UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

 

FORM 10-Q

 

(Mark One)

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2014

OR

For the transition period from                      to                      

Commission file number: 001-35935

 

 

PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

 

(650) 246-7000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  x    No  ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  x

As of October 3, 2014, the number of outstanding shares of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share, was 48,632,251.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2014

INDEX

 

 

 

 

F-2

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

 

 

 

F-3

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

 

 

 

F-4

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)

 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

 

 

 

F-5

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)

 

See accompanying notes to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

 

 

 

F-6

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

 

1. Organization

Portola Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Company” or “we” or “our” or “us”) is a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel therapeutics in the areas of thrombosis, other hematologic diseases and inflammation for patients who currently have limited or no approved treatment options. We were incorporated in September 2003 in Delaware. Our headquarters and operations are located in South San Francisco, California and we operate in one segment.

Our two lead programs address significant unmet medical needs in the area of thrombosis, or blood clots. Our lead compound, Betrixaban, is a novel oral once-daily inhibitor of Factor Xa in Phase 3 development for extended duration prophylaxis, or preventive treatment, of a form of thrombosis known as venous thromboembolism, in acute medically ill patients for up to 35 days of in-hospital and post-discharge use. Our second lead development candidate, Andexanet alfa, an FDA-designated breakthrough therapy, is a recombinant protein designed to reverse the anticoagulant activity in patients treated with a Factor Xa inhibitor who are suffering a major bleeding episode or who require emergency surgery. Our third product candidate Cerdulatinib, formerly PRT2070, is an orally available kinase inhibitor that inhibits spleen tyrosine kinase, or Syk, and janus kinases, or JAK, enzymes that regulate important signaling pathways and is being developed for hematologic, or blood, cancers and inflammatory disorders. Our fourth program of highly selective Syk inhibitors is partnered with Biogen Idec, Inc.

 

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Consolidation and Basis of Presentation

The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the amounts of the Company and our wholly-owned subsidiary and have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”), and following the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim reporting. As permitted under those rules, certain footnotes or other financial information that are normally required by U.S. GAAP can be condensed or omitted. These financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as our annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments that are necessary for a fair statement of our financial information. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2014. The condensed consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2013 has been derived from audited financial statements at that date but does not include all of the information required by U.S. GAAP for complete financial statements.

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and related financial information should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and the related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2013 included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed March 3, 2014 with the SEC.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses in the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates, including those related to revenue recognition, clinical trial accruals, fair value of assets and liabilities, income taxes and stock-based compensation. Management bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other market-specific and relevant assumptions that management believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from those estimates.

Variable Interest Entities

We review agreements we enter into with third party entities, pursuant to which we may have a variable interest in the entity, in order to determine if the entity is a variable interest entity (VIE). If the entity is a VIE, we assess whether or not we are the primary beneficiary of that entity. In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of an entity, we apply a qualitative approach that determines whether we have both (1) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to that entity. If we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the statements of operations and financial condition of the VIE into our consolidated financial statements.

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

Our determination about whether we should consolidate such VIEs is made continuously as changes to existing relationships or future transactions may result in a consolidation or deconsolidation event.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and other highly liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less from the date of purchase.

Investments

All investments have been classified as “available-for-sale” and are carried at estimated fair value as determined based upon quoted market prices or pricing models for similar securities. Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments in debt securities at the time of purchase and reevaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date. Unrealized gains and losses are excluded from earnings and are reported as a component of accumulated comprehensive income. Realized gains and losses and declines in fair value judged to be other than temporary, if any, on available-for-sale securities are included in interest and other income (expense), net. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific-identification method. Interest on marketable securities is included in interest and other income (expense), net.

Customer Concentration

Customers who accounted for 10% or more of total revenues were as follows:

 

 

 

Revenue Recognition

We generate revenue from collaboration and license agreements for the development and commercialization of our products. Collaboration and license agreements may include non-refundable or partially refundable upfront license fees, partial or complete reimbursement of research and development costs, contingent consideration payments based on the achievement of defined collaboration objectives and royalties on sales of commercialized products. Our performance obligations under our collaborations include the transfer of intellectual property rights (licenses), obligations to provide research and development services and related clinical drug supply, obligation to provide regulatory approval services and obligations to participate on certain development and/or commercialization committees with the collaborators. Upfront payments are recorded as deferred revenue in our condensed consolidated balance sheet and are recognized as collaboration revenue over our estimated period of performance that is consistent with the terms of the research and development obligations contained in each collaboration agreement. We regularly review the estimated periods of performance related to our collaborations based on the progress made under each arrangement. Our estimates of our performance period may change over the course of the collaboration term. Such a change could have a material impact on the amount of revenue we record in future periods.

Payments that are contingent upon achievement of a substantive milestone are recognized in their entirety in the period in which the milestone is achieved. A milestone is defined as an event that can only be achieved based on our performance and there is substantive uncertainty about whether the event will be achieved at the inception of the arrangement. Events that are contingent only on the passage of time or only on counterparty performance are not considered milestones subject to this guidance. Further, the amounts received must relate solely to prior performance, be reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the agreement and commensurate with our performance to achieve the milestone after commencement of the agreement. Payments contingent upon achievement of events that are not considered substantive milestones are allocated to the respective arrangements unit of accounting when received and recognized as revenue based on the revenue recognition policy for that unit of accounting.

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

Amounts from sales of licenses are recognized as revenue. Amounts received as funding of research and development or regulatory approval activities are recognized as revenue if the collaboration arrangement involves the sale of our research or development and regulatory approval services at amounts that exceed our cost. However, such funding is recognized as a reduction in research and development expense when we engage in a research and development project jointly with another entity, with both entities participating in project activities and sharing costs and potential benefits of the arrangement.

Amounts related to research and development and regulatory approval funding are recognized as the related services or activities are performed, in accordance with the contract terms. Payments may be made to or by us based on the number of full-time equivalent researchers assigned to the collaboration project and the related research and development expenses incurred.

Foreign Currency Transactions and Hedging

We have transactions denominated in foreign currencies, primarily the Euro, and, as a result, are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We manage a portion of these cash flow exposures through the purchase of Euros and the use of foreign currency forward contracts. Our foreign currency forward contracts are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes. Gains or losses on foreign currency forward contracts are intended to offset gains or losses on the underlying net exposures in an effort to reduce the earnings and cash flow volatility resulting from fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates. Foreign currency deposits are remeasured using period end spot rates. Foreign currency forward contracts are marked to market at the end of each period and recorded as gains and losses in the condensed consolidated statements of operations.

Our foreign exchange forward contracts expose us to credit risk to the extent that the counterparty, a major financial institution, is unable to meet the terms of the agreement. Our management does not expect material losses as a result of defaults by the counterparty.

Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated in conformity with the two-class method required for companies with participating securities. Under the two-class method, in periods when we have net income, basic net income attributable to common stockholders is determined by allocating undistributed earnings, calculated as net income less current period convertible preferred stock noncumulative dividends, between the common stock and the convertible preferred stock. In computing diluted net income attributable to common stockholders, undistributed earnings are re-allocated to reflect the potential impact of dilutive securities. Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding for the period. The diluted net income per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by giving effect to all potential dilutive common stock equivalents outstanding for the period. In periods when we have incurred a net loss, convertible preferred stock, options and warrants to purchase common stock and convertible preferred stock warrants are considered common equivalent shares but have been excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders as their effect is antidilutive.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern: Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, requiring an entity’s management to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. This guidance will become effective for us at the end of 2016. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect this standard to have a material impact on our financial statements.

In May 2014, the FASB, jointly with the International Accounting Standards Board, issued, issued ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The standard's core principle is that a reporting entity will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. In applying this new guidance to contracts within its scope, an entity will: (1) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligation in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. Additionally, this new guidance will require significantly expanded revenue recognition disclosures. This guidance will become effective for us beginning in the first quarter of 2017. Early application is not permitted. Entities have the option of using either a full retrospective or a modified retrospective approach to adopt this new guidance. We are currently evaluating the impact of our pending adoption of this standard on our financial statements.

 

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

 

3. Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value. The carrying amounts of certain of our financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, investments, receivables from collaborators, prepaid expenses and other current assets and accounts payable, approximate their fair value due to their short term nature. The accounting guidance for fair value provides a framework for measuring fair value, clarifies the definition of fair value, and expands disclosures regarding fair value measurements. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The accounting guidance establishes a three-tiered hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 – Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.

Level 2 – Inputs (other than quoted market prices included in Level 1) are either directly or indirectly observable for the asset or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.

Level 3 – Inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.

The following table sets forth the fair value of our financial assets and liabilities, allocated into Level 1, Level 2 and Level 3, that was measured on a recurring basis (in thousands):

 

 

 

 

We estimate the fair values of our corporate notes and commercial paper and U.S government agency securities by taking into consideration valuations obtained from third-party pricing services. The pricing services utilize industry standard valuation models, including both income- and market-based approaches, for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly, to estimate fair value. These inputs include reported trades of and broker/dealer quotes on the same or similar securities; issuer credit spreads; benchmark securities; prepayment/default projections based on historical data; and other observable inputs.

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

We have elected to use the income approach to value the foreign currency forward contracts, using observable Level 2 market expectations at the measurement date and standard valuation techniques to convert future amounts to a single present amount assuming that participants are motivated, but not compelled, to transact. Level 2 inputs for the valuations are limited to quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets and inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (specifically foreign currency spot and forward rates, and credit risk at commonly quoted intervals). Mid-market pricing is used as a practical expedient for fair value measurements. The fair value measurement of any asset or liability must reflect the non-performance risk of the entity and the counterparty to the transaction. Therefore, the impact of the counterparty’s creditworthiness, when in an asset position, and our creditworthiness, when in a liability position, has also been factored into the fair value measurement of the derivative instruments and did not have a material impact on the fair value of these derivative instruments. Both we and the counterparty are expected to continue to perform under the contractual terms of the instruments. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the periods presented.

 

 

4. Financial Instruments

Cash equivalents and investments, all of which are classified as available-for-sale securities, consisted of the following (in thousands):

 

 

At September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the remaining contractual maturities of available-for-sale securities were less than two years. There have been no significant realized gains or losses on available-for-sale securities for the periods presented.

 

5. Derivative Instruments

We are exposed to foreign currency exchange rates related to our business operations. To reduce our risks related to these exposures, we utilize certain derivative instruments, namely foreign currency forward contracts. We do not use derivatives for speculative trading purposes.

We enter into foreign currency forward contracts, none of which are designated as hedging transactions for accounting purposes, to reduce our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations of certain liabilities denominated in foreign currencies. These exposures are hedged on a quarterly basis. As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, we had foreign currency forward contracts with notional amounts of €1.1 million ($1.4 million based on the exchange rate as of September 30, 2014) and €7.7 million ($10.6 million based on the exchange rate as of December 31, 2013), respectively, that were not designated as hedges. As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, we recorded a derivative liability within accrued and other liabilities of $68,000 and a derivative asset within prepaid and other current assets of $372,000, respectively, related to these foreign currency forward contracts.

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

We recorded unrealized losses of $113,000 and $114,000 in interest and other income (expense), net in our condensed consolidated statements of operations related to foreign currency forward contracts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, we settled foreign currency forward contracts and recognized realized losses of $75,000 and $326,000, respectively, in interest and other income (expense), net. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 we recorded unrealized gains of $450,000 and $97,000, respectively, and realized gains of $45,000 and $118,000, respectively.

Our derivative financial instruments present certain market and counterparty risks. In general, the market risk related to these contracts is offset by corresponding gains and losses on the hedged transactions. The credit risk associated with these contracts is driven by changes in interest and currency exchange rates and, as a result, varies over time.

 

6. Balance Sheet Components

Accrued and other liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

 

 

 

 

7. Collaboration and License Agreements

Summary of Collaboration-Related Revenue

We have recognized revenue from our collaboration and license agreements as follows (in thousands):

 

 

Biogen Idec, Inc. (“Biogen Idec”)

In October 2011, we entered into an exclusive, worldwide license and collaboration agreement with Biogen Idec, under which Portola and Biogen Idec were to jointly develop and commercialize selective, novel oral Syk inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.

In November 2012, we elected to exercise our option to convert the agreement to a fully out-licensed agreement. After the election, we relinquished our right to share profits from sales of products related to selective Syk inhibitors, but are entitled to receive royalties from sales of these products by Biogen Idec. Following exercise of the option, we are no longer obligated to fund the program under the agreement. The out-licensed agreement provides for potential aggregate future payments to us of up to approximately $370.0 million for all licensed compounds based on the occurrence of certain development and regulatory events. As all contingent consideration payments are based solely on the performance of Biogen Idec, the milestone method of revenue recognition is not applicable to such amounts. Biogen Idec has elected to assume all future development work for Syk inhibitors, including the major indications, such as allergic asthma. This agreement will continue until either party terminates the agreement or until the expiration of Biogen Idec’s royalty obligations under the agreement. Biogen Idec may terminate the agreement without cause upon 120 days’ notice. In such event, we would regain all development rights and Biogen Idec would have no further payment obligations pursuant to the agreement. As of September 30, 2014, no such termination event has occurred.

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

In April 2014, we entered into an amendment to the Biogen Idec license and collaboration agreement under which Biogen Idec released one of the Syk kinase inhibitors to us for use in topical ophthalmic indications. Per the terms of the amendment, we will be required to pay $15.0 million upon the completion of certain commercial milestones and pay royalties on sales of products approved for these Syk kinase inhibitors. There was no accounting effect resulting from this amendment.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, we recorded a reduction in research and development expense of $23,080 and $178,700, and $227,000 and $721,000, respectively, owed by Biogen Idec to us under the cost-sharing terms of the agreement.

Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (“BMS”) and Pfizer Inc. (“Pfizer”)

In October 2012, we entered into a three-way agreement with BMS and Pfizer to include subjects dosed with apixaban, their jointly-owned product candidate, in one of our Phase 2 proof-of-concept studies of Andexanet alfa. The total consideration under this agreement of $6.0 million was recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated performance period through the fourth quarter of 2013.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, we recognized $772,000 and $3.9 million in collaboration revenue under this agreement, respectively. There was no deferred revenue recorded as of September 30, 2014 related to this agreement.

In January 2014, we entered into a three-way agreement with BMS and Pfizer to study the safety and efficacy of Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent to apixaban in our Phase 3 studies. We are responsible for the cost of conducting this clinical study. Pursuant to our agreement with BMS and Pfizer we are obligated to provide research, development and regulatory approval services and participate in the Joint Collaboration Committee (“JCC”) in exchange for a partially refundable upfront fee of $13.0 million and up to $12.0 million of contingent milestone payments due upon achievement of certain development and regulatory events. All consideration received and to be earned under this agreement is subject to a 50% refund contingent upon certain regulatory and/or clinical events.

