study, and (v) a drug utilization study. Results of the benzodiazepine interaction study and the thorough QTc study have been submitted to the EMA. As part of the transfer of the MAA to Ferrer in June 2015, Ferrer assumed responsibility for completing any outstanding studies.

The costs associated with development and approval of study protocols and the completion of studies and clinical trials are significant. There are risks involved with relying on our own capabilities to perform the tasks required by the post-market studies for ADASUVE, as well as with entering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. If we enter into an arrangement with a third party or parties to perform the tasks required for the ADASUVE post-market studies and trials, the expense of such outsourcing could be significant, decreasing the profitability of ADASUVE. Additionally, any third party with whom we may collaborate may not fulfill its obligations or carry out activities sufficiently to satisfy FDA, EC, EMA or other U.S. or foreign regulatory authority standards, which could result in increased expenses needed to remediate any deficiencies or could even result in an FDA, EC, EMA or other U.S. or foreign regulatory authority enforcement action, including the imposition of civil money penalties and the withdrawal of approval of the product in the U.S. Finally, the data derived from any post-market study or trial could result in additional restrictions on the commercialization of ADASUVE through changes to the approved ADASUVE label, a more burdensome REMS program, the imposition of additional post-market studies or trials, or could even lead to the withdrawal of the approval of the product.

If we or any current or future collaborators fail to comply with the regulatory requirements of the FDA, the EMA, the EC or other applicable U.S. and foreign regulatory authorities, or previously unknown problems with any

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future products, suppliers or manufacturing processes are discovered, we or our collaborators could be subject to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions, including:

If we or our current or future collaborators are subject to administrative or judicially-imposed sanctions arising out of enforcement of the FDA, EU or other applicable U.S. and foreign laws, it could impair our ability to manufacture and the ability of our current and future collaborators to successfully market ADASUVE, even if such an enforcement action does not relate specifically to ADASUVE. Such enforcement could have a significant impact on our financial condition and results.

Problems with the third parties that manufacture the API in ADASUVE or our product candidates may delay our clinical trials or subject us to liability.

We do not currently own or operate manufacturing facilities for clinical or commercial production of the API used in ADASUVE or any of our product candidates. We have no experience in API manufacturing, and we lack the resources and the capability to manufacture any of the APIs used in ADASUVE and our product candidates, on either a clinical or commercial scale. As a result, we rely on third parties to supply the API used in ADASUVE and each of our product candidates. We expect to continue to depend on third parties to supply the API for ADASUVE and our current and future product candidates and to supply the API for ADASUVE in commercial quantities.

An API manufacturer must meet high precision and quality standards for that API to meet regulatory specifications and comply with regulatory requirements. A contract manufacturer is subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA and corresponding state and foreign authorities to ensure strict compliance with cGMP and other applicable government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. Additionally, a contract manufacturer must pass a pre-approval inspection by the FDA and corresponding foreign authorities to ensure strict compliance with cGMP prior to the FDA’s or corresponding foreign authorities’ approval of any product candidate for marketing. A contract manufacturer’s failure to conform to cGMP could result in a refusal by the FDA or a corresponding foreign authority to approve or a delay in their approval of a product candidate for marketing. We are ultimately responsible for confirming that the APIs used in ADASUVE and our product candidates are manufactured in accordance with applicable regulations.

Our third-party suppliers may not carry out their contractual obligations or meet our deadlines. In addition, the API they supply to us may not meet our specifications and quality policies and procedures or they may not be able to supply the API in commercial quantities. If we need to find alternative suppliers of the API used in ADASUVE or any of our product candidates, we may not be able to contract for such supplies on acceptable terms, if at all. Any such failure to supply or delay caused by such contract manufacturers would have an adverse effect on our ability to continue clinical development of our product candidates or commercialize ADASUVE.

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If our third-party drug suppliers fail to achieve and maintain high manufacturing standards in compliance with cGMP regulations, we could be subject to certain product liability claims in the event such failure to comply resulted in defective products that caused injury or harm.

Unless our preclinical studies demonstrate an acceptable safety profile of our product candidates, we will not be able to pursue clinical development or commercialize our product candidates.

We must satisfy the FDA and other regulatory authorities abroad, through extensive preclinical studies, that our product candidates have an acceptable safety profile. Our Staccato system creates a condensation aerosol from drug compounds, and there currently are no approved products that use a similar method of drug delivery other than ADASUVE. Companies developing other inhalation products have not defined or successfully completed the types of preclinical studies we believe will be required for submission to regulatory authorities as we seek approval to conduct our clinical trials. We may not have conducted or may not conduct in the future the types of preclinical testing ultimately required by regulatory authorities, or future preclinical tests may indicate that our product candidates are not safe for use in humans. Preclinical testing is expensive, can take many years and has an uncertain outcome. In addition, success in initial preclinical testing does not ensure that later preclinical testing will be successful.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, the preclinical testing process, which could delay or prevent our ability to develop or commercialize our product candidates, including:

Any such events would increase our costs and could delay or prevent our ability to conduct clinical testing and commercialize our product candidates, which could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure or delay in commencing or completing clinical trials for our product candidates could harm our business.

Other than for ADASUVE, we have not completed all the clinical trials necessary to support an application with the FDA or other regulatory authorities abroad for approval to market any of our product candidates other than for ADASUVE in the United States and the European Union. Future clinical trials may be delayed or terminated as a result of many factors, including:

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Any delay in commencing or completing clinical trials for our product candidates could delay commercialization of our product candidates and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. It is possible that none of our product candidates will successfully complete clinical trials or receive regulatory approval, which would severely harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If our product candidates do not meet safety and efficacy endpoints in clinical trials, they will not receive regulatory approval, and we will be unable to market them.

The clinical development and regulatory approval process is extremely expensive and takes many years. Prior clinical trial program designs and results are not necessarily predictive of future clinical trial designs or results. Initial results may not be confirmed upon full analysis of the detailed results of a trial. Product candidates in later stage clinical trials may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy despite having progressed through initial clinical trials with acceptable endpoints. Whether an approval will be granted, and the timing of such approval cannot be accurately predicted. If we fail to obtain regulatory approval for ADASUVE in markets outside of the United States and the Ferrer Territories or for our other product candidates in any markets where we seek regulatory approval, we will be unable to market and sell them in those locations and therefore we may never be profitable.

As part of the regulatory process, we must conduct clinical trials for each product candidate to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA, the EMA, the EC and other regulatory authorities abroad. The number and design of clinical trials that will be required varies depending on the product candidate, the condition being evaluated, the trial results and regulations applicable to any particular product candidate. In June 2008, we announced that our Phase 2a proof-of-concept clinical trial of AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam) for the treatment of panic disorder did not meet either of its two primary endpoints. In September 2009, we announced that our Phase 2b clinical trial of AZ-104 (Staccato loxapine, low-dose) for the treatment of migraine did not meet its primary endpoint.

If our product candidates fail to show a clinically significant benefit compared to placebo, they will not be approved for marketing.

The design of our clinical trials is based on many assumptions about the expected effect of our product candidates, and if those assumptions prove incorrect, the clinical trials may not produce statistically significant results. For example, in 2008 we released the preliminary results from our Phase 2a clinical trial with AZ-002 in patients with panic disorder, a separate indication from our current AZ-002 indication of ARS. The study did not meet its two primary endpoints, which were the effect of AZ-002 on the incidence of a doxapram-induced panic attack and the effect of AZ-002 on the duration of a doxapram-induced panic attack, both as compared with placebo. Our Staccato system is not similar to other approved drug delivery methods, and there is no precedent for the application of detailed regulatory requirements to our product candidates. We cannot assure you that the design of, or data collected from, the clinical trials of our product candidates will be sufficient to support the FDA, the EC and other foreign regulatory approvals.

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Regulatory authorities may not approve our product candidates even if they meet safety and efficacy endpoints in clinical trials.

The FDA, the EC and other foreign regulatory agencies can delay, limit or deny marketing approval for many reasons, including:

Part of the regulatory approval process includes compliance inspections of manufacturing facilities, processes, and products to ensure adherence to applicable regulations and guidelines. The regulatory agency may delay, limit or deny marketing approval of our other product candidates as a result of such inspections. Any delay in, or failure to receive or maintain, approval for any of our product candidates could prevent us from ever generating meaningful revenues or achieving profitability.

Our product candidates may not be approved even if they achieve their endpoints in clinical trials. Regulatory agencies, including the FDA, the EMA, the EC or their advisors may disagree with our trial design and our interpretations of data from preclinical studies and clinical trials. Regulatory agencies may change requirements for approval even after a clinical trial design has been approved. For example, ADASUVE and our other product candidates combine drug and device components in a manner that the FDA considers to meet the definition of a combination product under FDA regulations. The FDA exercises significant discretion over the regulation of combination products, including the discretion to require separate marketing applications for the drug and device components in a combination product. ADASUVE and our product candidates are being regulated as drug products under the NDA process administered by the FDA. The FDA could in the future require additional regulation of ADASUVE or our product candidates under the medical device provisions of the FDCA. Our systems are designed to comply with cGMP and, where applicable, the QSR, which sets forth the FDA’s cGMP requirements for medical devices, and other applicable government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. If we fail to comply with these regulations, it could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Regulatory agencies also may approve a product candidate for fewer or more limited indications than requested or may grant approval subject to the performance of post-marketing studies, such as the FDA’s requirement that we perform a Phase 4 observational study and a study in adolescent patients for ADASUVE. Similarly, as a condition to the marketing authorization for ADASUVE in the EU, we were responsible for the conduct and funding of post-authorization studies, including (i) a benzodiazepine interaction study, which has been completed, (ii) a controlled study to determine ADASUVE’s effect on cardiac rhythms, or a thorough QTc study, with two doses of ADASUVE, which has been completed, (iii) a clinical program designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ADASUVE in agitated adolescent patients, (iv) an observational clinical study, and (v) a drug utilization study. In addition, regulatory agencies may not approve the labeling claims that are necessary or desirable for the successful commercialization of our product candidates. As part of the transfer of the MAA to Ferrer in June 2015, Ferrer assumed responsibility for completing any outstanding studies

We rely on third parties to conduct our preclinical studies and our clinical trials. If these third parties do not perform as contractually required or expected, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, or we may be delayed in doing so.

We rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, medical institutions, academic institutions, clinical investigators and contract laboratories, to conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials. We are responsible for confirming that our preclinical studies are conducted in accordance with applicable regulations and that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its general investigational plan and protocol. The FDA and equivalent other country regulatory authorities require us to comply with regulations and standards, commonly referred to as Good Laboratory Practices, or GLP, for conducting and recording the results of our preclinical studies and with Good Clinical Practices, or GCP, for conducting, monitoring, recording and reporting the results of clinical trials, to assure that data and reported results are accurate and that the clinical trial participants are adequately protected. Our reliance on third parties does not relieve us of these responsibilities. If the third parties

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conducting our clinical trials do not perform their contractual duties or obligations, do not meet expected deadlines, fail to comply with the FDA or and equivalent other country regulatory authorities GLP or GCP regulations and standards, do not adhere to our clinical trial protocols or otherwise fail to generate reliable clinical data, we may need to enter into new arrangements with alternative third parties and our clinical trials may be extended, delayed or terminated or may need to be repeated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or commercialize the product candidate being tested in such trials.

If we experience problems with the manufacturers of components of ADASUVE or our product candidates, our ability to supply ADASUVE and our other product candidates will be impaired, our sales may be lower than expected and our development programs may be delayed and we may be subject to liability.

We outsource the manufacturing of the components of our Staccato system, including the printed circuit boards, the plastic airways, and the chemical heat packages to be used in our commercial single dose device. We have no experience in the manufacturing of components, other than our chemical heat packages, and we currently lack the resources and the capability to manufacture them, on either a clinical or commercial scale. As a result, we rely on third parties to supply these components. We expect to continue to depend on third parties to supply these components for ADASUVE and our current product candidates and any devices based on the Staccato system we develop in the foreseeable future.

The third-party suppliers of the components of our Staccato system must meet high precision and quality standards for our finished devices to comply with regulatory requirements. A contract manufacturer is subject to ongoing periodic unannounced inspection by the FDA and corresponding state and foreign authorities to ensure that our finished devices remain in strict compliance with the QSR, and other applicable government regulations and corresponding foreign standards. We are ultimately responsible for confirming that the components used in the Staccato system are manufactured in accordance with specifications, standards and procedures necessary to ensure that our finished devices comply with the QSR or other applicable regulations.

Our third party suppliers may not comply with their contractual obligations or meet our deadlines, or the components they supply to us may not meet our specifications and quality policies and procedures. If we need to find alternative suppliers of the components used in the Staccato system, we may not be able to contract for such components on acceptable terms, if at all. Any such failure to supply or delay caused by such contract manufacturers would have an adverse effect on our ability to manufacture commercial quantities of ADASUVE and on our ability to continue clinical development of our product candidates or commercialize ADASUVE. In April 2014, we contracted with Autoliv to build two additional manufacturing cells, but we or a third party may not be able to use the cells to manufacture heat packages of sufficient quality, in sufficient quantity or at low enough cost to become profitable.

In addition, the heat packages used in the single dose version of our Staccato system are manufactured using certain energetic, or highly combustible, materials that are used to generate the rapid heating necessary for vaporizing the drug compound while avoiding degradation. Manufacture of products containing energetic materials is regulated by the U.S. government. We have entered into a manufacture agreement with Autoliv for the manufacture of the heat packages in the commercial design of our single dose version of our Staccato system. If Autoliv fails to manufacture the heat packages to the necessary specifications, or does not carry out its contractual obligations to supply our heat packages to us, or if the FDA requires different manufacturing or quality standards than those set forth in our manufacture agreement, our clinical trials or commercialization efforts may be delayed, suspended or terminated while we seek additional suitable manufacturers of our heat packages, which may prevent us from commercializing ADASUVE or our product candidates that utilize the single dose version of the Staccato system.

In the first quarter of 2015, Teva and Ferrer provided longer-term, ADASUVE orders, allowing us to manufacture ADASUVE in a consistent manner to take advantage of the efficiencies of continued batch production. During the third quarter of 2015, we completed all required ADASUVE production for Teva’s and Ferrer’s ADASUVE orders. As a result, we suspended our ADASUVE commercial manufacturing operations. We plan for ADASUVE commercial production to resume in the future as additional commercial product is required by Ferrer or any future collaborators. We may also consider contracting with third party manufacturers for ADASUVE units if deemed more efficient, including third-party manufacturers with multi-product facilities. We cannot predict when, if

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ever, we will begin to again commercially manufacture ADASUVE. If we do not restart our commercial manufacturing, we cannot predict if third-party manufacturers will be able to produce ADASUVE at a price which would allow us to generate profits.

Product candidates that we may develop may require expensive carcinogenicity tests.

We combine small molecule drugs with our Staccato system to create proprietary product candidates. Some of these drugs may not have previously undergone carcinogenicity testing that is now generally required for marketing approval. We may be required to perform carcinogenicity testing with product candidates incorporating drugs that have not undergone carcinogenicity testing or may be required to do additional carcinogenicity testing for drugs that have undergone such testing. Any carcinogenicity testing we are required to complete will increase the costs to develop a particular product candidate and may delay or halt the development of such product candidate.

If some or all of our patents expire, are invalidated or are unenforceable, or if some or all of our patent applications do not yield issued patents or yield patents with narrow claims, competitors may develop competing products using our or similar intellectual property and our business will suffer.

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and trade secret protection for our technologies, ADASUVE and our product candidates both in the United States and other countries. We do not know whether any patents will issue from any of our pending or future patent applications. In addition, a third party may successfully circumvent our patents. Our rights under any issued patents may not provide us with sufficient protection against competitive products or otherwise cover commercially valuable products or processes.

The degree of protection for our proprietary technologies, ADASUVE and our product candidates is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:

On September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to U.S. patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The United States Patent and Trademark Office has developed regulations and procedures to govern administration of the Leahy-Smith Act, but many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, particularly the first inventor to file provisions, only became effective 18 months after its enactment. Accordingly, it is not clear what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and

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the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Even if valid and enforceable patents cover ADASUVE, our product candidates and our technologies, the patents will provide protection only for a limited amount of time.

Our current patents or any future patents that may be issued regarding ADASUVE or our product candidates or methods of using them, can be challenged by our competitors who can argue that our patents are invalid and/or unenforceable. Third parties may challenge our rights to, or the scope or validity of, our patents. Patents also may not protect ADASUVE or our product candidates if competitors devise ways of making these or similar product candidates without legally infringing our patents. The FDCA and the FDA regulations and policies provide incentives to manufacturers to challenge patent validity or create modified, non-infringing versions of a drug or device in order to facilitate the approval of generic substitutes. These same types of incentives encourage manufacturers to submit new drug applications that rely on literature and clinical data not prepared for or by the drug sponsor.

Our potential strategic collaborators’ ability to obtain patents is uncertain because, to date, some legal principles remain unresolved, there has not been a consistent policy regarding the breadth or interpretation of claims allowed in patents in the United States, and the specific content of patents and patent applications that are necessary to support and interpret patent claims is highly uncertain due to the complex nature of the relevant legal, scientific and factual issues. Furthermore, the policies governing pharmaceutical and medical device patents outside the United States may be even more uncertain. Changes in either patent laws or interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

We also rely on trade secrets to protect our technology, especially where we do not believe that patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. The employees, consultants, contractors, outside scientific collaborators and other advisors of our company and our strategic collaborators may unintentionally or willfully disclose our confidential information to competitors. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming and the outcome is unpredictable. Failure to protect or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

Our research and development collaborators may have rights to publish data and other information in which we have rights. In addition, we sometimes engage individuals or entities to conduct research that may be relevant to our business. The ability of these individuals or entities to publish or otherwise publicly disclose data and other information generated during the course of their research is subject to certain contractual limitations. These contractual provisions may be insufficient or inadequate to protect our trade secrets and may impair our patent rights. If we do not apply for patent protection prior to such publication or if we cannot otherwise maintain the confidentiality of our technology and other confidential information, then our ability to receive patent protection or protect our proprietary information may be jeopardized.

Litigation or other proceedings or third-party claims of intellectual property infringement could require us to spend time and money and could shut down some of our operations.

Our commercial success depends in part on not infringing patents and proprietary rights of third parties. Others have filed, and in the future are likely to file, patent applications covering products that are similar to ADASUVE or our product candidates, as well as methods of making or using similar or identical products. We are aware of certain pending U.S. patent applications related generally to a systemic respiratory delivery of loxapine. If these patent applications result in issued patents and we wish to use the claimed technology, we would need to obtain a license from the third party. We may not be able to obtain these licenses at a reasonable cost, if at all.

