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Table of Contents

 

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

FORM 10-Q

 

 

 

x QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013

or

 

¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                      to                      

Commission File Number 000-51329

 

 

XenoPort, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

Delaware   94-3330837

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

 

(IRS employer

identification no.)

3410 Central Expressway,

Santa Clara, California

  95051
(Address of principal executive offices)   (Zip code)

(408) 616-7200

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

 

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    x  Yes    ¨  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    x  Yes    ¨  No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer   ¨    Accelerated filer   x
Non-accelerated filer   ¨  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)    Smaller reporting company   ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).     ¨  Yes    x  No

Total number of shares of common stock outstanding as of April 15, 2013: 47,402,054

 

 

 


Table of Contents

XENOPORT, INC.

FORM 10-Q FOR THE QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 2013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

         Page  
  PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION   

Item 1.

 

Unaudited Financial Statements

     2   
 

Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012

     2   
 

Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

     3   
 

Statements of Cash Flows for the Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

     4   
 

Notes to Financial Statements

     5   

Item 2.

 

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

     9   

Item 3.

 

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

     14   

Item 4.

 

Controls and Procedures

     14   
  PART II. OTHER INFORMATION   

Item 1.

 

Legal Proceedings

     15   

Item1A.

 

Risk Factors

     15   

Item 2.

 

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

     39   

Item 3.

 

Defaults Upon Senior Securities

     39   

Item 4.

 

Mine Safety Disclosures

     39   

Item 5.

 

Other Information

     39   

Item 6.

 

Exhibits

     40   

Signatures

     41   

Horizant, Regnite, Transported Prodrug, XENOPORT and the XenoPort logo are trademarks of XenoPort, Inc.

 

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Table of Contents

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

 

Item 1. Unaudited Financial Statements

XENOPORT, INC.

BALANCE SHEETS

(Unaudited)

 

     March 31,
2013
    December 31,
2012
 
     (In thousands,
except per share amounts)
 

Current assets:

    

Cash and cash equivalents

   $ 21,011      $ 36,134   

Short-term investments

     94,115        102,868   

Right to the Horizant business

     13,557        13,557   

Prepaids and other current assets

     5,113        2,529   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total current assets

     133,796        155,088   

Property and equipment, net

     1,383        1,528   

Restricted investments and other assets

     2,349        2,432   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total assets

   $ 137,528      $ 159,048   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Current liabilities:

    

Accounts payable

   $ 2,178      $ 567   

Accrued compensation

     2,880        4,875   

Accrued restructuring charges

     548        993   

Accrued preclinical and clinical costs

     4,882        4,397   

Other accrued liabilities

     2,426        1,424   

Deferred revenue

     1,515        1,515   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total current liabilities

     14,429        13,771   

Deferred revenue

     12,374        12,753   

Other noncurrent liability

     2,314        2,314   

Commitments and contingencies

    

Stockholders’ equity:

    

Preferred stock, $0.001 par value; 5,000 shares authorized, no shares issued or outstanding

     —          —     

Common stock, $0.001 par value; 100,000 shares authorized; 47,402 and 47,068 shares issued and outstanding, at March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, respectively

     47        47   

Additional paid-in capital

     583,509        581,741   

Accumulated other comprehensive income

     3        22   

Accumulated deficit

     (475,148     (451,600
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total stockholders’ equity

     108,411        130,210   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity

   $ 137,528      $ 159,048   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim financial statements.

 

2


Table of Contents

XENOPORT, INC.

STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)

 

     Three Months Ended March 31,  
     2013     2012  
    

(In thousands,

except per share amounts)

 

Revenues:

    

Collaboration revenue

   $ 379      $ 10,379   

Royalty revenue

     80         
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total revenues

     459        10,379   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Operating expenses:

    

Research and development

     13,353        12,178   

Selling, general and administrative

     10,735        7,400   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Total operating expenses

     24,088        19,578   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Loss from operations

     (23,629     (9,199

Interest income

     81        55   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net loss

     (23,548     (9,144

Other comprehensive (loss) income:

    

Unrealized (loss) gain on available-for sale securities

     (19     12   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Comprehensive loss

   $ (23,567   $ (9,132
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Basic and diluted net loss per share

   $ (0.50   $ (0.26
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share

     47,249        35,629   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim financial statements.

 

3


Table of Contents

XENOPORT, INC.

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

 

     Three Months Ended March 31,  
     2013     2012  
     (In thousands)  

Operating activities

    

Net loss

   $ (23,548   $ (9,144

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

    

Depreciation and amortization

     313        615   

Accretion of investment discounts and amortization of investment premiums, net

     314        233   

Stock-based compensation expense

     3,344        3,361   

Changes in assets and liabilities:

    

Prepaids and other current and noncurrent assets

     (2,501 ))      83   

Accounts payable

     1,611        (40

Accrued compensation

     (1,995     (1,577

Accrued restructuring charges

     (445     (398 )

Accrued preclinical and clinical costs

     485        (1,455

Other accrued liabilities

     1,002        (27

Deferred revenue

     (379     (379
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash used in operating activities

     (21,799     (8,728
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Investing activities

    

Purchases of investments

     (34,242     (32,579

Proceeds from maturities of investments

     42,662        28,975   

Purchases of property and equipment

     (168     (18
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities

     8,252        (3,622
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Financing activities

    

Net cash used in issuance of common stock and exercise of stock options

     (1,576     (501
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net cash used in financing activities

     (1,576     (501
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents

     (15,123     (12,851

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period

     36,134        25,386   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period

   $ 21,011      $ 12,535   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these interim financial statements

 

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Table of Contents

XENOPORT, INC.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)

1. Organization and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Operations

XenoPort, Inc., or the Company, was incorporated in the state of Delaware on May 19, 1999. The Company is a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing a portfolio of internally discovered product candidates with an initial focus on neurological disorders. The Company’s innovative product and product candidates are prodrugs that are typically created by modifying the chemical structure of currently marketed drugs, referred to as parent drugs, and are designed to correct limitations in the oral absorption, distribution and/or metabolism of the parent drug. The Company’s marketed product and each of its product candidates are orally available, patented or patentable molecules that address potential markets with clear unmet medical needs. The Company’s facilities are located in Santa Clara, California.

On November 8, 2012, the Company reached an agreement with Glaxo Group Limited, or GSK, to terminate the Amended and Restated Development and Commercialization Agreement dated November 7, 2010, between the Company and GSK.

Under the terms of the November 2012 termination and transition agreement, during a transition period that will end on April 30, 2013, GSK will continue to exclusively commercialize, promote, manufacture and distribute Horizant (gabapentin enacarbil) Extended-Release Tablets in the United States. The Company is no longer eligible to receive any further milestone payments from GSK and will not receive any revenue or incur any losses from GSK’s sales of Horizant during the transition period. GSK will also continue to fully fund the costs associated with the management and conduct of required post-marketing clinical studies initiated by GSK prior to the date of the termination and transition agreement. In addition, GSK will provide to the Company inventory of gabapentin enacarbil in GSK’s possession that is not required for use by GSK in the manufacture of Horizant. In exchange for such inventory, the Company will make annual payments to GSK of $1,000,000 for six years beginning in 2016, which is recorded as “Other noncurrent liability” on the Company’s Balance Sheet for the periods ended March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012. On May 1, 2013, the Company will assume all responsibilities for further development, manufacturing and commercialization of Horizant in the United States. GSK is responsible for the commercial manufacture and supply of Horizant during the transition period, and the Company has elected to have GSK continue to supply Horizant tablets to the Company for up to six months following the transition period on pricing terms established under the termination and transition agreement.

Pursuant to a separate stock purchase agreement, or SPA, entered into between the Company and GSK on November 8, 2012, GSK purchased $20,000,000 of the Company’s common stock, or an aggregate of 1,841,112 shares at $10.863 per share, which per share price represented a 12.5 percent premium to the average of the closing prices of the Company’s common stock for the ten trading days prior to October 31, 2012. In addition, on November 9, 2012, the Company exercised a put option requiring GSK to purchase an additional 2,190,100 shares of the Company’s common stock at $9.132 per share, which per share price represented a 12.5 percent premium to the average of the closing prices of the Company’s common stock for the ten trading days prior to November 9, 2012.

This termination and transition agreement between the Company and GSK also provided for a mutual release of claims and resolved all ongoing litigation between the parties.

Basis of Preparation

The accompanying financial statements as of March 31, 2013 and for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 are unaudited. These unaudited financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the annual financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments, which include only normal recurring adjustments, necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of March 31, 2013 and comprehensive losses and cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012. The Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or the Codification, is the single source of authoritative U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates. The results of operations for the three months ended March 31, 2013 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be expected for the year ending December 31, 2013, or for any other interim period or any other future year. For more complete financial information, these financial statements, and the notes hereto, should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2012 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, on March 14, 2013.

 

5


Table of Contents

2. Collaboration Agreement

Astellas Pharma Inc.