We concluded that the January 2014 and October 2012 contracts should each be accounted for as standalone agreements. We identified the following non-cancellable performance deliverables under the January 2014 agreement: 1) the obligation to provide research and development services, which include manufacturing and supplying Andexanet alfa and providing various reports, 2) the obligation to provide regulatory approval services, and 3) the obligation to participate on the JCC. We considered the provisions of the multiple-elements arrangement guidance in determining how to recognize the total agreement consideration. We determined that none of the deliverables have standalone value and all of these obligations will be delivered throughout the estimated period of performance and therefore are accounted for as a single unit of accounting. The non-contingent upfront consideration under this agreement of $6.5 million is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated period of performance. In the third quarter of 2014, we revised the remaining estimated period of performance from the first quarter of 2017 to the first quarter of 2018 to reflect a modification to our clinical development and regulatory plans. The contingent upfront consideration of $6.5 million will be recognized if and when the refundable nature of these amounts lapses based upon the achievement of specified regulatory and/or clinical events.

The contingent milestone payments under the January 2014 agreement are not considered substantive because a portion may be refunded upon certain events. The non-contingent portion of the milestone payment will be recognized as collaboration revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated period of performance, which is now through the first quarter of 2018. The contingent portion of the milestone payments will be recognized if and when the refundable nature of these amounts lapses based upon the achievement of specified regulatory and/or clinical events. None of these milestones had been earned or received at September 30, 2014.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 we recognized $164,000 and $1.1 million in collaboration revenue under this agreement, respectively. The deferred revenue balance under this agreement as of September 30, 2014 was $11.9 million.  

Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Ltd (“Lee’s”)

In January 2013, we entered into an agreement with Lee’s to jointly expand our Phase 3 APEX Study of Betrixaban into China. Under the terms of the agreement, Lee’s provided us with an upfront and non-refundable fee of $700,000 and will reimburse our costs in connection with the expansion of the APEX study into China. Lee’s will lead this study and the regulatory interactions with China’s State Food and Drug Administration. We granted Lee’s an exclusive option to negotiate for the exclusive commercial rights to Betrixaban in China, which may be exercised by Lee’s for 60 days after it receives the primary data analysis report from the Phase 3 APEX study.

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

We identified the following deliverables under the agreement with Lee’s: 1) the granting of an exclusive option to negotiate for the exclusive commercial rights to Betrixaban in China, 2) the obligation to manufacture and supply product in support of the APEX study in China, 3) the obligation to participate in a joint working group, and 4) the delivery of the primary data analysis report from the APEX study. We considered the provisions of the multiple-element arrangement guidance in determining how to recognize the total consideration of the agreement. We determined that none of the deliverables have standalone value and therefore are accounted for as a single unit of accounting with the upfront fee recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated period of performance. Any reimbursements we may receive from Lee’s for the costs we incur in connection with this agreement are expected to be immaterial.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, we recognized $64,000 and $189,000, and $78,000 and $130,000, of collaboration revenue under this agreement, respectively.  The deferred revenue balance under this agreement as of September 30, 2014 was $0.3 million.

Aciex Therapeutics, Inc. (“Aciex”)

In February 2013, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Aciex pursuant to which we granted Aciex an exclusive license to co-develop and co-commercialize Cerdulatinib (PRT2070) and certain related compounds for nonsystemic indications, such as the treatment and prevention of ophthalmological diseases by topical administration and allergic rhinitis by intranasal administration. In April 2014, this agreement was amended to release all rights for Cerdulatinib to Portola. The collaboration is now focused on development of other related compounds for topical ophthalmic indications. Under the terms of this risk and cost sharing agreement, Portola and Aciex will each incur and report their own internal research and development costs. Further, third-party related development costs will be shared by Aciex and us 60% and 40%, respectively, until the end of the Phase 2 clinical study, and then equally afterwards. Also, we are entitled to receive either 50% of the profits, if any, generated by future sales of the products developed under the agreement, or royalty payments. Aciex has the primary responsibility for conducting the research and development activities under this agreement. We are obligated to provide assistance in accordance with the agreed upon development plan as well as participate on various committees. We can opt out of our obligation to share in the development costs at various points in time, the timing of which impacts future royalties we may receive based on product sales made by Aciex. All net costs we incur in connection with this agreement will be recognized as research and development expenses. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 no such costs have been incurred related to this agreement.

In July 2014, Aciex was acquired by Nicox S.A. and the acquisition concluded in October 2014. As of November 10, 2014, there has been no change to our agreement with Aciex.

Bayer Pharma, AG (“Bayer”) and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Janssen”)

In February 2013, we entered into a three-way agreement with Bayer and Janssen to include subjects dosed with rivaroxaban, their Factor Xa inhibitor product, in one of our Phase 2 proof-of-concept studies of Andexanet alfa. We are responsible for the cost of conducting this clinical study. Under the terms of the agreement, Bayer and Janssen have each provided us with an upfront and non-refundable fee of $2.5 million, for an aggregate fee of $5.0 million. The agreement also provides for additional non-refundable payments to us from Bayer and Janssen of $250,000 each for an aggregate of $500,000 following the delivery of the final written study report of our Phase 2 proof-of-concept studies of Andexanet alfa. Also, we are obligated to participate on a JCC with Bayer and Janssen to oversee the collaboration activities under the agreement.

We identified the following performance deliverables under the agreement: 1) the obligation to provide research and development services, which includes supplying Andexanet alfa and providing a final written report, and 2) the obligation to participate on a JCC. We considered the provisions of the multiple-element arrangement guidance in determining how to recognize the revenue associated with these two deliverables. We have accounted for the research and development services and our participation on the JCC as a single unit of accounting as neither deliverable has standalone value and both obligations will be delivered throughout the estimated period of performance. We originally estimated the period of performance to be through the fourth quarter of 2013. During 2013, we added more cohorts than originally planned as part of the original study design at the inception of our agreement and therefore adjusted our period of performance to be through the fourth quarter of 2014. The total consideration under this agreement is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated performance period through the fourth quarter of 2014.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, we recognized $316,000 and $1.1 million, and $1.0 million and $3.5 million in collaboration revenue under this agreement, respectively.  There was no deferred revenue balance under this agreement as of September 30, 2014.

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

In January 2014, we entered into a three-way agreement with Bayer and Janssen to study the safety and efficacy of Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent to their oral Factor Xa inhibitor, rivaroxaban, in our Phase 3 studies. We are responsible for the cost of conducting this clinical study. Pursuant to our agreement with Bayer and Janssen we are obligated to provide research, development and regulatory services and to participate in a JCC in exchange for an upfront nonrefundable fee of $10.0 million, up to three contingent payments totaling $7.0 million which are payable upon achievement of certain events associated with scaling up our manufacturing process to support a commercial launch, and up to three payments totaling $8.0 million which are payable upon initiation of our Phase 3 study and regulatory approval of Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent to rivaroxaban by the FDA and European Medicines Agency (“EMA”).

We identified the following non-cancellable performance deliverables under the agreement: 1) the obligation to provide research and development services, which include manufacturing and supplying Andexanet alfa and providing various reports, 2) the obligation to provide regulatory approval services, and 3) the obligation to participate on the JCC. We considered the provisions of the multiple-element arrangement guidance in determining how to recognize the total consideration of the agreement.  We determined that none of the deliverables have standalone value; all of these obligations will be delivered throughout the estimated period of performance and therefore are accounted for as a single unit of accounting. The total upfront consideration under this agreement is being recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated period of performance period. In the third quarter of 2014 we updated our estimated period of performance from the first quarter of 2017 to the first quarter of 2018 to reflect a modification to our clinical development and regulatory plans.

We have determined all but one of the future contingent payments meet the definition of a milestone and that such milestones are substantive in that the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the agreement and commensurate with our performance to achieve the milestone after commencement of the agreement. Accordingly, revenue for the achievement of these milestones will be recognized in the period when the milestone is achieved and collectability is reasonably assured. As of September 30, 2014, no amounts had been recognized as collaboration revenue for any of these milestones. Amounts for the continent payment not considered to be a substantive milestone will be deferred when received and recognized as collaboration revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated performance period through the first quarter of 2018. During the quarter ended September 30, 2014, $3.0 million of these contingent payments were received and are being recognized over the remaining period of performance.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 we recognized $361,000 and $1.7 million in collaboration revenue under this agreement, respectively. The deferred revenue balance under this agreement as of September 30, 2014 was $11.3 million.  

Daiichi Sankyo, Inc. (“Daiichi Sankyo”)

In June 2013, we entered into an agreement with Daiichi Sankyo to include subjects dosed with edoxaban, their Factor Xa inhibitor product, in one of our Phase 2 proof-of-concept studies of Andexanet alfa. We are responsible for the cost of conducting this clinical study. Under the terms of the agreement, Daiichi Sankyo provided us with an upfront fee of $6.0 million, $3.0 million of which was subject to refund if Daiichi Sankyo decided to terminate the agreement. We are obligated to participate on a JCC with Daiichi Sankyo to oversee the collaboration activities under the agreement.

We identified the following performance deliverables under the agreement: 1) the obligation to provide research and development services, which includes supplying Andexanet alfa and providing a final written report, and 2) the obligation to participate on the JCC.

We considered the provisions of the multiple-element arrangement guidance in determining how to recognize the revenue associated with these two deliverables. We have accounted for the research and development services and our participation on the JCC as a single unit of accounting as neither deliverable has standalone value and both obligations will be delivered throughout the estimated period of performance.

The total non-contingent consideration under this agreement of $3.0 million was fully recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated non-contingent performance period through the first quarter of 2014. The recognition of contingent consideration under this agreement of $3.0 million commenced upon resolution of the contingency in the first quarter of 2014 and is being recognized over the remaining estimated period of performance through the first quarter of 2015.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, we recognized $662,000 and $2.3 million, and $888,000 and $1.0 million, in collaboration revenue associated with the contingent and non-contingent elements of this arrangement, respectively. The deferred revenue balance under this agreement as of September 30, 2014 was $1.3 million.

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

In July 2014, we entered into an agreement with Daiichi Sankyo to study the safety and efficacy of Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent to their oral Factor Xa inhibitor, edoxaban, in our Phase 3 and Phase 4 studies. We are responsible for the cost of conducting these clinical studies. Pursuant to our agreement with Daiichi Sankyo we are obligated to provide research, development and regulatory services and to participate in a JCC in exchange for an upfront nonrefundable fee of $15.0 million, up to two contingent payments totaling $5.0 million which are payable upon the initiation of our Phase 3 study and achievement of certain events associated with scaling up our manufacturing process to support a commercial launch, and up to four payments totaling $20.0 million which are payable upon acceptance of filing and regulatory approval of Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent to edoxaban by the FDA and EMA.

We identified the following non-cancellable performance deliverables under the agreement: 1) the obligation to provide research and development services, which include manufacturing and supplying Andexanet alfa and providing various reports, 2) the obligation to provide regulatory approval services, and 3) the obligation to participate on the JCC. We considered the provisions of the multiple-element arrangement guidance in determining how to recognize the total consideration of the agreement. We determined that none of the deliverables have standalone value; all of these obligations will be delivered throughout the estimated period of performance and therefore are accounted for as a single unit of accounting. The total upfront consideration under this agreement is being recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated performance period through the third quarter of 2018.

We have determined all but one of the future contingent payments meet the definition of a milestone and that such milestones are substantive in that the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the agreement are commensurate with our performance to achieve the milestone after commencement of the agreement. Accordingly, revenue for the achievement of these milestones will be recognized in the period when the milestone is achieved and collectability is reasonably assured. As of September 30, 2014, no amounts had been recognized as collaboration revenue for any of these milestones. Amounts for the continent payment not considered to be a substantive milestone will be deferred when received and recognized as collaboration revenue on a straight-line basis over the remaining performance period.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 we recognized $861,000 and $861,000 in collaboration revenue under this agreement, respectively. The deferred revenue balance under this agreement as of September 30, 2014 was $14.1 million.  

 

8. Commercial Supply Agreement

In July 2014, we entered into an agreement with CMC ICOS Biologics, Inc. (“CMC Biologics”), a subsidiary of CMC Biologics S.à.r.l., a privately-held contract manufacturing organization, pursuant to which CMC Biologics will manufacture clinical and commercial supply of Andexanet alfa and perform pre-validation and validation work on our behalf.

Under the agreement, we are required to purchase an aggregate fixed number of batches of Andexanet alfa from CMC Biologics beginning in 2015 through 2021. Total batch commitments under the agreement can be increased or decreased based on the achievement of milestones relating to the regulatory approval process for Andexanet alfa, expansion of existing manufacturing capacity and operational qualification of CMC Biologics’ manufacturing facilities. We made an upfront payment to CMC Biologics in the amount of $10.0 million in July 2014 and have made a reservation payment to CMC Biologics of $4.6 million in November 2014. Both payments will be credited against our future purchases of batches under the agreement.

Total fixed commitments under the agreement for the purchases of clinical and commercial batches, not taking into account possible price and batch adjustments per the terms of the agreement, are approximately $293.9 million. We also committed to approximately $10.4 million worth of pre-validation and validation work which will be conducted pursuant to work orders under the arrangement.

The term of the agreement is seven years and may be early terminated by either party for the other party’s uncured material breach or insolvency. We may also terminate the agreement if CMC Biologics is unable to add additional manufacturing capacity on a timely basis, if certain manufacturing-related regulatory events do not occur before certain deadlines, or if the batch yield is below a certain threshold, in which case we are not obligated to pay CMC Biologics a termination payment and CMC Biologics will be obligated to refund the uncredited amounts of the upfront payment and reservation payment.

In addition, we may terminate the agreement unilaterally if we discontinue the development and commercialization of Andexanet alfa for regulatory, safety, efficacy or other commercial reasons, or if the projected market demand or gross margin of Andexanet alfa is below a minimum threshold. A termination agreement under these provisions will obligate us to pay CMC Biologics a termination fee between $5.0 million and $30.0 million, depending on the date of termination. The termination fee is highest from 2015 through 2017, and then decreases through 2021. Any remaining upfront payments or reservation payments we have made, not yet credited against the purchase of batches, at the time of termination will be applied against the termination fee.

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Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

Under the lease accounting guidance, we determined that the agreement does not contain an embedded lease because the agreement does not convey the right to control the use of CMC Biologics’ facility. We based this determination on, among other factors, our right to physically access and/or operate CMC Biologics’ facility and one or more parties, other than us, and taking more than a minor amount of the output that will be produced or generated by the CMC Biologics facility during the term of our agreement.

Under the consolidation guidance, we determined that CMC Biologics is a VIE, but that we are not CMC Biologics’ primary beneficiary and therefore consolidation of CMC Biologics by us is not required. We based this determination on, among other factors, the upfront and reservation payment being akin to a form of subordinated financing, the fixed pricing terms of the arrangement creating variability that is absorbed by us, and that we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of CMC Biologics.

As of September 30, 2014, we have not provided financial, or other, support to CMC Biologics that was not previously contractually required. Other than the reservation payment, we are not required to make any additional payments to CMC Biologics. The upfront fee of $10.0 million recorded in prepaid expenses and other long-term assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheet represents our maximum exposure to loss under this agreement at September 30, 2014. The upfront payment will be charged to research and development expense, or cost of sales, upon regulatory approval of Andexanet alfa, as batches are delivered over the term of the agreement. We are currently not able to quantify the exposure to losses associated with the fixed pricing terms of this agreement.

                                                         

9. Stock Based Compensation

In January 2013, our Board of Directors adopted our 2013 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2013 Plan, which became effective upon of the closing of our initial public offering in May 2013. On January 1, 2014, the number of shares available for issuance under the 2013 Plan automatically increased by a number of shares equal to 5% of the total common stock outstanding at December 31, 2013. As of September 30, 2014 there were 6,949,108 shares reserved under the 2013 Plan for the future issuance of equity awards.