In addition, administrative proceedings, such as interferences and reexaminations before the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, could limit the scope of our patent rights. We may incur substantial costs and diversion of management and technical personnel as a result of our involvement in such proceedings. In particular, our patents and patent applications may be subject to interferences in which the priority of invention may be awarded to a third party. We do not know whether our patents and patent applications would be entitled to priority over patents or

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patent applications held by such a third party. Our issued patents may also be subject to reexamination proceedings. We do not know whether our patents would survive reexamination in light of new questions of patentability that may be raised following their issuance.

Third parties may assert that we are employing their proprietary technology or their proprietary products without authorization. In addition, third parties may already have or may obtain patents in the future and claim that use of our technologies or our products infringes these patents. We could incur substantial costs and diversion of management and technical personnel in defending against any of these claims. Furthermore, parties making claims against us may be able to obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to further develop, commercialize and sell any future products and could result in the award of substantial damages against us. In the event of a successful claim of infringement against us, we may be required to pay damages and obtain one or more licenses from third parties. We may not be able to obtain these licenses at a reasonable cost, if at all. In that event, we could encounter delays in product introductions while we attempt to develop alternative methods or products. In the event we cannot develop alternative methods or products, we may be effectively blocked from developing, commercializing or selling any future products. Defense of any lawsuit or failure to obtain any of these licenses would be expensive and could prevent us from commercializing any future products.

We review from time to time publicly available information concerning the technological development efforts of other companies in our industry. If we determine that these efforts violate our intellectual property or other rights, we intend to take appropriate action, which could include litigation. Any action we take could result in substantial costs and diversion of management and technical personnel in enforcing our patents or other intellectual property rights against others. Furthermore, the outcome of any action we take to protect our rights may not be resolved in our favor.

Competition in the pharmaceutical industry is intense. If our competitors are able to develop and market products that are more effective, safer or less costly than ADASUVE or any future products that we may develop, our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated.

We face competition from established as well as emerging pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions. Our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer side effects or are less expensive than ADASUVE or any future products that we may develop and commercialize. In addition, significant delays in the development or commercialization of ADASUVE or our product candidates could allow our competitors to bring products to market before us and impair our ability to commercialize ADASUVE or our product candidates.

We anticipate that ADASUVE will compete with various injectable formulations of other antipsychotic and benzodiazepine drugs and oral, orally-disintegrating tablet and liquid formulations of other antipsychotic drugs and benzodiazepine drugs. Only the injectable antipsychotics are approved for the treatment of agitation.

We anticipate that, if approved, AZ-002 would compete with the oral tablet forms of alprazolam and possibly IV, oral and rectal forms of other benzodiazepines.

We anticipate that, if approved, AZ-007 would compete with non-benzodiazepine GABA-A receptor agonists, selective melatonin receptor agonists, orexin receptor antagonists or histamine (H1) receptor antagonists that are approved or in development. We are aware of more than 13 approved generic versions of zolpidem, or zaleplon, oral tablets, including one version of zolpidem intended to treat middle of the night awakening, that has been approved by the FDA. Additionally, we are aware of one product that completed Phase 2 development for the treatment of insomnia.

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to discover quickly and develop novel compounds or drug delivery technology that could make ADASUVE or our product candidates obsolete. Smaller or early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through strategic collaborations with large and established companies. In addition, these third parties compete with

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us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, sales, marketing, and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies and technology licenses complementary to our programs or advantageous to our business. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, receiving FDA or equivalent other country regulatory authorities’ approval or discovering, developing and commercializing products before we do. If we are not able to compete effectively against our current and future competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition will suffer.

If we lose our key personnel or are unable to attract and retain additional personnel, we may be unable to develop or commercialize ADASUVE or our product candidates.

We are highly dependent on our President and Chief Executive Officer, Thomas B. King, the loss of whose services might adversely impact the achievement of our objectives. In addition, recruiting and retaining qualified clinical, scientific and engineering personnel to manage clinical trials of our product candidates and to perform future research and development work will be critical to our success. There is currently a shortage of skilled executives in our industry, which is likely to continue. As a result, competition for skilled personnel is intense and the turnover rate can be high. Although we believe we will be successful in attracting and retaining qualified personnel, competition for experienced management and clinical, scientific and engineering personnel from numerous companies and academic and other research institutions may limit our ability to do so on acceptable terms. In addition, we do not have employment agreements with any of our employees, and they could leave our employment at will. We have change of control agreements with our executive officers and vice presidents that provide for certain benefits upon termination or a change in role or responsibility in connection with a change of control of our company. We do not maintain life insurance policies on any employees. Failure to attract and retain personnel would prevent us from developing and commercializing ADASUVE and our product candidates.

The reduction of our workforce in 2015, and any future workforce and expense reductions, may have an adverse impact on our internal programs and may divert management attention.

We have substantially reduced the number of our executive and non-executive officers within the last 12 months. Additionally, the suspension of our ADASUVE commercial production included dismissal of a large number of our staff, some of whom had advanced or specialized skills. As a result, our headcount has decreased from 81 full-time employees at March 31, 2015 to approximately 27 full time employees at March 23, 2016. This workforce reduction was primarily implemented to preserve our capital resources and to manage our operating expenses. This workforce reduction may also limit our ability to complete our corporate objectives. We may also be required to implement further workforce and expense reductions in the future. Further workforce and expense reductions could result in reduced progress on our internal programs. In addition, employees, whether or not directly affected by a reduction, may seek future employment with our business partners or competitors. While our employees are required to sign a confidentiality agreement at the time of hire, the confidential nature of certain proprietary information may not be maintained in the course of any such future employment. In addition, the implementation of expense reduction programs may result in the diversion of efforts of our executive management team and other key employees, which could adversely affect our business.

If plaintiffs bring product liability claims or lawsuits (including, but not limited to, consumer protection, mass tort or class actions) against us or our present and future collaborators, we may incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of ADASUVE or product candidates that we may develop.

As the supplier of ADASUVE to Ferrer and any future collaborators, we are obligated to deliver commercial supply from a qualified manufacturing facility in accordance with certain specifications. In addition, we are obligated to supply ADASUVE free from product defects or manufacturing defects from our manufacture of ADASUVE. The development, manufacture, testing, marketing and sale of combination pharmaceutical and medical device products, like ADASUVE, entail significant risk of product liability claims, lawsuits (including, but not limited to consumer protection, mass tort or class actions), safety alerts or recalls. We may be held liable if any product we develop or manufacture causes injury or is found otherwise unsuitable or unsafe during product design testing, manufacturing, marketing or sale, including, but not limited to quality issues, component failures, manufacturing flaws, unanticipated or improper uses of ADASUVE or any future products, design defects, inadequate disclosure of product-related risks or product-related information, or for unlawful, unfair or fraudulent competition or business practices relating to such products. Side effects of, or design or manufacturing defects in,

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the products tested or commercialized by us or any collaborator could result in exacerbation of a clinical trial participant or patient’s condition, serious injury or impairment, even death and/or out-of-pocket expenditures. This could result in product liability claims, lawsuits, safety alerts and/or recalls for ADASUVE or any future products, including those in clinical testing, to be commercialized, or already commercialized. Product liability claims or lawsuits may be brought by individuals seeking relief for themselves, by persons seeking to represent a class of claimants/plaintiffs, or by a large number of individual claimants in a coordinated or mass tort litigation or class action. We cannot predict the frequency, outcome, or cost to defend or resolve such product liability claims or lawsuits.

While we have not had to defend against any product liability claims or other lawsuits to date, we face greater risk of product liability claims or lawsuits as we or any collaborator commercialize ADASUVE or other future products. As ADASUVE or any future product is more widely prescribed, we believe it is likely that product liability claims or lawsuits will eventually be brought against us. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, such claims or lawsuits may result in decreased demand for any products or product candidates that we may develop, injury to our reputation, withdrawal of clinical trials, issuance of safety alerts, recall of products under investigation or already commercialized, costs and legal fees to defend and resolve litigation, injunctive relief, disgorgement of profits, or substantial monetary awards to clinical trial participants or patients, loss of revenue, and the inability to commercialize any products we develop. Safety alerts or recalls could result in the FDA or similar government agencies in the United States, or abroad, investigating or bringing enforcement actions regarding any products and/or practices, with resulting significant costs and negative publicity, all of which could materially adversely affect us.

Product liability insurance is expensive, can be difficult to obtain and may not be available in the future on acceptable terms, if at all. We currently have product liability insurance that covers commercial product and clinical trials. Partly as a result of product liability lawsuits related to pharmaceutical and medical device products, product liability and other types of insurance have become more difficult and costly for pharmaceutical and medical device companies to obtain. Insurance may be prohibitively expensive, or may not fully cover our potential liabilities. Inability to maintain sufficient insurance coverage at an acceptable cost or otherwise to protect against potential product liability claims or lawsuits could impede or negatively affect the commercialization of ADASUVE or our product candidates. If we are sued for any injury caused by any product, our liability could exceed our insurance coverage and total assets. In addition, there is no guarantee that insurers will pay for defense and indemnity of claims or lawsuits or that coverage will be adequate or otherwise available.

A successful claim or lawsuit brought against us in excess of available insurance coverage could subject us to significant liabilities and could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. Such claims could also harm our reputation and the reputation of ADASUVE or any future products, adversely affecting our ability to develop and market any products successfully. In addition, defending a product liability claim or lawsuit is expensive and can divert the attention of key employees from operating our business.

Product recalls and safety alerts may be issued at our discretion or at the discretion of our suppliers, collaborators, government agencies, and other entities that have regulatory authority for medical device and pharmaceutical sales. Any recall of ADASUVE could materially adversely affect our business by rendering us unable to sell ADASUVE for some time, causing us to incur significant recall costs and by adversely affecting our reputation. A recall could also result in product liability claims.

Our product candidate AZ-002 contains a drug substance that is regulated by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration. Failure to comply with applicable regulations and requirements could harm our business.

The Controlled Substances Act imposes various registration, recordkeeping and reporting requirements, procurement and manufacturing quotas, labeling and packaging requirements, security controls and a restriction on prescription refills on certain pharmaceutical products. The DEA regulates drug substances as Schedule I, II, III, IV or V substances, with Schedule I substances considered to present the highest potential for abuse and Schedule V substances the lowest potential for abuse relative to the other schedules in the CSA. Alprazolam, the API in AZ-002, is regulated as a Schedule IV substance and zaleplon, the API in AZ-007, is regulated as a Schedule IV substance. AZ-002 and AZ-007 are subject to DEA regulations relating to registration, security, record keeping and reporting,

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distribution and, if approved, physician prescription procedures, and DEA regulations may impact the availability of the scheduled substance available for clinical trials and commercial distribution. The DEA periodically inspects facilities for compliance with its rules and regulations. Failure to comply with current and future regulations of the DEA could lead to a variety of sanctions, including revocation, or denial of renewal, of DEA registrations, injunctions, or civil or criminal penalties and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The single dose version of our Staccato system contains materials that are regulated by the U.S. government, and failure to comply with applicable regulations could harm our business.

The single dose version of our Staccato system uses energetic materials to generate the rapid heating necessary for vaporizing the drug, while avoiding degradation. Manufacture of products containing energetic materials is controlled by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, or ATF. Technically, the energetic materials used in our Staccato system are classified as “low explosives,” and the ATF has granted us a license/permit for the manufacture of such low explosives. Additionally, due to inclusion of the energetic materials in our Staccato system, the United States Department of Transportation, or DOT, might regulate shipments of the single dose version of our Staccato system. However, the DOT has granted the single dose version of our Staccato system “Not Regulated as an Explosive” status. Failure to comply with the current and future regulations of the ATF or DOT could subject us to future liabilities and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, these regulations could restrict our ability to expand our facilities or construct new facilities or could require us to incur other significant expenses in order to maintain compliance.

We use hazardous chemicals and highly combustible materials in our business. Any claims relating to improper handling, storage or disposal of these materials could be time consuming and costly.

Our research and development processes involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, including chemicals. We also use energetic materials in the manufacture of the chemical heat packages that are used in our single dose devices. Our operations produce hazardous waste. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or discharge or injury from these materials. Federal, state and local laws and regulations govern the use, manufacture, storage, handling and disposal of these materials. We could be subject to civil damages in the event of an improper or unauthorized release of, or exposure of individuals to, hazardous materials. In addition, claimants may sue us for injury or contamination that results from our use of these materials and our liability may exceed our total assets. Compliance with environmental and other laws and regulations may be expensive, and current or future regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts.

Certain of our suppliers are working with these types of hazardous and energetic materials in connection with our component manufacturing agreements. In the event of a lawsuit or investigation, we could be held responsible for any injury caused to persons or property by exposure to, or release of, these hazardous and energetic materials. Further, under certain circumstances, we have agreed to indemnify our suppliers against damages and other liabilities arising out of development activities or products produced in connection with these agreements.

We will need to implement additional systems, procedures and controls in the future as we grow and to satisfy new reporting requirements as a commercial entity.

Numerous laws and regulations affect commercial companies, including, but not limited to, the Federal Anti-Kickback, False Claims Act, the Federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010. The rules make it more difficult and costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including director and officer liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage as compared to the policies generally available to public companies. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or our board committees or as executive officers.

Compliance with the Federal Anti-Kickback, False Claims Act, the Federal Physician Payment Sunshine Act, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the U.K. Bribery Act of 2010 and other regulations will continue to increase our costs and require additional management resources. As we grow, we will need to continue to implement additional reporting systems, procedures and controls to satisfy new reporting requirements. We currently do not have an internal audit group. In addition, we may need to hire additional legal and accounting staff with appropriate

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experience and technical knowledge, and we cannot assure you that if additional staffing is necessary that we will be able to do so in a timely fashion.

Our business is subject to complex corporate governance, public disclosure and accounting requirements that could adversely affect our business and financial results.

We are subject to changing rules and regulations of federal and state governments, the SEC, and the NASDAQ Capital Market. These entities have issued a significant number of new and increasingly complex requirements and regulations over the course of the last several years and continue to develop additional regulations and requirements. On July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, was enacted. The Dodd-Frank Act contains significant corporate governance and executive compensation-related provisions, some of which the SEC, has implemented by adopting additional rules and regulations in areas such as the compensation of executives, referred to as “say-on-pay.” We cannot assure you that we are or will be in compliance with all potentially applicable regulations. If we fail to comply with the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Act and associated SEC rules, or any other regulations or if our interpretations of these rules and regulations differ from the regulating bodies, we could be subject to a range of consequences, including restrictions on our ability to sell equity securities or otherwise raise capital funds, the de-listing of our common stock from the NASDAQ Capital Market, suspension or termination of our clinical trials, restrictions on future products or our manufacturing processes, significant fines, or other sanctions or litigation. Any of such consequences could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and the price of our common stock. Our efforts to comply with these requirements have resulted in, and are likely to continue to result in, an increase in expenses and a diversion of management’s time from other business activities.

Our facility is located near known earthquake fault zones, and the occurrence of an earthquake or other catastrophic disaster could damage our facility and equipment, which could cause us to curtail or cease operations.

Our facility, which is the location where the final manufacturing of our product occurs, is located in the San Francisco Bay Area near known earthquake fault zones and, therefore, is vulnerable to damage from earthquakes. We are also vulnerable to damage from other types of disasters, such as power loss, fire, floods and similar events. If any disaster were to occur, our ability to operate our business could be seriously impaired. We currently may not have adequate insurance to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other similar significant business interruptions, and we do not plan to purchase additional insurance to cover such losses due to the cost of obtaining such coverage. Any significant losses that are not recoverable under our insurance policies could seriously impair our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Significant disruptions of information technology systems or breaches of data security could adversely affect our business.

We are increasingly dependent on information technology systems and infrastructure, including mobile technologies, to operate our business. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store and transmit large amounts of confidential information, including intellectual property, proprietary business information and personal information. It is critical that we do so in a secure manner to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. We have also outsourced elements of our information technology infrastructure, and as a result we manage a number of third party vendors who may or could have access to our confidential information. The size and complexity of our information technology systems, and those of third-party vendors with whom we contract, make such systems potentially vulnerable to breakdown, malicious intrusion, security breaches and other cyber attacks. In addition, the prevalent use of mobile devices that access confidential information increases the risk of data security breaches, which could lead to the loss of confidential information, trade secrets or other intellectual property. While we have implemented security measures to protect our data security and information technology systems, such measures may not prevent the adverse effect of such events. Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of data security could adversely affect our business. Such disruptions could also result in government investigations, fines, or penalties, and/or lawsuits directly or indirectly related to breach of data security, also adversely affecting our business.

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EU Member States and other jurisdictions have adopted data protection laws and regulations which impose significant compliance obligations. For example, the EU Data Protection Directive, as implemented into national laws by the EU Member States, imposes strict obligations and restrictions on the ability to collect, analyze and transfer personal data, including health data from clinical trials and adverse event reporting. Furthermore, there is a growth towards the public disclosure of clinical trial data in the EU which adds to the complexity of processing health data from clinical trials. Such public disclosure obligations are provided in the new EU Clinical Trials Regulation, EMA disclosure initiatives, and voluntary commitments by industry. Data protection authorities from the different EU Member States may interpret the EU Data Protection Directive and national laws differently, which adds to the complexity of processing personal data in the EU. Moreover, guidance on implementation and compliance practices are often updated or otherwise revised. Failing to comply with these laws could lead to government enforcement actions and significant penalties against us, and adversely impact our operating results. The EU Data Protection Directive prohibits the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the European Economic Area, or EEA, that are not considered by the European Commission to provide an adequate level of data protection. This includes the United States. A proposal for an EU Data Protection Regulation, intended to replace the current EU Data Protection Directive, is currently under consideration and, if adopted, could lead to additional and stricter requirements and penalties in the event of non-compliance.

Regulations related to conflict minerals could adversely impact our business.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act contains provisions to improve transparency and accountability concerning the supply of tin, tantalum, tungsten and gold, known as conflict minerals, originating from the Democratic Republic of Congo, or the DRC, and adjoining countries. As a result, in August 2012 the SEC adopted annual disclosure and reporting requirements for public companies that use conflict minerals mined from the DRC and adjoining countries in their products. We have determined that we use at least one of these conflict minerals in the manufacture of ADASUVE and our other product candidates, although we have not yet determined the source of the conflict minerals that we use. These new disclosure requirements require us to use diligent efforts to determine which conflict minerals we use and the source of those conflict minerals, and disclose the results of our findings. There are and will be costs associated with complying with these disclosure requirements, including those costs incurred in conducting diligent efforts to determine which conflict minerals we use and the sources of conflict minerals used in ADASUVE and our other product candidates. Further, the implementation of these rules could adversely affect the sourcing, supply and pricing of materials used in ADASUVE and our other product candidates. As there may be only a limited number of suppliers offering conflict free conflict minerals, and we cannot be sure that we will be able to obtain necessary conflict free conflict minerals in sufficient quantities or at competitive prices. In addition, we may face reputational challenges if we determine that ADASUVE and our other product candidates contain minerals not determined to be conflict free or if we are unable to sufficiently verify the origins for all conflict minerals used in ADASUVE and our other product candidates through the procedures we may implement. If we determine to redesign ADASUVE and our other product candidates to not use conflict minerals, we would incur costs associated with doing so.