In December 2005, the Company entered into an agreement pursuant to which it licensed to Astellas Pharma Inc., exclusive rights to develop and commercialize gabapentin enacarbil in Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Taiwan. In the quarters ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, the Company recognized revenue of $379,000, representing amortization of the up-front license payment under this agreement. In the three months ended March 31, 2012, the Company recognized a $10,000,000 milestone payment in connection with the approval of Regnite (gabapentin enacarbil) Extended-Release Tablets in Japan. In the three months ended March 31, 2013, the Company recognized $80,000 in royalty revenue based on the fourth quarter 2012 net sales of Regnite in Japan. No royalty revenue was received in the three months ended March 31, 2012. As of March 31, 2013, the Company had recognized an aggregate of $51,300,000 of revenue pursuant to this agreement. At March 31, 2013, $13,889,000 of revenue was deferred under this agreement, of which $1,515,000 was classified within current liabilities and the remaining $12,374,000 was recorded as a noncurrent liability.

3. Acquisition and Acquisition-Related Items

The Company accounted for the November 2012 termination and transition agreement and the stock purchase agreement with GSK as an equity purchase and an acquisition of assets in accordance with the provisions of the Business Combinations topic of the Codification. Under the provisions of the Business Combinations topic, the acquisition date for a business is the date on which the Company obtains control of the acquiree. The Company will obtain control of the Horizant business at the end of the transition period, or May 1, 2013. Accordingly on November 8, 2012, the transaction did not meet the definition of a business combination, and the Company accounted for the transaction as an acquisition of assets and recorded $13,557,000 for the right to the Horizant business. The value of the Horizant business, based on a discounted cash flow analysis, is the present value of the Company’s estimated future cash flows attributable to the Horizant business.

4. Net Loss per Share

Basic net loss per share is calculated by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period without consideration for potential common shares. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period plus any dilutive potential common shares for the period determined using the treasury-stock method. For purposes of this calculation, restricted stock units, options to purchase stock and warrants are considered to be potential common shares and are only included in the calculation of diluted net loss per share when their effect is dilutive.

 

     Three Months
Ended March 31,
 
     2013     2012  
     (In thousands, except
per share amounts)
 

Numerator:

    

Net loss

   $ (23,548   $ (9,144
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Denominator:

    

Weighted-average common shares outstanding

     47,249        35,629   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Basic and diluted net loss per share

   $ (0.50   $ (0.26
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

Outstanding securities at period end not included in the computation of diluted net loss per share as they had an anti-dilutive effect:

    

Restricted stock units and options to purchase common stock

     7,151        6,568   

Warrants outstanding

     283        305   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 
     7,434        6,873   
  

 

 

   

 

 

 

5. Cash and Cash Equivalents, Short-Term Investments and Restricted Investments

The carrying amounts of certain of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, are stated at fair value. The Company accounts for the fair value of its financial instruments in accordance with the provisions of the Fair Value Measurement topic of the Codification.

Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The Company applies the market approach valuation technique for fair value measurements on a recurring basis and attempts to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three broad levels. All of

 

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the Company’s cash equivalents and short-term investments are measured using inputs classified at Level 1 or Level 2 within the fair value hierarchy. Level 1 inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets. Level 2 inputs are based upon quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active and model-based valuation techniques for which all significant inputs are observable in the market or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities. Where applicable, these models project future cash flows and discount the future amounts to a present value using market-based observable inputs obtained from various third-party data providers, including but not limited to, benchmark yields, interest rate curves, reported trades, broker/dealer quotes and market reference data.

The following are summaries of cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and restricted investments (in thousands):

 

     Cost      Gross
Unrealized
Gains
     Gross
Unrealized
Losses
    Estimated
Fair
Value
 

As of March 31, 2013:

          

Cash

   $ 1,943       $ —         $ —        $ 1,943   

Money market funds

     9,612         —           —          9,612   

U.S. treasury securities

     4,000         —           —          4,000   

U.S. government-sponsored agencies

     4,397         1         —          4,398   

Corporate debt securities

     95,171         19         (17     95,173   

Certificates of deposit

     1,955                 —          1,955   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 
   $ 117,078       $ 20       $ (17   $ 117,081   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Reported as:

          

Cash and cash equivalents

           $ 21,011   

Short-term investments

             94,115   

Restricted investments

             1,955   
          

 

 

 
           $ 117,081   
          

 

 

 

As of December 31, 2012:

          

Cash

   $ 915       $ —         $ —        $ 915   

Money market funds

     20,897         —           —          20,897   

U.S. government-sponsored agencies

     11,329         1         —          11,330   

Corporate debt securities

     105,839         32         (11     105,860   

Certificates of deposit

     1,955         —           —          1,955   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 
   $ 140,935       $ 33       $ (11   $ 140,957   
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

 

 

 

Reported as:

          

Cash and cash equivalents

           $ 36,134   

Short-term investments

             102,868   

Restricted investments

             1,955   
          

 

 

 
           $ 140,957   
          

 

 

 

At March 31, 2013 and December 31, 2012, the contractual maturities of all investments held were less than one year. All investments have been designated as available-for-sale and changes to unrealized gains and losses are reflected as the only component of accumulated other comprehensive income. The Company views its available-for-sale portfolio as available for use in current operations. Accordingly, the Company has classified all investments as short-term, even though the stated maturity may be one year or more beyond the current balance sheet date.

No gross realized gains or losses were recognized and accordingly there were no amounts reclassified out of accumulated other comprehensive income to earnings in the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012.

 

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The Company’s available-for-sale investments, which include cash equivalents and short-term investments, are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and are classified at the following fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

 

            Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using  

Description

   Total As of
March 31,
2013
     Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
     Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
     Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 

Money market funds

   $ 9,612       $ 9,612       $ —         $ —     

U.S. treasury securities

     4,000         —           4,000         —     

U.S. government-sponsored agencies

     4,398         —           4,398         —     

Corporate debt securities

     95,173         —           95,173         —     
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $ 113,183       $ 9,612       $ 103,571       $ —     
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

            Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using  

Description

   Total As of
December,
2012
     Quoted Prices in
Active Markets
for Identical
Assets
(Level 1)
     Significant
Other
Observable
Inputs
(Level 2)
     Significant
Unobservable
Inputs
(Level 3)
 

Money market funds

   $ 20,897       $ 20,897       $ —         $ —     

U.S. government-sponsored agencies

     11,330         —           11,330         —     

Corporate debt securities

     105,860         —           105,860         —     
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

Total

   $ 138,087       $ 20,897       $ 117,190       $ —     
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

 

6. Stock-Based Compensation

Details of the Company’s employee non-cash stock-based compensation were as follows (in thousands):

 

     Three Months
Ended March 31,
 
     2013      2012  

Research and development

   $ 1,196       $ 1,115   

Selling, general and administrative

     2,148         2,246   
  

 

 

    

 

 

 
   $ 3,344       $ 3,361   
  

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which are subject to the “safe harbor” created by those sections. Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. All statements other than statements of historical facts are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of these provisions, including any projections or earnings. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would” and similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause our actual results, performance, time frames or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, time frames or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. We discuss many of these risks, uncertainties and other factors in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q in greater detail under the heading “Risk Factors.” Given these risks, uncertainties and other factors, you should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements. Also, these forward-looking statements represent our estimates and assumptions only as of the date of this filing. You should read this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We hereby qualify our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements. Except as required by law, we assume no obligation to update these forward-looking statements publicly, or to update the reasons actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, even if new information becomes available in the future.

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing a portfolio of internally discovered product candidates with an initial focus on neurological disorders. Our innovative product and product candidates are prodrugs that are typically created by modifying the chemical structure of currently marketed drugs, referred to as parent drugs, and are designed to correct limitations in the oral absorption, distribution and/or metabolism of the parent drug. Our marketed product and each of our product candidates are orally-available, patented molecules that address potential markets with clear unmet medical needs. Our marketed product is approved in the United States, where it is known as Horizant (gabapentin enacarbil) Extended-Release Tablets, and in Japan, where it is known as Regnite (gabapentin enacarbil) Extended-Release Tablets. Horizant is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the treatment of moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome, or RLS, and for the management of postherpetic neuralgia, or PHN, in adults. Regnite is approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, or MHLW, as a treatment for patients with RLS.

In addition to our marketed product, we have three product candidates in clinical development. Our lead product candidate, arbaclofen placarbil, or AP, is a potential treatment for patients with spasticity. We are conducting a pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial for AP as a potential treatment for spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis, or MS, and we anticipate top-line results will be available later in the second quarter of 2013. Our second product candidate, XP21279, is a potential treatment for patients with advanced idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, and we plan to continue development of XP21279 to the extent our resources permit or we enter into a collaboration with a third party. We are evaluating our third product candidate, XP23829, in Phase 1 studies with healthy subjects to determine its safety and pharmacokinetic profile. We believe that XP23829 could be a potential treatment for patients with relapsing-remitting MS, or RRMS, psoriasis and/or certain other disorders where the mechanism of action of XP23829 may be relevant.