The following table summarizes option activity under our 2013 Equity Incentive Plan and related information during the nine months ended September 30, 2014:

 

 

 

The estimated grant date fair values of the employee stock options were calculated using the Black Scholes valuation model, based on the following assumptions:

 

 

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Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

The table below sets forth the functional classification of stock-based compensation expense, net of estimated forfeitures, for the periods presented (in thousands):  

 

 

 

 

10. Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders has been computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is calculated by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of shares of common stock and potential dilutive securities outstanding during the period.

The following common equivalent shares were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have been anti-dilutive:

 

 

11. Subsequent Events

Equity Offering

In October 2014, we completed an underwritten public offering of 6,200,000 shares of our common stock at a public offering price of $26.00 per share. In addition, the underwriters of the offering exercised their over-allotment option to purchase an additional 930,000 shares from us at the public offering price of $26.00. The net proceeds from the offering to us including the over-allotment option, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses of approximately $10.7 million, were approximately $174.7 million.

Manufacturing Supply Agreement

In October 2014, we entered into an agreement with Lonza Sales AG (“Lonza”), pursuant to which Lonza, a contract manufacturing organization, will manufacture clinical and commercial supply of Andexanet alfa and perform pre-validation and validation work on our behalf.

Under the agreement, we are required to purchase at least seven commercial batches of Andexanet alfa per year from Lonza, over a period of five years following first regulatory approval of the product from Lonza’s facility. We may cancel these orders upon written notice to Lonza, in which case, we will be obligated to pay a cancellation fee ranging from between €10.0 million (or $12.7 million based on the exchange rate as of September 30, 2014) and €13.3 million (or $16.9 million based on the exchange rate as of September 30, 2014), depending on the time of cancellation and any applicable costs related to raw materials and certain pass-through costs.

The term of the agreement will end on the fifth anniversary of the date of the first regulatory approval and may be early terminated by either party for the other party’s uncured material breach or insolvency or, prior to the first regulatory approval for any reason on not less than twelve months prior written notice.

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PORTOLA PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.

Notes to Condensed Financial Statements

(continued)

 

In addition, we may also terminate the agreement if we discontinue the development or commercialization of Andexanet alfa for regulatory, safety, efficacy or other commercial reasons and for technical reasons after delivery of the first engineering batch but before delivery of the second engineering batch. In such circumstance we will be obligated to pay a termination payment ranging from between €10.0 million (or $12.7 million based on the exchange rate as of September 30, 2014) and €15.0 million (or $19.0 million based on the exchange rate as of September 30, 2014), depending on the time of termination, which includes the cancellation fee, and any applicable costs related to raw materials.

In November 2014, we made an upfront payment to Lonza in the amount of €1.2 million (or $1.5 million based on the exchange rate used on the date of payment) and will be required to make additional milestone payments of €2.5 million (or $3.2 million based on the exchange rate as of September 30, 2014) upon Lonza’s achievement of certain regulatory events.

 

         

 

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You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included elsewhere in this report and with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included as part of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013.

Special note regarding forward-looking statements

This report contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. The statements contained in this report that are not purely historical are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Forward-looking statements are often identified by the use of words such as, but not limited to, “anticipate,” “believe,” “can,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “project,” “seek,” “should,” “strategy,” “target,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions or variations intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements are based on the beliefs and assumptions of our management based on information currently available to management. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other important factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors” included under Part II, Item 1A below. Furthermore, such forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of such statements.

OVERVIEW

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of novel therapeutics in the areas of thrombosis, other hematologic diseases and inflammation for patients who currently have limited or no approved treatment options. Since our inception in 2003, we have advanced several innovative compounds into clinical development. Our two lead programs address significant unmet medical needs in the area of thrombosis, or blood clots.  Our lead compound Betrixaban is a novel oral once-daily inhibitor of Factor Xa in Phase 3 development for extended duration prophylaxis, or preventive treatment, of a form of thrombosis known as venous thromboembolism, or VTE, in acute medically ill patients for up to 35 days of in-hospital and post-discharge use. Our second lead development candidate Andexanet alfa, an Food and Drug Administration, or FDA-designated breakthrough therapy, is a recombinant protein designed to reverse the anticoagulant activity in patients treated with a Factor Xa inhibitor who suffer a major bleeding episode or who require emergency surgery. Andexanet alfa is currently being evaluated in Phase 3 clinical trials. Our third product candidate, Cerdulatinib, formerly PRT2070, is an orally available kinase inhibitor that inhibits spleen tyrosine kinase, or Syk, and janus kinases, or JAK, enzymes that regulate important signaling pathways and is being developed for hematologic, or blood, cancers and inflammatory disorders. We are currently in a Phase 1/2a proof-of-concept study for Cerdulatinib in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, or NHL, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia, or CLL, who have failed or relapsed on existing marketed therapies or products in development, including patients with identified mutations. In the Phase 1 dose escalation portion of the study, we have yet to reach the maximum tolerated dose and enrollment continues. Based on interim Phase 1 data, we are advancing Cerdulatinib to the next stage of clinical development - expansion cohorts. Our fourth program of highly selective Syk inhibitors is partnered with Biogen Idec Inc., or Biogen.

Our product candidates and collaboration agreements

Betrixaban

Betrixaban is a novel oral once-daily inhibitor of Factor Xa in development for extended duration VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients for up to 35 days of in-hospital and post discharge use. Acute medically ill patients are those who are hospitalized for serious non-surgical conditions, such as heart failure, stroke, infection, rheumatic disorders and pulmonary disorders. In 2012, we initiated our pivotal biomarker-based Phase 3 APEX study, a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multicenter, multinational study to evaluate a once-daily dose of Betrixaban for a total of 35 days for superiority as compared to in-hospital administration of enoxaparin once daily for 6 to 14 days followed by placebo. Our APEX study is approximately 58% enrolled in 35 countries worldwide. We believe that Betrixaban has several clinically important pharmacological properties that differentiate it from injectable enoxaparin and other oral Factor Xa inhibitors, including low renal clearance, a metabolic profile that limits drug-drug interaction, and a long half-life. Based on current enrollment, we expect our current Phase 3 study of Betrixaban, or APEX, to complete patient enrollment by the end of 2015.

In January 2013, we entered into a clinical collaboration agreement with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Ltd, or Lee’s, to jointly expand the Phase 3 APEX study of Betrixaban into China with an exclusive option for Lee’s to negotiate for the exclusive commercial rights to Betrixaban in China.

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Andexanet alfa

Andexanet alfa, an FDA-designated breakthrough therapy, is a recombinant protein designed to reverse the anticoagulant activity in patients treated with a Factor Xa inhibitor who suffer a major bleeding episode or who require emergency surgery. Currently, there is no antidote or reversal agent approved for use against Factor Xa inhibitors. We completed a series of Phase 2 proof-of-concept studies evaluating the safety and activity of Andexanet alfa in healthy volunteers who were administered one of several Factor Xa inhibitors. Analysis of anticoagulation markers in blood samples taken from the subjects in this first study demonstrated that Andexanet alfa produced a rapid and sustained reversal of anticoagulant activity of the Factor Xa inhibitors apixaban, rivaroxaban and enoxaparin. Additionally, we are conducting a Phase 2 proof-of-concept study evaluating the reversal of edoxaban and we plan to initiate a Phase 2 study evaluating the reversal of Betrixaban. Andexanet alfa is the first therapy to demonstrate reversal of a Factor Xa inhibitor in a clinical study. We have initiated a series of Phase 3 studies with BMS and Pfizer’s Factor Xa inhibitor, Eliquis®, Bayer and Janssen’s Factor Xa inhibitor, XARELTO^®, and plan to initiate a study with Daiichi Sankyo’s Factor Xa inhibitor, edoxaban. Our first Phase 3 study of Andexanet alfa met its primary and secondary endpoints with statistical significance (p-values of less than 0.0001). Pursuant to an accelerated approval pathway, we expect to initiate a Phase 3b/4 confirmatory patient study in late 2014 or early 2015. We plan to include early patient data from this study in our Biologics License Application, or BLA, which we expect to submit in 2015 for conditional approval. We have reached agreement with FDA and European Medicines Agency, or EMA, that the Phase 4 confirmatory study will be a single-arm trial using a historical control.

Our current Phase 2 and Phase 3 studies are using clinical material from CMC Biologics, Inc., or CMC Biologics. In anticipation of a potential BLA filing and subsequent commercialization, we signed an agreement in June 2013 with Lonza Group Ltd, or Lonza, to develop a large-scale manufacturing process for Andexanet alfa. Following an assessment during the first half of 2014 of ongoing manufacturing activities at CMC Biologics and Lonza, we modified our original plans for commercial launch. We are currently continuing and expanding our ongoing work with CMC Biologics from clinical supply to commercial supply for a potential BLA filing and U.S. launch within our original timelines. In July 2014, we entered into a commercial supply agreement with CMC Biologics to increase their production capacity at a lower cost than that of our current clinical supply for Andexanet alfa. Total fixed commitments under the agreement for the purchases of clinical and commercial batches, not taking into account possible price and batch adjustments, are $293.9 million over the life of the agreement from 2015 through 2021. We have also committed to $10.4 million worth of pre-validation and validation work pending the execution of applicable work orders. In October 2014, we entered into a manufacturing supply agreement with Lonza to increase our production capacity and to enhance our manufacturing process at Lonza to support broader worldwide supply following our potential BLA filing. Under this manufacturing supply agreement, we will be required to purchase at least seven commercial batches of Andexanet alfa from Lonza, for a period of five years, following our first regulatory approval.  

In January 2014, we entered into a collaboration agreement with BMS and Pfizer to further study Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent for their jointly owned FDA-approved oral Factor Xa inhibitor apixaban through Phase 3 studies. We initiated Phase 3 studies in the first quarter of 2014. Under the terms of the agreement, we received an upfront payment of $13.0 million, subject to a 50% refund provision, and are eligible to receive additional development and regulatory milestone and contingent payments of up to $12.0 million, subject to a 50% refund provision. These payments represent the total consideration under this agreement. BMS and Pfizer will continue to provide development and regulatory guidance for the program. Under both agreements with BMS and Pfizer, we retain full, worldwide development and commercial rights to Andexanet alfa. This Phase 3 collaboration agreement will continue in force until the approval of Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent for apixaban by the FDA and EMA. BMS and Pfizer may terminate this agreement for convenience with 60 days’ advance written notice or for our bankruptcy or change of control. In addition, either party may terminate this agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach, material safety issues, or failure of the Phase 3 studies.

In February 2014, we entered into a second collaboration agreement with Bayer and Janssen to evaluate Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent for the FDA-approved oral Factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban through Phase 3 studies. Our original collaboration agreement with Bayer and Janssen covers the conduct of a Phase 2 proof-of-concept study. The new collaboration agreement covers the conduct of Phase 3 studies of Andexanet alfa with rivaroxaban and any potential U.S. and EU regulatory approval of Andexanet alfa as reversal agent of rivaroxaban. The Phase 3 studies are currently ongoing. Under this new collaboration agreement, we received an upfront payment of $10.0 million and are eligible to receive additional development and regulatory milestone payments of up to $15.0 million. These payments represent the total consideration under this agreement. Bayer and Janssen will continue to provide development and regulatory guidance for the program.

Under both agreements with Bayer and Janssen, we retain full, worldwide development and commercial rights to Andexanet alfa.   This Phase 3 collaboration agreement will continue in force until the approval of Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent for rivaroxaban by the FDA and EMA. Bayer and Janssen may terminate this agreement for convenience with 60 days’ advance written notice or for our bankruptcy or change of control.  In addition, either party may terminate this agreement for the other party’s uncured material breach or material safety issues, or we can also terminate this agreement for failure of the Phase 3 studies.

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In July 2014, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Daiichi Sankyo to include subjects dosed with edoxaban, their Factor Xa inhibitor product, in one of our Phase 3 studies of Andexanet alfa. We are responsible for the cost of conducting this clinical study. Daiichi Sankyo will work closely with us on both development and regulatory aspects of Andexanet alfa in connection with our Phase 3 study to the extent such matters relate to edoxaban. Pursuant to our agreement with Daiichi Sankyo we are obligated to provide research and development and regulatory approval services and participate on various committees. Under this collaboration agreement, we received an upfront payment of $15.0 million in the third quarter of 2014 and are eligible to receive additional payments of up to $25.0 million due upon the achievement of certain milestones associated with the progress of our Phase 3 study.

Cerdulatinib (formerly PRT2070)

In addition to our thrombosis products, we are developing an orally available kinase inhibitors to treat hematologic disorders and inflammation. Cerdulatinib, is an orally available, potent inhibitor of enzymes that regulate two important signaling pathways, spleen tyrosine kinase, or Syk, and janus kinase. We are developing Cerdulatinib for the treatment of certain B-cell hematologic cancers. We are currently in a Phase 1/2a proof-of-concept study with Cerdulatinib in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia.  In the Phase 1 dose escalation portion of the study, we have yet to reach the maximum tolerated dose and enrollment continues.  Based on interim Phase 1 data, we are advancing Cerdulatinib to the next stage of clinical development - expansion cohorts.

Selective Syk inhibitors

Syk is an important mediator of immune response in a number of different types of immune cells. Our selective Syk inhibitors have been successfully evaluated in 131 subjects in several Phase 1 clinical studies. Biogen Idec Inc., or Biogen Idec, is leading the pre-clinical study of selective Syk inhibitors for allergic asthma and other inflammatory disorders and is responsible for all development-related expenses.

In October 2011, we entered into an exclusive, worldwide license and collaboration agreement with Biogen Idec to develop and commercialize selective Syk kinase inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Under this agreement, Biogen Idec is responsible for all development-related expenses.  In April 2014, we entered into an amendment to the Biogen Idec license and collaboration agreement under which Biogen Idec released to us one of the Syk kinase inhibitors for use in topical ophthalmic indications.

For purposes of this discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations, we refer to our agreements with Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck & Co. Inc., or Merck, Lee’s, BMS and Pfizer, Bayer and Janssen, Daiichi Sankyo, Aciex, Biogen Idec, Astellas Pharma, Inc., or Astellas, and Novartis Pharma A.G., or Novartis, collectively as our collaboration agreements.

Financial operations overview

Revenue

Our revenue to date has been generated primarily from collaboration and license revenue pursuant to our collaboration agreements. We have not generated any revenue from commercial product sales to date. Since inception, in connection with our agreements with Novartis, Merck, Biogen Idec, BMS and Pfizer, Bayer and Janssen, Lee’s and Daiichi, we have received payments in the aggregate amount of $219.7 million, as initial upfront payments, contingent consideration and a milestone payment of which $6.5 million is subject to a 50% refund provision, pursuant to our Phase 3 clinical collaboration agreement with BMS and Pfizer.

We may also be entitled to additional milestone payments and other contingent payments upon the occurrence of specific events. Due to the nature of these collaboration agreements and the nonlinearity of the earnings process associated with certain payments and milestones, we expect that our revenue will continue to fluctuate in future periods.