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Risks Relating to Owning Our Common Stock

Our stock price has been and may continue to be extremely volatile.

Our common stock price has experienced large fluctuations. In addition, the trading prices of life science and biotechnology company stocks in general have experienced extreme price fluctuations in recent years. The valuations of many life science companies without consistent product revenues and earnings are extraordinarily high based on conventional valuation standards, such as price to revenue ratios. These trading prices and valuations may not be sustained. Any negative change in the public’s perception of the prospects of life science or biotechnology companies could depress our stock price regardless of our results of operations. Other broad market and industry factors may decrease the trading price of our common stock, regardless of our performance. Market fluctuations, as well as general political and economic conditions such as terrorism, military conflict, recession or interest rate or currency rate fluctuations, also may decrease the trading price of our common stock. In addition, our stock price could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to various factors, including:

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In the past, stockholders have often instituted securities class action litigation after periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities. If a stockholder files a securities class action suit against us, we would incur substantial legal fees, and our management’s attention and resources would be diverted from operating our business in order to respond to the litigation.

If we sell shares of our common stock in future financings, existing common stockholders will experience immediate dilution and, as a result, our stock price may go down.

We will need to source additional capital to fund our operations to develop our product candidates. We may obtain such financing through the sale of our equity securities from time to time. As a result, our existing common stockholders will experience immediate dilution upon any such issuance. For example, in February 2012, we issued 4,400,000 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase up to an additional 4,400,000 shares of our common stock in an underwritten public offering; in March 2012, we issued 241,936 shares of our common stock in a private placement to Ferrer; in July 2012 we issued 80,429 shares of our common stock to Azimuth in consideration for its execution and delivery of the Purchase Agreement; in August and September 2012, we issued an aggregate of 3,489,860 shares of our common stock to Azimuth under the Purchase Agreement; in May 2013, we issued 1,437,481 shares of our common stock to Azimuth under the Purchase Agreement; in October 2014, we issued 2,000,000 shares of our common stock in a private placement to Ferrer;  in September 2015 we issued 125,000 shares of our unregistered common stock to Ferrer pursuant to the Ferrer Note and a stock issuance agreement; and in February 2016 we issued 2,172,886 shares of our unregistered common stock to Teva pursuant to a stock issuance agreement as consideration for the reduction of the outstanding principal by $5 million, and the forgiveness of all accrued but unpaid interest, under the Teva Note. If we enter into other financing transactions in which we issue equity securities in the future, our existing common stockholders will experience immediate dilution upon any such issuance.

If we fail to maintain compliance with the listing requirements of The NASDAQ Capital Market, we may be delisted and the price of our common stock and our ability to access the capital markets could be negatively impacted.

Our common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market. To maintain the listing of our common stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market, we are required to meet certain listing requirements, including, among others:

In addition to the above requirements, we must meet at least one of the following requirements:

On June 19, 2015, we received a notice from The NASDAQ Stock Market indicating that our common stock had not met the $35 million market value of listed securities requirement for 30 consecutive business days and that, if we were unable to demonstrate compliance with this requirement during the applicable grace periods, our common stock would be delisted after that time. In accordance with the NASDAQ Marketplace Rules, we have been provided an initial compliance period of 180 calendar days from the date the notice to regain compliance with the minimum market value of listed securities requirement. To regain compliance, the minimum market value of our common stock must meet or exceed $35 million for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days during the grace period. If we do not regain compliance during the 180 calendar day grace period, we may receive a delisting notification from The NASDAQ Stock Market. We may, at that time, request a hearing to remain on The NASDAQ Capital Market, which request will ordinarily suspend such delisting determination until a decision by The NASDAQ Stock Market subsequent to the hearing.

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On December 17, 2015, we received notice from the NASDAQ Staff indicating that our common stock had not met the $35 million market value of listed securities requirement for 30 consecutive business days and that we did not regain compliance with this requirement within the 180 day grace period, and, accordingly, we would be subject to delisting from The NASDAQ Capital Market unless we timely requested a hearing before the NASDAQ Listing Qualifications Panel, or the Panel, to review this determination.  

Additionally, on January 20, 2016, we received a notice from The NASDAQ Stock Market  indicating that our common stock does not meet the continued listing requirement as set forth in NASDAQ Rule 5550(a)(2) based on the closing bid price of our common stock for the preceding 30 business days. The minimum closing bid price required to maintain continued listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market is $1.00 per share. Under NASDAQ Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have a 180 calendar day grace period from the date of the notice to regain compliance by meeting the continued listing standard. The continued listing standard will be met if our common stock has a minimum closing bid price of at least $1.00 per share for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days during the 180 calendar day grace period. If we do not regain compliance within the 180 calendar day grace period, we will be afforded an additional 180 calendar day compliance period, provided that on the 180^th day of the first grace period we (i) meet the applicable market value of publicly held shares requirement for continued listing and all other applicable requirements for initial listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market (except for the bid price requirement) based on our most recent public filings and market information and (ii) notify NASDAQ of our intent to cure this deficiency.

We requested a hearing with NASDAQ to review our December 2015 delisting determination. This hearing occurred in February 2016. On March 7, 2016, the Panel issued a determination granting our request for the continued listing of our Common Stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market. Our continued listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market is subject to, among other things, evidence of our compliance with the minimum $35 million market value of listed securities requirement by June 14, 2016. In order to satisfy the market value of listed securities requirement, we must evidence a market capitalization of at least $35 million for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days on or before June 14, 2016. We are taking definitive steps to timely evidence compliance with the terms of the Panel’s decision.

There can be no assurance that we will be successful in providing timely evidence of compliance with the terms of the Panel’s decision or otherwise maintaining our listing of the Common Stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market. If we are not successful in maintaining our listing, it could impair the liquidity and market price of our common stock. In addition, the delisting of our common stock from a national exchange could materially adversely affect our ability to access capital markets. As of March 23, 2016, the total market value of our publicly held shares of our common stock (excluding shares held by our executive officers, directors, affiliates and 10% or more stockholders) was $10.7 million, the total market value of our listed securities was $12.2 million and the closing bid price of our common stock was $0.56 per share. As of December 31, 2015, we had a stockholders’ deficit of $71.7 million.

None.

We lease a building with 65,604 square feet of manufacturing, office, and laboratory facilities in Mountain View, California, which we began to occupy in the fourth quarter of 2007. The lease expires on March 31, 2018, and we have two options to extend the lease for five years each.

None.

None.

 

 

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PART II

Our common stock trades on The NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “ALXA.” For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, our common stock was traded on The NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “ALXA.” The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sales prices of our common stock.

 

 

As of December 31, 2015, there were 98 holders of record of our common stock. We have not paid cash dividends on our common stock since our inception, and we do not anticipate paying any in the foreseeable future.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

None

None.

None.

 

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements that are based upon current expectations. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “intend,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. Forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those discussed in our forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a pharmaceutical company focused on the research, development and commercialization of novel proprietary products for the acute treatment of central nervous system conditions. The Staccato^® system, our proprietary technology, is the foundation for our first approved product, ADASUVE^® (Staccato loxapine), and all of our product candidates. The Staccato system vaporizes excipient-free drugs to form a condensation aerosol that, when inhaled, allows for rapid systemic drug delivery. Because of the particle size of the aerosol, the drug is quickly absorbed through the deep lung into the bloodstream, providing speed of therapeutic onset that is comparable to intravenous, or IV, administration but with greater ease, patient comfort and convenience.

ADASUVE has been developed for the treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, ADASUVE has been approved for marketing in the United States by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, in the European Union, or EU, by the European Commission, or EC, and in several countries in Latin America. In the United States and the EU and Latin America, ADASUVE is approved for similar indications. It is approved with a different number of dose strengths and has different risk mitigation and management plans in the United States and the EU and Latin America. ADASUVE is our only approved product.

We have two product candidates in active development. AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam) is being developed for the management of epilepsy patients with acute repetitive seizures, sometimes called cluster seizures, or ARS. A Phase 2a proof-of-concept study for AZ-002 in patients with epilepsy was initiated in January 2015. AZ-007 (Staccato zaleplon) is being developed for the treatment of patients with middle of the night insomnia. We do not anticipate further clinical development of AZ-007 without obtaining additional capital resources.

We have retained all rights to the Staccato system and to our product candidates other than ADASUVE and AZ-104 (Staccato loxapine, low-dose). In May 2013, we licensed the exclusive rights for the U.S. markets to commercialize ADASUVE and AZ-104 to Teva. Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., or Teva. In February 2016, we entered into the Teva Amendment whereby we reacquired the ADASUVE U.S. commercial rights and restructure our obligations under the Teva Note. The Teva Amendment is intended to allow us to continue to provide ADASUVE product to patients and health care providers. We are evaluating the impact of these potential changes on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.  For Europe, Latin America and the Commonwealth of Independent States countries, or the Ferrer Territories, we have licensed the exclusive rights to commercialize ADASUVE to Grupo Ferrer Internacional S.A., or Ferrer. We intend to develop certain product candidates internally and to identify external resources or collaborators to develop and commercialize other product candidates.

We believe that, based on our cash and cash equivalent balances at December 31, 2015, the additional $1.0 million drawn in March 2016 under the Ferrer Note and our expected cash usage, we have sufficient capital resources to meet our anticipated cash needs until the end of April 2016. Changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate, or to alter our operations. Even if circumstances do not cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate, we may be forced to significantly reduce our operations if our business prospects do not improve. If we are unable to source additional capital, we may be forced to shut down operations altogether.

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AGITATION — ADASUVE (Staccato loxapine)

Commercialization Strategy Overview

Our global commercialization strategy for ADASUVE is to use strategic collaborations to commercialize ADASUVE. We currently have one commercialization collaboration with Ferrer for the Ferrer Territories. We have reacquired the commercial rights for ADASUVE in the United States and are working to identify a new commercialization collaboration partner for the United States.  In the interim, we expect to provide product to the customers already purchasing ADASUVE, through distribution systems established by Teva.  According to the February 2016 transition agreement with Teva, we have the ability to promote and distribute ADASUVE under the currently approved label for up to twelve months. We are continuing to seek additional commercialization collaborations to commercialize ADASUVE in territories outside the United States and the Ferrer Territories.

In December 2012, the FDA approved our New Drug Application, or NDA, for Staccato loxapine, as ADASUVE (loxapine) Inhalation Powder 10 mg for the acute treatment of agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in adults. In the United States, ADASUVE must be administered only in healthcare facilities enrolled in the ADASUVE REMS program that have immediate access on-site to equipment and personnel trained to manage acute bronchospasm, including advanced airway management (intubation and mechanical ventilation). In connection with our reacquisition of the ADASUVE commercial U.S. rights, the ADASUVE NDA and other related regulatory documents were transferred to us and we have primary responsibility for all regulatory activities and requirements.  In December 2015, a supplemental New Drug Application or sNDA was submitted to the FDA, seeking certain changes in the product labeling and REMS.  The review period for this sNDA is projected to be six months.

In February 2013, the European Commission, or the EC, granted marketing authorization for ADASUVE in the EU. ADASUVE, 4.5 mg and 9.1 mg inhalation powder loxapine, pre-dispensed, is authorized in the EU for the rapid control of mild-to-moderate agitation in adult patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The ADASUVE marketing authorization requires that patients receive regular treatment immediately after control of acute agitation symptoms, and that ADASUVE is administered only in a hospital setting under the supervision of a healthcare professional. The ADASUVE marketing authorization also states that a short- acting beta-agonist bronchodilator treatment should be available for treatment of possible severe respiratory side-effects, such as bronchospasm. The marketing authorization for ADASUVE is valid in all 28 EU Member States, plus Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. Beginning in August 2014, Ferrer began to receive individual country approvals in Latin America. As of March 23, 2016, Ferrer or its distributors, currently markets ADASUVE in nineteen countries of the Ferrer Territories. Ferrer has also received approval to market ADASUVE in ten additional Latin American countries. We expect Ferrer will launch in a number of European countries through 2016. In Latin America, we expect Ferrer will continue to work on product regulatory approvals and launch in already approved countries throughout 2016.

Until June 2015, we had primary responsibility for certain post-approval requirements outlined in the marketing authorisation for ADASUVE. Two of the five requirements have been completed and the data submitted to the European Medicines Agency, or the EMA. Work on the three additional requirements is ongoing. In June 2015, Ferrer assumed responsibility for these post-approval responsibilities, as discussed below.

Commercialization Strategy — Other Countries

We continue to seek additional strategic collaborators to commercialize ADASUVE in countries outside of the United States and the Ferrer Territories.

Commercial Production Update

We are responsible for the global commercial manufacturing of ADASUVE in our facility in Mountain View, California for commercialization in the United States, the Ferrer Territories and in any potential future territories. This facility has been inspected by the U.S., EU and other country competent authorities and operates under applicable U.S., EU and other country regulations.

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During 2013 and 2014, Alexza completed production of ADASUVE for commercial launch and initial stocking, which did not utilize Alexza’s full manufacturing capacity. In collaboration with Teva and Ferrer, Alexza conducted an analysis to evaluate forward-looking demand for the product and cost-effective strategies for ADASUVE commercial production. The analysis included supply chain requirements, production volume and timelines, batch sizes and possible scenarios to make global production more efficient and cost-effective. Earlier in 2015, Teva and Ferrer provided longer-term, ADASUVE orders, allowing us to manufacture ADASUVE in a consistent manner to take advantage of the efficiencies of continued batch production. Through the third quarter of 2015, we produced approximately 112,000 units of ADASUVE which completed the fulfillment of the Teva and Ferrer orders. We have completed the suspension of the ADASUVE commercial production operations and plan to resume commercial production in the future as additional commercial product is required by Ferrer or any future collaborators. We may also consider contracting with third party manufacturers for ADASUVE units if deemed more efficient, including third-party manufacturers with multi-product facilities. As a result of the suspension of ADASUVE commercial production, we reduced our headcount to approximately 27 employees.

Unit shipments in 2015, 2014, and 2013 consisted of the following:

 

 

Because our current license and supply agreement provide Ferrer with an acceptance period during which it may reject any product that does not conform to agreed-upon specifications, revenue for units shipped may be recognized in a period subsequent to the period in which the units are shipped. With the royalties associated with our Teva agreement, royalties on actual product sales may be recognized in periods subsequent to when revenue is recognized for units shipped for inventory.

ADASUVE is our only product approved for commercialization. In the United States, ADASUVE must be administered only in healthcare facilities enrolled in the ADASUVE REMS program that have immediate access on-site to equipment and personnel trained to manage acute bronchospasm, including advanced airway management (intubation and mechanical ventilation). If we or our future collaborators are not able to successfully commercialize ADASUVE in the U.S., or if Ferrer is not able to successfully commercialize ADASUVE in the Ferrer Territories, our ability to generate revenue will be jeopardized and, consequently, our business will be seriously harmed.

Financing update

In February 2016, we entered into the Letter of Intent with Ferrer with respect to the Transaction. The Letter of Intent does not constitute a binding agreement to consummate such acquisition and it entitles both us and Ferrer to terminate discussions at any time in our or Ferrer's sole discretion. Additionally we can, at our discretion, enter into discussions with third parties and continue to explore strategic options. We continue to have discussions with Ferrer regarding a transaction. There can be no assurance that such potential transaction will be agreed to or consummated. The entering into the Letter of Intent follows exploration of strategic options that we announced previously. In September 2015, we announced that we had retained Guggenheim Securities, LLC to assist in exploring strategic options to enhance stockholder value, including a possible sale or disposition of one or more corporate assets, a strategic business combination, partnership or other transactions. Our Board of Directors will review and carefully evaluate the terms of the potential Transaction with our financial and legal advisors.

In September 2015, we issued the Ferrer Note to Ferrer. The terms of the Ferrer Note provide that (i) Ferrer will loan us up to $5.0 million in tranches, (ii) the initial tranche of $3.0 million was received by us on September 28, 2015, (iii) another tranche of $1.0 million was received by us on March 21, 2016, (iv) we have the option to borrow an additional tranche of $1.0 million at any time, (v) interest accrues on the outstanding principal at the rate of 6% per annum, compounded monthly, through May 31, 2016, (vi) all outstanding principal and accrued interest under the Ferrer Note is due and payable upon Ferrer’s demand on May 31, 2016, (vii) we may prepay the Ferrer Note at any time without premium or penalty, and (viii) we issued 125,000 shares of our common stock to Ferrer as partial consideration for the loan. The common stock was issued to Ferrer pursuant to the Stock Issuance

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Agreement and was not registered at the time of issuance under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. As of March 23, 2016, an aggregate of $4.0 million of the principal amount of the Ferrer Note was outstanding.

In May 2013, we entered into a Convertible Promissory Note and Agreement to Lend, between us and Teva, or the Teva Note, pursuant to which we had the ability, upon written notice to Teva, to draw upon the Teva Note to fund agreed operating budgets related to ADASUVE. As of December 31, 2014, the aggregate drawdowns totaled $25.0 million.  In February 2016, we entered into an amendment to the Teva Note, or the Amended Teva Note. The Amended Teva Note provides that (i) we issue  2,172,886 shares of our common stock to Teva pursuant to a stock issuance agreement as consideration for a reduction in the outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note by $5.0 million and forgiveness of all accrued and unpaid interest under the Amended Teva Note, (ii) we are obligated to repay the remaining $20.0 million outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note in four annual consecutive payments of $5.0 million beginning in the first calendar year following the calendar year in which the aggregate annual net sales of ADASUVE and any other Staccato enabled products first reach $50.0 million in the United States, and (iii) we may prepay the outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note. We are further evaluating the impact of these potential changes on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In March 2014, we completed the royalty securitization financing, which consisted of a private placement to qualified institutional buyers and accredited institutional investors of $45.0 million of non-recourse notes issued by our wholly-owned subsidiary, or the Notes, and warrants to purchase 345,661 shares of our common stock at a price of $0.01 per share exercisable for five years from the date of issuance. In connection with the royalty securitization financing, we sold and contributed to our wholly-owned subsidiary all of our rights to U.S. ADASUVE royalty and milestone payments. The Notes bear interest at 12.25% per annum payable quarterly beginning June 15, 2014. All U.S. ADASUVE royalty and milestone payments received, after paying interest, administrative fees, and any applicable taxes, will be applied to principal and interest payments on the Notes until the Notes have been paid in full. From the proceeds of the transaction, we established a $6.9 million interest reserve account to cover potential shortfall in interest payments. This interest reserve account was fully utilized in 2015. Future payments of principal and interest on the Notes may be made from royalty revenues from sales in the U.S. of ADASUVE, as well as potential U.S. commercialization and regulatory milestone payments due to us. If the royalty and milestone payments are insufficient to cover the quarterly interest payments, we may, subject to certain conditions, pay the shortfall with available cash resources. The Notes are secured by all of the assets of the subsidiary (including the rights to receive royalty and milestone payments based on commercial sales of ADASUVE in the U.S.) and our equity ownership in the subsidiary. The Notes have no other recourse to us. The Notes may not be redeemed at our option until after March 18, 2016, and may be redeemed after that date subject to the achievement of certain milestones and the payment of a redemption premium for any redemption occurring prior to March 19, 2019. The Notes are not convertible into Alexza equity, nor have we guaranteed them. After fees and expenses, the net proceeds to us were approximately $41.0 million before the establishment of the interest reserve account.

