As filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on May 7, 2014

Registration No. 333-                

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

11804 North Creek Parkway South

Bothell, WA 98011

(425) 205-2900

(Address, including zip code and telephone number, of Registrant’s principal executive offices)

Randall C. Schatzman, Ph.D.

President and Chief Executive Officer

11804 North Creek Parkway South

Bothell, WA 98011

(425) 205-2900

(Name, address, including zip code and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after this Registration Statement becomes effective.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act, check the following box.    ¨

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    x (File No. 333-194672)

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    ¨

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.    ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

This Registration Statement shall become effective upon filing in accordance with Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933.

EXPLANATORY NOTE AND INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION BY REFERENCE

Pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, Alder BioPharmaceuticals, Inc. (the “Registrant”) is filing this Registration Statement on Form S-1 (this “Registration Statement”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “Commission”). This Registration Statement relates to the public offering of securities contemplated by the Registration Statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-194672) (the “Prior Registration Statement”), which the Registrant originally filed with the Commission on March 19, 2014, and which the Commission declared effective on May 7, 2014.

The Registrant is filing this Registration Statement for the sole purpose of increasing the aggregate number of shares of common stock offered by the Registrant by 977,500 shares, 127,500 of which may be sold by the Registrant in the event the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional shares of the Registrant’s common stock. The additional shares that are being registered for issuance and sale are in an amount and at a price that together represent no more than 20% of the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the Calculation of Registration Fee table contained in the Prior Registration Statement. The information set forth in the Prior Registration Statement and all exhibits to the Prior Registration Statement are hereby incorporated by reference into this Registration Statement.

The required opinion and consents are listed on the Exhibit Index attached hereto and filed herewith.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the city of Seattle, State of Washington, on May 7, 2014.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

EXHIBIT INDEX