The following table summarizes the sources of our revenue, in thousands:

 

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Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses represent costs incurred to conduct research, such as the discovery and development of our unpartnered product candidates, as well as discovery and development of clinical candidates pursuant to our collaboration agreements. We recognize all research and development costs as they are incurred.

Our research and development expenses may increase or decrease by amounts we may pay or receive under various cost-sharing provisions of our collaboration and license agreements.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we continue to advance our product candidates through clinical development. We intend to identify partnerships to further develop other product candidates that strengthen our pipeline, which may offset a portion of our research and development expenses through reimbursement from these partners. In addition, if any of our product candidates receive regulatory approval for commercial sale, we expect to incur significant expenses associated with the establishment of a hospital-based sales force in the United States and possibly other major markets. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of expenses incurred or when, or if, we will be able to achieve sustained profitability.

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses incurred by product candidate:

 

 

(1)     We are currently not developing Elinogrel but may resume development in the future.

(2)     Amounts in all periods include costs for other potential product candidates.

(3)     Our research and development expenses have been reduced by reimbursements of certain research and development expenses pursuant to the cost-sharing provisions of our agreements with Biogen Idec commencing in the fourth quarter of 2011 and MyoKardia, Inc. and Global Blood Therapeutics, Inc. commencing in the fourth quarter of 2012.

The program-specific expenses summarized in the table above include costs directly attributable to our product candidates. We allocate research and development salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and indirect costs to our product candidates on a program-specific basis, and we include these costs in the program-specific expenses. The largest component of our total operating expenses has historically been our investment in research and development activities, including the clinical development of our product candidates. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in the future. The process of conducting the necessary clinical research to obtain FDA approval is costly and time consuming. We consider the active management and development of our clinical pipeline to be crucial to our long-term success. The actual probability of success for each product candidate and clinical program may be affected by a variety of factors including: the quality of the product candidate, early clinical data, investment in the program, competition, manufacturing capability and commercial viability. Furthermore, in the past we have entered into collaborations with third parties to participate in the development and commercialization of our product candidates, and we may enter into additional collaborations in the future. In situations in which third parties have control over the preclinical development or clinical study process for a product candidate, the estimated completion dates are largely under the control of such third parties and not under our control. We cannot forecast with any degree of certainty which of our product candidates, if any, will be subject to future collaborations or how such arrangements would affect our development plans or capital requirements. As a result of the uncertainties discussed above, we are unable to determine the duration and completion costs of our research and development projects or when and to what extent we will generate revenue from the commercialization and sale of any of our product candidates.

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General and administrative expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs, allocated facilities costs and other expenses for outside professional services, including legal, human resources, audit and accounting services. Personnel costs consist of salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation. We also incur additional expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC and those of The NASDAQ Global Market, additional insurance expenses, investor relations activities and other administration and professional services.

Interest and other income (expense), net

Interest and other income (expense), net consists primarily of interest received on our cash, cash equivalents and investments, unrealized gains and losses from the remeasurement of our foreign currency bank balances and foreign currency forward contracts and gains and losses resulting from the remeasurement of our convertible preferred stock warrant liability. We recorded adjustments to the estimated fair value of the convertible preferred stock warrants until they were converted into warrants to purchase shares of our common stock upon the closing of our initial public offering. At that time, we reclassified the convertible preferred stock warrant liability to additional paid-in capital and we will no longer record any related periodic fair value adjustments.

Critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles, or U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, as well as the reported revenue generated and expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. There have been no significant and material changes in our critical accounting policies during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, as compared to those disclosed in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013 filed with the SEC, except as set forth below:

Variable Interest Entities

We review agreements we enter into with third party entities, pursuant to which we may have a variable interest in the entity, in order to determine if the entity is a variable interest entity, or VIE. If the entity is a VIE, we assess whether or not we are the primary beneficiary of that entity. In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of an entity, we apply a qualitative approach that determines whether we have both (1) the power to direct the economically significant activities of the entity and (2) the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to that entity. If we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the statements of operations and financial condition of the VIE into our consolidated financial statements.

Our determination about whether we should consolidate such VIEs is made continuously as changes to existing relationships or future transactions may result in a consolidation or deconsolidation event.

Results of operations

Comparison of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013

Revenue

 

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The decrease in collaboration and license revenue during the three months ended September 30, 2014 was due to the decrease in revenue with respect to our BMS and Pfizer Phase 2 agreement of $0.8 million, obligations under which were completed in December 2013, our Bayer and Janssen Phase 2 agreement of $0.7 million which is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2014 and our Daiichi Sankyo Phase 2 agreement of $0.2 million, which is expected to be completed in the first quarter of 2015. This decrease in revenue was partially offset by an increase in revenue from our BMS and Pfizer Phase 3 agreement which we entered into in January 2014 of $0.2 million, Bayer and Janssen Phase 3 agreement which we entered into in February 2014 of $0.4 million and our Daiichi Sankyo Phase 3 agreement which we entered into during the third quarter of 2014 of $0.9 million.

The decrease in collaboration and license revenue during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 was due to the decrease in revenue with respect to our BMS and Pfizer Phase 2 agreement which was completed in 2013 of $3.9 million and our Bayer and Janssen Phase 2 agreement which is expected to be completed in the fourth quarter of 2014 of $2.3 million. This decrease in revenue was partially offset by an increase in revenue from our BMS and Pfizer Phase 3 agreement which we entered into in January 2014 of $1.1 million, Bayer and Janssen Phase 3 agreement which we entered into in February 2014 of $1.7 million, our Daiichi Sankyo Phase 3 agreement which we entered into during the third quarter of 2014 of $0.9 million and our Daiichi Sankyo Phase 2 agreement which we entered into during the second quarter of 2013 of $1.3 million.

In January 2014, we entered into a three-way agreement with BMS and Pfizer to study the safety and efficacy of Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent to their oral Factor Xa inhibitor, apixaban, in our Phase 3 studies. We are responsible for the cost of conducting this clinical study. Pursuant to our agreement with BMS and Pfizer we are obligated to provide research and development services and participate in the JCC in exchange for an upfront fee of $13.0 million, subject to a 50% refund provision, and up to $12.0 million of contingent and milestones, subject to a 50% refund provision, payable upon achievement of certain development and regulatory events. Under this collaboration agreement, revenue is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated performance period. In the third quarter of 2014, we revised the remaining estimated period of performance from the first quarter of 2017 to the first quarter of 2018 to reflect a modification to our clinical development and regulatory plans.

In January 2014, we entered into a three-way agreement with Bayer and Janssen to study the safety and efficacy of Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent to their oral Factor Xa inhibitor, rivaroxaban, in our Phase 3 studies. We are responsible for the cost of conducting this clinical study. Pursuant to our agreement with Bayer and Janssen we are obligated to provide research and development services and to participate in the JCC in exchange for an upfront fee of $10.0 million and up to $15.0 million of milestones payable upon achievement of certain development and regulatory events. Under this collaboration agreement, revenue is being recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated performance period. In the third quarter of 2014, we revised the remaining estimated period of performance from the first quarter of 2017 to the first quarter of 2018 to reflect a modification to our clinical development and regulatory plans.

Pursuant to our Phase 2 agreement with BMS and Pfizer, we are obligated to provide research and development services and participate on various committees. The total consideration under this agreement of $6.0 million was recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated performance period through the fourth quarter of 2013.

Pursuant to our Phase 2 agreement with Bayer and Janssen, we are obligated to participate on a JCC with Bayer and Janssen to oversee the collaboration activities under the agreement. We originally estimated the period of performance of our obligations to extend through the fourth quarter of 2013. During 2013, we added more cohorts than originally planned as part of the original study design at the inception of our agreement and therefore adjusted our period of performance to be through the fourth quarter of 2014. The total consideration under this agreement of $5.5 million is being recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated performance period through the fourth quarter of 2014.

Pursuant to our Phase 2 agreement with Daiichi Sankyo, we are obligated to perform preclinical proof-of-concept studies and participate on a JCC with Daiichi Sankyo to oversee the collaboration activities under the agreement. The total consideration under this agreement is $6.0 million, which includes contingent consideration of $3.0 million and non-contingent consideration of $3.0 million. The total non-contingent consideration under this agreement of $3.0 million was fully recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated non-contingent performance period through the first quarter 2014. The recognition of contingent consideration under this agreement of $3.0 million commenced upon resolution of the contingency in the first quarter 2014 and is being recognized over the remaining estimated performance period, through the first quarter of 2015.

In July 2014, we entered into a clinical collaboration agreement with Daiichi Sankyo to include subjects dosed with edoxaban, their Factor Xa inhibitor product, in one of our Phase 3 studies of Andexanet alfa. We are responsible for the cost of conducting this clinical study. Daiichi Sankyo will work closely with us on both development and regulatory aspects of Andexanet alfa in connection with our Phase 3 study to the extent such matters relate to edoxaban. Pursuant to our Phase 3 agreement with Daiichi Sankyo we are obligated to provide research and development services and participates on various committees. Under this collaboration agreement, we received an upfront payment of $15.0 million which is being recognized as revenue on a straight-line basis over the estimated

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performance period through the third quarter of 2018. We are also eligible to receive additional payments up to $25.0 million due upon the achievement of certain milestones associated with the progress of our Phase 3 study.

We expect revenue recognized in future periods to fluctuate as we recognize revenue related to our existing collaboration agreements and enter into new collaboration agreements until such time as we achieve product commercialization.

Research and development expenses

 

The increase in research and development expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2014 was primarily due to increased program costs of $9.7 million to advance Betrixaban and increased program costs of $4.2 million to advance Andexanet alfa.

The increase in research and development expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 was primarily due to increased program costs of $18.3 million to advance Betrixaban and increased program costs of $13.2 million to advance Andexanet alfa.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase in the future as we advance our product candidates through clinical development. The timing and amount of expenses incurred will depend largely upon the outcomes of current or future clinical studies for our product candidates as well as the related regulatory requirements, manufacturing costs and any costs associated with the advancement of our preclinical programs.

General and administrative expenses

 

The increase in general and administrative expenses during the three months ended September 30, 2014 was primarily related to increased headcount-related costs including stock-based compensation expense of $0.5 million, increased payroll expenses and other facilities-related costs of $0.4 million and higher professional and legal fees to support general corporate activities and business development of $1.7 million.

The increase in general and administrative expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 was primarily related to increased headcount-related costs including stock-based compensation expense of $1.8 million, increased payroll expenses and other facilities-related costs of $0.9 million, higher professional and legal fees to support general corporate activities and business development of $2.8 million and increased costs associated with being a public company including directors and officer’s insurance and director fees of $0.5 million.

We expect general and administrative expenses to increase in order for us to continue to support our growing business and the costs of being a public company including compliance with the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.

Interest and other income (expense), net

 

The decrease in interest and other income (expense), net during the three months ended September 30, 2014 was primarily due to foreign currency exchange losses of $0.1 million compared to foreign currency exchange gains of $0.6 million in the three months ended September 30, 2013. These gains and losses are primarily related to fluctuations in the Euro compared to the U.S. dollar and

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unrealized gains and losses related to our foreign currency forward contracts. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in interest income due to higher investment balances during the three months ended September 30, 2014.

The increase in interest and other income (expense), net during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 was primarily due to foreign currency exchange losses of $0.3 million compared to foreign currency exchange gains of $0.5 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2013 and an increase in interest income due to higher investment balances during the nine months ended September 30, 2014.

Liquidity and capital resources

Due to our significant research and development expenditures, we have generated significant operating losses since our inception. We have funded our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities and payments from our collaboration partners. Our expenditures are primarily related to research and development activities. At September 30, 2014, we had available cash, cash equivalents and investments of $262.0 million. Our cash, cash equivalents and investments are held in a variety of interest-bearing instruments, including investments backed by U.S. government agencies, corporate debt securities and money market accounts. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested with a view toward liquidity and capital preservation, and we seek to minimize the potential effects of concentration and degrees of risk.

On May 28, 2013, we closed the initial public offering of 9,686,171 shares of our common stock, which included 1,263,413 shares of common stock issued pursuant to the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters. The public offering price of the shares sold in the offering was $14.50 per share. The total proceeds from the offering to us, net of underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $9.4 million, were approximately $131.0 million. After deducting offering expenses payable by us of approximately $5.1 million, our net proceeds were approximately $125.8 million. As of September 30, 2014, no accrued offering costs remained unpaid. Upon the closing of the initial public offering, 24,026,797 shares of convertible preferred stock then outstanding automatically converted into all 24,026,797 shares of our common stock.

On October 22, 2013, we closed an underwritten public offering of 6,366,513 shares of our common stock, which included 4,457,710 shares issued and sold by us and 1,908,803 shares of common stock sold by certain existing stockholders of Portola. The public offering price of the shares sold in the offering was $23.75 per share. In addition, on November 14, 2013, the underwriters exercised their over-allotment option to purchase an additional 954,976 shares from us at the public offering price. The total proceeds from the offering to us including the over-allotment option, net of underwriting discounts and commissions of approximately $7.7 million, were approximately $120.8 million. After deducting offering expenses payable by us of approximately $0.9 million, our net proceeds were approximately $119.9 million. As of September 30, 2014, all offering costs related to the October 2013 follow-on public offering were fully paid.

On October 2, 2014, we closed an underwritten public offering of 6,200,000 shares of our common stock, at a public offering price of $26.00 per share. In addition, on October 3, 2014, the underwriters of the offering exercised their over-allotment option to purchase an additional 930,000 shares from us at the public offering price. The offer and sale of all of the shares in the offering were registered under the Securities Act pursuant to an automatically effective registration statement on Form S-3 ASR (File No. 333-199094). The net proceeds from the offering to us including the over-allotment option, net of underwriting discounts and commissions and offering costs of approximately $10.7 million, were approximately $174.7 million.

Since inception, in connection with our agreements with Novartis, Merck, Biogen Idec, BMS and Pfizer, Bayer and Janssen, Lee’s, and Daiichi Sankyo we have received payments in the aggregate of $219.7 million, as initial upfront payments, contingent consideration and a milestone payment. In addition, we have received proceeds of $317.3 million from the sale of our convertible preferred stock.

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated:

 

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Cash used in operating activities

Cash used in operating activities was $58.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 reflecting a net loss of $97.9 million, which was decreased by non-cash charges of $6.9 million for stock-based compensation, $2.7 million for amortization of premium on investments and $1.1 million for depreciation and amortization. Cash used in operating activities also reflected an increase in net operating assets of $30.4 million primarily due to an increase in deferred revenue of $33.8 million related to upfront payments from BMS and Pfizer, subject to a 50% refund provision, Bayer and Janssen and Daiichi Sankyo in the nine months ended September 30, 2014, partially offset by the recognition of collaboration revenue earned of $7.2 million from our collaboration agreements, increases in accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities of $6.8 million related to higher clinical study and related costs as we continue to increase our research and development activities. Cash used in operating activities also reflected an increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $0.8 million primarily reflecting the recognition of clinical trial upfront fees of $0.3 million and withholding tax receivable on our Bayer collaboration payment of $1.0 million, partially offset by a reduction in unrealized gains on our foreign currency forward contracts of $0.4 million and interest receivable on our investment portfolio of $0.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2014.