In the fourth quarter of 2015, we did not make the quarterly interest payment due on December 15, 2015 for the Notes.  As a result, we received a notice of event of default from the trustee. The aggregate interest payments that were in default were approximately $2.8 million which includes the interest due and payable on September 15, 2015 and December 15, 2015. In January 2016, we entered into a forbearance agreement with the noteholders whereby the noteholders would generally forbear from delivering an acceleration notice and exercising other remedies under the Notes for 30 day renewing periods through June 15, 2016. As a result of our default and the short forbearance time period, the principal balance of $45.0 million associated with the royalty securitization financing and the amortization of the debt discounts of $1.1 million related to the five-year warrants issued in March 2014 in connection with our royalty securitization financing were reclassified from non-current liabilities to current liabilities as of December 31, 2015. Additionally, the deferred interest charges related to the financing costs that were being amortized over five years were reclassified from non-current assets to other current assets as of December 31, 2015, consistent with the related debt.

In October 2014, we entered into an amendment of the Ferrer Agreement and entered into a stock purchase agreement with Ferrer. Pursuant to the amendment and the stock purchase agreement, Ferrer purchased 2,000,000 shares of our common stock for $4.00 per share, in exchange for the elimination of certain future potential milestone payments under the Ferrer Agreement. We paid the former shareholders of Symphony Allegro $865,000 related to this stock sale in the first quarter of 2015.

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Critical Accounting Estimates and Judgments

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments related to development costs. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making assumptions about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 3 of the notes to consolidated financial statements, we believe the following accounting policies are critical to the process of making significant estimates and judgments in preparation of our financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. Prior to the second quarter of 2013, our revenue consisted primarily of amounts earned from collaboration agreements and under research grants with the National Institutes of Health. Beginning in the second quarter of 2013, we also have revenue from product sales and beginning in the first quarter of 2014, we also have royalty revenues.

For collaboration agreements, revenues for non-refundable upfront license fee payments, where we continue to have performance obligations, are recognized as performance occurs and obligations are completed. Revenues for non-refundable upfront license fee payments where we do not have significant future performance obligations are recognized when the agreement is signed and the payments are due.

For multiple element arrangements, such as collaboration agreements in which a collaborator may purchase several deliverables, we account for each deliverable as a separate unit of accounting if both of the following criteria are met: (i) the delivered item or items have value to the customer on a standalone basis; and (ii) for an arrangement that includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in our control. We evaluate how the consideration should be allocated among the units of accounting and allocate revenue to each non-contingent element based upon the relative selling price of each element. We determine the relative selling price for each deliverable using (i) vendor-specific objective evidence, or VSOE, of selling price if it exists; (ii) third-party evidence, or TPE, of selling price if it exists; or (iii) our best estimated selling price for that deliverable if neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exists for that deliverable. We then recognize the revenue allocated to each element when the four basic revenue criteria described above are met for each element.

For milestone payments received in connection with our collaboration agreements, we have elected to adopt the milestone method of accounting under Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification 605-28, Milestone Method. Under the milestone method, revenues for payments which meet the definition of a milestone will be recognized as the respective milestones are achieved.

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We recognize product revenue as follows:

Royalty revenue from our collaboration agreements will be recognized as we receive information from our collaborators regarding product sales.

Significant management judgment is used in the determination of revenue to be recognized and the period in which it is recognized.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at standard cost, which approximates actual cost, determined on a first-in first-out basis, not in excess of market value. Inventory includes the direct costs incurred to manufacture products combined with allocated manufacturing overhead, which consists of indirect costs, including labor and facility overhead. The carrying cost of inventory is reduced so as to not be in excess of the market value of the inventory as determined by the contractual transfer prices to Ferrer and Teva. The excess over the market value is expensed to cost of goods sold. If information becomes available that suggests that all or certain of the inventory may not be realizable, we may be required to expense a portion, or all, of the capitalized inventory into cost of goods sold.

We have fulfilled all of the orders we received from Teva and Ferrer for commercial units of ADASUVE for the near and medium term. As a result, we have suspended our commercial production operations (Refer to Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and there is no certainty as to when we will resume ADASUVE commercial production or if we can secure additional resources to fund our future operations. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we have fully reserved our remaining inventory. We recorded additional cost of goods sold related to $1.2 million of inventory with fixed expiration dates and $1.0 million of prepayments made to the supplier of our lower housing assembly, all of which were in excess of our expected production needs prior to the planned suspension of commercial production operations. There were no impairment charges during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014.

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Our inventory as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, net of reserves, in thousands, is summarized as follows:

 

 

Preclinical Study and Clinical Trial Accruals

We estimate our preclinical study and clinical trial expenses based on our estimates of the services received pursuant to contracts with multiple research institutions and clinical research organizations that conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. Preclinical study and clinical trial expenses include the following:

We record accruals for these preclinical study and clinical trial costs based upon the estimated amount of work completed. All such costs are charged to research and development expenses based on these estimates. Costs related to patient enrollment in clinical trials are accrued as patients are entered in the trial. We monitor patient enrollment levels and related activities to the extent possible through internal reviews, correspondence and discussions with research institutions and clinical research organizations. However, if we have incomplete or inaccurate information, we may underestimate or overestimate activity levels associated with various preclinical studies and clinical trials at a given point in time. In this event, we could record significant research and development expenses in future periods when the actual activity level becomes known. To date, we have not made any material adjustments to our estimates of preclinical study and clinical trial costs. We make good faith estimates which we believe to be accurate, but the actual costs and timing of clinical trials are highly uncertain, subject to risk and may change depending upon a number of factors, including our clinical development plan.

Share-Based Compensation

We estimate the fair value of stock options, purchase rights issued under our 2005 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or 2005 ESPP, and purchase rights issued under our 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or 2015 ESPP, using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The determination of the fair value of share-based payment awards on the date of grant using an option-pricing model is affected by our stock price as well as assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include our expected stock price volatility over the term of the awards, actual and projected employee stock option exercise behaviors, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends.

The estimated fair value of restricted stock unit awards is calculated based on the market price of our common stock on the date of grant, reduced by the present value of dividends expected to be paid on our common stock prior to vesting of the restricted stock unit. Our current estimate assumes no dividends will be paid prior to the vesting of the restricted stock unit.

We estimate the expected term of options based on the historical term periods of options that have been granted but are no longer outstanding and the estimated terms of outstanding options. We estimate the volatility of our stock based on our actual historical volatility since our initial public offering. We base the risk-free interest rate that we use in the option pricing model on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term on the options. We do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future and therefore use an expected dividend yield of zero in the option pricing model.

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We are required to estimate forfeitures at the time of grant and revise those estimates in subsequent periods if actual forfeitures differ from those estimates. We use historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures and record share-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. All share-based payment awards are amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which are generally the vesting periods.

If factors change and we employ different assumptions for estimating share-based compensation expense in future periods or if we decide to use a different valuation model, the expenses in future periods may differ significantly from what we have recorded in the current period and could materially affect our operating loss, net loss and net loss per share.

Contingent Consideration Liability

In August 2009, we completed our purchase of all of the outstanding equity of Symphony Allegro Inc., or Allegro, and in exchange we: (i) issued to the former stockholders of Allegro 1,000,000 shares of our common stock; (ii) issued to the former stockholders of Allegro 5-year warrants to purchase 500,000 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $22.60 per share; and (iii) will pay to the former stockholders of Allegro certain percentages of cash payments that may be generated from future collaboration transactions pertaining to ADASUVE/AZ-104 (Staccato loxapine) or AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam).

We record any changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability in earnings in the period of the change. Certain events including, but not limited to, the projected timing and terms of any collaboration agreement, clinical trial results, approval or non-approval of any future regulatory submissions and the commercial success of ADASUVE, AZ-104 or AZ-002 could have a material impact on the fair value of the contingent consideration liability, and as a result, our results of operations and financial position for the impacted period.

We estimate the fair value of the liability associated with the contingent cash payments to the former stockholders of Allegro, or contingent consideration liability, on a quarterly basis using a probability-weighted discounted cash flow model. We derive multiple cash flow scenarios for each of the product candidates subject to the cash payments and apply a probability to each of the scenarios. These probability and risk adjusted weighted average cash flows are then discounted utilizing our estimated weighted average cost of capital, or WACC. Our WACC considers our cash position, competition, risk of substitute products, and risk associated with the financing of the development projects. Starting in the fourth quarter of 2014, we adjusted the discount rate from 16.5% to 20% to reflect the impact of our current financial condition, market capitalization and our estimated increase in borrowing costs. We applied this rate to the probability adjusted cash flow scenarios throughout 2015. The initial impact of the discount rate change resulted in a non-operating, non-cash gain of $6.4 million during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014.

Results of Operations

Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013

Revenue

Revenue for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 consisted of the following (in thousands):

 

 

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Product Revenue We began shipping commercial units and recognizing revenue on ADASUVE product shipments to Ferrer in the second quarter of 2013 and to Teva in the fourth quarter of 2013. The decrease in 2015 as compared to 2014 was the result of the lower U.S. shipments in 2015 as compared to 2014. We have fulfilled all of the orders we received from Teva and Ferrer for commercial units of ADASUVE for the near and medium term and we are uncertain of when we will resume production. Accordingly, no additional revenue related to product shipments is expected to be earned beginning in the first quarter of 2016. If we contract with a third party to assume production responsibilities for ADASUVE, we may not recognize any future ADASUVE product revenue.

Amortization of Deferred Revenues The upfront payments received from the Ferrer Agreement are recognized as revenue over the period in which we complete our obligations under the Ferrer Agreement. The amount amortized can vary based on changes of the expected timing to complete our obligation and the receipt of any further upfront payments. Due to the Ferrer Amendment, we accelerated the amortization period of the upfront payments for revenue recognition starting in June 2015 to December 2015 resulting in an increase in amortization of deferred revenue as compared to 2014. This reflects the potential period in which the technology transfer would occur for manufacturing capabilities. Prior to the Ferrer Amendment, the estimated amortization periods ended March 2017.

Milestone Revenue The milestone earned in 2014 resulted from a payment earned under the Ferrer Agreement related to the first commercial sale in Spain, no such milestones were earned in 2015.

Royalty Revenue Royalty revenue was earned under the Teva Agreement for sales of ADASUVE in the U.S. Teva commercially launched ADASUVE in March 2014. We have reacquired the ADASUVE U.S. commercial rights and will not receive any future royalties under the Teva Agreement.

Cost of Goods Sold

Costs of goods sold include the direct costs incurred to manufacture products sold combined with allocated manufacturing overhead, which consists of indirect costs, including labor and facility overhead. The carrying cost of inventory is reduced so as to not be in excess of market value as determined by the contractual transfer prices to Ferrer and Teva. These amounts are expensed to cost of goods sold. Cost of goods sold consists mainly of excess manufacturing costs during the period in addition to the cost of the units shipped.

During 2013 and 2014, Alexza completed production of ADASUVE for commercial launch and initial stocking, which did not utilize Alexza’s full manufacturing capacity. In collaboration with Teva and Ferrer, Alexza conducted an analysis to evaluate need for the product and cost-effective strategies for ADASUVE commercial production. The analysis included supply chain requirements, production volume and timelines, batch sizes and possible scenarios to make global production more efficient and cost-effective. In the first quarter of 2015, Teva and Ferrer provided longer-term ADASUVE orders, allowing us to manufacture ADASUVE in a consistent manner to take advantage of the efficiencies of continued batch production. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we produced approximately 112,000 units of ADASUVE to complete the fulfillment of the Teva and Ferrer orders. We have suspended ADASUVE commercial production operations and plan to resume commercial production if we secure additional resources and orders from Ferrer or other collaborators. We may also consider contracting with third party manufacturers for ADASUVE units if deemed more efficient, including third-party manufacturers with multi-product facilities.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we concluded that the carrying amounts of our production-related long-lived assets, inventory, and prepayments exceeded their fair values given our continued operating losses, the uncertainty of when we will resume commercial production, the limited ability to sell the capitalized equipment, and our basic ability to continue as a going concern. Accordingly, we recognized non-cash impairment charges in the aggregate amount of $10.8 million.

There were no impairment charges during the fiscal years 2014 and 2013.

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Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses are identified as either directly attributable to one of our product candidates or as general research. Direct costs consist of personnel costs directly associated with a candidate, preclinical study costs, clinical trial costs, related clinical drug and device development, contract services and other research expenditures. Overhead, facility costs and other support service expenses are allocated to each product candidate or to general research, and the allocation is based on employee time spent on each program.

Research and development expenses during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 consisted of the following (in thousands):

 

 

The decrease of $2.0 million in research and development expenses during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the same period in 2014 was primarily due to the transfer of certain MAA post-approval commitments for ADASUVE to Ferrer in June 2015 and a reduction in employee headcount. We also received a refund of approximately $0.8 million from a service provider to settle our account prior to transitioning certain MAA obligations for ADASUVE to Ferrer.

We anticipate continuing to incur expenses related to our AZ-002 Phase 2a clinical trial, and, if financing is secured, expenses related to the clinical development of AZ-007. With the suspension of commercial ADASUVE production operations in the third quarter of 2015, a larger percentage of fixed overhead costs were allocated to research and development expenses, beginning in the fourth quarter of 2015.

The decrease of $5.3 million in research and development expenses during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to the same period in 2013 was partially a result of expenses that related to quality and manufacturing being classified as cost of goods sold or inventory beginning in the second quarter of 2013 rather than research and development expenses.

General and Administrative Expenses.

General and administrative expenses during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 consisted of the following (in thousands):

 

 

The decrease of $1.1 million in general and administrative expenses during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 as compared to the same period in 2014 was primarily due to our reduction in employee headcount, decreased accounting fees due to the change in auditors, and lower consulting expenses. With the suspension of commercial ADASUVE production operations in the third quarter of 2015, a larger percentage of fixed overhead costs were allocated to research and development expenses, beginning in the fourth quarter of 2015.

The decrease of $2.4 million in general and administrative expenses during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 as compared to the same period in 2013 was primarily due to a reversal of share-based compensation related to equity awards that were rescinded in the fourth quarter of 2014 and pre-commercialization efforts such as market research, including pricing and market segmentation studies being incurred in 2013. Teva assumed these expenses after receiving commercialization rights to ADASUVE in the U.S. in May 2013.

We expect our general and administrative expenses in 2016 to continue to decrease. We may further reduce our headcount if we do not secure additional funding.

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Change in the Fair Value of Contingent Consideration Liability.

In connection with our acquisition of all of the outstanding equity of Allegro in the third quarter of 2009, we are obligated to pay the former stockholders of Allegro certain percentages of cash receipts that may be generated from future collaboration transactions for ADASUVE, AZ-104 and/or AZ-002. We measure the fair value of this contingent consideration liability on a recurring basis. Any changes in the fair value of this contingent consideration liability are recognized in earnings in the period of the change. Certain events, including, but not limited to, clinical trial results, regulatory approval or non-approval of our submissions, the timing and terms of a strategic collaboration, and the commercial success of ADASUVE, AZ-104, and/or AZ-002, could have a material impact on the fair value of the contingent consideration liability, and as a result, our results of operations.

In 2015, we updated the discounted cash flow model to reflect the impact of our reacquisition of the U.S. commercial rights for ADASUVE from Teva by updating the US ADASUVE sales estimates and partnership milestones and changing the probability weightings. Additionally, we updated the estimated sales of ADASUVE in the Ferrer Territories and changed the timing and amount of certain milestones for ADASUVE sales outside of the United States and the Ferrer Territories, and AZ-002. These changes resulted in our recognizing a non-operating, non-cash gain of $27.1 million in 2015.

In 2014, we modified the assumptions associated with the amount and timing of milestones and royalties projected for ADASUVE and AZ-002, the probability that AZ-002 would be licensed or sold by us, and the effects of the passage of one year on the present value computation. In addition, we increased the discount rate used to compute the fair value of the contingent consideration liability from 16.5% to 20% to reflect an increase in our estimated weighted average cost of capital. These changes resulted in a non-operating, non-cash gain of $8.1 million in 2014.

In 2013, we updated the contingent consideration liability fair value model primarily to reflect the impact of the terms of the Teva Agreement, specifically the probability that ADASUVE would be commercialized by a third party. Had we commercialized ADASUVE internally, we would not have been required to pay the former stockholders of Allegro percentages of revenues earned. In addition, we reduced the discount rate used to compute the fair value of the contingent consideration liability from 18.0% to 16.5% to reflect the reduction in our estimated weighted average cost of capital. These changes resulted in non-operating, non-cash losses of $39.9 million in 2013.

Interest and Other Income, Net.

Interest and other income, net, primarily represents income earned on our cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities balances, and restricted cash. Interest and other income, net was $28,000, $13,000, and $26,000 for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively.

Interest Expense.

Interest expense was $8.4 million, $7.4 million, and $1.5 in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. The amounts represent interest on our borrowings from Teva, our royalty securitization financing, and borrowings from Autoliv, which was paid in full in 2014. The increase in 2015 as compared to 2014 was due to the interest of $1.4 million associated with our  royalty securitization financing, amortization of the debt discounts of $74,000 on the five-year warrants issued in March 2014 to purchase 345,661 shares of our common stock issued, and $79,000 of amortization of interest related to the Ferrer Note. The amendment in June 2015 to the Teva Note extended the maturity date from 2018 to 2020 resulting in a lower interest expense of $0.5 million in 2015 as compared to 2014. The increase in 2014 as compared to 2013 was due to higher debt balances as a result of the additional debt associated with our royalty securitization financing, $10.0 million of draws against the Teva Note in 2014 and the $15.0 million of draws against the Teva Note in 2013 being outstanding all of 2014.