On November 8, 2012, we executed a termination and transition agreement with Glaxo Group Limited, or GSK, that terminated our development and commercialization agreement with respect to Horizant, and also provided for a mutual release of claims and resolved all ongoing litigation between the parties. Pursuant to the termination and transition agreement, during a transition period that will end on April 30, 2013, GSK will continue to exclusively commercialize, promote, manufacture and distribute Horizant in the United States. We are no longer eligible to receive any further milestone payments from GSK and will not receive any revenue or incur any losses from GSK’s sales of Horizant during the transition period. In addition, GSK will provide to us inventory of gabapentin enacarbil in GSK’s possession that is not required for use by GSK in the manufacture of Horizant. In exchange for such inventory, we will make annual payments to GSK of $1.0 million for six years beginning in 2016. Following the transition period, we will assume all responsibilities for further development, manufacturing and commercialization of Horizant in the United States. We have elected to have GSK continue to supply Horizant tablets to us for up to six months following the transition period. Recently, however, GSK has experienced manufacturing delays that have resulted in a stockout of Horizant, meaning that an insufficient amount of Horizant is in the supply chain to meet the demand of orders by pharmacies and wholesalers. GSK continues to have sole responsibility for the manufacture and supply of Horizant during the transition period and is working to resolve the manufacturing issues with its contract manufacturer. Although the timing is not yet certain, we are hopeful that new inventory of Horizant will be available in pharmacies in June. We are in the process of completing preparations to assume all other responsibilities for Horizant, including the deployment of our contract sales force and other commercialization efforts to fully support Horizant product sales in the United States. However, as a result of the stockout, we anticipate that the implementation of our full commercial promotion of Horizant will be delayed until a sufficient supply of Horizant is available. Assuming such supply of Horizant is available in June, we do not believe this manufacturing delay will impact our Horizant product sales in 2013. We have limited control over the manufacturing of Horizant by GSK and its contract manufacturer, and if they experience further manufacturing delays or issues, our ability to fully commercialize Horizant could be further delayed, the further demand for and product sales of Horizant could be reduced and our business could be harmed.

 

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Revenues recognized through March 31, 2013 were primarily comprised of up-front, milestone and contingent event-based payments from our collaboration agreement. However, as a result of our termination and transition agreement with GSK and the return of the commercialization rights to Horizant to us, we expect the future composition of our revenues to consist primarily of revenues from Horizant product sales. However, we have no experience in commercializing products on our own, and have only limited management expertise in developing a commercial operation. To assume control of and to be prepared to commercialize Horizant, we will need to continue our efforts to expand our organization and infrastructure substantially. The expenses of establishing sales and marketing capabilities and a distribution and supply chain infrastructure will be substantial and these costs may exceed any revenues that we are able to generate from Horizant product sales. In the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, net sales in the United States of Horizant as recorded by GSK were $1.2 million and $1.3 million, respectively.

If we are not able to build the appropriate capabilities and infrastructure prior to the transition of responsibilities to us for the commercialization, promotion, manufacturing and distribution of Horizant, sales of Horizant could suffer and our business will be harmed. Our future product sales of Horizant will be dependent upon the resolution of the stockout and the timing thereof, the success of our strategies for commercialization, promotion, manufacturing and distribution, as well as our ability to successfully execute on these activities and to comply with applicable laws, regulations and regulatory requirements. Specifically, our strategy includes our contract sales organization focusing our promotion on specialty doctors in certain geographic territories. However, our commercialization strategy for Horizant is unproven, and our commercialization efforts may not be successful. In addition, our lack of commercialization experience, as an organization and with respect to Horizant product sales, will make future operating results difficult to predict.

Gabapentin enacarbil is licensed to Astellas Pharma Inc. in Japan and five other Asian countries. In July 2012, Astellas initiated sales of Regnite in Japan. We are entitled to receive percentage-based high-teen royalties on net sales of Regnite in Japan, and the royalties will be recognized when royalty payments are received. In the three months ended March 31, 2013, the royalty revenue from net sales of Regnite in Japan was less than $0.1 million. We expect royalty revenues from our collaboration with Astellas to fluctuate based on the results of their commercialization, marketing and distribution efforts of Regnite in Japan. Additionally, we expect revenues to fluctuate to the extent we enter into new collaborative agreements for our marketed product or any of our product candidates.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase in 2013 primarily due to the AP Phase 3 spasticity and XP23829 development programs. The timing and amount of research and development expenses incurred will primarily depend upon the extent of current or future clinical trials for AP and XP23829 as well as the related expenses associated with our development organization, regulatory requirements for our product candidates, advancement of our preclinical program, product candidate manufacturing costs and our ability to raise additional funds. Our future research and development expenses are subject to numerous assumptions that may prove to be wrong and also are subject to risks related to the difficulty and uncertainty of clinical success and regulatory approvals of our product candidates.

We believe that our existing capital resources, together with interest thereon, will be sufficient to meet our projected operating requirements into the second quarter of 2014. However, we have based our estimate of cash sufficiency on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect. Further, our operating plan may change, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements for product development and commercialization sooner than planned. We have no credit facility or committed sources of capital other than potential contingent event-based and royalty payments that we are eligible to receive under our collaboration agreement with Astellas. Pursuant to the termination and transition agreement with GSK, upon the expiration of the transition period, we will be responsible for all Horizant commercialization and development activities, including all post-marketing requirements and commitments. Such costs could be greater than we anticipate, and sales of Horizant may be less than we anticipate, which could accelerate our need for additional capital.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates

Our management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates and judgments related to revenue recognition, stock-based compensation, fair value measurements and clinical development costs. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. Our critical accounting policies and significant judgments and estimates are detailed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2012.

 

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Results of Operations

Three Months Ended March 31, 2013 and 2012

Revenues

Our collaboration revenue consisted of the recognition of revenues from up-front and milestone payments from our collaboration with Astellas. Our royalty revenue is also from our collaboration with Astellas.

 

     Three Months
Ended March 31,
     Change  
     2013      2012      $     %  
     (In thousands, except percentages)  

Collaboration revenue

   $ 379       $ 10,379       $ (10,000     (96 )% 

Royalty revenue

     80         —           80        100
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

Total revenues

   $ 459       $ 10,379       $ (9,920     (96 )% 
  

 

 

    

 

 

    

 

 

   

The decrease in collaboration revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared to the same period in 2012 was due to the recognition of a $10.0 million milestone payment from Astellas in connection with the approval of Regnite in Japan in 2012.

As a result of our termination and transition agreement with GSK and the return of the Horizant commercialization rights to us, we expect the future composition of our revenues to consist primarily of revenues from Horizant product sales. Our future product sales of Horizant will be dependent upon the success of our strategies for commercialization, promotion, manufacturing and distribution as well as our ability to successfully execute on these activities and to comply with applicable laws, regulations and regulatory requirements. We expect royalty revenues from our collaboration with Astellas to fluctuate based on the results of their commercialization, marketing and distribution efforts for Regnite in Japan. Additionally, we expect revenues to fluctuate to the extent we enter into new collaborative agreements for our marketed product or any of our product candidates.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consisted of costs associated with conducting preclinical studies and clinical trials, manufacturing development efforts and activities related to development related regulatory filings.

 

     Three Months
Ended March 31,
     Change  
     2013      2012      $      %  
     (In thousands, except percentages)  

Research and development

   $ 13,353       $ 12,178       $ 1,175         10

The increase in research and development expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared to the same period in 2012 was principally due to the following:

 

   

increased net costs for XP23829 of $1.1 million primarily due to increased clinical activities; and

 

   

increased net costs for AP of $0.8 million due to increased manufacturing activities partially offset by decreased clinical activities; partially offset by

 

   

decreased compensation and benefits costs of $0.8 million.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase in 2013 primarily due to the AP Phase 3 spasticity and XP23829 development programs. The timing and amount of research and development expenses incurred will primarily depend upon the extent of current or future clinical trials for AP and XP23829 as well as the related expenses associated with our development organization, regulatory requirements for our product candidates and product candidate manufacturing costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation for executive, sales, marketing, finance, legal, compliance and administrative personnel. Other sales, general and administrative expenses include facility costs not otherwise included in research and development expenses, the cost of market research activities, legal and accounting services, other professional services and consulting fees.

 

     Three Months
Ended March 31,
     Change  
     2013      2012      $      %  
     (In thousands, except percentages)  

Selling, general and administrative

   $ 10,735       $ 7,400       $ 3,335         45

 

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The increase in selling, general and administrative expenses in the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared to the same period in 2012 was principally due to increased professional fees of $1.9 million, marketing and sales costs of $0.7 million and compensation and benefits costs of $0.7 million.

Pursuant to our termination and transition agreement with GSK, after the end of the transition period on April 30, 2013, we will be responsible for the commercialization and promotion of Horizant in the United States. Accordingly, we expect substantial increases in 2013 in selling, general and administrative expenses compared to 2012 levels as we establish and maintain sales, marketing, distribution and other commercial capabilities largely through third party service providers.

Interest Income

Interest income consisted primarily of interest earned on our cash equivalents and short-term investments.

 

     Three Months
Ended March 31,
     Change  
     2013      2012      $      %  
     (In thousands, except percentages)  

Interest income

   $ 81       $ 55       $ 26         47

The increase in interest income in the three months ended March 31, 2013 compared to the same period in 2012 was primarily due to higher average cash and cash equivalents and short-term investment balances.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

 

     As of
March 31,
2013
     As of
December 31,
2012
 
     (In thousands)  

Cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments

   $ 115,126       $ 139,002   

Working capital

     119,367         141,317   

Restricted investments

     1,955         1,955   

 

     Three Months Ended March 31,  
     2013     2012  
     (In thousands)  

Cash provided by (used in):

    

Operating activities

   $ (21,799   $ (8,728

Investing activities

     8,252        (3,622

Financing activities

     (1,576     (501

Capital expenditures (included in investing activities above)

     168       18  

Due to our significant research and development expenditures, we have generated cumulative operating losses since we incorporated in 1999. As such, we have funded our research and development operations primarily through sales of our equity securities, non-equity payments from our collaborators and interest earned on investments. At March 31, 2013, we had available cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments of $115.1 million. Our cash and investment balances are held in a variety of interest-bearing instruments, including corporate debt securities, investments backed by U.S. government-sponsored agencies, U.S. treasury instruments and money market accounts. Cash in excess of immediate requirements is invested with regard to liquidity and capital preservation, and we seek to minimize the potential effects of concentration and degrees of risk.