Cash used in operating activities was $42.9. million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 reflecting a net loss of $58.2 million, which was decreased by non-cash charges of $3.5 million for stock-based compensation, $1.5 million for amortization of premium on investments and $1.0 million for depreciation and amortization. Cash used in operating activities also reflected an increase in net operating assets of $9.4 million primarily due to increases in accounts payable and accrued and other liabilities of $6.6 million related to higher clinical study and related costs, an increase in deferred revenue of $3.2 million related to the upfront payments received from Bayer and Janssen, $6.0 million related to upfront payments received from Daiichi Sankyo and $0.7 million related to upfront payments received from Lee’s in the nine months ended September 30, 2013, partially offset by the recognition of collaboration revenue earned of $8.5 million from our collaboration agreements. Cash used in operating activities also reflected a decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets of $0.5 million primarily due to the recognition of clinical trial upfront fees of $0.8 million, offset by higher prepaid insurance premiums of $0.4 million, interest receivable on our investment portfolio of $0.4 million, unrealized gains on our foreign currency forward contracts of $0.2 million and prepaid rent of $0.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2013. Also reflected in cash used in operating activities is a decrease in receivables from collaborations of $0.4 million due to the receipt of research and development expenses reimbursable from Biogen Idec.

Cash used in investing activities

Cash used in investing activities of $11.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 was primarily related to purchases of investments of $156.0 million and capital equipment purchases of $1.3 million, partially offset by proceeds from maturities of investments of $145.7 million.

Cash used in investing activities of $78.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 was primarily related to purchases of investments of $152.8 million and capital equipment purchases of $0.6 million, partially offset by proceeds from sales of investments of $6.6 million and proceeds from maturities of investments of $68.2 million.

Cash provided by financing activities

Cash provided by financing activities of $3.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 was related to $3.9 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and proceeds from employee stock purchase program purchases, offset by offering costs related to our October 2014 equity offering of $0.2 million.

Cash provided by financing activities of $126.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 was related to proceeds from our initial public offering, net of underwriting discounts and commissions of $131.0 million, partially offset by payments of deferred offering costs of $5.0 million.

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We believe that our existing capital resources, together with interest thereon, will be sufficient to meet our projected operating requirements for at least the next 12 months. We have based this estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect. Further, our operating plan may change, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements for product development and commercialization sooner than planned. We currently have no credit facility or committed sources of capital other than potential milestones receivable under our current collaboration. Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our product candidates and the extent to which we may enter into additional collaborations with third parties to participate in their development and commercialization, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with our current and anticipated clinical studies. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including the following:

If we need to raise additional capital to fund our operations, funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing when needed, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of or suspend one or more of our clinical studies, research and development programs or commercialization efforts. We may seek to raise any necessary additional capital through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other marketing and distribution arrangements. To the extent that we raise additional capital through marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to our product candidates, future revenue streams, research programs or product candidates or to grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we do raise additional capital through public or private equity offerings, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends.

Off-balance sheet arrangements and contractual obligations

On July 1, 2014, we entered into a commercial supply agreement with CMC Biologics, pursuant to which CMC Biologics will manufacture clinical and commercial supply of Andexanet alfa and perform pre-validation and validation work on our behalf. Total fixed commitments under the agreement for the purchases of clinical and commercial batches, not taking into account possible price and batch adjustments, are $293.9 million over the life of the agreement from 2015 through 2021. We have also committed to $15.0 million worth of pre-validation and validation work pending the execution of applicable work orders.

Under the consolidation accounting guidance, we determined that CMC Biologics is a VIE but that Portola is not CMC Biologics’ primary beneficiary and therefore consolidation of CMC Biologics by us is not required. We based this determination on, among other factors, the upfront and reservation payment being akin to a form of subordinated financing, the fixed pricing terms of the arrangement creating variability that is absorbed by the Company, and that we do not have the power to direct the activities that most significantly affect the economic performance of CMC Biologics.  

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As of September 30, 2014, we have not provided financial, or other, support to CMC Biologics that was not previously contractually required. Other than the reservation payment we are not required to make any additional payments to CMC Biologics. The upfront fee of $10.0 million recorded in prepaid and other long-term assets in the condensed consolidated balance sheet represents our maximum exposure to loss under this agreement at September 30, 2014. The upfront payment will be charged to research and development expense, or cost of sales upon regulatory approval of Andexanet alfa, as batches are delivered over the term of the agreement.  We are currently not able to quantify the exposure to losses associated with the fixed pricing terms of this agreement.

The following table summarizes the fixed commitments for the purchase of clinical and commercial batches under the CMC Biologics commercial supply agreement:

 

We may terminate the agreement unilaterally if we discontinue the development and commercialization of Andexanet alfa for regulatory, safety, efficacy or other commercial reasons, or if the projected market demand or gross margin of Andexanet alfa is below a minimum threshold, in which case we will be obligated to pay CMC Biologics a termination payment ranging from between $5.0 million and $30.0 million, depending on the time of termination.

There were no other material changes during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 outside the ordinary course of business in our specified contractual obligations as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014, filed with the SEC.

 

 

The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve our capital to fund our operations. We also seek to maximize income from our investments without assuming significant risk. To achieve our objectives, we maintain a portfolio of cash equivalents and investments in a variety of securities of high credit quality. As of September 30, 2014, we had cash, cash equivalents and investments of $262.0 million consisting of cash and liquid investments deposited in highly rated financial institutions in the United States. A portion of our investments may be subject to interest rate risk and could fall in value if market interest rates increase. However, because our investments are primarily short-term in duration, we believe that our exposure to interest rate risk is not significant and a 1% movement in market interest rates would not have a significant impact on the total value of our portfolio. We actively monitor changes in interest rates.

We contract for the conduct of certain clinical development and manufacturing activities with vendors in Europe. Beginning in 2012, we have utilized foreign currency forward contracts to mitigate our exposure to foreign currency gains and losses. We made payments in the aggregate amount of €19.6 million and €6.7 million to our European vendors during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively. We are subject to exposure due to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates in connection with these agreements and with our cash balance denominated in Euros. For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, the effect of the exposure to these fluctuations in foreign exchange rates was not material. A 10% change in the exchange rates upward or downward in our portfolio of foreign currency forward contracts would have increased unrealized gain by $0.4 million or decreased unrealized gain by $1.1 million, respectively, at September 30, 2014. We hedge our foreign currency exposures but we have not used derivative financial instruments for speculation or trading purposes.

 

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations thereunder, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.

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Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Exchange Act, our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2014. Based on such evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2014, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation required by Rule 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the quarter ended September 30, 2014 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 

 

 

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

 

We are not currently a party to any material legal proceedings.

 

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should consider carefully the following risks, together with all the other information in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto, before you invest in our common stock. If any of the following risks actually materializes, our operating results, financial condition and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. As a result, the trading price of our common stock could decline and you could lose part or all of your investment.

RISKS RELATED TO OUR FINANCIAL CONDITION AND NEED FOR ADDITIONAL CAPITAL

Although we reported net income for the years ended December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, we have incurred significant losses prior to 2011 and since 2012, and expect to incur substantial and increasing losses for the foreseeable future.

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company. We do not currently have any products approved for sale, and we continue to incur significant research and development and general and administrative expenses related to our operations. Although we reported net income for the years ended December 31, 2012 and December 31, 2011, this was primarily due to the recognition of all remaining deferred revenue following the termination of two of our collaboration agreements. We have incurred significant operating losses prior to 2011 and since 2012 and expect to incur substantial and increasing losses for the foreseeable future. As of September 30, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $383.5 million.

To date, we have financed our operations primarily through sales of our equity securities, collaborations, and to a lesser extent, government grants, equipment leases, venture debt and with the benefit of tax credits made available under a federal stimulus program supporting drug development. We have devoted substantially all of our efforts to research and development, including clinical studies, but have not completed development of any product candidates. We anticipate that our expenses will increase substantially as we:

To be profitable in the future, we must succeed in developing and eventually commercializing products with significant market potential. This will require us to be successful in a range of activities, including advancing our product candidates, completing clinical studies of our product candidates, obtaining regulatory approval for these product candidates and manufacturing, marketing and selling those products for which we may obtain regulatory approval. We are only in the preliminary stages of some of these activities. We may not succeed in these activities and may never generate revenue that is sufficient to be profitable in the future. Even if we are profitable, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to achieve sustained profitability would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our product candidates, market our product candidates, if approved, or continue our operations.

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Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or our guidance.

Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. From time to time, we enter into collaboration agreements with other companies that include development funding and significant upfront and milestone payments, and we expect that amounts earned from our collaboration agreements will continue to be an important source of our revenue. Accordingly, our revenue will depend on development funding and the achievement of development and clinical milestones under our existing collaboration arrangements, as well as any potential future collaboration and license agreements and sales of our products, if approved. These upfront and milestone payments may vary significantly from period to period and any such variance could cause a significant fluctuation in our operating results from one period to the next. In addition, we measure compensation cost for stock-based awards made to employees at the grant date of the award, based on the fair value of the award as determined by our board of directors, and recognize the cost as an expense over the employee’s requisite service period. As the variables that we use as a basis for valuing these awards change over time, including our underlying stock price and stock price volatility, the magnitude of the expense that we must recognize may vary significantly. Furthermore, our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of other factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including the following:

The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our common stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue and/or earnings guidance we may provide.

We will need additional funds to support our operations, and such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, which would force us to delay, reduce or suspend our research and development programs and other operations or commercialization efforts. Raising additional capital may subject us to unfavorable terms, cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations or require us to relinquish rights to our product candidates and technologies.

We are advancing multiple product candidates through the research and clinical development process. The completion of the development and the potential commercialization of our product candidates, should they receive approval, will require substantial funds. As of September 30, 2014, we had $262.0 million in cash, cash equivalents and investments. In October 2014, we received net proceeds of $174.7 million from the public sale of 7.1 million shares of our common stock. We believe that our available cash, cash equivalents and investments will be sufficient to fund our anticipated level of operations for at least the next 12 months. Our future financing requirements will depend on many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:

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We do not have any material committed external source of funds or other support for our development efforts other than our exclusive worldwide license and collaboration agreement with Biogen Idec Inc., or Biogen Idec, for the development and commercialization of selective Syk inhibitors, which is terminable by Biogen Idec without cause upon 120 days’ notice. Until we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenue to finance our cash requirements, which we may never do, we expect to finance future cash needs through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other financing and marketing and distribution arrangements. Additional financing may not be available to us when we need it or it may not be available on favorable terms.

If we raise additional capital through financing, marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish certain valuable rights to our product candidates, technologies, future revenue streams or research programs or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we raise additional capital through public or private equity offerings, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing when needed, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of, or suspend one or more of our clinical studies or research and development programs or our commercialization efforts.

RISKS RELATED TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF OUR PRODUCT CANDIDATES

Our success depends heavily on the approval and successful commercialization of our lead product candidates, Betrixaban and Andexanet alfa along with Cerdulatinib and our selective Syk inhibitor program. Clinical studies of these product candidates may not be successful. If we are unable to commercialize one or more of our product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

We have invested a significant portion of our efforts and financial resources into the development of Betrixaban, Andexanet alfa, and, to a lesser extent, Cerdulatinib and our selective Syk inhibitor program. Our ability to generate product revenue, which will not occur until after regulatory approval, if ever, will depend heavily on the successful development, regulatory approval and eventual commercialization of one of our product candidates. The success of our product candidates will depend on several factors, including the following:

If we do not achieve one or more of these factors in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays or an inability to successfully commercialize our product candidates, which would materially harm our business.

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If clinical studies of our product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States or do not otherwise produce positive results, we may incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

Before obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of our product candidates, we must conduct extensive clinical studies to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of our product candidates in humans. Clinical studies are expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and are uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more of our clinical studies could occur at any stage of testing. The outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical studies may not be predictive of the success of later clinical studies, and interim results of a clinical study do not necessarily predict final results.

For example, the favorable results from our Phase 2 clinical studies of Betrixaban, which involved the prophylaxis, or preventive treatment, against venous thromboembolism, or VTE, in patients receiving total knee replacements and the prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation, may not be predictive of success in our current Phase 3 clinical study of Betrixaban, which we refer to as APEX, for extended duration VTE prophylaxis for up to 35 days of in-hospital and post-discharge use in acute medically ill patients with restricted mobility and other risk factors, as the Phase 2 studies were not designed to demonstrate statistically significant effectiveness, were in different medical conditions, involved different patient populations or dosing regimens, were of different duration or had different comparators. Any of these factors and other factors could result in Betrixaban showing decreased activity or increased safety risks in our APEX study as compared to the Phase 2 studies.

Moreover, the probability of our APEX study succeeding is highly dependent on the adequacy of its design. Two other Factor Xa inhibitors have failed in Phase 3 trials for the indication that we are pursuing for Betrixaban. We have reviewed publicly available data from those studies and incorporated the results of our analysis into the design of our APEX study, but we could have misinterpreted the data or performed a flawed analysis. Furthermore, relevant information from the studies may not be publicly available or, if available, may not have been obtained by us. As a result, there could be flaws in the design of our APEX study that could cause it to fail. For example, our patient inclusion criteria for the APEX study selects for patients with a higher risk of VTE, and these patients may be more likely to experience a severe bleeding event, even though we attempt to exclude certain patients at higher risk of bleeding. If patients in the APEX study experience a higher than expected rate of severe bleeding events, the APEX study may fail to demonstrate a sufficient safety profile for Betrixaban. In addition, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many companies that have believed their product candidates performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain regulatory approval for the marketing of their products.

Similarly, the favorable results from our Phase 2 proof-of concept studies of Andexanet alfa, evaluating the effect of Andexanet alfa in healthy volunteers taking apixaban, rivaroxaban or enoxaparin, may not be predictive of success in our other Phase 2 proof-of-concept studies or other later studies, including our on-going Phase 3 studies of Andexanet alfa evaluating the safety and efficacy of Andexanet alfa with apixaban and rivaroxaban. In addition, our recent announcement that our Phase 3 ANNEXA-A study demonstrated that, for the primary efficacy endpoint, an intravenous bolus of Andexanet alfa immediately and significantly reversed the anticoagulation activity of apixaban (p-value of less than 0.0001), may not be predictive of success of our other ANNEXA studies with other Factor Xa inhibitors or the continuous infusion portion of the ANNEXA-A study. We also do not yet know how the results from our clinical studies of Andexanet alfa in healthy volunteers who have received a Factor Xa inhibitor followed by Andexanet alfa will translate into clinical outcomes in our intended target population of patients treated with a Factor Xa inhibitor who suffer an uncontrolled bleeding episode or undergo emergency surgery. Moreover, the results from our studies to date of Andexanet alfa may not address the effect of repeat doses or allow a determination of the optimal therapeutic dose of Andexanet alfa for our intended target patient population.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical studies that could delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatory approval or commercialize our product candidates, including the following:

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If we are required to conduct additional clinical studies or other testing of our product candidates beyond those that we currently contemplate, if we are unable to successfully complete clinical studies of our product candidates or other testing, if the results of these studies or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:

Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or approvals. We do not know whether any clinical studies will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. For example, in 2010, we suspended our Phase 1 clinical study of selective Syk inhibitors in order to investigate potentially adverse toxicology findings in an animal study that was being conducted concurrently. A follow-up study determined that there was not a significant safety risk, but the completion of the study was delayed by approximately nine months.