We expect interest expense to remain relatively consistent with levels incurred through 2015.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements and public offerings of equity securities, debt financings, revenues primarily from licensing agreements and government grants, and payments from Allegro. We have received additional funding from interest earned on investments, as described below, and funds received upon exercises of stock options and exercises of purchase rights under our 2005 ESPP. As of December 31, 2015, we had $7.8 million in cash and cash equivalents. Our cash and cash equivalents balances are held in money market accounts, investment grade commercial paper and government-backed securities. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested with regard to liquidity, capital preservation and yield.

Net cash used in operating activities was $(31.9) million, $(41.5) million, and $(0.6) million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. The net cash used in each of these periods primarily reflects net loss for these periods, offset in part by depreciation, non-cash share-based compensation, the change in fair value of the contingent consideration liability, and non-cash changes in operating assets and liabilities. The other liabilities change in each year was related to the amortization of our deferred rent liability, which is a result of the straight-line method of recognizing our facility rent expense and the recognition of tenant improvement reimbursements from the landlord as a deferred rent liability. In 2013, we received a payment of $40.0 million under the Teva Agreement.

Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities was $19.5 million, $(13.5) million, and $(10.3) million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Investing activities consist primarily of purchases and maturities of marketable securities and capital purchases. In 2015, we had maturities, net of purchases of marketable securities of $25.2 million. In 2014 and 2013, we had purchases, net of maturities, of marketable securities of $11.2 million and $8.6 million, respectively.

Net cash provided by financing activities was $5.0 million, $52.9 million, and $10.5 million in 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. Financing activities consist primarily of proceeds from financing arrangements, the sale of our common stock and warrants to purchase common stock and financing obligations. In 2015, we received net proceeds of $2.9 million from the first tranche of the Ferrer Note. In 2014, we raised net proceeds of approximately $40.8 million through our royalty securitization financing and drawdowns of $10.0 million against the Teva Note. In 2013, we received proceeds of $15.0 million from drawdown on the Teva Note. In 2015, 2014 and 2013, we received net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and warrants to purchase common stock of $0.2 million, $5.6 million, and $6.3 million, respectively. In 2014 and 2013, payments on financing obligations were $0.8 million, and $5.8 million, respectively. There were no payments on financing obligations in 2015.  In 2015, 2014 and 2013, we made payments of $0.9 million, $0.3 million, and $10.3 million, respectively, to the former stockholders of Allegro for milestones and royalties received from Teva and Ferrer. The reserve fund established in 2014 was fully utilized in 2015 to pay for interest related to our royalty securitization financing.

We believe that with current cash and cash equivalent balances, the additional $1.0 million drawn in March 2016 under the Ferrer Note and our current expected cash usage, we have sufficient capital resources to meet our anticipated cash needs, at our expected cost levels until the end of April 2016. Changing circumstances may cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate or to alter our operations. We have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available financial resources sooner than we currently expect. The key assumptions underlying these estimates include:

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Even if circumstances do not cause us to consume capital significantly faster or slower than we currently anticipate, we may be forced to significantly reduce our operations if our business prospects do not improve. If we are unable to source additional capital, we may be forced to shut down operations altogether.

Our forecast of the period of time that our financial resources will be adequate to support operations is a forward-looking statement and involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors, including the factors discussed in “Risk Factors.” In light of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the commercialization of ADASUVE, the commercial manufacturing of ADASUVE, the development of our product candidates and the extent to which we enter into additional strategic collaborations with third parties to participate in development and commercialization of our product candidates, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with our current and anticipated clinical trials. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

We will need to raise additional funds to support our operations, and such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may not be able to successfully commercialize ADASUVE, perform our post-approval commitments to the FDA and EC, or continue development of our product candidates or we could be required to delay, scale back or eliminate some or all of our development programs, or other operations. We may seek to raise additional funds through public or private financing, strategic collaborations or other arrangements. Any additional equity financing may be dilutive to stockholders and debt financing, if available, may involve restrictive covenants. Applicable listing standards may affect our ability to consummate certain types of offerings of our securities in the future. In connection with the Ferrer Note, we issued Ferrer 125,000 shares of our unregistered common stock in September 2015 and as discussed in Note 13 (Subsequent Events), we issued Teva 2,172,886 shares of our unregistered common stock in February 2016. Our October 2014 private sale of unregistered shares to Ferrer involved the sale of 2,000,000 shares of our common stock. We paid $865,000 of the proceeds from Ferrer to the former stockholders of Allegro. Our royalty securitization financing involved the issuance of warrants to purchase 345,661 shares of our common stock and requires interest payments by our wholly-owned subsidiary without recourse to us beginning in June 2014. Our February 2012 underwritten public offering involved the sale of 4,400,000 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase an additional 4,400,000 shares of our common stock. If we raise funds through additional collaborative or licensing arrangements, we may be required to relinquish, on terms that are not favorable to us, rights to some of our technologies or product candidates that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize ourselves. Our failure to raise capital when needed may harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

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Contractual Obligations

Facility Lease

We lease a 65,604 square foot manufacturing, office and laboratory facility in Mountain View, California, which we began to occupy in the fourth quarter of 2007. The lease expires on March 31, 2018, and we have two options to extend the lease for five years each.

Autoliv

In November 2007, we entered into the Manufacture Agreement, with Autoliv relating to the commercial supply of Chemical Heat Packages. Autoliv had developed these Chemical Heat Packages for us pursuant to a development agreement between Autoliv and us executed in October 2005.

Subject to certain exceptions, Autoliv has agreed to manufacture, assemble and test the Chemical Heat Packages solely for us in conformance with our specifications. We pay Autoliv a specified purchase price, which varies based on annual quantities we order, per Chemical Heat Package delivered. Upon termination of the Manufacture Agreement, we were to retain full ownership of the production equipment for commercial manufacture of the Chemical Heat Packages developed for us by Autoliv, and Autoliv’s obligations under the Manufacture Agreement will terminate in full. In December 2014, we amended the Manufacture Agreement through which we and Autoliv extended the Manufacture Agreement through 2018. In addition, we have the right to engage a second source supplier and implement a manufacturing line transfer from Autoliv to manufacture and supply the Chemical Heat Packages to us or our licensees.

We have contracted with Autoliv, through a third-party supplier, to build one additional manufacturing cell to manufacture Chemical Heat Packages at a cost of approximately $2.4 million, or the New Cell. The New Cell was expected to be installed at Autoliv with the cell currently being utilized by Autoliv to be installed at a second source supplier. The New Cell may be utilized if and when commercial production of ADASUVE resumes.

Our scheduled future minimum contractual payments, net of sublease income, including interest at December 31, 2015, are as follows (in thousands):

 

 

The above table excludes any payments pursuant to Notes issued by our wholly-owned subsidiary in connection with our royalty securitization financing, which have a legal maturity date in 2027. The principal payments by the subsidiary under the Notes will be dependent upon the timing and amounts of royalties and milestone payments received in connection with commercial sales of ADASUVE in the United States.

As part of our purchase of all of the outstanding equity of Allegro in August 2009, we agreed to pay to the former stockholders of Allegro certain percentages of cash payments that may be generated from future collaboration transactions pertaining to ADASUVE/AZ-104 (Staccato loxapine) or AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam). These payments are excluded from the above table due to the uncertainty of the timing and amount of these payments. In January 2015, we made a payment to the stockholders of Allegro of $0.9 million as a result of the common stock sale to Ferrer in October 2014. In January 2014, we made a payment to the former stockholders of Allegro of $0.3 million as a result of the $1.0 million milestone payment we received from Ferrer. In 2013, we made payments to the former stockholders of Allegro of $10.0 million as a result of the $40.0 million upfront payment we received from Teva and $0.3 million as a result of a $1.25 million milestone payment received from Ferrer.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

None.

Not Applicable.  

 

 

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ALEXZA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

 

 

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2015, and the related consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2015. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2015, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2015, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015 have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has recurring losses from operations and has a net capital deficiency that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015 do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

/s/ OUM & CO. LLP

San Francisco, California

March 28, 2016

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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REPORT OF ERNST & YOUNG LLP, INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Stockholders

Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2014, and the related consolidated statements of loss and comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2014. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

 

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc. as of December 31, 2014, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2014, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

 

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

 

Redwood City, California

March 13, 2015

 

 

 

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ALEXZA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

 

 

See accompanying notes.

 

 

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ALEXZA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF LOSS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

 

 

See accompanying notes.

 

 

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ALEXZA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(In thousands, except share data)

 

 

See accompanying notes.

 

 

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ALEXZA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 

 

See accompanying notes

 

 

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ALEXZA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

 

1.    The Company

Business

We were incorporated in the state of Delaware on December 19, 2000 as FaxMed, Inc., changed our name to Alexza Corporation in June 2001 and in December 2001 became Alexza Molecular Delivery Corporation. In July 2005, we changed our name to Alexza Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

We are a pharmaceutical company focused on the research, development and commercialization of novel proprietary products for the acute treatment of central nervous system conditions. We operate in one business segment. Our facilities and employees are currently located in the United States. In 2012, we transitioned out of the development stage.

Underwritten Public Offering

On February 23, 2012, we issued an aggregate of 4,400,000 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase up to an additional 4,400,000 shares of our common stock in an underwritten public offering. Net proceeds from the offering were $20,231,000, after deducting offering expenses. The warrants are exercisable beginning February 24, 2013, at an exercise price of $5.00 per share, and will expire on February 23, 2017. The shares of common stock and warrants were sold pursuant to a shelf registration statement declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 20, 2010. We agreed to customary obligations, including indemnification.

Private Placement

On October 27, 2014 we entered into an amendment to the Collaboration, License and Supply Agreement dated October 5, 2011 Grupo Ferrer Internacional, S.A., or Ferrer, or the Ferrer Agreement, pursuant to which Ferrer and we agreed to eliminate future potential milestone payments in exchange for Ferrer’s purchase of $8,000,000 of our common stock, or the Ferrer Amendment. Ferrer purchased 2,000,000 shares of our common stock for $4.00 per share. We classified $2,400,000 of the proceeds as deferred revenue and we are recognizing the amount into revenue over the estimated performance period of the Ferrer Agreement.

In September 2015, we issued a promissory note to Ferrer or the Ferrer Note. The terms of the Ferrer Note provide that (i) Ferrer will loan us up to $5,000,000 in tranches, (ii) the initial tranche of $3,000,000 was received by us on September 28, 2015, (iii) another tranche of $1,000,000 was received by us on March 21, 2016, (iv) we have the option to borrow an additional tranche of $1,000,000 at any time, (v) interest accrues on the outstanding principal at the rate of 6% per annum, compounded monthly, through May 31, 2016, (vi) all outstanding principal and accrued interest under the Ferrer Note is due and payable upon Ferrer’s demand on May 31, 2016, (vii) we may prepay the Ferrer Note at any time without premium or penalty, and (viii) we issued 125,000 shares of our common stock to Ferrer as partial consideration for the loan. The common stock was issued to Ferrer pursuant to the Stock Issuance Agreement and was not registered at the time of issuance under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. As of March 23, 2016, an aggregate of $4,000,000 of the principal amount of the Ferrer Note was outstanding.

 

 

2.    Need to Raise Additional Capital

We have incurred significant losses from operations since inception and expect losses to continue for the foreseeable future. As of December 31, 2015, we had cash, cash equivalents, marketable securities and restricted cash (Refer to Note 3 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) of $7,755,000 and a working capital deficiency of $47,206,000. The working capital deficiency is primarily the result of the classification of our royalty securitization financing as a current liability (Refer to Note 8 - Financing Obligations). Our operating and capital plans call for cash expenditures to exceed these amounts for the next twelve months.

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We plan to finance our operations through partnership or licensing collaborations, the sale of equity securities, debt arrangements, a potential sale or disposition of one or more corporate assets or a strategic business combination or partnership, and we have engaged Guggenheim Securities, LLC to assist us in exploring such strategic options to enhance stockholder value. Such funding or potential transaction may not be available or may be on terms that are not favorable to us. Our inability to raise capital as and when needed could have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to continue as a going concern. If we become unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets, and might realize significantly less than the values at which they are carried on our financial statements, and stockholders may lose all or part of their investment in our common stock. Based on our available cash resources, the additional $1,000,000 drawn in March 2016 under the Ferrer Note (Refer to Note 8 - Financing Obligations) and our expected cash usage, we estimate that we have sufficient capital resources to meet our anticipated cash needs until the end of April 2016. Also, as discussed in Note 12 - Restructuring, we have changed our commercial manufacturing strategy and during the third quarter of 2015, we suspended our commercial production after completing all ADASUVE production under our license and supply agreements with our collaborator, Ferrer, and our previous collaborator for ADASUVE in the United States, Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., or Teva.

In February 2016, we entered into a definitive agreement with Teva whereby we reacquired the ADASUVE commercial U.S. rights and restructure our obligations under the outstanding Note from Teva. The agreement is intended to allow us to continue to provide ADASUVE product to patients and health care providers. The Amended Note with Teva, or the Amended Teva Note, provides that (i) we issue  2,172,886 shares of our common stock to Teva pursuant to a stock issuance agreement as consideration for a reduction in the outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note by $5,000,000 and forgiveness of all accrued and unpaid interest under the Amended Teva Note; (ii) we are obligated to repay the remaining $20,000,000 outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note in four annual consecutive payments of $5,000,000 beginning in the first calendar year following the calendar year in which the aggregate annual net sales of ADASUVE and any other Staccato enabled products first reach $50,000,000 in the United States; and (iii) we have ability to prepay the outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note. We are further evaluating the impact of these changes on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

The significant uncertainties surrounding any revenue from sales of ADASUVE, including royalties and milestone payments from our present and future collaborations, clinical development timelines and costs and the need to raise a significant amount of capital raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared with the assumption that we will continue as a going concern and will be able to realize our assets and discharge our liabilities in the normal course of business and do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from our inability to continue as a going concern.  In order to mitigate the risk related with this uncertainty, we plan to issue debt or additional shares of our common stock for cash and services or enter into additional collaborations or a strategic transaction during the next twelve months.  There is no assurance we will able to raise sufficient capital on acceptable terms, or at all, to continue commercialization efforts for ADASUVE, continue development of our product candidates or to otherwise continue operations or that we will be able to execute any strategic transaction. Even if we are able to source additional capital, we may be forced to significantly reduce our operations if our business prospects do not improve. If we are unable to source additional capital, we may be forced to shut down operations altogether.

In February 2016, we entered into the Letter of Intent with Ferrer with respect to the Transaction. The Letter of Intent does not constitute a binding agreement to consummate such acquisition and it entitles both us and Ferrer to terminate discussions at any time in our or Ferrer's sole discretion. Additionally we can, at our discretion, enter into discussions with third parties and continue to explore strategic options. We continue to have discussions with Ferrer regarding a transaction. There can be no assurance that such potential transaction will be agreed to or consummated. The entering into the Letter of Intent follows exploration of strategic options that we announced previously. In September 2015, we announced that we had retained Guggenheim Securities, LLC to assist in exploring strategic options to enhance stockholder value, including a possible sale or disposition of one or more corporate assets, a strategic business combination, partnership or other transactions. Our Board of Directors will review and carefully evaluate the terms of the potential Transaction with our financial and legal advisors.

 

 

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3.    Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

We have prepared the accompanying consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP. Our fiscal year ends on December 31. The accompanying consolidated financial statements include our accounts and those of our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Three levels of inputs, of which the first two are considered observable and the last unobservable, may be used to measure fair value which are the following:

The following table represents the fair value hierarchy for our financial assets (cash equivalents and marketable securities) by major security type and contingent consideration liability measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):

 

 

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Contingent Consideration Liability

In connection with the exercise of our option to purchase all of the outstanding equity of Symphony Allegro, Inc., or Allegro, in 2009, we are obligated to make contingent cash payments to the former Allegro stockholders related to certain payments received by us from future collaboration agreements pertaining to ADASUVE/AZ-104 (Staccato loxapine) or AZ-002 (Staccato alprazolam). In order to estimate the fair value of the liability associated with the contingent cash payments, we prepared several cash flow scenarios for ADASUVE, AZ-104 and AZ-002, which are subject to the contingent payment obligation. Each potential cash flow scenario consisted of assumptions of the range of estimated milestone and license payments potentially receivable from such collaborations and assumed royalties received from future product sales. Based on these estimates, we computed the estimated payments to be made to the former Allegro stockholders. Payments were assumed to terminate in accordance with current agreement terms or, if no agreements exist, upon the expiration of the related patents.

The projected cash flow assumptions for ADASUVE in the United States are based on internally and externally developed product sales forecasts. The timing and extent of the projected cash flows for ADASUVE for the territories licensed to Ferrer are based on the Ferrer Agreement (Refer to Note 8 – Financing Obligations). The timing and extent of the projected cash flows for the remaining territories for ADASUVE and worldwide territories for AZ-002 and AZ-104 were based on internal estimates for potential milestones and multiple product royalty scenarios and are also consistent in structure to the most recently negotiated collaboration agreements.

We then assigned a probability to each of the cash flow scenarios based on several factors, including: the product candidate’s stage of development, preclinical and clinical results, technological risk related to the successful development of the different drug candidates, estimated market size, market risk and potential collaboration interest to determine a risk adjusted weighted average cash flow based on all of these scenarios. These probability and risk adjusted weighted average cash flows were then discounted utilizing our estimated weighted average cost of capital, or WACC. Our WACC considered our cash position, competition, risk of substitute products, and risk associated with the financing of the development projects. In 2013, we reduced the discount rate from 18.0% to 16.5% to reflect our then current estimated WACC. The change in discount rate increased the net loss for 2013 by approximately $3,600,000 or $0.22 per share. In 2014, we increased the discount rate from 16.5% to 20% to reflect our current estimated WACC. The change in discount rate decreased the net loss for 2014 by approximately $6,400,000 or $0.36 per share. The increase in our discount rate reflects the impact of our current financial condition, market capitalization and our estimated increase in borrowing costs.

The fair value measurement of the contingent consideration liability is based on significant inputs not observed in the market and thus represents a Level 3 measurement. Level 3 measurements are valued based on unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and reflect our assumptions in measuring fair value.

We record any changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability in earnings in the period of the change. Certain events including, but not limited to, the timing and terms of any collaboration agreement, clinical trial results, approval or non-approval of any future regulatory submissions and the commercial success of ADASUVE, AZ-104 or AZ-002 could have a material impact on the fair value of the contingent consideration liability, and as a result, our results of operations and financial position for the impacted period.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, we modified the assumptions associated with the amount and timing of milestones and royalties projected for ADASUVE and AZ-002 and the probability that AZ-002 would be licensed or sold by us. These changes in assumptions, the change in the discount rate and the effects of the passage of a year on the present value computation resulted in a decrease to the net loss of $8,149,000, or $0.46 per share, for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014.