Net cash used in operating activities was $21.8 million and $8.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The net cash used in operating activities in the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012 primarily reflected our net loss, partially offset by non-cash stock-based compensation.

 

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Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities primarily reflected the timing of purchases of investments and proceeds from maturities of investments.

Net cash used in financing activities reflected net cash used in the issuance of common stock and exercise of stock options.

We believe that our existing capital resources, together with interest thereon, will be sufficient to meet our projected operating requirements into the second quarter of 2014. We have based our estimate of cash sufficiency on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect. Further, our operating plan may change, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements for product development and commercialization sooner than planned. We have no credit facility or committed sources of capital other than potential contingent event-based and royalty payments that we are eligible to receive under our collaboration agreement with Astellas. Pursuant to the termination and transition agreement with GSK, upon the expiration of the transition period on April 30, 2013, we will be responsible for all Horizant commercialization and development activities, including all post-marketing requirements and commitments. Such costs could be greater than we anticipate, sales of Horizant may be less than we anticipate or the current Horizant manufacturing delays could be longer than expected, all of which could accelerate our need for additional capital. Our forecast of the period of time through which our financial resources will be adequate to support our operations is a forward-looking statement and involves risks and uncertainties, and actual results could vary as a result of a number of factors, including the factors discussed in “Risk Factors.” Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the development and commercialization of our marketed product and product candidates, and the extent to which we enter into additional collaborations with third parties to participate in their development and commercialization, we are unable to estimate the amounts of increased capital outlays and operating expenditures associated with our current and anticipated clinical trials. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 

   

the timing, receipt and amount of sales or royalties from Horizant, Regnite and our other potential products;

 

   

the timing and costs of our establishment and maintenance of a sales and marketing, supply chain, distribution, pharmacovigilance, compliance and safety infrastructure to promote Horizant;

 

   

the scope, rate of progress, results and cost of our preclinical testing, clinical trials and other research and development activities;

 

   

the cost of manufacturing clinical and commercial supplies of Horizant and our product candidates;

 

   

the timing and costs of complying with the remaining post-marketing commitments and post-marketing requirements established in connection with the approval of Horizant, and any future additional commitments or requirements imposed on us by the FDA;

 

   

the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue, including any additional potential indications for Horizant;

 

   

the cost, timing and outcomes of regulatory approvals, if any;

 

   

the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing and other arrangements that we may establish or modify;

 

   

the cost and expenses associated with any potential litigation;

 

   

the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights; and

 

   

the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies that complement our business, although we have no commitments or agreements relating to any of these types of transactions.

Until we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenues, if ever, we expect to finance future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing our common stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for common stock, our stockholders will experience dilution. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to our stockholders or us. To the extent that we raise additional capital through licensing arrangements or arrangements with collaborative partners, we may be required to relinquish, on terms that are not favorable to us, rights to some of our technologies or product candidates that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize ourselves. Our ability to raise additional funds and the terms upon which we are able to raise such funds may be adversely impacted by the uncertainty regarding our financial condition, the commercial prospects of Horizant and Regnite based on their respective sales to date and our lack of expertise in commercializing products, and/or current economic conditions, including the effects of disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States, Asia, the European Union and other regions of the world, including those resulting from or associated with rising government debt levels.

 

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If we need to raise additional money to fund our operations, funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we are, or anticipate that we may be, unable to raise additional funds when needed, we may terminate or delay clinical trials for one or more of our product candidates, curtail or delay significant drug development programs or reduce the amount of resources devoted to medical affairs, advertising, promotion or sales of Horizant.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no material off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Regulation S-K Item 303(a)(4)(ii).

 

Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

There have been no significant changes during the three months ended March 31, 2013 to our market risk exposure disclosed in Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, set forth in Part II, Item 7, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2012.

 

Item 4. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

Based on their evaluation as required by paragraph (b) of Rules 13a-15 or 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, as of March 31, 2013, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) or 15d-15(e)) were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting.

There were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the period covered by this report that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

 

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

 

Item 1. Legal Proceedings

We are not a party to any material legal proceedings at this time. From time to time, we may be involved in litigation relating to claims arising out of our ordinary course of business.

 

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

The following risks and uncertainties may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Investors should carefully consider the risks described below before making an investment decision. The risks described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks not presently known to us or that we believe are immaterial may also significantly impair our business operations. Our business could be harmed by any of these risks. The trading price of our common stock could decline due to any of these risks, and investors may lose all or part of their investment.

We have marked with an asterisk (*) those risk factors below that reflect substantive changes from the risk factors included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 14, 2013.

Risks Related to our Business and Industry

We have incurred cumulative operating losses since inception, we expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future and we may never obtain profitability.*

We have incurred cumulative losses of $475.1 million since our inception in May 1999, including net losses of $23.5 million and $9.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively. We have made and expect to continue to make substantial expenditures in connection with our planned commercialization of Horizant (gabapentin enacarbil) Extended-Release Tablets and to further develop and potentially commercialize our product candidates, and we anticipate that our rate of spending will accelerate as a result of the increased costs and expenses associated with establishing sales, marketing and commercial capabilities as well as those associated with research, development, clinical trials, manufacturing and potential regulatory approvals and commercialization of our product candidates. Annual losses have had, and will continue to have, an adverse effect on our stockholders’ equity.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with drug development and commercialization, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when, or if, we will be able to achieve or sustain profitability. Horizant is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, for the treatment of moderate-to-severe primary restless legs syndrome, or RLS, in adults and for the management of postherpetic neuralgia, or PHN, in adults. Glaxo Group Limited, or GSK, is responsible for promoting Horizant in the United States through a transition period ending April 30, 2013 pursuant to our November 2012 termination and transition agreement that terminated the prior collaboration agreement between the parties. Following the transition period, we will be solely responsible for the commercialization and further development of Horizant. Regnite (gabapentin enacarbil) Extended-Release Tablets has been approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, or MHLW, as a treatment for patients with RLS, and Astellas Pharma Inc. initiated sales of Regnite in Japan in July 2012.

To date, we have not generated any product sales revenue from Horizant nor substantial revenue from Regnite. We have financed our operations primarily through the sale of equity securities, non-equity payments from collaborative partners and interest earned on investments. We have devoted substantially all of our past efforts to research and development, including clinical trials. We have devoted substantial efforts to the preparation for Horizant commercial operations, and we expect substantial increases in selling, general and administrative expenses compared to 2012 levels as we establish and maintain sales, marketing and commercial capabilities, largely through third party service providers. If sales-related revenue from Horizant, Regnite or any other product candidate that receives marketing approval is insufficient, if we are unable to develop and commercialize our product candidates or if development is delayed, we may never become profitable. Even if we do become profitable, we may not be able to sustain or increase our profitability on a quarterly or annual basis.

Our success depends substantially on the success of Horizant. If we are unable to establish and maintain sales, marketing, distribution, supply chain and other sufficient capabilities to sell Horizant, or enter into arrangements with third parties to do so, sales of Horizant and our business will be harmed.*

For the three months ended March 31, 2013 and the year ended December 31, 2012, net sales in the United States of Horizant as recorded by GSK were only $1.2 million and $6.5 million, respectively. To achieve profitability, we will need to generate substantially more product revenue from Horizant, Regnite or our other product candidates that may receive approval.

GSK commercially launched Horizant in the United States in 2011 and remains responsible for the commercialization of Horizant through the transition period ending April 30, 2013. We are planning to deploy a Horizant-dedicated sales team through a contract sales organization for the commercialization of Horizant following the end of this transition period. To assume control of, and

 

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be prepared to, commercialize Horizant, we will need to continue our efforts to expand our organization and infrastructure substantially. In this regard, in order for us to be able to commercialize Horizant, we have contracted with a contract sales organization to provide a sales force with appropriate technical expertise. We are also working to build, or contracting with third parties to build, a complete distribution and supply chain infrastructure. We may not be able to finalize such arrangements with third parties in a timely manner or on acceptable terms, or to fully implement sales, marketing, distribution and supply chain capabilities of our own. These activities have been, and will continue to be, time-consuming and require a significant expenditure of resources up-front prior to receiving any revenue from Horizant.

Factors that may inhibit or delay our efforts to commercialize Horizant or any other approved product candidates include:

 

   

the inability of our contract sales organization to provide a sales force with appropriate technical expertise or, with respect to potential future products, our inability to recruit and retain adequate numbers of effective sales and marketing personnel;

 

   

with respect to Horizant, the resolution of the current unavailability of Horizant and the timing of such resolution;

 

   

the inability of sales personnel to obtain access to adequate numbers of physicians to provide appropriate information on the advantages and risks of prescribing Horizant or other products that may result from our product candidates;

 

   

the lack of complementary products to be offered by sales personnel, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage compared to companies with more extensive product lines; and

 

   

unforeseen costs and expenses associated with creating or contracting for a sales and marketing organization.