Significant clinical study delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our product candidates or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which would impair our ability to commercialize our product candidates and harm our business and results of operations.

If serious adverse side effects are identified during the development of any of our product candidates, we may need to abandon our development of that product candidate.

None of our product candidates has completed clinical development. The risk of failure of clinical development is high. It is impossible to predict when or if any of our product candidates will prove safe enough to receive regulatory approval. For example, our lead product candidate Betrixaban, like all currently marketed inhibitors of Factor Xa, carries some risk of life-threatening bleeding. In addition, patients taking Betrixaban in our Phase 2 studies had an increased rate of gastrointestinal issues, such as diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and other side effects such as back pain, dizziness, headaches, rashes and insomnia as compared to subjects taking a placebo or an active comparator. There can be no assurance that our APEX study or other clinical studies will not fail due to safety issues. In such an event, we might need to abandon development of that product candidate or enter into a partnership to continue development.

The failure of two of our competitors’ clinical trials evaluating Factor Xa inhibitors for VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients may suggest an increased risk that our APEX trial for Betrixaban will also fail.

Two of our competitors’ clinical trials evaluating Factor Xa inhibitors for VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients have failed. The MAGELLAN trial sponsored by Bayer Pharma AG, or Bayer, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., or Janssen, which evaluated rivaroxaban, demonstrated efficacy but failed to demonstrate an acceptable benefit to risk profile due to increased bleeding. The ADOPT trial sponsored by Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, which evaluated apixaban, showed a reduction in VTE events, but failed to demonstrate statistically significant efficacy and also showed an increase in bleeding. Betrixaban, like rivaroxaban and apixaban, may fail its clinical trials if it does not show a statistically significant level of efficacy or if the resulting bleeding risk is too high compared to its benefits.

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Delays in the enrollment of patients in any of our clinical studies could increase our development costs and delay completion of the study.

We may not be able to initiate or continue clinical studies for our product candidates if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these studies as required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Even if we are able to enroll a sufficient number of patients in our clinical studies, if the pace of enrollment is slower than we expect, the development costs for our product candidates may increase and the completion of our studies may be delayed or our studies could become too expensive to complete.

For example, our APEX study is expected to enroll approximately 6,850 patients at over 500 study sites throughout the world. We have never previously conducted a study of this magnitude and can provide no assurance that we will be able to enroll patients at a sufficient pace to complete the study within our projected time frame. The first patient was enrolled in APEX in March 2012, and, based on current enrollment, we expect patient enrollment to be completed by the end of 2015, later than we initially estimated. Completing the study by that date will require us to continue to enroll patients at forecasted rates. Our forecasts regarding the rates of patient enrollment at those sites are based on a number of assumptions including assumptions based on past experience with our APEX study. However, there can be no assurance that those forecasts will be accurate or that we will complete our APEX study by the currently anticipated date. During the initial months of the APEX study, the number of clinical sites activated and the number of patients enrolled at each clinical site per month was lower than we had anticipated and, as a result, we made a number of adjustments to the clinical study plan, including increasing the number of clinical study sites. These adjustments have increased the cost of the study. We can provide no assurance that those adjustments will be sufficient to enable us to complete the APEX study within our anticipated time frame. If we experience delays in enrollment, our ability to complete our APEX study could be materially adversely affected. If we are unable to enroll the patients at the projected rate, the completion of the study could be delayed and the costs of conducting the study could increase, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Even if our APEX study demonstrates statistically significant safety and efficacy of Betrixaban for extended duration VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients for up to 35 days of in-hospital and post-discharge use, the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the United States may not approve Betrixaban for marketing or may approve it with restrictions on the label, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

Assuming the success of our APEX study, we anticipate seeking regulatory approval for Betrixaban in the United States for extended duration VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients for up to 35 days of in-hospital and post-discharge use. It is possible that the FDA may not consider the results of our APEX study to be sufficient for approval of Betrixaban for this indication. In general, the FDA suggests that sponsors complete two adequate and well-controlled clinical studies to demonstrate effectiveness because a conclusion based on two persuasive studies will be more compelling than a conclusion based on a single study. Although the FDA has informed us that our APEX study, plus supportive Phase 2 data obtained to date, could potentially provide sufficient safety and efficacy data for extended duration VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients for up to 35 days of in-hospital and post-discharge use, the FDA has further advised us that whether one or two adequate and well-controlled clinical studies are required will be a review issue in connection with a new drug application, or NDA, submission. Even if we achieve favorable results in our APEX study, the FDA may nonetheless require that we conduct additional clinical studies, possibly using a different clinical study design.

Even if the FDA or other regulatory authorities approve Betrixaban for VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients, the approval may include additional restrictions on the label that could make Betrixaban less attractive to physicians and patients than other products that may be approved for broader indications, which could reduce the potential market for Betrixaban.

We anticipate seeking regulatory approval of Andexanet alfa in the United States through an accelerated approval process, and since we have limited experience with this process, the development or commercialization of Andexanet alfa could be delayed or abandoned.

In November 2013, the FDA granted breakthrough therapy designation for Andexanet alfa which allows for an Accelerated Approval process. We currently plan to seek FDA approval of Andexanet alfa under the Accelerated Approval regulations. These regulations allow drugs that are being developed to treat an unmet medical need to be approved based on evidence of an effect on a surrogate biomarker endpoint likely to predict clinical benefit rather than a clinical endpoint such as survival or irreversible morbidity. A surrogate or biomarker endpoint is defined as a laboratory or physical sign that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit. Use of an Accelerated Approval process provides a shortened timetable to approval, but a Phase 4 clinical study with clinical endpoints that will confirm the validity of the surrogate endpoint(s) must be ongoing at the time the License Application (BLA or NDA) is submitted and some early patient data will be required by the FDA to support the BLA. We expect that this study will continue into commercialization. Because we have limited experience with the Accelerated Approval process, we may require more time and incur greater costs than anticipated and may not succeed in obtaining regulatory approval of Andexanet alfa. In addition, the FDA may subsequently determine that the studies conducted by us were insufficient to support approval or require us to conduct extensive post-approval studies.

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Even if our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.

If any of our product candidates receive regulatory approval, they may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, hospital administrators, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of our product candidates, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including the following:

For example, while there are no approved therapies for VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients approved for use beyond the typical hospitalization period, there are therapies available for in-hospital use and physicians may not be willing to change their current in-hospital treatment practices in favor of Betrixaban. If our product candidates, if approved, do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenue and we may not become profitable on a sustained basis.

*We have limited experience manufacturing our products on a commercial scale, there are risks associated with scaling up manufacturing to commercial scale and we are dependent on third parties for such manufacturing. In addition, to meet expected market demand we believe our manufacturers will need to scale to larger equipment and improve the manufacturing process for Andexanet alfa. If our manufacturers are unable to manufacture our products on a commercial scale or scale to increased production, this could potentially delay regulatory approval and commercialization or materially adversely affect our results of operations.

There are risks associated with scaling up manufacturing to commercial scale including, among others, cost overruns, potential problems with process scale-up, process reproducibility, stability issues, lot consistency and timely availability of raw materials. Even if we could otherwise obtain regulatory approval for any product candidate, there is no assurance that our manufacturer will be able to manufacture the approved product to specifications acceptable to the FDA or other regulatory authorities, to produce it in sufficient quantities to meet the requirements for the potential launch of the product or to meet potential future demand. If our manufacturers are unable to produce sufficient quantities of the approved product for commercialization, either on a timely basis or at all, our commercialization efforts would be impaired, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In particular, we face uncertainties and risks associated with scaling up the manufacturing for Andexanet alfa. Andexanet alfa is a recombinant biological molecule, or biologic, rather than a small molecule chemical compound like our other product candidates. The manufacture of biologics involves complex processes, including developing cell lines or cell systems to produce the biologic, growing large quantities of such cells and harvesting and purifying the biologic produced by them. As a result, the cost to manufacture biologics is generally far higher than traditional small molecule chemical compounds, and the manufacturing process is more complex and can be difficult to reproduce. There is no guarantee we will be successful in establishing a larger-scale commercial manufacturing process for Andexanet alfa which achieves our objectives for manufacturing capacity and cost of goods. Additionally, if the effective dose of Andexanet alfa is higher than we anticipate or the obtainable sales price is lower than we anticipate, Andexanet alfa may not be commercially viable.

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Andexanet alfa used in our clinical studies is currently produced for us by a third-party contract manufacturer, CMC ICOS Biologics, Inc., or CMC Biologics. However, to support broader U.S. and worldwide supply with a lower cost, we will need to increase the current planned production capacity at CMC Biologics, add production from Lonza Sales AG, or Lonza, and improve the manufacturing process to increase the yield and lower the manufacturing costs. Scaling up and improving a biologic manufacturing process is an expensive, difficult, uncertain and time-consuming task, and we can give no assurance that we will be successful in developing and implementing this new process either on a timely basis or at all. In this regard, we completed our first 10,000 liter scale engineering batch with Lonza, in the first quarter of this year. The run successfully produced drug product that met our specifications and it appeared highly comparable to previously manufactured material. However, the yield was lower than we expected and we determined that the timeline needed to improve product yield at Lonza would result in a significant delay to our Biologics License Application, or BLA, submission on our intended timeline in the fourth quarter of 2015. As a result we have decided that our BLA submission will use material from our ongoing CMC Biologics manufacturing process in order to support our potential U.S. launch within our internal timeline. In addition, we believe that in order to meet potential demand in the U.S. following the initial launch, CMC Biologics will modify an existing production facility to expand manufacturing capacity, and we recently entered into a commercial supply (manufacturing services) agreement with CMC Biologics for this purpose. The CMC Biologics facility will initially provide a smaller quantity of commercial product, and at a higher cost of goods, than we contemplated under our Lonza manufacturing arrangement.

Our broader worldwide commercial supply of Andexanet alfa is still expected to be manufactured by Lonza using what we anticipate will be an improved and more cost-effective process, with the first commercial material from Lonza becoming available following our U.S. launch. In October 2014, we entered into a new commercial manufacturing agreement with Lonza to produce commercial quantities of Andexanet alfa following our U.S. launch. There is significant technical and regulatory work which we will need to complete before Lonza is able to produce commercial quantities of Andexanet alfa and there remains substantial uncertainty whether we will be able to produce commercial supply of Andexanet alfa at the quantities and cost of goods necessary for commercial success.

We currently have no sales or distribution personnel and only limited marketing capabilities. If we are unable to develop a sales and marketing and distribution capability on our own or through collaborations or other marketing partners, we will not be successful in commercializing Betrixaban, Andexanet alfa or other future products.

We do not currently have a significant sales or marketing infrastructure and have never sold, marketed or distributed therapeutic products. To achieve commercial success for any approved product, we must either develop a sales and marketing organization or outsource these functions to third parties. We plan to establish a hospital-based sales force in the United States and possibly other major markets and work with partners in other parts of the world to commercialize both Betrixaban and Andexanet alfa globally, if they are approved. There are risks involved with both establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities and entering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a product candidate for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.

We also may not be successful entering into arrangements with third parties to sell and market our product candidates or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively, which could damage our reputation. If we do not establish sales and marketing capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we will not be successful in commercializing our product candidates.

We face substantial competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing competing products before or more successfully than we do.

The development and commercialization of new therapeutic products is highly competitive. We face competition with respect to our current product candidates, and will face competition with respect to any products that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future, from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies worldwide. For example, several large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies currently market and sell direct or indirect Factor Xa inhibitors for use in various disease states, including injectable Factor Xa inhibitors for the prevention of VTE in acute medically ill patients. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization. Many of these competitors are attempting to develop therapeutics for our target indications.

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In addition, many of our competitors are large pharmaceutical companies that will have a greater ability to reduce prices for their competing drugs in an effort to gain market share and undermine the value proposition that we might otherwise be able to offer to payors. We are developing our lead product candidate Betrixaban for extended duration VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients for up to 35 days of in-hospital and post-discharge use. The current standard of care for VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients in the United States is a 6- to 14-day hospital administration of enoxaparin, marketed as Lovenox® and also available in generic form, an indirect Factor Xa inhibitor. Enoxaparin is widely accepted by physicians, patients and third-party payors. As a result, we may face difficulties in marketing Betrixaban as a substitute therapy in the hospital for the current standard of care, enoxaparin.

Furthermore, the FDA has already approved a number of therapies that, like Betrixaban, are oral direct Factor Xa inhibitors and that have already achieved substantial market acceptance. Although these products have not been approved for VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients, the owners of the products may decide to seek such approval or physicians may decide to prescribe these products for the treatment of VTE in acute medically ill patients absent such approval, known as prescribing “off-label.” Further, our competitors may have the financial and other resources to conduct additional clinical studies in an effort to obtain regulatory approval for use of their drugs for VTE prophylaxis in acute medically ill patients, even in cases where they have previously run clinical trials that have failed. For example, in March 2014, Bayer and Janssen announced the initiation of a new Phase 3 clinical trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban to reduce the risk of post-hospital discharge symptomatic VTE in patients hospitalized for acute medical illness.

While there are no therapies approved specifically as antidotes for Factor Xa inhibitors, we are aware of at least one other drug candidate being studied in early stage clinical trials as a potential antidote to Factor Xa inhibitors. Andexanet alfa, if approved, may compete with other currently approved treatments designed to enhance coagulation, such as fresh frozen plasma, prothrombin complex concentrates, recombinant Factor VIIa or whole blood. Although there is no clinical evidence supporting the use of such treatments in patients taking Factor Xa inhibitors, physicians may choose to use them because of familiarity, cost or other reasons. In addition, we are aware that several companies have conducted preclinical research on compounds intended to be antidotes for Factor Xa inhibitors and that at least one company has initiated a Phase 1 clinical trial of an antidote.

There are also a number of products in clinical development for hematologic cancer, ophthalmological diseases, allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma and other inflammatory diseases that are potential indications for Cerdulatinib or selective Syk inhibitors. Our competitors may develop products that are more effective, safer, more convenient or less costly than any that we are developing or that would render our product candidates obsolete or noncompetitive. Many competing products are in later stages of development than our products and are, therefore, likely to obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products before we obtain approval for ours. Many of our competitors, including a number of large pharmaceutical companies that compete directly with us, have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products than we do. Mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and diagnostic industries may result in even more resources being concentrated among a smaller number of our competitors. Smaller or early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical study sites and patient registration for clinical studies, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.

Unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives could harm our business.

The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new therapeutic products vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a product before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing or product licensing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, prescription pharmaceutical pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product and negatively impact the revenue we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country.

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Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more product candidates, even if our product candidates obtain regulatory approval. Adverse pricing limitations prior to approval will also adversely affect us by reducing our commercial potential. Our ability to commercialize any products successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these products and related treatments becomes available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and these third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for particular medications. Increasingly, third-party payors are requiring that companies provide them with predetermined discounts from list prices and are challenging the prices charged for medical products. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing approval. Obtaining reimbursement for our products may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices often associated with products administered under the supervision of a physician. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any product candidate that we successfully develop.

There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for approved products, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the product is approved by the FDA or regulatory authorities in other countries. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim payments for new products, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Payment rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on payments allowed for lower cost products that are already reimbursed and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of products from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the United States. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies. Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government funded and private payors for new products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition.

Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the testing of our product candidates in human clinical studies and will face an even greater risk if we commercially sell any products that we may develop. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our product candidates or products caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

We currently hold $10.0 million in product liability insurance coverage, which may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

We may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we focus on research programs and product candidates for specific indications. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products or profitable market opportunities. Our spending on current and future research and development programs and product candidates for specific indications may not yield any commercially viable products.

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If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in cases in which it would have been advantageous for us to retain sole development and commercialization rights.

Risks related to our reliance on third parties

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical studies, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such studies.

We do not independently conduct clinical studies of our product candidates. We rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, or CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators, to perform this function. For example, we rely on PPD Development, LP and other CROs to oversee and manage our APEX study. Our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities reduces our control over these activities but does not relieve us of our responsibilities. Furthermore, most of the clinical study sites for our APEX study are outside the United States, including several developing countries. The performance of these sites may be adversely affected by various issues, including less advanced medical infrastructure, lack of familiarity with conducting clinical studies using U.S. standards, insufficient training of personnel, communication difficulties and geopolitical risk. We remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical studies is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the study.

Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with standards, commonly referred to as good clinical practices, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical studies to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of patients in clinical studies are protected. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our clinical studies in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, regulatory approvals for our product candidates and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our product candidates.

We also rely on other third parties to store and distribute supplies for our clinical studies. Any performance failure on the part of our existing or future distributors could delay clinical development or regulatory approval of our product candidates or commercialization of our products, producing additional losses and depriving us of potential product revenue.

*We rely on third-party contract manufacturing organizations to manufacture and supply our product candidates for us. If one of our suppliers or manufacturers fails to perform adequately or fulfill our needs, we may be required to incur significant costs and devote significant efforts, particularly with respect to Andexanet alfa, to find new suppliers or manufacturers. We may also face significant delays in the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We currently have limited experience in, and we do not own facilities for, clinical-scale or commercial manufacturing of our product candidates and we rely upon third-party contract manufacturing organizations to manufacture and supply drug product for our clinical studies and for commercial supplies upon product approval. The manufacture of pharmaceutical products in compliance with the FDA’s current good manufacturing practices, or cGMPs, requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Manufacturers of pharmaceutical products often encounter difficulties in production, including difficulties with production costs and yields, quality control, including stability of the product candidate and quality assurance testing, shortages of qualified personnel, as well as compliance with strictly enforced cGMP requirements, other federal and state regulatory requirements and foreign regulations. If our manufacturers were to encounter any of these difficulties or otherwise fail to comply with their obligations to us or under applicable regulations, our ability to supply our clinical studies or commercial demand would be jeopardized. Any delay or interruption in the supply of clinical study materials could delay the completion of our clinical studies, increase the costs associated with maintaining our clinical study programs and, depending upon the period of delay, require us to commence new studies at significant additional expense or terminate the studies completely.

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All manufacturers of our product candidates must comply with cGMP requirements enforced by the FDA through its facilities inspection program. These requirements include, among other things, quality control, quality assurance and the maintenance of records and documentation. Manufacturers of our product candidates may be unable to comply with these cGMP requirements and with other FDA, state and foreign regulatory requirements. The FDA or similar foreign regulatory agencies may also implement new standards at any time, or change their interpretation and enforcement of existing standards for manufacturing, packaging or testing of products. We have limited control over our manufacturers’ compliance with these regulations and standards. A failure to comply with these requirements may result in fines and civil penalties, suspension of production, suspension or delay in product approval, product seizure or recall or withdrawal of product approval. If the safety of any product supplied is compromised due to our manufacturers’ failure to adhere to applicable laws or for other reasons, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for or successfully commercialize our products and we may be held liable for any injuries sustained as a result. Any of these factors could cause a delay of clinical studies, regulatory submissions, approvals or commercialization of our product candidates, entail higher costs or impair our reputation.

We currently rely critically on individual suppliers for each of our product candidates. For example, we rely on Hovione Inter Limited to produce the active pharmaceutical ingredient for Betrixaban for our APEX study, we have contracted with CMC Biologics to expand its production capacity of Andexanet alfa bulk drug substance to support our potential U.S. commercial launch, and we have engaged Lonza to develop a new, higher-capacity and lower cost process for Andexanet alfa bulk drug substance in order to support our broader, worldwide commercialization strategy. In July 2014, we entered into a Commercial Supply Agreement with CMC Biologics, pursuant to which CMC Biologics will manufacture clinical and commercial supply of Andexanet alfa for us. In addition, CMC Biologics will provide pre-validation and validation work on our behalf. In October 2014 we entered into a Manufacturing Services Agreement with Lonza to develop an improved manufacturing process and to manufacture our broader world-wide supply of Andexanet alfa. We have not yet entered into a commercial supply agreement for the manufacture of Betrixaban. If we and our suppliers cannot agree to the terms and conditions for them to provide the drug product necessary for our clinical and commercial supply needs, or if any single source supplier terminates the agreement in response to a breach by us or otherwise becomes unable to fulfill its supply obligations, we would not be able to manufacture the product candidate until a qualified alternative supplier is identified, which could also significantly delay the development of, and impair our ability to commercialize, our product candidates.

One of our leading product candidates, Andexanet alfa, is a biologic and therefore requires a complex production process. In addition to our contracts for bulk drug substance of Andexanet alfa, we have engaged a new sole-source vendor to perform lyophilization and packaging. In connection with scale-up to commercial production, we are working to make certain changes to the manufacturing process in order to increase its scale and efficiency. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully implement these transitions or implement the proposed improvements to the manufacturing process. In particular, in order to obtain FDA approval of material produced by a new vendor or using a new process, we will need to demonstrate that such material is comparable to the clinical material we previously used.  Demonstrating comparability can require significant pre-clinical and clinical studies. If we are not able to demonstrate comparability, then the material would be considered a new biological entity and a new clinical program, likely commencing with Phase 1, and a full BLA submission would be required for approval, resulting in additional time and expense. We recently completed our first engineering batch at Lonza, and while the run successfully produced drug product that meets our specification, it did not achieve the yield we expected and therefore the scale-up process will take longer than previously expected. If we are not able to establish targeted capacity at CMC Biologics and Lonza on a timely basis, implement the proposed transitions in a timely manner, or establish comparability of the new material, or obtain the anticipated improvements in efficiency, our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects would be materially adversely affected.

Although alternative sources of supply exist, the number of third-party suppliers with the necessary manufacturing and regulatory expertise and facilities to manufacture biologics is limited, and it could be expensive and take a significant amount of time to arrange for alternative suppliers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. New suppliers of any product candidate would be required to qualify under applicable regulatory requirements and would need to have sufficient rights under applicable intellectual property laws to the method of manufacturing the product candidate. Obtaining the necessary FDA approvals or other qualifications under applicable regulatory requirements and ensuring non-infringement of third-party intellectual property rights could result in a significant interruption of supply and could require the new manufacturer to bear significant additional costs which may be passed on to us.

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We have entered into collaboration agreements with each of Lee’s, BMS and Pfizer, Bayer and Janssen, Daiichi Sankyo, Biogen Idec and Aciex with respect to our product candidates. These collaborations may place the development of these product candidates outside our control, may require us to relinquish important rights or may otherwise be on terms unfavorable to us, and if our collaborations are not successful, these product candidates may not reach their full market potential.

In January 2013, we entered into a clinical collaboration agreement with Lee’s Pharmaceutical (HK) Ltd, or Lee’s, to jointly expand our Phase 3 APEX study of Betrixaban into China with an exclusive option for Lee’s to negotiate for the exclusive commercial rights to Betrixaban in China. In October 2012, we entered into a three-way agreement with Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, or BMS, and Pfizer Inc., or Pfizer, to include subjects dosed with apixaban, their jointly owned Factor Xa inhibitor product, in one of our proof-of-concept studies of Andexanet alfa. In February 2013, we entered into a three-way agreement with Bayer and Janssen to include subjects dosed with rivaroxaban, their Factor Xa inhibitor product, in one of our proof-of-concept studies of Andexanet alfa. In June 2013, we entered into an agreement with Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., or Daiichi Sankyo, to include subjects dosed with edoxaban, their Factor Xa inhibitor product, in one of our proof-of-concept studies of Andexanet alfa. In January 2014, we entered into a second clinical collaboration agreement with BMS and Pfizer to further study Andexanet alfa as an antidote for their jointly owned product candidate apixaban through Phase 3 studies. In January 2014, we entered into a second clinical collaboration agreement with Bayer and Janssen to evaluate Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent for the FDA-approved oral Factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban through Phase 3 studies. In July 2014, we entered into a second clinical collaboration agreement with Daiichi Sankyo to evaluate Andexanet alfa as a reversal agent for edoxaban through regulatory approval. In February 2013, we entered into a license and collaboration agreement with Aciex Therapeutics, Inc., or Aciex, which was amended in April 2014, pursuant to which we granted Aciex an exclusive license to co-develop and co-commercialize certain preclinical Syk inhibitors for nonsystemic indications, such as the treatment and prevention of ophthalmological diseases by topical administration and allergic rhinitis by intranasal administration.

In October 2011, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Biogen Idec which was amended in April 2014 pursuant to which Biogen Idec has ultimate decision-making authority with respect to the research, development and commercialization of selective Syk inhibitors. We may enter into additional collaboration agreements with third parties with respect to our other product candidates for the commercialization of the candidates outside the United States. In addition, depending on our capital requirements, development and commercialization costs, need for additional therapeutic expertise and other factors, it is possible that we will enter into broader development and commercialization arrangements with respect to our other product candidates. Our likely collaborators for any distribution, marketing, licensing or broader collaboration arrangements include large and mid-size pharmaceutical companies, regional and national pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies. We will have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of our product candidates. Our ability to generate revenue from these arrangements will depend in part on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements.

Collaborations involving our product candidates, such as our collaboration with Biogen Idec, are subject to numerous risks, which may include the following:

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For example, we previously had an exclusive worldwide license and collaboration agreement with Merck for the development and commercialization of Betrixaban and an exclusive worldwide license agreement with Novartis for the development and commercialization of Elinogrel, a novel anti-platelet agent. In each case, the collaborator chose to terminate the collaboration for internal business reasons. As a result of these terminations, we were required to revise the development plan for Betrixaban and raise additional financing to support that plan, and we also decided to halt our development efforts with respect to Elinogrel. Any termination or disruption of our collaboration with Biogen Idec or other potential collaborators could result in delays in the development of product candidates, increases in our costs to develop the product candidate or the termination of development of a product candidate.

Risks related to the operation of our business

Our future success depends on our ability to retain our chief executive officer and other key executives and to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel.

We are highly dependent on William Lis, our Chief Executive Officer, and the other principal members of our executive and scientific teams. Under the terms of their employment, our executives may terminate their employment with us at any time. The loss of the services of any of these people could impede the achievement of our research, development and commercialization objectives. We maintain “key person” insurance for Mr. Lis but not for any other executives or employees. Any insurance proceeds we may receive under our “key person” insurance on Mr. Lis would not adequately compensate us for the loss of his services.

Recruiting and retaining qualified scientific, clinical, manufacturing and sales and marketing personnel will also be critical to our success. We may not be able to attract and retain these personnel on acceptable terms given the competition among numerous pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies for similar personnel. We also experience competition for the hiring of scientific and clinical personnel from universities and research institutions. In addition, we rely on consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our consultants and advisors may be employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under consulting or advisory contracts with other entities that may limit their availability to us.

We expect to expand our development, regulatory and sales and marketing capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.

Over the next several years, we expect to experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of drug development, regulatory affairs and sales and marketing. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a company with such anticipated growth, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could become subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals and radioactive and biological materials. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We generally contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We also could incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

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Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials, this insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of biological or hazardous materials. In addition, we may be required to incur substantial costs to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

Requirements associated with being a public company will increase our costs significantly, as well as divert significant company resources and management attention.

Prior to the completion of our initial public offering in May 2013, we were not subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Securities Exchange Act, or the other rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, or any securities  exchange relating to public companies. With the assistance of our legal, independent accounting and financial advisors we have identified those areas in which changes should be made to our financial and management control systems to manage our growth and our obligations as a public company. These areas include corporate governance, corporate control, internal audit, disclosure controls and procedures and financial reporting and accounting systems. Making those changes has resulted, and will continue to result in our incurring significant expenses. In addition, compliance with the various reporting and other requirements applicable to public companies requires considerable time and attention of management. There can be no assurance that the changes we have made and will make will be sufficient to allow us to satisfy our obligations as a public company on a timely basis.

In addition, as a public company, it may be more difficult or more costly for us to obtain certain types of insurance, including directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and we may be forced to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified personnel to serve on our board of directors, our board committees or as executive officers.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, which was enacted in April 2012. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We will remain an emerging growth company until December 31, 2014.

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may suffer or be more volatile.

Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations could be subject to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or manmade disasters or business interruptions. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses. Our corporate headquarters is located in California and certain clinical sites for our product candidates, operations of our existing and future partners and suppliers are or will be located in California near major earthquake faults and fire zones. The ultimate impact on us, our significant partners, suppliers and our general infrastructure of being located near major earthquake faults and fire zones and being consolidated in certain geographical areas is unknown, but our operations and financial condition could suffer in the event of a major earthquake, fire or other natural or manmade disaster.

If we obtain approval to commercialize any approved products outside of the United States, a variety of risks associated with international operations could materially adversely affect our business. If any product candidates that we may develop are approved for commercialization outside the United States, we will be subject to additional risks related to entering into international business relationships, including:

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In connection with our Betrixaban and Andexanet alfa studies, we are currently utilizing certain suppliers outside of the United States, which subjects us to certain of the above risks. For example, a significant number of our APEX trial sites and enrolled patients are in Russia and the Ukraine, and the recent political unrest in the Ukraine has disrupted activities at five of our trial sites in this region. Continued or worsening political unrest in this region and the effect of international sanctions could adversely affect patient enrollment or other activities at our sites in the Ukraine and Russia.

Our internal computer systems, or those of our CROs or other contractors or consultants, may fail or suffer security breaches, which could result in a material disruption of our drug development programs.

Despite the implementation of security measures, our internal computer systems and those of our CROs and other contractors and consultants are vulnerable to damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, natural disasters, terrorism, war and telecommunication and electrical failures. While we have not experienced any such system failure, accident or security breach to date, if such an event were to occur and cause interruptions in our operations, it could result in a material disruption of our drug development programs. For example, the loss of clinical study data from completed or ongoing clinical studies for any of our product candidates could result in delays in our regulatory approval efforts and significantly increase our costs to recover or reproduce the data. To the extent that any disruption or security breach were to result in a loss of or damage to our data or applications, or inappropriate disclosure of confidential or proprietary information, we could incur liability and the further development of our product candidates could be delayed.

Risks related to intellectual property

If we fail to comply with our obligations in our intellectual property licenses with third parties, we could lose license rights that are important to our business.

We are a party to intellectual property license agreements with third parties, including with respect to Betrixaban, Cerdulatinib and selective Syk inhibitors, and expect to enter into additional license agreements in the future. Our existing license agreements impose, and we expect that our future license agreements will impose, various diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with these obligations, our licensors may have the right to terminate these agreements, in which event we may not be able to develop and market any product that is covered by these agreements. Termination of these licenses or reduction or elimination of our licensed rights may result in our having to negotiate new or reinstated licenses with less favorable terms or our not having sufficient intellectual property rights to operate our business. The occurrence of such events could materially harm our business.