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we updated the discounted cash flow model to reflect the impact of our reacquisition of the U.S. commercial rights for ADASUVE from Teva by updating the U.S. ADASUVE sales estimates and partnership milestones and changing the probability weightings. Additionally, we updated the sales forecasts for the ADASUVE Ferrer Territories and changed the timing and amount of certain milestones for sales of ADASUVE outside of the United States and the Ferrer Territories and AZ-002. These changes resulted in our recognizing a non-operating, non-cash gain of $27,132,000, or $1.37 per share during the fiscal year ended

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December 31, 2015. A payment of $0.9 million was made during the first quarter of 2015 to the former Allegro stockholders. The following table represents a reconciliation of the change in the fair value measurement of the contingent consideration liability for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 (in thousands):

 

 

Financing Obligations

We have estimated the fair value of our financing obligations (Refer to Note 8 –Financing Obligations) using the net present value of the payments discounted at an interest rate that is consistent with our estimated current borrowing rate for similar long-term debt. We believe the estimates used to measure the fair value of the financing obligations constitute Level 3 inputs.

At December 31, 2015 and 2014, the estimated fair value of our financing obligations was $52,151,000 and $52,075,000, respectively, and had book values of $67,967,000 and $63,767,000, respectively. Our payment commitments associated with these debt instruments may vary with changes in interest rates and are comprised of interest payments and principal payments. The estimated fair value of our debt will fluctuate with movements of interest rates, increasing in periods of declining rates of interest and declining in periods of increasing rates of interest. In addition, the fair value of our royalty securitization financing will be affected by the timing and amount of U.S. ADASUVE royalties and milestones.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents to the extent of the amounts recorded on the balance sheets. Our cash and cash equivalents are placed with high credit-quality U.S. financial institutions and issuers.

Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

We determine the appropriate classification of our investments at the time of purchase. These securities are recorded as either cash equivalents or marketable securities.

We consider all highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from date of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents consist of interest-bearing instruments including obligations of U.S. government agencies, high credit rating corporate borrowers and money market funds, which are carried at market value.

All other investments are classified as available-for-sale marketable securities. We view our available-for-sale investments as available for use in current operations. Accordingly, we have classified all investments as short-term marketable securities, even though the stated maturity date may be one year or more beyond the current balance sheet date. Marketable securities are carried at estimated fair value with unrealized gains or losses included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ (deficit) equity.

The amortized cost of debt securities is adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discounts to maturity. Such amortization and accretion are included in interest and other income (expense), net. Realized gains and losses, if any, are also included in interest and other income (expense), net. The cost of all securities sold is based on the specific-identification method. Interest and dividends are included in interest income.

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We review our investments for other than temporary decreases in market value on a quarterly basis. To date, we have not recorded any charges related to other-than-temporary impairments.

Restricted Cash

In March 2014, from the proceeds from our royalty securitization financing (Refer to Note 7 – Commitments and Contingencies), we established a $6,890,000 interest reserve account, which was classified as a noncurrent asset, to cover any potential shortfall in royalties and milestones received from Teva and quarterly interest payments. The reserve fund was fully utilized in 2015 to pay for interest related to our royalty securitization financing.

Property and Equipment

Property and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Property and equipment are depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated life of the asset, generally three years for computer equipment, five years for manufacturing equipment and laboratory equipment, and seven years for furniture. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the estimated useful life or the remaining lease term, whichever is shorter.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We review long-lived assets, including property and equipment, for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. An impairment loss would be recognized when estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and its eventual disposition are less than its carrying amount. The impairment loss, if recognized, would be based on the excess of the carrying value of the impaired asset over its respective fair value.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we evaluated the carrying values of our long-lived assets, principally our manufacturing and laboratory equipment and concluded that due to (i) the suspension of the ADASUVE commercial production operations during the third quarter of 2015, (ii) our continued operating losses and poor cash flows, (iii) the uncertainty of when we will resume commercial production, (iv) the limited ability to sell the capitalized equipment, and (v) our basic ability to continue as a going concern,  the carrying amounts of our long-lived assets including the first and second manufacturing cells from Autoliv ASP, Inc., or Autoliv, exceeded their fair values based on a Level 3 fair value measurement. We recognized non-cash impairment charges of approximately $8,591,000 on our long-lived assets, $1,229,000 of related inventory with fixed expiration dates, and $1,024,000 on prepayments made to the supplier of our lower housing assembly for fiscal year 2015.

We did not recognize any long-lived asset impairment during 2014.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue when (i) persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists; (ii) delivery has occurred or services have been rendered; (iii) the fee is fixed or determinable; and (iv) collectability is reasonably assured. Prior to the second quarter of 2013, our revenue consisted primarily of amounts earned from collaboration agreements and under research grants with the National Institutes of Health. Beginning in the second quarter of 2013, we also have revenue from product sales and beginning in the first quarter of 2014, we have royalty revenue.

For collaboration agreements, revenues for non-refundable upfront license fee payments, where we continue to have performance obligations, are recognized as performance occurs and obligations are completed. Revenues for non-refundable upfront license fee payments where we do not have significant future performance obligations are recognized when the agreement is signed and the payments are due.

For multiple element arrangements, such as collaboration agreements in which a collaborator may purchase several deliverables, we account for each deliverable as a separate unit of accounting if both of the following criteria are met: (i) the delivered item or items have value to the customer on a standalone basis; and (ii) for an arrangement

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that includes a general right of return relative to the delivered item(s), delivery or performance of the undelivered item(s) is considered probable and substantially in our control. We evaluate how the consideration should be allocated among the units of accounting and allocate revenue to each non-contingent element based upon the relative selling price of each element. We determine the relative selling price for each deliverable using (i) vendor-specific objective evidence, or VSOE, of selling price if it exists; (ii) third-party evidence, or TPE, of selling price if it exists; or (iii) our best estimated selling price for that deliverable if neither VSOE nor TPE of selling price exists for that deliverable. We then recognize the revenue allocated to each element when the four basic revenue criteria described above are met for each element.

For milestone payments received in connection with our collaboration agreements, we have elected to adopt the milestone method of accounting under Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification 605-28, Milestone Method. Under the milestone method, revenues for payments which meet the definition of a milestone will be recognized as the respective milestones are achieved.

We recognize product revenue as follows:

Royalty revenue from our collaboration agreements is recognized as we receive information from our collaborators regarding product sales.

Significant management judgment is used in the determination of revenue to be recognized and the period in which it is recognized.

Inventory

Inventory is stated at standard cost, which approximates actual cost, determined on a first-in first-out basis, not in excess of market value. Inventory includes the direct costs incurred to manufacture products combined with allocated manufacturing overhead, which consists of indirect costs, including labor and facility overhead. The carrying cost of inventory is reduced so as to not be in excess of the market value of the inventory as determined by the contractual transfer prices to Ferrer and Teva. The excess over the market value is expensed to cost of goods sold. If information becomes available that suggests that all or certain of the inventory may not be realizable, we may be required to expense a portion, or all, of the capitalized inventory into cost of goods sold.

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We have fulfilled all of the orders we received from Teva and Ferrer for commercial units of ADASUVE for the near and medium term. As a result, we have suspended our commercial production operations (Refer to Note 12 -  Restructuring) and there is no certainty when we will resume ADASUVE commercial production or if we can secure additional resources to fund our future operations. For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we have fully reserved our remaining inventory. We recorded additional cost of goods sold related to $1,229,000 of inventory with fixed expiration dates and $1,024,000 of prepayments made to the supplier of our lower housing assembly, all of which were in excess of our expected production needs prior to the suspension of commercial production operations. There were no impairment charges during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014.

Our inventory as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, net of reserves, in thousands, is summarized as follows:

 

 

Research and Development

Research and development expenses include personnel and facility-related expenses, outside contracted services including clinical trial costs, manufacturing and process development costs, research costs and other consulting services. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred.

Clinical development costs are a significant component of research and development expenses. We have a history of contracting with third parties that perform various clinical trial activities on our behalf in the ongoing development of our product candidates. The financial terms of these contracts are subject to negotiations and may vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flow. We accrue and expense costs for clinical trial activities performed by third parties based upon estimates of the percentage of work completed over the life of the individual study in accordance with agreements established with contract research organizations and clinical trial sites.

We expect that research and development expenses will decrease during the fiscal year 2016 compared to 2015. We anticipate continuing to incur expenses related to our AZ-002 Phase 2a clinical trial, and, if financing is secured, expenses related to the clinical development of AZ-007. With the suspension of commercial ADASUVE production operations in the third quarter of 2015, a larger percentage of fixed overhead costs were allocated to research and development expenses, beginning in the fourth quarter of 2015.

Income Taxes

We utilize the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between financial reporting and tax basis of assets and liabilities and are measured using enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

The impact of an uncertain income tax position on the income tax return must be recognized at the largest amount that is more-likely-than-not to be sustained upon audit by the relevant taxing authority. An uncertain income tax position will not be recognized if it has less than a 50% likelihood of being sustained.

Share-Based Compensation

Compensation cost for employee share-based awards is based on the grant-date fair value and is recognized on a ratable basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which are generally the vesting periods. We issue

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employee share-based awards in the form of stock options and restricted stock units under our equity incentive plans and stock purchase rights under our employee stock purchase plan.

Stock Options, Stock Purchase Rights and Restricted Stock Units

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, the weighted average fair value per share of the employee stock options, restricted stock units and stock purchase rights granted were:

 

 

The estimated grant date fair values of the stock options and stock purchase rights were calculated using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The Black-Scholes model requires the use of a number of highly subjective and complex assumptions in determining the fair value of stock-based awards as follows:

Weighted-Average Expected Term We determine the expected term of stock options granted through a combination of our own historical exercise experience and expected future exercise activities and post-vesting termination behavior. Under our 2005 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and our 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, the expected term of employee stock purchase plan shares is equal to the offering period.

Volatility We utilize our historical volatility to determine future volatility for the purpose of determining share-based payments for all options granted.

Risk-Free Interest Rate We utilize U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms similar to the expected term of the options or purchase rights on the respective grant dates to determine our risk-free interest rate.

Dividend Yield We have never declared or paid any cash dividends and do not plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future, and, therefore, use an expected dividend yield of zero in the valuation model.

Forfeiture Rate We use historical data to estimate pre-vesting option forfeitures and record stock-based compensation expense only for those awards that are expected to vest. All stock-based payment awards are amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which are generally the vesting periods.

During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, we calculated the estimated grant date fair value of stock options and stock purchase rights using the following assumptions:

 

 

Restricted Stock Units The estimated fair value of restricted stock unit awards is calculated based on the market price of our common stock on the date of grant, reduced by the present value of dividends expected to be

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paid on our common stock prior to vesting of the restricted stock unit. Our estimate assumes no dividends will be paid prior to the vesting of the restricted stock unit.

In 2013, certain restricted stock unit awards were issued that vest based on market conditions. The estimated fair value of these awards was calculated using a binomial lattice model with a term of 10 years, an expected volatility of 99.4%, a risk-free interest rate of 1.94% and a dividend yield of 0%.

As of December 31, 2015, there were $1,725,000, $94,000 and $3,000 total unrecognized compensation costs, net of forfeiture, related to non-vested stock option awards, restricted stock unit awards and stock purchase rights, respectively, which are expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 3.0 years, 1.1 years and 0.05 years, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (“ASU 2014-15”). ASU 2014-15 requires management to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. In doing so, companies will have reduced diversity in the timing and content of footnote disclosures than under the current guidance. ASU 2014-15 is effective for us in the first quarter of 2016 with early adoption permitted.

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), that will supersede nearly all existing revenue recognition guidance under US GAAP. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The standard will be effective for public entities for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2017. Entities can choose to apply the standard using either the full retrospective approach or a modified retrospective approach. Entities electing the full retrospective adoption will apply the standard to each period presented in the financial statements. This means that entities will have to apply the new guidance as if it had been in effect since the inception of all its contracts with customers presented in the financial statements. Entities that elect the modified retrospective approach will apply the guidance retrospectively only to the most current period presented in the financial statements. This means that entities will have to recognize the cumulative effect of initially applying the new standard as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings at the date of initial application. The new revenue standard will be applied to contracts that are in progress at the date of initial application.

In July 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU No. 2015-14, which delays the effective date of the standard for one year to annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, with early adoption permitted for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We are evaluating the requirements of this guidance and have not yet determined the impact of its adoption on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In April 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2015-03, Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs. ASU 2015-03 simplifies the presentation of debt issuance costs by requiring that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of that debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. This new guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2015 and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. ASU 2014-03 is effective for us in the first quarter of 2016 and we believe that the adoption of this guidance will not have a material impact on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) which supersedes FASB ASC Topic 840, Leases (Topic 840) -  and provides principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both lessees and lessors. The new standard requires lessees to apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee, which will determine whether lease expense is recognized based on an effective interest method or on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, respectively. A lessee is also required

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to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than twelve months regardless of classification. Leases with a term of twelve months or less will be accounted for similar to existing guidance for operating leases. The standard is effective for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2018, with early adoption permitted upon issuance. We are evaluating the requirements of this guidance and have not yet determined the impact of its adoption on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

 

 

4.    Net Loss per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period less weighted average shares subject to repurchase, of which there were none in 2015, 2014 or 2013. Outstanding stock options, warrants, and unvested restricted stock units are not included in the diluted net loss per share calculation for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013 as the inclusion of such shares would have had an anti-dilutive effect. Potentially anti-dilutive securities include the following (in thousands):

 

 

 

5.    Cash Equivalents and Marketable Securities

The amortized cost, fair value and unrealized gain/(loss) for our financial assets by major security type as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 are as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

 

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6.    Balance Sheet Components

Property and equipment consisted of the following (in thousands):

 

 

Other accrued liabilities consisted of the following (in thousands):

 

 

 

7.    Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

We lease one building, at 2091 Stierlin Court, or the 2091 Building, in Mountain View, California, which we began to occupy in 2007. We recognize rental expense on the 2091 Building on a straight line basis over the initial term of the lease. Differences between the straight line rent expense and actual rent payments are classified as deferred rent liability on the balance sheet. The lease for the 2091 Building expires on March 31, 2018, and we have two options to extend the lease for five years each.

The 2091 Building lease, as amended, includes tenant improvement reimbursements from the landlord. We have recorded all tenant improvements as additions to property and equipment and are amortizing the improvements over the shorter of the estimated useful life of the improvement or the remaining life of the lease. The reimbursements received from the landlord are included in deferred rent liability and amortized over the life of the lease as a contra-expense.  

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Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases, at December 31, 2015 were as follows (in thousands):

 

 

Rental expense for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $1,828,000, $1,953,000, $2,286,000, respectively. We had no rental income from the sublease agreements during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, or 2013.

Manufacturing and Supply Agreement

In November 2007, we entered into a manufacturing and supply agreement, or the Manufacture Agreement, with Autoliv , relating to the commercial supply of chemical heat packages that can be incorporated into our Staccato device, or the Chemical Heat Packages. Autoliv had developed these Chemical Heat Packages for us pursuant to a development agreement between Autoliv and us.

Subject to certain exceptions, Autoliv has agreed to manufacture, assemble and test the Chemical Heat Packages solely for us in conformance with our specifications. We pay Autoliv a specified purchase price, which varies based on annual quantities we order, per Chemical Heat Package delivered. Upon termination of the Manufacture Agreement, we were to retain full ownership of the production equipment for commercial manufacture of the Chemical Heat Packages developed for us by Autoliv, and Autoliv’s obligations under the Manufacture Agreement will terminate in full. In December 2014, we amended the Manufacture Agreement with Autoliv, or the 2014 Amendment through which we and Autoliv are extending the Manufacturing Agreement through 2018. In addition, we have the right to engage a second source supplier and implement a manufacturing line transfer from Autoliv to manufacture and supply the Chemical Heat Packages to us or our licensees.

We have contracted with Autoliv, through a third-party supplier, to build one additional manufacturing cell to manufacture chemical heat packages at a cost of approximately $2,350,000, or the New Cell. The New Cell was expected to be installed at Autoliv with the cell currently being utilized by Autoliv, or the Original Cell, to be installed at a second source supplier.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we concluded that  due to (i) the suspension of the ADASUVE commercial production operations during the third quarter of 2015, (ii) our continued operating losses and poor cash flows, (iii) the uncertainty of when we will resume commercial production, (iv) the limited ability to sell the capitalized equipment, and (v) our basic ability to continue as a going concern,  the carrying amounts of our long-lived assets including the first and second manufacturing cells from Autoliv, exceeded their fair values based on a Level 3 fair value measurement. Accordingly, we recognized non-cash impairment charges of approximately $8,591,000 on our long-lived assets, $1,229,000 of related inventory with fixed expiration dates, and $1,024,000 on prepayments made to the supplier of our lower housing assembly for fiscal year 2015.

We did not recognize any impairment charges during the fiscal year ended 2014.

Contingencies

From time to time, we are involved in lawsuits, arbitrations, claims, investigations and proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. We make provisions for liabilities when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. No such provisions have been made for the

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periods presented herein. Litigation and related matters are inherently unpredictable. If any unfavorable ruling were to occur in any specific period, there exists the possibility of a material adverse impact on the results of operations of that period or on our cash flows and liquidity.

 

 

8.    Financing Obligations

Autoliv ASP, Inc.

In June 2010, in return for transfer to us of all right, title and interest in a production line for the commercial manufacture of Chemical Heat Packages completed or to be completed by Autoliv on our behalf, we paid Autoliv $4,000,000 in cash and issued Autoliv a $4,000,000 unsecured promissory note. In February 2011, we entered into an agreement to amend the terms of the unsecured promissory note, or the Autoliv Note. Under the terms of the Autoliv Note, the original $4,000,000 note was cancelled and the Autoliv Note was issued with a reduced principal amount of $2,800,000.

The Autoliv Note bore interest beginning on January 1, 2011 at 8% per annum and was paid in 48 consecutive and equal monthly installments of approximately $68,000. The Autoliv Note was paid in full in 2014.

Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.

In May 2013, concurrent with the Teva Agreement (refer to Note 9 – License Agreements), we entered into a Convertible Promissory Note and Agreement to Lend, dated as of May 7, 2013, between us and Teva, or the Teva Note. Under the terms of the Teva Note, we had the ability, upon written notice to Teva, to draw upon the Teva Note to fund agreed operating budgets related to ADASUVE. As of December 31, 2014, the aggregate drawdowns totaled $25,000,000 and are due and payable, together with all interest, on the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Teva Note. At any time prior to five days before the maturity date, Teva has the right to convert the then outstanding amounts into shares of our common stock at a conversion price of $4.4833 per share. The Teva Note bears simple interest of 4% per year.