The competition for qualified personnel in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology field is intense, and we may experience difficulties in recruiting, hiring and retaining qualified individuals. We have no experience commercializing products on our own, and we have only limited management expertise in developing a commercial organization. Future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including the need to identify, recruit, maintain and integrate additional employees. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize Horizant and compete effectively will depend, in part, on our ability to manage any future growth effectively. Due to our limited internal resources and the limited amount of time between the termination of the GSK collaboration agreement and the transfer of responsibility for Horizant, we have contracted, and anticipate that we will continue to contract, with third-party vendors to manage much of our growth and sales infrastructure. We will be at risk to the extent we rely on such third parties without effective oversight. In addition, such third-party contractors may not be the most efficient allocation of resources if we could implement such infrastructure internally in a more cost-effective manner. If we are not successful in recruiting sales and marketing personnel or in building a sales and marketing infrastructure, we will have difficulty commercializing Horizant or our product candidates, which would adversely affect our business and financial condition.

In addition, we are building these new commercial capabilities and related infrastructure in a compressed timeframe with limited resources, and such implementation needs to be sufficient for us to manage control of Horizant on May 1, 2013. Such infrastructure must include many complex operational matters, including processes, procedures, information technology and other systems that we have limited experience in managing. For example, we are building an infrastructure that is adequate to take over the management of the global safety database for Horizant and handle all pharmacovigilance reporting. If we are not able to build the appropriate capabilities and infrastructure prior to the Horizant transition scheduled for May 1, 2013, or such infrastructure is not fully adequate by May 1, 2013, including a functioning global safety database and adequate pharmacovigilance capabilities, sales of Horizant could suffer and our business will be harmed.

Problems in GSK’s manufacturing and supply chain have resulted in the unavailability, or a stockout, of Horizant, which will reduce the sales of Horizant by GSK and could reduce the sales of Horizant by us and harm our reputation and business.*

Manufacturing delays at GSK’s contract manufacturer have resulted in a stockout of Horizant, or an insufficient amount of Horizant in the supply chain to meet the demand of orders of Horizant by pharmacies and wholesalers. As a result, starting in March 2013, certain patients who have been prescribed, or are refilling prescriptions for, Horizant are not able to have such prescriptions filled. GSK continues to have sole responsibility for the manufacture and supply of Horizant during the transition period and is working to resolve the manufacturing issues with its contract manufacturer. Although we are hopeful that new inventory of Horizant will be available in pharmacies in June 2013, we cannot assure you that the stockout will be resolved by then or otherwise in a timely manner. As a result of the manufacturing delays, the implementation of our full commercial promotion of Horizant has been delayed and we anticipate will be delayed until a sufficient supply of Horizant is available. As a result of the stockout, sales of Horizant by GSK will be reduced until additional Horizant inventory is available, our future sales of Horizant could be reduced, and we could suffer reputational damage if patients are frustrated by the lack of available inventory and physicians could decide not to prescribe Horizant in the future, further reducing Horizant sales and harming our business. If GSK or its contract manufacturer experiences further delays or issues, our ability to fully commercialize Horizant could be further delayed, the future demand for and product sales of Horizant could be further reduced and our business could be harmed, all of which could accelerate our need for additional capital.

 

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If we do not successfully market and sell Horizant, or if Astellas does not effectively market and sell Regnite in Japan, we may be unable to generate significant product revenue and may be unable to achieve profitability.*

Our ability to generate significant revenue from Horizant depends on our ability to achieve market acceptance of, and to otherwise effectively market, Horizant for the treatment of RLS and for the management of PHN. We may not be able to devote sufficient resources to the advertising, promotion and sales efforts for Horizant. We will also need to expend significant time and resources to train the contract sales force to be credible, persuasive and compliant in discussing Horizant with physicians. We will also need to train and monitor the contract sales force to ensure that a consistent and appropriate message about Horizant is being delivered. If we are unable to effectively educate physicians and potential customers about the benefits and risks of Horizant, we could face significant pressure from generic competition, negative market perception due to GSK’s promotional efforts and a lack of physician awareness, third-party reimbursement and differentiation from currently approved treatments. In addition, we could fail to comply with applicable regulatory guidelines with respect to the marketing and manufacturing of Horizant or with post-marketing commitments or requirements mandated by the FDA, which could result in administrative or judicially imposed sanctions, including warning letters, civil and criminal penalties, injunctions, product seizures or detention, product recalls and total or partial suspension of production. In addition, if we are unable to effectively train our contract sales force and equip them with effective materials, including medical and sales literature to help inform and educate potential customers about the benefits and risks of Horizant and its proper administration, our efforts to successfully commercialize Horizant could be put in jeopardy, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, stock price and operations.

Regnite was approved in Japan in January 2012, and Astellas initiated sales of Regnite in Japan in July 2012. We have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that Astellas will dedicate to the marketing of Regnite, and Astellas could fail to effectively commercialize, market and distribute Regnite.

Horizant or Regnite may not achieve significant sales, even if we or Astellas devote substantial resources to its commercialization. Even if we achieve significant levels of sales of Horizant, the expenses of establishing and maintaining sales and marketing capabilities and a distribution and supply chain infrastructure will be substantial, and such costs may outweigh any sales of Horizant, preventing us from achieving profitability. The success of Horizant and Regnite is dependent on a number of factors, which include competition from alternative treatments for RLS and, in the case of Horizant, for the management of PHN, including generic treatments in the United States, pricing pressures and whether Horizant and Regnite can obtain sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement, among other factors that are described below.

Our success also depends substantially on our product candidates that are still under development. If we are unable to bring any of these product candidates to market, or experience significant delays in doing so, our ability to generate product revenue and our likelihood of success will be reduced.

Our ability to generate product revenue in the future will depend heavily on the successful development and commercialization of our product candidates. We are conducting a Phase 3 clinical program to evaluate our product candidate, arbaclofen placarbil, or AP, for the potential treatment of spasticity in multiple sclerosis, or MS, patients. Our other product candidates are either in Phase 2 or Phase 1 clinical development. Any of our product candidates could be unsuccessful if it:

 

   

does not demonstrate acceptable safety and efficacy in preclinical studies or clinical trials or otherwise does not meet applicable regulatory standards for approval;

 

   

does not offer therapeutic or other improvements over existing or future drugs used to treat the same conditions;

 

   

is not capable of being produced in commercial quantities at acceptable costs;

 

   

is not accepted in the medical community; or

 

   

is not reimbursed by third-party payers or is reimbursed only at limited levels.

For example, in March 2011, we announced that we would not be investing further in the development of AP at that time as adjunctive treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, following completion of a Phase 2 clinical trial of AP that did not demonstrate statistically significant improvements of AP over placebo in the analysis of the primary endpoint. In addition, in December 2011, following our preliminary results of a Phase 2 clinical trial of XP21279 for the potential treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease who were experiencing motor fluctuations, we announced that we were deferring further investment in the program pending the outcome of discussions with regulatory authorities and availability of resources. Following our End-of-Phase 2 meeting with the FDA in June 2012, we plan to continue development of XP21279 to the extent our resources permit or we enter into a collaboration with a third party, which we may be unable to do. If our resources prove insufficient for the continuing development of XP21279 or we are unable to establish a collaboration with a third party for the development and commercialization of XP21279, we may be unable to significantly advance its development or we may determine to discontinue our development of XP21279. If we are unable to make additional product candidates commercially available, we may not be able to generate substantial product revenues, which would adversely affect our business and financial condition. The results of our clinical trials to date do not provide assurance that acceptable efficacy or safety will be shown upon completion of future clinical trials.

 

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We will continue to need additional funding and may be unable to raise capital when needed, which would force us to delay, reduce or eliminate our commercialization efforts or our product development programs.*

We will continue to need to raise additional capital to fund our operations, establish a sales infrastructure and marketing and distribution capabilities and to continue the development of our product candidates. Our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, including:

 

   

the timing, receipt and amount of sales or royalties from Horizant, Regnite and our other potential products;

 

   

the timing and costs of our establishment and maintenance of a sales and marketing, supply chain, distribution, pharmacovigilance, compliance and safety infrastructure to promote Horizant;

 

   

the scope, rate of progress, results and cost of our preclinical testing, clinical trials and other research and development activities;

 

   

the cost of manufacturing clinical and commercial supplies of Horizant and our product candidates;

 

   

the timing and costs of complying with the remaining post-marketing commitments and post-marketing requirements established in connection with the approval of Horizant, and any future additional commitments or requirements imposed on us by the FDA;

 

   

the number and characteristics of product candidates that we pursue, including any additional potential indications for Horizant;

 

   

the cost, timing and outcomes of regulatory approvals, if any;

 

   

the terms and timing of any collaborative, licensing and other arrangements that we may establish or modify;

 

   

the cost and expenses associated with any potential litigation;

 

   

the cost of preparing, filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights; and

 

   

the extent to which we acquire or invest in businesses, products or technologies that complement our business, although we have no commitments or agreements relating to any of these types of transactions.