Our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be materially adversely affected if we are unable to obtain and maintain effective intellectual property rights for our technologies and product candidates.

Our success depends in large part on our and our licensors’ ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the United States and in other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products. In some circumstances, we may not have the right to control the preparation, filing and prosecution of patent applications, or to maintain the patents, covering technology or products that we license from third parties. Therefore, we cannot be certain that these patents and applications will be prosecuted and enforced in a manner consistent with the best interests of our business. In addition, if third parties who license patents to us fail to maintain such patents, or lose rights to those patents, the rights we have licensed may be reduced or eliminated.

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We have sought to protect our proprietary position by filing patent applications in the United States and abroad related to our novel technologies and products that are important to our business. This process is expensive and time-consuming, and we may not be able to file and prosecute all necessary or desirable patent applications at a reasonable cost or in a timely manner. It is also possible that we will fail to identify patentable aspects of our research and development output before it is too late to obtain patent protection. Our existing patents and any future patents we obtain may not be sufficiently broad to prevent others from using our technologies or from developing competing products and technologies. Under our collaboration agreement with Biogen Idec, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to file and prosecute patent applications, and maintain patents, covering selective Syk inhibitors in specified jurisdictions, and these patent rights are licensed to Biogen Idec.

The patent position of biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies generally is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions for which legal principles remain unresolved. In recent years patent rights have been the subject of significant litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of our and our licensors’ patent rights are highly uncertain. Our and our licensors’ pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our patents or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the United States and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we or our licensors were the first to make the inventions claimed in our owned and licensed patents or pending patent applications, or that we or our licensors were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions. Assuming the other requirements for patentability are met, prior to March 16, 2013, in the United States, the first to make the claimed invention is entitled to the patent, while outside the United States, the first to file a patent application is entitled to the patent. On March 16, 2013, under the recently enacted America Invents Act, the United States moved to a first to file system.

The effects of these changes are currently unclear as the United States Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, has only recently implemented various regulations, the courts have only just begun to issue decisions addressing these provisions and the applicability of the act and new regulations on specific patents discussed herein have not been determined and would need to be reviewed. We may become involved in opposition or interference proceedings challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others, and the outcome of any proceedings are highly uncertain. For example, in November 2013, Zentiva k.s. and Günter SÖLCH separately filed papers with the European Patent Office opposing European Patent 2101760, assigned to Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., to which we have an exclusive license. This patent is related to a formulation of Betrixaban. The opposition proceedings are still pending. An adverse determination in this or any other such proceeding could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, our patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights.

Even if our owned and licensed patent applications issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our owned or licensed patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its scope, validity or enforceability, and our owned and licensed patents may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the United States and abroad. Such challenges may result in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop or prevent us from stopping others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new product candidates, patents protecting such candidates might expire before or shortly after such candidates are commercialized. As a result, our owned and licensed patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours or otherwise provide us with a competitive advantage.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents, which could be expensive, time-consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patents. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more of our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

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Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.

Our commercial success depends upon our ability and the ability of our collaborators to develop, manufacture, market and sell our product candidates and use our proprietary technologies without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the proprietary rights or intellectual property of third parties. We may become party to, or be threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology, including interference proceedings before the USPTO. An interference proceeding is a proceeding before the USPTO to determine the priority among multiple patents or patent applications. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing patents or patents that may be granted in the future. If we are found to infringe a third-party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third-party to continue developing and marketing our products and technology. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all.

Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us. We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our product candidates or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties can have a similar negative impact on our business.

We may be unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, thus harming our business and competitive position.

In addition to our patented technology and products, we rely upon trade secrets, including unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information to develop and maintain our competitive position, which we seek to protect, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees and our collaborators and consultants. We also have agreements with our employees and selected consultants that obligate them to assign their inventions to us. However, it is possible that technology relevant to our business will be independently developed by a person that is not a party to such an agreement. Furthermore, if the employees, consultants or collaborators that are parties to these agreements breach or violate the terms of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation, and we could lose our trade secrets through such breaches or violations. Further, our trade secrets could be disclosed, misappropriated or otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors. In addition, intellectual property laws in foreign countries may not protect our intellectual property to the same extent as the laws of the United States. If our trade secrets are disclosed or misappropriated, it would harm our ability to protect our rights and have a material adverse effect on our business.

We may be subject to claims that our employees have wrongfully used or disclosed intellectual property of their former employers. Intellectual property litigation or proceeding could cause us to spend substantial resources and distract our personnel from their normal responsibilities.

Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. If we fail in defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel. Even if we are successful in defending against such claims, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our common stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce our resources available for development activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of patent litigation or other intellectual property related proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.

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Risks related to government regulation

The regulatory approval process is expensive, time consuming and uncertain and may prevent us from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of some or all of our product candidates.

The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, selling, import, export, marketing and distribution of drug products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and other regulatory authorities in the United States and other countries, which regulations differ from country to country. We will not be permitted to market our product candidates in the United States until we receive approval of an NDA or a BLA, from the FDA. We have not submitted an application or received marketing approval for any of our product candidates. Obtaining approval of an NDA or BLA can be a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process. In addition, failure to comply with FDA and other applicable U.S. and foreign regulatory requirements may subject us to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions, including the following:

supplements to approved applications filed by us;

Prior to receiving approval to commercialize any of our product candidates in the United States or abroad, we and our collaboration partners must demonstrate with substantial evidence from well-controlled clinical studies, and to the satisfaction of the FDA and other regulatory authorities abroad, that such product candidates are safe and effective for their intended uses. Results from preclinical studies and clinical studies can be interpreted in different ways. Even if we and our collaboration partners believe the preclinical or clinical data for our product candidates are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. Administering any of our product candidates to humans may produce undesirable side effects, which could interrupt, delay or cause suspension of clinical studies of our product candidates and result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities denying approval of our product candidates for any or all targeted indications.

Regulatory approval of an NDA or BLA is not guaranteed, and the approval process is expensive and may take several years. The FDA also has substantial discretion in the approval process. Despite the time and expense exerted, failure can occur at any stage, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical studies, or perform additional preclinical studies and clinical studies. The number of preclinical studies and clinical studies that will be required for FDA approval varies depending on the product candidate, the disease or condition that the product candidate is designed to address and the regulations applicable to any particular product candidate. The FDA can delay, limit or deny approval of a product candidate for many reasons, including, but not limited to, the following:

If any of our product candidates fails to demonstrate safety and efficacy in clinical studies or does not gain regulatory approval, our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely harmed.

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Even if we receive regulatory approval for a product candidate, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense and subject us to penalties if we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements.

Once regulatory approval has been granted, the approved product and its manufacturer are subject to continual review by the FDA and non-U.S. regulatory authorities. Any regulatory approval that we or our collaboration partners receive for our product candidates may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing follow-up studies to monitor the safety and efficacy of the product. In addition, if the FDA or non-U.S. regulatory authorities approve any of our product candidates, we will be subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements by the FDA and other regulatory authorities with regard to the labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for our products. In addition, manufacturers of our drug products are required to comply with cGMP regulations, which include requirements related to quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation. Further, regulatory authorities must approve these manufacturing facilities before they can be used to manufacture our drug products, and these facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP regulations. If we or a third party discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturer or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing. If we, our product candidates or the manufacturing facilities for our product candidates fail to comply with regulatory requirements of the FDA or other non-U.S. regulatory authorities, we could be subject to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions, including the following:

The regulatory requirements and policies may change and additional government regulations may be enacted for which we may also be required to comply. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action, either in the United States or in other countries. If we are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, we may not be permitted to market our future products and our business may suffer.

Failure to obtain regulatory approvals in foreign jurisdictions will prevent us from marketing our products internationally.

We may pursue commercialization of our future products in international markets, either through distribution and marketing partners or our own commercial organization.  In order to market our future products in the European Economic Area, or EEA, and many other foreign jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals. Specifically, in the EEA, medicinal products can only be commercialized after obtaining a Marketing Authorization, or MA. Before granting the MA, the European Medicines Agency or the competent authorities of the member states of the EEA make an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of the product on the basis of scientific criteria concerning its quality, safety and efficacy.

We have had limited interactions with foreign regulatory authorities, and the approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional clinical testing, and the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. Clinical studies conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries. Approval by the FDA does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one or more foreign regulatory authorities does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. We may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and even if we file we may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.

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Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent our product candidates’ commercial success.

In the United States, there have been and we expect there will continue to be a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system in ways that could affect our future revenue and profitability and the future revenue and profitability of our potential customers. Federal and state lawmakers regularly propose and, at times, enact legislation that would result in significant changes to the healthcare system, some of which are intended to contain or reduce the costs of medical products and services. For example, one of the most significant healthcare reform measures in decades, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, collectively, the PPACA, was enacted in 2010. The PPACA contains a number of provisions, including those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes and fraud and abuse measures, all of which will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in the development of new programs. The PPACA, among other things:

While the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of most elements of the PPACA in June 2012, other legal challenges are still pending final adjudication in several jurisdictions. In addition, Congress has also proposed a number of legislative initiatives, including possible repeal of the PPACA. At this time, it remains unclear whether there will be any changes made to the PPACA, whether to certain provisions or its entirety. We cannot assure that the PPACA, as currently enacted or as amended in the future, will not adversely affect our business and financial results and we cannot predict how future federal or state legislative or administrative changes relating to healthcare reform will affect our business.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. For example, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend proposals in spending reductions to Congress. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, which triggered the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs, including aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, starting in 2013. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or the ATRA, which delayed for another two months the budget cuts mandated by the sequestration provisions of the Budget Control Act of 2011. The ATRA, among other things, also reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. In March 2013, the President signed an executive order implementing sequestration, and in April 2013, the 2% Medicare reductions went into effect.

There likely will continue to be legislative and regulatory proposals at the federal and state levels directed at containing or lowering the cost of health care. We cannot predict the initiatives that may be adopted in the future or their full impact. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of health care may adversely affect:

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Further, changes in regulatory requirements and guidance may occur and we may need to amend clinical study protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical study protocols to Institutional Review Boards for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical study. In light of widely publicized events concerning the safety risk of certain drug products, regulatory authorities, members of Congress, the Governmental Accounting Office, medical professionals and the general public have raised concerns about potential drug safety issues. These events have resulted in the recall and withdrawal of drug products, revisions to drug labeling that further limit use of the drug products and establishment of risk management programs that may, for instance, restrict distribution of drug products or require safety surveillance and/or patient education. The increased attention to drug safety issues may result in a more cautious approach by the FDA to clinical studies and the drug approval process. Data from clinical studies may receive greater scrutiny with respect to safety, which may make the FDA or other regulatory authorities more likely to terminate or suspend clinical studies before completion, or require longer or additional clinical studies that may result in substantial additional expense and a delay or failure in obtaining approval or approval for a more limited indication than originally sought.

Given the serious public health risks of high profile adverse safety events with certain drug products, the FDA may require, as a condition of approval, costly risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, which may include safety surveillance, restricted distribution and use, patient education, enhanced labeling, special packaging or labeling, expedited reporting of certain adverse events, preapproval of promotional materials and restrictions on direct-to-consumer advertising.

If we fail to comply with healthcare regulations, we could face substantial penalties and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.

Even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The regulations that may affect our ability to operate include, without limitation:

The PPACA, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the PPACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act.

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If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security and fraud laws may prove costly.

Risks related to ownership of our common stock

Our stock price may be volatile, and investors in our common stock could incur substantial losses.

Our stock price has fluctuated in the past and may be volatile in the future. The stock market in general and the market for biotechnology companies in particular have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. As a result of this volatility, investors may experiences losses on their investment in our stock. The market price for our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including the following:

These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

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Our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders have the ability to significantly influence all matters submitted to stockholders for approval.

Based, in part, on a review of SEC filings, we believe that our executive officers, directors and stockholders who own more than 5% of our outstanding common stock beneficially own shares representing approximately 46% of our common stock, based on 41,502,251 shares of common stock outstanding as of September 30, 2014. As a result, if these stockholders were to choose to act together, they would be able to significantly influence all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these stockholders, if they choose to act together, will significantly influence the election of directors and approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of voting power could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other stockholders may desire.

We are incurring significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management will be required to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives

As a public company, we are incurring significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. In addition, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and rules of the SEC and those of The NASDAQ Stock Market, or the NASDAQ, have imposed various requirements on public companies including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. Our management and other personnel have and will need to continue to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. Moreover, these rules and regulations have increased and will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly.

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, beginning with our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. In addition, we will be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014. Our compliance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as applicable, will require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. We currently do not have an internal audit group, and we will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge. If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404, as applicable, in a timely manner, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the NASDAQ, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources.

Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and comply with Section 404, as applicable, requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate financial statements. We expect that we will need to continue to improve existing, and implement new operational and financial systems, procedures and controls to manage our business effectively. Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures or controls, may cause our operations to suffer and we may be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective and to obtain an unqualified report on internal controls from our auditors as required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. This, in turn, could have an adverse impact on trading prices for our common stock, and could adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our common stock depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. Securities and industry analysts may cease to publish research on our company at any time in their discretion. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline. In addition, if one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If our operating results fail to meet the forecast of analysts, our stock price will likely decline.

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Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock, thereby depressing the market price of our common stock. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our board of directors. Because our board of directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team. Among others, these provisions include the following:

Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

Our employment agreements with our executive officers may require us to pay severance benefits to any of those persons who are terminated in connection with a change in control of us, which could harm our financial condition or results.

Certain of our executive officers are parties to employment agreements that contain change in control and severance provisions providing for aggregate cash payments of up to approximately $2.4 million for severance and other benefits and acceleration of vesting of stock options with a value of approximately $36.8 million as of September 30, 2014, based on the closing price of our common stock of $25.28 on such date in the event of a termination of employment in connection with a change in control of us. The accelerated vesting of options could result in dilution to our existing stockholders and harm the market price of our common stock. The payment of these severance benefits could harm our financial condition and results. In addition, these potential severance payments may discourage or prevent third parties from seeking a business combination with us.

Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be our stockholders’ sole source of gain.

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition, the terms of existing or any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our common stock will be our stockholders’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.

 

 

 

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In October 2014, we issued 3,963 shares of common stock upon the net exercise of a warrant by Comerica Ventures Incorporated. The warrant was initially exercisable into shares of Series B Preferred Stock and was issued in September 2006 in connection with a private placement of equity securities not involving a public offering pursuant to Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The conversion of the warrant into common stock was an exempt exchange under Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act. The shares were issued pursuant to a “cashless” exercise of warrants and we received no proceeds.

 

Reference is made to the discussion of our commercial supply agreement with CMC Biologics under the caption “Off-balance sheet arrangements and contractual obligations” in Item 2 of Part I of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which discussion is incorporated herein by reference.

 

A list of exhibits filed with this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q or incorporated herein by reference is found in the Index to Exhibits immediately following the signature page of this report and is incorporated into this Item 6 by reference.

 

 

 

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 

 

 

 

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EXHIBIT INDEX

 

 

 

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