At the time of the drawdowns, the contractual conversion price was less than the value of our common stock. As a result, at each draw down date, we calculated the value of the beneficial conversion feature of the convertible note and recorded an increase to additional paid-in-capital and a discount on the Teva Note which is being amortized to interest expense over the life of the borrowing. Additionally, at each draw, we reclassified the relative portion of the unamortized right-to-borrow asset, classified as an Other Asset, against the Teva Note, which is also being amortized to interest expense over the life of the borrowing.

As we drew on the Teva Note, the relative portion of the unamortized right-to-borrow was accounted for as a discount on the borrowing and is being amortized to interest expense over the life of the borrowing. The following table shows the effective interest rate for each drawdown after taking into consideration the beneficial ownership features and the right-to-borrow asset discount.

 

 

We recognized $216,000 and $752,000 of interest expense related to amortization of the right-to-borrow asset during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively. As of December 31, 2014, all of the right-to-borrow asset had been reclassified against the Teva Note.

In February 2016, we entered into an amendment to the Teva Note, or the Amended Teva Note, which provides that (i) we issue 2,172,886 shares of our common stock to Teva pursuant to a stock issuance agreement as

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consideration for a reduction in the outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note by $5,000,000 and forgiveness of all accrued and unpaid interest under the Amended Teva Note; (ii) we are obligated to repay the remaining $20,000,000 outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note in four annual consecutive payments of $5,000,000 beginning in the first calendar year following the calendar year in which the aggregate annual net sales of ADASUVE and any other Staccato enabled products first reach $50,000,000 in the United States; and (iii) we may prepay the outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note. We are further evaluating the impact of these potential changes on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

Royalty Securitization Financing

In March 2014, we completed a royalty securitization financing, or the royalty securitization financing, which consisted of a private placement to qualified institutional investors of $45,000,000 of non-recourse notes issued by our wholly-owned subsidiary, or the Notes, and warrants to purchase 345,661 shares of our common stock at a price of $0.01 per share exercisable for five years from the date of issuance. The Notes bear interest at 12.25% per annum payable quarterly beginning June 15, 2014. All U.S. ADASUVE royalty and milestone payments under the Teva Agreement, after paying interest, administrative fees, and any applicable taxes, will be applied to principal and interest payments on the Notes until the Notes have been paid in full.

From the proceeds of the transaction, we established a $6,890,000 interest reserve account, which is classified as a noncurrent asset, to cover any potential shortfall in interest payments. At December 31, 2014, $2,757,000 remained in the interest reserve account. The interest reserve account was fully utilized in 2015 to pay for interest related to our royalty securitization financing.

In connection with our royalty securitization financing, we sold and contributed to our wholly-owned subsidiary all of our rights to U.S. ADASUVE royalty and milestone payments. The Notes are secured all of the assets of our subsidiary (including the right to receive royalty and milestone payments based on commercial sales of ADASUVE in the U.S.) and our equity ownership in the subsidiary. The Notes have no other recourse to us. The Notes may not be redeemed at our option until after March 18, 2016, and may be redeemed after that date subject to the achievement of certain milestones and the payment of a redemption premium for any redemption occurring prior to March 19, 2019. The Notes are not convertible into Alexza equity, nor have we guaranteed them.

We valued the warrants issued to the Note holders utilizing the Black-Scholes valuation model with an assumed volatility of 87%, an estimated life of 5 years, a 1.54% risk-free interest rate and a dividend rate of 0%. The total value of the warrants, $1,721,000, was recognized as an increase to additional paid in capital and as a discount to the Notes. The Note discount is being amortized into interest expense over five-years. We incurred total fees and expenses of $4,171,000, which we recorded as a noncurrent Other Asset, and are amortizing into interest expense over a five-year period.

In the fourth quarter of 2015, we did not make the quarterly interest payment due on December 15, 2015 for the Notes.  As a result, we received a notice of event of default from the trustee. The aggregate interest payments that were in default were approximately $2,800,000, which includes the interest due and payable on September 15, 2015 and December 15, 2015. In January 2016, we entered into a forbearance agreement with the noteholders whereby the Noteholders would generally forbear from delivering an acceleration notice and exercising other remedies under the Notes for thirty day renewing periods through June 15, 2016. As a result of our default and the short forbearance time period, the principal balance of $45,000,000 and the amortization of the debt discounts of $74,000 related to the five-year warrants issued in connection with the royalty securitization financing were reclassified from non-current liabilities to current liabilities as of December 31, 2015. Additionally, the deferred interest charges associated with the royalty securitization financing that were being amortized over five years were reclassified from non-current assets to other current assets as of December 31, 2015, consistent with the related debt.

Ferrer Promissory Note

In September 2015, we issued the Ferrer Note to Ferrer. The terms of the Ferrer Note provide that (i) Ferrer will loan us up to $5,000,000 in tranches, ii) the initial tranche of $3,000,000 was received by us on September 28, 2015, (iii) another tranche of $1,000,000 was received by us on March 21, 2016, (iv) we have the option to borrow an additional tranche of $1,000,000 at any time, (v)  interest accrues on the outstanding principal at the rate of

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6% per annum, compounded monthly, through May 31, 2016, (vi) all outstanding principal and accrued interest under the Ferrer Note is due and payable upon Ferrer’s demand on May 31, 2016, (vii) we may prepay the Ferrer Note at any time without premium or penalty, and (viii) we issued 125,000 shares of our common stock to Ferrer as partial consideration for the loan. The common stock was issued to Ferrer pursuant to the Stock Issuance Agreement and was not registered at the time of issuance under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. As of March 23, 2016, an aggregate of $4,000,000 of the principal amount of the Ferrer Note was outstanding.

We valued the common stock issued to Ferrer at approximately $144,000 using the closing price of our common stock on the date we issued the stock to Ferrer. Based on the percent of the maximum principal amount of the Ferrer Note drawdown to date, 60% of the value of the common stock issued to Ferrer was proportionately recorded as a discount to the Ferrer Note and 40% was capitalized as a current asset on our consolidated Balance Sheet. As we drawdown any additional tranches, the remaining balance of the capitalized amount will be reclassified as a debt discount against the additional tranche. The amount of $144,000 is being amortized over the life of the Ferrer Note. The effective interest rate of the note, including the value of the shares issued, is 10.5%.

Future scheduled principal payments under the debt obligations as of December 31, 2015 are as follows (in thousands):

 

 

The above table excludes any payments pursuant to the $45,000,000 from the royalty securitization financing notes of our wholly-owned subsidiary, which have a legal maturity date in 2027. The principal payments by the subsidiary under the royalty securitization financing will be dependent upon the timing and amounts of royalties and milestone payments received under the Teva Agreement.

 

 

9.    License Agreements

Grupo Ferrer Internacional, S.A.

On October 5, 2011, we and Ferrer entered into the Ferrer Agreement to commercialize ADASUVE in the Ferrer Territories (Europe, Latin America, the Commonwealth of Independent States countries, the Middle East and North Africa countries, Korea, Philippines and Thailand). Under the terms of the Ferrer Agreement, we received an upfront cash payment of $10,000,000, of which $5,000,000 was paid to the former stockholders of Allegro. The Ferrer Agreement provided for up to an additional $51,000,000 in additional milestone payments, contingent on approval of the EU Marketing Authorization Application, or MAA, certain individual country commercial sales initiations and royalty payments based on cumulative net sales targets in the Ferrer Territories. The MAA was submitted to the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and was approved in February 2013 by the European Commission, or the EC. Ferrer has the exclusive rights to commercialize the product in the Ferrer Territories. We supply ADASUVE to Ferrer for all of its commercial sales, and receive a specified per-unit transfer price paid in Euros. Either party may terminate the Ferrer Agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach or bankruptcy. The Ferrer Agreement continues in effect on a country-by-country basis until the later of the last to expire patent covering ADASUVE in such country or 12 years after first commercial sale. The Ferrer Agreement is subject to earlier termination in the event the parties mutually agree, by a party in the event of an uncured material breach by the other party or upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of either party.

In October 2014, we entered into the Ferrer Amendment. We and Ferrer agreed to eliminate certain individual country commercial sales initiation milestone payments in exchange for Ferrer’s purchase of 2,000,000 shares of our common stock for $4.00 per share for a total of $8,000,000, which reflected a premium on the fair value of our

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common stock of approximately $2,400,000. In January 2015, we paid the former shareholders of Allegro $865,000 related to this stock sale.

In June 2015, we entered into a second amendment to the Ferrer Agreement. We and Ferrer agreed to: (i) transfer ownership of the MAA to Ferrer, whereby Ferrer becomes responsible for all post-approval requirements of the MAA, including the post-authorization safety study, the drug utilization study and the Phase 3 clinical trial for adolescents and all other related regulatory activities and costs associated with the ADASUVE MAA, (ii) provide Ferrer an option to manufacture ADASUVE in the Ferrer Territories as well as for use by us in territories other than the U.S., Canada, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Macao, and if Ferrer does not exercise this option, we have the right to assign the ADASUVE manufacturing right to a third party, subject to Ferrer’s written consent, not to be unreasonably withheld, (iii) eliminate the remaining milestones related to first commercial sales in selected countries, and (iv) provide Ferrer with the right to access technology and develop a Staccato product of their choice to commercialize in the Ferrer Territories, with Ferrer paying a fixed royalty percentage on all sales of new Staccato products developed by Ferrer. The transfer of the MAA for ADASUVE to Ferrer was completed in August 2015.

We evaluated whether the delivered elements under the Ferrer Agreement, as amended, have value on a stand-alone basis and allocated revenue to the identified units of accounting based on relative fair value. We determined that the license and the development and regulatory services are a single unit of accounting as the licenses were determined not to have stand-alone value. We have begun to deliver all elements of the arrangement and are recognizing the $10,000,000 upfront payment as revenue ratably over the estimated performance period of the agreement of four years. The $1,452,000 and $2,400,000 premiums received from the sales of common stock to Ferrer are additional consideration received pursuant to the Ferrer Agreement and does not pertain to a separate deliverable or element of the arrangement, and thus is being deferred and recognized as revenue in a manner consistent with the $10,000,000 upfront payment.

The Ferrer Agreement, as amended, provides for us to receive up to $40,000,000 of additional payments related to cumulative net sales targets in the Ferrer Territories. The cumulative net sales targets will be recognized as royalty revenue when each target is earned and payable to us. We believe each of these milestones is substantive as there is uncertainty that the milestones will be met, the milestone can only be achieved as a result of our past performance and the achievement of the milestone will result in additional payment to us. In January 2014, we recognized revenue in the amount of $1,000,000 from a milestone payment for the first product sale in Spain, of which $250,000 was paid to the former stockholders of Allegro (Refer to Note 3 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies).

We recognized $2,666,000, $1,987,000, and $2,915,000 of license revenue related to the Ferrer Agreement, as amended, in the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013, respectively. At December 31, 2015 we had deferred revenue of $2,848,000 related to the Ferrer Agreement, as amended.

Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc.

In May 2013, we entered into the Teva Agreement to provide Teva with an exclusive license to develop and commercialize ADASUVE in the United States.

In February 2016, we entered into a definitive agreement with Teva whereby we reacquired the U.S. rights for ADASUVE and to restructure our obligations under the Teva Note, or the Teva Amendment. The Teva Amendment is intended to allow us to continue to provide ADASUVE product to patients and health care providers.

In connection with the Teva Amendment we entered into the Amended Teva Note. The Amended Teva Note was considered additional consideration provided by Teva to us pursuant to the Teva Amendment.

We evaluated whether the delivered elements under the Teva Agreement, as amended, have value on a stand-alone basis and allocated revenue to the identified units of accounting based on relative fair value. We determined that the license fees are a single unit of accounting and valued the license based on its best estimate of selling price, as VSOE and TPE of the selling price could not be determined. The selling price was estimated using discounted

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projected cash flows related to the licensed territory. We have delivered the license to Teva and recognized the $40,000,000 non-refundable upfront payment as revenue during 2013.

 

 

10.    Warrants

In October 2009, we issued a total of 8,107,012 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase up to an additional 7,296,312 shares of our common stock in a private placement. These securities were sold as units with each unit consisting of one share of common stock and a warrant to purchase 0.9 shares of common stock at a purchase price of $2.4325 per unit. The warrants issued are cash or net exercisable with an exercise price of $2.77 per share and will expire in October 2016. At December 31, 2015, 729,627 remained outstanding and exercisable.

In May 2010, in conjunction with a Loan Agreement with Hercules Technology Growth Capital, or Hercules, we issued to Hercules a five-year warrant to purchase 37,639 shares of our common stock at a price of $26.90 per share. The warrant expired in May 2015.

In August 2010, we issued an aggregate of 668,518 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase up to an additional 334,258 shares of our common stock in a registered direct offering. These securities were sold as units with each unit consisting of (i) one share of common stock and (ii) a warrant to purchase 0.5 of a share of common stock, at a purchase price of $27.00 per unit. The warrants were exercisable at $33.00 per share and expired in August 2015.

In May 2011, we issued an aggregate of 1,192,703 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase up to an additional 417,445 shares of our common stock in a registered direct offering. The warrants are exercisable at $17.55 per share and will expire in May 2016. At December 31, 2015, these warrants remained outstanding and exercisable.

In February 2012, we issued an aggregate of 4,400,000 shares of our common stock and warrants to purchase up to an additional 4,400,000 shares of our common stock in an underwritten public offering. The warrants are exercisable beginning February 24, 2013, at an exercise price of $5.00 per share, and will expire on February 23, 2017. At December 31, 2015, these warrants remained outstanding and exercisable.

In March 2014, in conjunction with the royalty securitization financing, we issued to the debt holders a five-year warrant to purchase 345,661 shares of our common stock at a price of $0.01 per share. The warrant expires in March 2019. At December 31, 2015, these warrants remained outstanding and exercisable.

All outstanding warrants include a provision that allows the warrant holder to net share settle the warrant. In no circumstances will we issue shares in excess of the number of shares underlying the warrant. The outstanding warrants are classified as additional paid in capital and are indexed to our common stock.

 

 

11.    Equity Incentive Plans

2005 Equity Incentive Plan

In December 2005, our Board of Directors adopted the 2005 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2005 Plan, and authorized for issuance thereunder 108,879 shares of common stock. The 2005 Plan became effective upon the closing of our initial public offering on March 8, 2006. The 2005 Plan is an amendment and restatement of our previous stock option plans.

Stock options granted under the 2005 Plan generally vest over 4 years, vesting is generally based on service time, and have a maximum contractual term of 10 years. Restricted stock units granted to non-employee directors, which are granted in lieu of paying director fees in cash, generally vest one year after the date of grant. Prior to vesting, restricted stock units do not have dividend equivalent rights, do not have voting rights and the shares underlying the restricted units are not considered issued and outstanding. Shares are issued on the date the restricted stock units vest.

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The 2005 Plan provides for annual reserve increases on the first day of each fiscal year commencing on January 1, 2007 and ending on January 1, 2015. The annual reserve increases are equal to the lesser of (i) 2% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on December 31^st of the preceding calendar year, or (ii) 100,000 shares of common stock. Our Board of Directors has the authority to designate a smaller number of shares by which the authorized number of shares of common stock will be increased prior to the last day of any calendar year.

2005 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan

In December 2005, our Board of Directors adopted the 2005 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, or the Directors’ Plan, and authorized for issuance thereunder 25,000 shares of common stock. The Directors’ Plan provides for the automatic grant of non-statutory stock options to purchase shares of common stock to our non-employee directors, which vest over four years and have a term of 10 years. The Directors’ Plan provides for an annual reserve increase to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, commencing on January 1, 2007 and ending on January 1, 2015. The annual reserve increases are equal to the number of shares subject to options granted during the preceding fiscal year less the number of shares that revert back to the share reserve during the preceding fiscal year. Our Board of Directors has the authority to designate a smaller number of shares by which the authorized number of shares of common stock will be increased prior to the last day of any calendar year. In May 2013, our stockholders approved an amendment to the Directors’ Plan to increase the shares reserved by an additional 200,000 shares.

2015 Equity Incentive Plan

In April 2015, our Board of Directors approved the 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2015 Plan, and authorized for issuance thereunder (i) an additional 1,000,000 shares of common stock plus (ii) the number of shares available for issuance pursuant to the grant of future awards under our 2005 Equity Incentive Plan determined as of the effective date of the 2015 Plan; plus (iii) the number of shares underlying outstanding stock awards granted under our previous stock option plans prior to the effective date of the 2015 Plan that expire or terminate for any reason prior to exercise or settlement, are forfeited or repurchased because of the failure to meet a contingency or condition required to vest such shares, or are reacquired, withheld (or not issued) to satisfy a tax withholding obligation in connection with an award. The 2015 Plan became effective upon the approval of the plan by our stockholders on June 23, 2015. Due to the effectiveness of our 2015 Plan, no additional awards will be made under our previous stock option plans. All outstanding awards under our previous stock option plans will continue to be subject to the terms and conditions as set forth in the agreements evidencing such stock awards and the terms of the applicable plan. Stock options issued under the 2015 Plan generally vest over 4 years; vesting is generally based on service time, and have a maximum contractual term of 10 years.

2015 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan

In April 2015, our Board of Directors adopted the 2015 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, or the 2015 Directors’ Plan, and authorized for issuance thereunder and (i) an additional 250,000 shares of common stock plus (ii) the number of shares available for issuance pursuant to the grant of future awards under our previous non-employee directors stock option plan determined as of the effective date of the 2015 Directors’ Plan; plus (iii) the number of shares underlying outstanding stock awards granted under our previous non-employee directors stock option plan prior to the effective date of the 2015 Directors’ Plan that expire or terminate for any reason prior to exercise or settlement, are forfeited or repurchased because of the failure to meet a contingency or condition required to vest such shares, or are reacquired, withheld (or not issued) to satisfy a tax withholding obligation in connection with an award. The 2015 Directors’ Plan became effective upon the approval of the plan by our stockholders on June 23, 2015. Due to the effectiveness of our 2015 Directors’ Plan, no additional awards will be made under our previous non-employee directors’ stock option plan. The 2015 Directors’ Plan provides for the automatic grant of non-statutory stock options to purchase shares of common stock to our non-employee directors, which vest over approximately one year and have a term of 10 years.

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The following table sets forth the summary of option activity under our share-based compensation plans:

 

 

At December 31, 2015, options to exercise 912,785 shares of our common stock, at a weighted average exercise price of $8.16 were exercisable.

The intrinsic value of options exercised is calculated based on the difference between the exercise price and the quoted market price of our stock on the exercise date. The total intrinsic value of options exercised during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 was $26,000, and $13,000, respectively. There were no exercises during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. Options to exercise 5,610 shares of our common stock expired in 2015.

Information regarding the stock options outstanding at December 31, 2015 is summarized as follows:

 

 

The intrinsic value noted in the table above is calculated as the difference between the market value per share as of December 31, 2015 and the exercise price of the shares. The market value per share as of December 31, 2015, the last trading date of 2015, was $0.70 as reported by The NASDAQ Stock Market.