Until we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenues, if ever, we expect to finance future cash needs through public or private equity offerings, debt financings or corporate collaboration and licensing arrangements. If we raise additional funds by issuing our common stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable or exercisable for common stock, our stockholders will experience dilution. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to our stockholders or us. To the extent that we raise additional capital through licensing arrangements or arrangements with collaborative partners, we may be required to relinquish, on terms that are not favorable to us, rights to some of our technologies or product candidates that we would otherwise seek to develop or commercialize ourselves. Our ability to raise additional funds and the terms upon which we are able to raise such funds may be adversely impacted by the uncertainty regarding our financial condition, the commercial prospects of Horizant and Regnite based on their respective sales to date and our lack of experience in commercializing products, and/or current economic conditions, including the effects of disruptions to, and volatility in, the credit and financial markets in the United States, Asia, the European Union and other regions of the world, including those resulting from or associated with rising government debt levels.

We believe that our existing capital resources, together with interest thereon, will be sufficient to meet our projected operating requirements into the second quarter of 2014. We have based our cash sufficiency estimate on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect. Further, our operating plan may change, and we may need additional funds to meet operational needs and capital requirements for product development and commercialization sooner than planned. We have no credit facility or committed sources of capital other than potential contingent event-based and royalty payments that we are eligible to receive under our collaboration agreement with Astellas. Pursuant to the termination and transition agreement with GSK, upon the expiration of the transition period, we will be responsible for all Horizant commercialization and development activities, including all post-marketing requirements and commitments. Such costs could be greater than we anticipate, sales of Horizant may be less than we anticipate, or the current Horizant manufacturing delays could be longer than expected, all of which could accelerate our need for additional capital.

Additional funds may not be available when we need them on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If adequate funds are not, or we anticipate that they may not be, available on a timely basis, we may:

 

   

terminate or delay clinical trials for one or more of our product candidates;

 

   

curtail or delay significant drug development programs; or

 

   

reduce the amount of resources devoted to medical affairs, advertising, promotion or sales of Horizant.

For example, in March 2010, as a result of the Complete Response letter that initially delayed approval of the Horizant NDA for RLS, we implemented a restructuring plan to reduce expenses, focus our resources on advancement of our later-stage product candidates and eliminate our discovery research efforts. In connection with this restructuring, we postponed the commencement of

 

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additional clinical trials of AP as a potential treatment for spasticity until 2011 to focus our clinical development resources on the completion of the Phase 2 clinical trial of AP as a potential treatment for GERD. In addition, in January 2012, we suspended clinical development activities for XP21279 to focus our resources on development of our other product candidates.

We will rely on third parties to perform many essential services for Horizant, including services related to warehousing and inventory control, distribution, customer service, government price reporting, recording of sales, accounts receivable management, cash collection and adverse event reporting, and if such third parties fail to provide us with accurate information, perform as expected or comply with legal and regulatory requirements, our efforts to commercialize Horizant may be significantly impacted and/or we may be subject to regulatory sanctions.

We intend to rely on third-party service providers to perform a variety of functions related to the sale and distribution of Horizant, key aspects of which are out of our direct control. The services provided by these third parties include warehousing and inventory control, distribution, customer service, government price reporting, recording of sales, accounts receivable management and cash collection. If these third-party service providers fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations, fail to meet expected deadlines or otherwise do not carry out their contractual duties to us, or if Horizant encounters physical or natural damage at their facilities, our ability to deliver Horizant to meet commercial demand would be significantly impaired. If these third parties do not provide us with timely and accurate information, it could impact our ability to comply with our financial reporting, state aggregate spend reporting and securities laws obligations, which could expose us to the risk of shareholder lawsuits and adversely affect our business. In addition, we have engaged, or will engage, third parties to perform various other services for us relating to adverse event reporting, safety database management, fulfillment of requests for medical information regarding Horizant and related services. If the quality or accuracy of the data maintained or services performed by these third parties is insufficient, we could be subject to regulatory sanctions.

The commercial success of Horizant, Regnite or any other products that we may develop will depend upon the degree of market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payers and the medical community.*

Horizant, Regnite or any other products that result from our product candidates may not gain market acceptance among physicians, patients, healthcare payers and the medical community. If these products do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate material product revenues and we may not become profitable. The degree of market acceptance of Horizant, Regnite or any products resulting from our product candidates will depend on a number of factors, including:

 

   

the ability to offer such products for sale at competitive prices;

 

   

sufficient third-party coverage or reimbursement for such products;

 

   

the product labeling required by the FDA, the Japanese MHLW or any other regulatory authorities;

 

   

demonstration of efficacy and safety in clinical trials;

 

   

the prevalence and severity of any side effects;

 

   

potential or perceived advantages over alternative treatments;

 

   

perceptions about the relationship or similarity between our product candidates and the parent drug upon which each candidate is based;

 

   

the timing of market entry relative to competitive treatments;

 

   

relative convenience and ease of administration; and

 

   

the strength of marketing and distribution support.

For example, as Horizant is a prodrug of an already approved drug, gabapentin, and is indicated for the treatment of conditions that also have been treated by generic competitors, there could be a perception among physicians that Horizant may not offer a significant clinical advantage or be sufficiently differentiated from current treatments to justify its price, thereby limiting the market acceptance and sales that GSK may have experienced and that we may achieve with Horizant in the future. In addition, Horizant’s limited sales performance under GSK and the Horizant inventory stockout may create a negative market perception that is difficult to overcome in our future marketing efforts.

Our ability to generate revenue from Horizant, Regnite or any other products that we may develop will depend on the availability of coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payers and drug pricing policies and regulations.

In both U.S. and foreign markets, our ability to commercialize our products successfully and to attract strategic partners for our products depends in significant part on the availability of financial coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payers, including, in the United States, governmental payers such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs, managed care organizations and private health insurers. Many patients may be unable to pay for Horizant, Regnite or any other products that we may develop. We cannot be sure that coverage and adequate reimbursement in the United States, Japan, Europe or elsewhere will be available for

 

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Horizant, Regnite or any other products that we may develop, and any reimbursement that may become available may be decreased or eliminated in the future. Third-party payers increasingly are challenging prices charged for medical products and services, and many third-party payers may refuse to provide reimbursement for particular drugs when an equivalent generic drug is available. Although we believe Horizant, Regnite and any other products that may result from our product candidates represent an improvement over the parent drugs upon which they are based and should be considered unique and not subject to substitution by a generic parent drug, it is possible that a third-party payer may consider Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates and the respective generic parent drug as equivalents and only offer to reimburse patients for the generic drug. Even if we show improved efficacy or improved convenience of administration with Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates, pricing of the existing parent drug may limit the amount we will be able to charge for Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates. If reimbursement is not available or is available only at limited levels, we or Astellas may not be able to successfully commercialize Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates, and may not be able to obtain a satisfactory financial return on such products.

Such reimbursement pricing pressures have increased as a result of the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003, or the 2003 MMA, due to the enhanced purchasing power of the private sector plans that negotiate on behalf of Medicare beneficiaries. Furthermore, managed care organizations, as well as Medicaid and other government agencies, continue to seek price discounts. Some states have implemented, and other states are considering, price controls or patient access constraints under the Medicaid program, and some states are considering price-control regimes that would apply to broader segments of their populations that are not Medicaid-eligible. If legislation were enacted to mandate rebates or provide for direct government negotiation in prescription drug benefits, access and reimbursement for Horizant or our product candidates upon commercialization could be restricted.

The trend toward managed healthcare in the United States and the changes in health insurance programs, as well as the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or collectively, PPACA, enacted in 2010, may result in lower prices for pharmaceutical products, including Horizant or any other products that may result from our product candidates. In addition, if the 2003 MMA or the PPACA were amended to impose direct governmental price controls and access restrictions, these could have a significant adverse impact on our business, including on any product sales revenue from Horizant. Any future regulatory changes regarding the healthcare industry or third-party coverage and reimbursement may affect demand for Horizant or any other products that we may develop and could harm our sales and profitability.

If our competitors are able to develop and market products that are more effective, safer or less costly than Horizant, Regnite or any other products that we may develop, our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated.*

We face competition from established pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, including generic competitors, as well as from academic institutions, government agencies and private and public research institutions. Our commercial opportunity will be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer, more effective, have fewer side effects or are less expensive than Horizant, Regnite or any other products that we may develop. In addition, significant delays in the development of our product candidates could allow our competitors to bring products to market before us and impair our ability to effectively commercialize our product candidates.

Products that we believe compete with Horizant in the United States include the following drugs approved for the treatment of RLS: Mirapex (pramipexole) from Boehringer Ingelheim and generic pramipexole; Requip (ropinirole) from GSK and generic ropinirole; and Neupro (a rotigotine transdermal system), a dopamine agonist patch from UCB, Inc., which was approved in 2012. In Japan, we believe that Regnite competes with pramipexole, which was approved in Japan in 2010. We also believe that Regnite could compete with a rotigotine transdermal system, which was approved in Japan in December 2012. Otsuka has exclusive rights to market the UCB rotigotine transdermal system in Japan.

Products that we believe compete with Horizant in the United States for the management of PHN include drugs that act on the same target as Horizant, such as Lyrica (pregabalin) and Neurontin (gabapentin) from Pfizer Inc., generic gabapentin and Gralise (once-daily formulation of gabapentin) from Depomed, Inc. Horizant could also experience competition from a capsaicin patch (marketed as Qutenza by NeurogesX, Inc.) and transdermal patches containing the anesthetic known as lidocaine, which are sometimes used for the management of PHN. We believe that AP, our product candidate that is a Transported Prodrug of R-baclofen, could experience competition from several generic drugs approved for the treatment of spasticity, including racemic baclofen, dantrolene sodium and tizanidine. In addition, the FDA has approved Botox (onabotulinumtoxin A) from Allergan Inc. to treat upper limb spasticity in adults. Physicians also prescribe diazepam for the treatment of spasticity. Therapies in development for the treatment of spasticity based on sustained-release versions of baclofen or R-baclofen include IPX056 from Impax Laboratories, Inc., Baclofen GRS from Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company Limited and Arbaclofen Extended-Release Tablets from Osmotica Pharmaceutical Corp.

Products that could compete with XP21279, our product candidate that is a Transported Prodrug of levodopa, include: generic levodopa/carbidopa drugs and other drugs approved for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, including Stalevo, a combination therapy of levodopa/carbidopa/entacapone that is marketed in the United States by Novartis Inc.; dopamine agonists such as Mirapex (pramipexole) as well as Requip (ropinirole) and Requip XL (ropinirole extended-release tablets), which are marketed by Boehringer

 

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Ingelheim and GSK, respectively; generic dopamine agonists, including pramipexole and ropinirole; and Neupro (a rotigotine transdermal system), a dopamine agonist patch from UCB, which was approved in April 2012 by the FDA for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Impax submitted an NDA for Rytary (previously known as IPX066), an extended-release formulation of levodopa/carbidopa, that is currently under FDA review. Other therapies under development in the United States include levodopa/carbidopa formulations such as a levodopa/carbidopa gel delivered by a portable pump directly into the duodenum being developed by Abbott Laboratories, as well as DM-1992 and OS-320 (extended-release formulations of levodopa/carbidopa being developed by Depomed and Osmotica Pharmaceutical Corp., respectively).

Products that could compete with XP23829, our product candidate that is a prodrug of monomethyl fumarate, or MMF, include oral and injectable agents that are approved in the United States for the treatment of relapsing-remitting MS, or RRMS. These include oral agents such as Gilenya (fingolimod), marketed by Novartis, and Aubagio (teriflunomide), marketed by Sanofi-Aventis, and a recently approved oral agent known as Tecfidera (dimethyl fumarate), marketed by Biogen Idec. In addition, injectable formulations of interferon-beta1a and beta1b isoforms are approved in the United States and include Avonex, which is marketed by Biogen Idec Inc., Rebif, marketed by Merck Serono S.A., and Betaseron and Extavia, which are marketed by Bayer AG/Novartis. Also, Copaxone (glatiramer acetate), an injectable mixture of peptides that is marketed by Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., is also widely used for the treatment of RRMS. XP23829 could also compete with Tysabri (natralizumab), a monthly intravenously-infused antibody that is marketed by Biogen Idec. There are also a number of possible competitive products that are in late-stage product development in the United States, including Movecto (oral cladribine) from Merck KGaA/Teva, BIIB-017 (PEG-IFN-beta1a) from Biogen Idec, Daclizumab from Abbott/Biogen Idec, Laquinimod from Teva and Lemtrada (alemtuzumab) from Genzyme/Sanofi-Aventis/Bayer/Takeda Pharmaceutical.

Products that could compete with XP23829 for the treatment of psoriasis include topical agents and oral systemic therapies. Topical therapies include corticosteroids, anthrolin and synthetic vitamin D and vitamin A. Oral systemic agents include acitretin, cyclosporine and methotrexate, which are generic products and are recommended for use prior to biologic therapies. Biological therapies include Enbrel (etanercept), marketed by Amgen Inc., Humira (adalimumab), marketed by Abbott Laboratories, Remicade (infliximab), marketed by Johnson & Johnson and Merck & Co., Inc., and Stelara (ustekinumab), marketed by Johnson & Johnson, which are recommended for patients with chronic moderate-to-severe psoriasis who fail to respond to or experience intolerance to other psoriasis treatments.

There may be other compounds of which we are not aware that are at an earlier stage of development and may compete with our products or product candidates. If any of those compounds are successfully developed and approved, they could compete directly with our products or product candidates.

Many of our competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing, distributing and selling approved products than we do. Established pharmaceutical companies may invest heavily to quickly discover and develop novel compounds that could make Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates obsolete. Larger pharmaceutical companies also may have significantly greater sales forces, distribution capabilities and marketing expertise, which may result in more effective communication and awareness of their products. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. In addition, these third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, as well as in acquiring technologies and technology licenses complementary to our programs or advantageous to our business. Accordingly, our competitors may succeed in obtaining patent protection, receiving FDA approval or discovering, developing and commercializing medicines before we do. We are also aware of other companies that may currently be engaged in the discovery of medicines that will compete with Horizant, Regnite or the product candidates that we are developing. In addition, in the markets that we are targeting, we expect to compete against current market-leading medicines. If we are not able to compete effectively against our current and future competitors, our business will not grow and our financial condition will suffer.

Off-label sale or use of generic gabapentin products could lead to pricing pressure or decrease sales of Horizant.

U.S. physicians are permitted to prescribe legally available drugs for uses that are not described in the drug’s labeling and that differ from those uses tested and approved by the FDA. The occurrence of such off-label uses in the practice of medicine could significantly reduce our ability to market and sell Horizant or any other products that we may develop.

We believe that in the United States, the composition-of-matter patents relating to gabapentin have expired. Off-label prescriptions written for gabapentin for indications for which we will be marketing or developing Horizant could adversely affect our ability to generate revenue from the sale of Horizant. This could result in reduced sales and increased pricing pressure on Horizant, which in turn would reduce our ability to generate revenue and have a negative impact on our results of operations.

 

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If product liability lawsuits are brought against us, we will incur substantial liabilities and may be required to limit commercialization of Horizant or any other products that we may develop.

We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the commercial use of Horizant and the testing of Horizant or our product candidates in human clinical trials. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that Horizant, our product candidates or products that we successfully develop caused injuries, we will incur substantial liabilities.

Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:

 

   

decreased demand for Horizant or any product candidates or products that we may develop;

 

   

injury to our reputation;

 

   

costly recalls of Horizant or other products that we may develop;

 

   

withdrawal of clinical trial participants;

 

   

costs to defend the related litigation;

 

   

substantial monetary awards to clinical trial participants or patients;

 

   

loss of revenue; and

 

   

the inability to commercialize any future products that we may develop.

We have product liability insurance that covers our commercial use and clinical trials up to a $10.0 million annual aggregate limit. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive, and we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost and we may not be able to obtain insurance coverage that will be adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.

If third parties do not manufacture Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates in sufficient quantities or at an acceptable cost, commercialization of Horizant and Regnite and clinical development and commercialization of our product candidates would be harmed or delayed.*

We do not own or operate manufacturing facilities for the production of clinical or commercial quantities of Horizant, Regnite or any of our product candidates. We also have limited management expertise in commercial supply operations. We will rely on GSK for the commercial supply of Horizant through October 2013 or, if earlier, until we are able to establish our own manufacturing relationship. For our product candidates, we have relied on, and we expect to continue to rely on, a limited number of third-party drug substance and drug product manufacturers. Other than the termination and transition agreement with GSK with respect to Horizant, we do not have commercial supply agreements with any of these third parties, and our agreements with these parties are generally terminable at will by either party at any time. If, for any reason, GSK or these third parties are unable or unwilling to perform under our agreements or enter into new agreements, we may not be able to locate alternative manufacturers or enter into favorable agreements with them. Our inability to acquire sufficient quantities of Horizant could result in future stockouts and existing patients not having access to drug product. Any inability to acquire sufficient quantities of our other product candidates in a timely manner from these third parties could delay clinical trials and prevent us or our partners from developing and commercializing these product candidates in a cost-effective manner or on a timely basis.

Under the terms of our termination and transition agreement with GSK, GSK is responsible for the commercial manufacture and supply of Horizant during the transition period, and we have elected to have GSK continue to supply us for up to six months following the transition period. GSK is relying on a single source supplier for such commercial supplies of Horizant. If we or GSK fail to qualify alternative manufacturers of Horizant, the current contract manufacturer terminates its agreement with GSK or we are not able to enter an agreement with such manufacturer, and we or GSK are otherwise unable to manufacture or contract to manufacture sufficient quantities of Horizant, the commercialization of Horizant could be impaired or delayed. In addition, manufacturing delays at GSK’s contract manufacturer have resulted in a stockout of Horizant. As a result of the manufacturing delays, our full commercial promotion of Horizant has been delayed, and we anticipate it will not commence until a sufficient supply of Horizant is available. If GSK or its contract manufacturer experiences further delays or issues, or the current stockout is not resolved in the timeframe we expect, our ability to fully commercialize Horizant could be further delayed, or otherwise impaired. As part of the termination and transition agreement, GSK agreed to provide its inventory of gabapentin enacarbil drug substance to us. Although the inventory of drug substance has reached the end of its specified shelf life, we believe that such inventory will remain in specification and will be usable, or in the alternative, we believe the drug substance can be re-crystallized into usable form. GSK has relied on a single source supplier of gabapentin enacarbil drug substance, and its agreement with such manufacturer has expired. If we are incorrect about the usability of the gabapentin enacarbil drug substance, are unable to have it meet specifications upon re-crystallization or are unable to enter into an agreement with the contract manufacturer or qualify an alternative manufacturer, we may be limited in the amount of Horizant we could have manufactured and the commercialization of Horizant could be impaired or further delayed. Under the terms of our collaboration agreement with Astellas, Astellas is solely responsible for the manufacture of Regnite/gabapentin enacarbil to support its development and commercialization within the Astellas territory. To our knowledge, Astellas is currently relying on single source suppliers for commercial supplies of Regnite/gabapentin enacarbil. As a result, if Astellas fails to manufacture or contract to manufacture sufficient quantities of Regnite/gabapentin enacarbil, development and commercialization of Regnite/gabapentin enacarbil could be impaired in the Astellas territory.