Information with respect to unvested share units (restricted stock units) as of December 31, 2015 is as follows:

 

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The total value of restricted stock units released during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013 was $28,000, $136,000, and $75,000, respectively.

We authorized shares of common stock for issuance under the 2005 Plan and the Directors’ Plan as follows.

 

 

The shares authorized for issuance in 2013 include the annual reserve increase of 119,812 shares and the stockholder approved increase of 2,200,000 shares. As of December 31, 2014, 1,667,850 and 136,110 shares remained available for issuance under the 2005 Plan and the Directors’ Plan, respectively. The shares authorized for issuance in 2015 include the annual reserve increase of 175,000 shares.

We authorized shares of common stock for issuance under the 2015 Plan and the 2015 Directors’ Plan as follows.

 

 

The shares authorized for issuance include the stockholder approved increase of 1,250,000 shares. As of December 31, 2015, 2,503,057 and 400,000 shares remained available for issuance under the 2015 Plan and the 2015 Directors’ Plan, respectively.

2005 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In December 2005, our Board of Directors adopted the 2005 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the 2005 ESPP, and authorized for issuance thereunder 50,000 shares of common stock. The 2005 ESPP allows eligible employee participants to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount through payroll deductions. The 2005 ESPP consists of a fixed offering period, generally twenty-four months with four purchase periods within each offering period. Purchases are generally made on the last trading day of each October and April. Employees purchase shares at each purchase date at 85% of the market value of our common stock on their enrollment date or the end of the purchase period, whichever price is lower.

The 2005 ESPP provides for annual reserve increases on the first day of each fiscal year commencing on January 1, 2007 and ending on January 1, 2015. The annual reserve increases will be equal to the lesser of (i) 1% of the total number of shares of our common stock outstanding on December 31 of the preceding calendar year, or (ii) 75,000 shares of common stock. Our Board of Directors has the authority to designate a smaller number of shares by which the authorized number of shares of common stock will be increased prior to the last day of any calendar year. In May 2011, our Compensation Committee terminated the then current offering period under the 2005 ESPP and resolved to begin a new offering period in August 2011 and also amended the 2005 ESPP to reduce the time period of each offering period from twenty-four to six months.

In July 2011, following stockholder approval, the 2005 ESPP was amended to, among other changes, modify the annual automatic increase in shares reserved for the plan to an amount equal to the least of (i) one percent (1%) of the total number of shares of common stock outstanding on December 31st of the preceding calendar year, (ii) 75,000 shares of common stock and (iii) an amount determined by our Board of Directors.

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2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

In April 2015, our Board of Directors adopted the 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or 2015 ESPP, and authorized for issuance thereunder (i) an additional 500,000 shares of our common stock plus (ii) the number of shares that remain available for issuance under the 2005 ESPP after all outstanding purchase rights under the 2005 ESPP are exercised. The 2015 ESPP allows eligible employee participants to purchase shares of our common stock at a discount through payroll deductions. The terms of any offering period under the 2015 ESPP will be determined by the Company’s board of directors, or the Board. Purchases are generally made on the last trading day of each November and May. Employees may purchase shares at each purchase date at 85% of the market value of our common stock at either the beginning of the offering period or the end of the purchase period, whichever price is lower. The 2005 ESPP remained in effect until the conclusion of our previous offering, which concluded in October 2015.

There were 128,249 shares that were not purchased by our employees in the recently concluded offering under the 2005 ESPP and were added to the available reserve of 500,000 shares for the 2015 ESPP.

Pursuant to the 2005 ESPP, on January 1, 2015, 2014 and 2013 an additional 75,000 shares for each year were reserved for issuance. We issued 26,157, 70,226, and 54,494 shares at weighted average prices of $1.46, $2.82, and $3.67 during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively. At December 31, 2015, 628,249 shares were available for issuance under the 2015 ESPP.

 

 

12.    Restructuring

As of December 31, 2015, we completed the commercial production and shipment of all ADASUVE orders received from Teva and Ferrer. With commercial production completed, we suspended our ADASUVE commercial manufacturing operations.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we concluded that due to (i) the suspension of the ADASUVE commercial production operations during the third quarter of 2015, (ii) our continued operating losses and poor cash flows, (iii) the uncertainty of when we will resume commercial production, (iv) the limited ability to sell the capitalized equipment, and (v) our basic ability to continue as a going concern,  the carrying amounts of our long-lived assets including the first and second manufacturing cells from Autoliv ASP, Inc., or Autoliv, exceeded their fair values based on a Level 3 fair value measurement. We recognized non-cash impairment charges of approximately $8,591,000 on our long-lived assets, $1,229,000 of related inventory with fixed expiration dates, and $1,024,000 on prepayments made to the supplier of our lower housing assembly for fiscal year 2015.

We did not record any long-lived asset impairment during 2014.

As part of our restructuring plan, we eliminated 33 employees through the third quarter of 2015. Each affected employee received (i) severance payments equal to three months of salary plus an additional amount equal to one week of salary for each year of Alexza service in excess of five years; and (ii) three months of paid medical insurance premiums and outplacement services, or in total, the Severance Package. In addition, the majority of our remaining employees have received notification that their positions may be eliminated. If we are unable to obtain additional financing and further restructure our operations, the remaining employees who received notification will receive benefits substantially equivalent to the Severance Package. The aggregate cost of the Severance Package for these employees is being amortized over the period in which the employees are expected to provide service. During the fiscal year 2015, we recognized $2,718,000 of severance related expenses and none in 2014 and 2013, which is recorded in accrued compensation as of December 31, 2015. We have accrued $1,474,000 in severance related expenses.

 

 

13.    Subsequent Events

We did not make the quarterly interest payment due on December 15, 2015 for the royalty securitization financing.  As a result, we received a notice of event of default from the trustee. The aggregate interest payments that were in default were approximately $2,756,000, which includes the interest due and payable on September 15,

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2015 and December 15, 2015. In January 2016, we entered into a forbearance agreement with the noteholders whereby the Noteholders would generally forbear from delivering an acceleration notice and exercising other remedies under the agreement for thirty day renewing periods through June 15, 2016. As a result of our default and the short forbearance time period, the principal balance of $45,000,000 and the amortization of the debt discounts of $74,000 related to the five-year warrants issued in March 2014 to purchase 345,661 shares of our common stock  were reclassified from non-current liabilities to current liabilities as of December 31, 2015. Additionally, the deferred interest charges associated with this financing that were being amortized over five years were reclassified from non-current assets to other current assets as of December 31, 2015, consistent with the related debt.

In January 2016, Ferrer exercised its option to manufacture and supply ADASUVE in their exclusive territory, outside their territory in all countries other than the U.S. and Canada, and in the U.S. and Canada in a manner to be agreed in a definitive agreement by April 2016. We are evaluating the impact of these potential changes on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. In February 2016, we entered into the non-binding Letter of Intent with Ferrer with respect to the Transaction. The Letter of Intent does not constitute a binding agreement to consummate such acquisition and it entitles both us and Ferrer to terminate discussions at any time in our or Ferrer's sole discretion. Additionally we can, at our discretion, enter into discussions with third parties and continue to explore strategic options. We continue to have discussions with Ferrer regarding a transaction. There can be no assurance that such potential transaction will be agreed to or consummated. The entering into the Letter of Intent follows exploration of strategic options that we announced previously. In September 2015, we announced that we had retained Guggenheim Securities, LLC to assist in exploring strategic options to enhance stockholder value, including a possible sale or disposition of one or more corporate assets, a strategic business combination, partnership or other transactions. Our Board of Directors will review and carefully evaluate the terms of the potential Transaction with our financial and legal advisors.

In September 2015, we issued the Ferrer Note to Ferrer. The terms of the Ferrer Note provide that (i) Ferrer will loan us up to $5,000,000 in tranches, (ii) the initial tranche of $3,000,000 was received by us on September 28, 2015, (iii) another tranche of $1,000,000 was received by us on March 21, 2016, (iv) we have the option to borrow an additional tranche of $1,000,000 at any time, (v) interest accrues on the outstanding principal at the rate of 6% per annum, compounded monthly, through May 31, 2016, (vi) all outstanding principal and accrued interest under the Ferrer Note is due and payable upon Ferrer’s demand on May 31, 2016, (vii) we may prepay the Ferrer Note at any time without premium or penalty, and (viii) we issued 125,000 shares of our common stock to Ferrer as partial consideration for the loan. The common stock was issued to Ferrer pursuant to the Stock Issuance Agreement and was not registered at the time of issuance under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. As of March 23, 2016, an aggregate of $4,000,000 of the principal amount of the Ferrer Note was outstanding.

In February 2016, we and Teva entered into (i) the Teva Amendment; (ii) the Amended Teva Note; (iii) a stock issuance agreement, or the Stock Issuance Agreement; and (iv) an Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement, or the Rights Agreement, that amends and restates the Registration Rights Agreement with Teva dated January 6, 2014.

The Teva Amendment  is intended to allow us to continue to provide ADASUVE product to patients and health care providers and provides for (i) the transfer of the New Drug Application, or NDA, and related regulatory filings for ADASUVE to us and the assumption of responsibility by us for all regulatory activities related to ADASUVE in the U.S. as soon as practicable; (ii) an exclusive license of Teva intellectual property with respect to ADASUVE, which intellectual property will be assigned to us in connection with a change of control or an exclusive license to ADASUVE in the U.S. from us to a third party; (iii) our undertaking of responsibility for the ADASUVE United States Phase 4 study, product pharmacovigilance, medical services, and REMS compliance, either through Teva’s vendors or a vendor otherwise selected by us; (iv) the transfer from Teva of existing supplies of ADASUVE as well as all commercial, medical and academic materials, documents and relationships; (v) our right to sell Teva-labeled products in accordance with all applicable laws and Teva policies; (vi) the satisfaction and termination of all payment obligations of the parties with respect to the commercialization of ADASUVE except with respect to the Amended Teva Note and our issuance of 2,172,886 shares of our common stock to Teva pursuant to the Stock Issuance Agreement; and (vii) a mutual release between the parties with respect to claims under the Teva Agreement.

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The Amended Teva Note provides that (i) we issued 2,172,886 shares of our common stock to Teva pursuant to a stock issuance agreement as consideration for a reduction in the outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note by $5,000,000 and forgiveness of all accrued and unpaid interest under the Amended Teva Note; (ii) we are obligated to repay the $20,000,000 outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note in four annual consecutive payments of $5,000,000 beginning in the first calendar year following the calendar year in which the aggregate annual net sales of ADASUVE and any other Staccato enabled products first reach $50,000,000 in the United States; and (iii) we may prepay the outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note. We are further evaluating the impact of these potential changes on our consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

The shares of our common stock were issued to Teva in accordance with the terms of the Amended Note and the related Stock Issuance Agreement as partial consideration for a reduction in the outstanding balance of the Amended Teva Note by $5,000,000 and forgiveness of all accrued and unpaid interest under the Amended Teva Note. The shares of our common stock issued to Teva pursuant to the Stock Issuance Agreement were not registered at the time of issuance under the Securities Act and may not be offered or sold in the United States absent registration or an applicable exemption from registration requirements, but the Company has agreed to provide certain registration rights under the Securities Act with respect to the Shares pursuant to the Rights Agreement.

In February 2016, we presented a plan to the NASDAQ’s Listing Qualification Panel, or the Panel, for determination to allow the continued listing our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market. On March 7, 2016, the Panel issued a determination granting our request for the continued listing of our common stock on The NASDAQ Capital Market. Our continued listing on The NASDAQ Capital Market is subject to, among other things, evidence of our compliance with the minimum $35,000,000 market value of listed securities requirement by June 14, 2016. In order to satisfy the market value of listed securities requirement, we must evidence a market capitalization of at least $35,000,000 for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days on or before June 14, 2016. We also remain subject to the 180-day period within which to evidence compliance with the minimum $1.00 bid price requirement, which does not expire until July 18, 2016. We are taking definitive steps to timely evidence compliance with the terms of the Panel’s decision; however, there can be no assurance that it will be able to do so.

 

 

14.    401(k) Plan

We sponsor a 401(k) Plan that stipulates that eligible employees can elect to contribute to the 401(k) Plan, subject to certain limitations. During the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, we matched a total of $36,000 and $128,000 employee contributions, respectively.

 

 

15.    Income Taxes

There is no provision for income taxes because we have incurred operating losses since inception and applied a full valuation allowance against all deferred tax assets.

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The reported amount of income tax expense (benefit) attributable to operations for the year differs from the amount that would result from applying domestic federal statutory tax rates to loss before income taxes from operations as summarized below (in thousands):

 

 

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of the temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amount used for income tax purposes. The deferred tax assets were calculated using an effective tax rate of 40%. Significant components of our deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):

 

 

 

Our accounting for deferred taxes involves the evaluation of a number of factors concerning the realizability of our net deferred tax assets. We primarily considered such factors as our history of operating losses, the nature of our deferred tax assets and the timing, likelihood and amount, if any, of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences and carryforwards become deductible. At present, we do not believe that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will be realized; accordingly, a full valuation allowance has been established and no deferred tax asset is shown in the accompanying balance sheets. The valuation allowance (decreased) increased by approximately $14,558,000, $16,645,000, and $(272,000) during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

As of December 31, 2015 we had federal net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $368,164,000. We also had federal research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $10,731,000. The net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards will expire at various dates beginning in 2020, if not utilized.

As of December 31, 2015, we had state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $261,431,000 which will begin to expire in 2016. We also had state research and development tax credit carryforwards of approximately $8,319,000, which have no expiration.

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As of December 31, 2015, approximately $1,393,000 of federal and state net operating loss is attributable to stock-based compensation deductions in excess of book expense. When realized, the benefit of the tax deduction related to these options will be accounted for as a credit to stockholders’ equity rather than as a reduction of the income tax provision.

A limitation may apply to the use of the net operating loss and credit carryforwards, under provisions of the Internal Revenue Code that are applicable if we experience an “ownership change”. That may occur, for example, as a result of trading in our stock by institutional investors as well issuance of new equity. Should these limitations apply, the carryforwards would be subject to an annual limitation, resulting in a substantial reduction in the gross deferred tax assets before considering the valuation allowance. As of December 31, 2015, we have not performed an analysis to determine if our net operating loss and credit carryforwards would be subject to such limitations.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in thousands):

 

 

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If we eventually are able to recognize these uncertain tax positions, the unrecognized tax benefits would not reduce the effective tax rate if we are applying a full valuation allowance against the deferred tax assets, as is our current policy.

We have not incurred any material tax interest or penalties as of December 31, 2015. We do not anticipate any significant change within twelve months of this reporting date of its uncertain tax positions. We are subject to taxation in the United States and various states jurisdictions. There are no other ongoing examinations by taxing authorities at this time. Our various tax years starting with 2000 to 2015 remain open in various taxing jurisdictions.

 

 

16.    Quarterly Results (Unaudited)

The following table is in thousands, except per share amounts:

 

 

During the quarter ended December 31, 2014, we reversed approximately $1,009,000 and $1,191,000 of share-based compensation that was recognized during the three quarters ended September 31, 2014 and the three years ended December 31, 2013, respectively, due to a reversal of share-based compensation related to the rescission of equity awards.

During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, we concluded that the carrying amounts of our production-related long-lived assets, inventory, and prepayments exceeded their fair values given our continued operating losses, the uncertainty of when we will resume commercial production, the limited ability to sell the capitalized equipment, and our basic ability to continue as a going concern. We recognized non-cash impairment charges in the aggregate amount of $10,844,000. These were offset by the change in the fair value of our contingent consideration liability to the former stockholders of Allegro based on various assumptions. During the fourth quarter of 2015, we updated the discounted cash flow model used to calculate the contingent consideration liability to reflect the impact of our reacquisition of the U.S. commercial rights for ADASUVE from Teva. These changes include updating the US ADASUVE sales estimates and partnership milestones and changing the probability weightings. Additionally, we updated the sales for the ADASUVE Ferrer Territories and changed the timing and amount of certain milestones for sales of ADASUVE outside of the United States and the Ferrer Territories and AZ-002.  These changes resulted in our recognizing a non-operating, non-cash gain of $27,132,000 during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015. We also reduced our headcount in 2015 due to the decision to suspend our commercial production thus, giving rise to decreased salaries and related benefits during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.

 

 

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Not Applicable.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures:

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (who also serves as our principal financial officer and principal accounting officer), as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, we recognize that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and in reaching a reasonable level of assurance, we are required to apply our judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

As of December 31, 2015, the end of the period covered by this report, we carried out an evaluation, including our Chief Executive Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2015.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting:

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer (who also serves as our principal financial officer and principal accounting officer), we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 based on the framework in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 Framework) (the COSO criteria). Based on the above evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2015.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting:

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

None.

 

 

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PART III

The information required by this Item 10 concerning our directors is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in the sections entitled “Proposal No. 1 — Election of Directors” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in our definitive Proxy Statement for the 2016 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed within 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015, or the Proxy Statement. The information required by this Item concerning our executive officers is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in the section of the Proxy Statement entitled “Executive Officers.” The information required by this item concerning compliance with Section 16(a) of the Exchange Act, our code of business conduct and ethics, the procedures by which security holders may recommend nominees for our board of directors and certain information related to our Audit and Ethics Committee is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in the sections entitled “Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance” and “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” in the Proxy Statement.

The information required by this Item 11 is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in the sections entitled “Executive Compensation” and “Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance” in the Proxy Statement.

The information required by this Item 12 with respect to stock ownership of certain beneficial owners and management is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth under the caption “Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” in the Proxy Statement.

Securities Authorized For Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

We maintain our 2015 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2015 Plan, 2015 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, or the Directors’ Plan, and 2015 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP, pursuant to which we may grant equity awards to eligible persons.

The following table gives information about equity awards under the 2015 Plan, the Directors’ Plan and the ESPP as of December 31, 2015:

 

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The information required by this Item 13 is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in the sections entitled “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence” and “Information Regarding the Board of Directors and Corporate Governance” in the Proxy Statement.

The information required by this Item 14 is incorporated by reference to the information to be set forth in the sections entitled “Principal Accountant Fees and Services” and “Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures” in the Proxy Statement.

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PART IV

(a) 1. Financial Statements

See Index to Financial Statements under Item 8 on page 83

(a) 2. Financial Statement Schedules

All schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or are not required or the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Financial Statements or notes thereto.

(a) 3. Exhibits

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EXHIBIT INDEX

 

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the “Exchange Act”) the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

 

Dated: March 28, 2016

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Thomas B. King, and each of them, as his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place, and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Report, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming that all said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them or their or his substitute or substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Exchange Act, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities indicated on March 28, 2016.

 

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EXHIBIT INDEX

 

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