 

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We rely on a single source supplier of R-baclofen, the active agent used to make AP, under purchase orders issued from time to time. In the event that such supplier determines to not sell R-baclofen to us at a price that is commercially attractive, and if we were unable to qualify an alternative supplier of R-baclofen, this could delay the development of, and impair our ability to commercialize, this product candidate.

We rely on a single source supplier of our current worldwide requirements of AP drug substance under a manufacturing services and product supply agreement. Our current agreement with this supplier does not provide for a supply of drug substance that would be necessary for full-scale commercialization. In the event that the parties cannot agree to the terms and conditions for this supplier to provide some or all of our clinical and commercial supply needs of drug substance, we would not be able to manufacture AP drug substance until an alternative supplier is identified and qualified, which could also delay the development of, and impair our ability to commercialize, this product candidate. The drug substance is manufactured using a four-step synthetic process that uses commercially available starting materials for each step. There are no complicated chemistries or unusual equipment required in the manufacturing process.

We rely on a single source supplier of AP formulated in sustained-release tablets at specified transfer prices under quotations agreed upon by the parties as a part of a master services agreement. We do not have an agreement with this supplier for the commercial supply of AP sustained-release tablets. In the event that such supplier terminates our agreement under specified circumstances, or we are not able to come to an agreement for the commercial supply of AP on reasonable terms, we would not be able to commercialize AP sustained-release tablets until an alternative supplier is qualified. This could delay the development of, and impair our ability to commercialize, AP.

We rely on a single source supplier of levodopa, which is used to make XP21279, under purchase orders issued from time to time. We are aware of several alternative suppliers of levodopa, and we believe at least one alternative manufacturer could potentially supply levodopa in the event that our supplier determines to not sell levodopa to us at a price that is commercially attractive. If we are unable to qualify an alternative supplier of levodopa, this could further delay the development of, and impair our ability to commercialize, XP21279.

We rely on a single source supplier of XP21279 drug substance under a manufacturing services and product supply agreement. In the event that such supplier terminates the agreement under specified circumstances, we would not be able to manufacture drug substance until a qualified alternative supplier is identified and qualified, which could also further delay the development of, and impair our ability to commercialize, this product candidate. The drug substance is manufactured by a four-step synthetic process that uses commercially available starting materials. There are no complicated chemistries or unusual equipment required in the manufacturing process.

We have purchased XP21279 formulated in sustained-release tablets from a single source supplier at specified transfer prices under quotations agreed upon by the parties as part of a master services agreement. We have recently qualified another supplier for the manufacture of XP21279 with carbidopa bi-layer tablets to be supplied under quotations agreed upon by the parties as part of a master services agreement. In the event that either supplier terminates its agreement under specified circumstances for the manufacture of XP21279 sustained-release tablets or carbidopa bi-layer tablets, we would not be able to manufacture XP21279 until an alternative supplier is qualified. This could further delay the development of, and impair our ability to commercialize, XP21279.

We rely on a single source supplier of MMF, which is used to make XP23829, under purchase orders issued from time to time. We are aware of several alternative suppliers of MMF, and we believe at least one alternative manufacturer could potentially supply MMF in the event that our supplier determines to not sell MMF to us at a price that is commercially attractive. If we are unable to qualify an alternative supplier of MMF, this could delay the development of, and impair our ability to commercialize, XP23829.

We rely on a single source supplier of XP23829 drug substance under a manufacturing services and supply agreement. In the event that such supplier terminates the agreement under specified circumstances, we would not be able to manufacture drug substance until a qualified alternative supplier is identified and qualified, which could also delay the development of, and impair our ability to commercialize, this product candidate. The drug substance is manufactured by a short synthetic process that uses commercially available starting materials. There are no complicated chemistries or unusual equipment required in the manufacturing process.

We have purchased XP23829 formulated in different forms from multiple suppliers at specified transfer prices under quotations agreed upon by the parties as part of master services agreements. In the event that such suppliers terminate our agreements under specified circumstances, we would not be able to manufacture XP23829 until an alternative supplier is qualified. This could delay the development of, and impair our ability to commercialize, XP23829.

If we are required to obtain alternate third-party manufacturers, it could delay or prevent the clinical development and commercialization of our product candidates.

We may not be able to maintain or renew our existing, or obtain new, third-party manufacturing arrangements on acceptable terms, if at all. If we are unable to continue relationships with our suppliers for Horizant/gabapentin enacarbil, AP, XP21279 and XP23829, or to continue relationships at an acceptable cost or if these suppliers fail to meet our requirements for these product candidates for any reason, we would be required to obtain alternative suppliers. Any inability to obtain qualified alternative suppliers, including an inability to obtain, or delay in obtaining, approval of an alternative supplier from the FDA, would delay or prevent the clinical development of these product candidates and commercialization of Horizant.

 

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Use of third-party manufacturers may increase the risk that we will not have adequate supplies of Horizant or our product candidates.*

Our current, and anticipated future, reliance on third-party manufacturers will expose us to risks that could result in disruptions to our supply chain, product stockouts, patients not having access to their regular treatment, higher costs or lost product revenues, or it could delay or prevent:

 

   

the commercialization of our products;

 

   

the initiation or completion of clinical trials;

 

   

the submission of applications for regulatory approvals; and

 

   

the approval of our product candidates by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities.

In particular, our or our partners’ contract manufacturers:

 

   

could encounter difficulties in achieving volume production, quality control and quality assurance or suffer shortages of qualified personnel, which could result in their inability to manufacture sufficient quantities of drugs to meet commercial needs or clinical supplies of Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates;

 

   

could terminate or choose not to renew manufacturing agreements, based on their own business priorities, at a time that is costly or inconvenient for us or our partners;

 

   

could fail to establish and follow FDA-mandated current good manufacturing practices, or cGMPs, which are required for FDA approval of our product candidates, or fail to document their adherence to cGMPs, either of which could require costly recalls of products already having received approval, lead to significant delays in the availability of material for clinical study or delay or prevent marketing approval for our product candidates;

 

   

could encounter financial difficulties that would interfere with their obligations to supply Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates; and

 

   

could breach, or fail to perform as agreed under, manufacturing agreements.

Due to manufacturing delays by GSK and its contract manufacturer, there is currently an insufficient amount of Horizant in the supply chain to meet the demand of orders of Horizant by pharmacies and wholesalers, leading to a delay in our full commercial promotion of Horizant. In addition, GSK’s contract manufacturer has not been able to produce validation batches of a 300 mg dosage form of Horizant that can be taken by patients with severe renal impairment, and Horizant is labeled for such 300 mg dosage form. Following the transition of responsibility for Horizant back to us, we have an ongoing obligation to make this dosage form available. If the contract manufacturer is unable to produce such validation batches and the 300 mg dosage form is not made available to patients, the FDA could require us to change the label for Horizant to no longer reference renally-impaired patients or the 300 mg dosage form.

If we or our partners are not able to obtain adequate supplies of Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates, it will have a significant impact on the commercialization efforts for Horizant or Regnite, and will make it more difficult to develop our product candidates. Horizant, Regnite, our product candidates and any products that we may develop may compete with other products and product candidates for access to manufacturing facilities.

In addition, the manufacturing facilities of certain of our suppliers are located outside of the United States. This may give rise to difficulties in importing our products or product candidates or their components into the United States or other countries as a result of, among other things, regulatory agency import inspections, incomplete or inaccurate import documentation or defective packaging.

If our preclinical studies do not produce successful results or our clinical trials do not demonstrate safety and efficacy in humans, we will not be able to commercialize our product candidates.*

To obtain the requisite regulatory approvals to market and sell any of our product candidates, we must demonstrate, through extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials, that the product candidate is safe and effective in humans. Preclinical and clinical testing is expensive, can take many years and has an uncertain outcome. A failure of one or more of our clinical trials could occur at any stage of testing. For example, in July 2010, GSK announced top-line results from a 30-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 clinical trial of Horizant as a potential prophylactic treatment for migraine headaches in which Horizant did not demonstrate a statistically significant improvement on the primary endpoint when compared to placebo. In addition, long-term safety concerns may prevent the approval of any of our product candidates by a regulatory authority. For example, in February 2010, safety concerns related to a preclinical finding of pancreatic acinar cell tumors in rats delayed FDA approval of the Horizant NDA at that time. Furthermore, success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and

 

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interim results of a clinical trial do not necessarily predict final results. In addition, the results of clinical trials by third parties evaluating a prodrug sharing the same parent drug as our prodrug candidate, including prodrugs of MMF such as Tecfidera, developed by Biogen Idec and approved by the FDA in March 2013, may not be indicative of the results in clinical trials that we may conduct with our prodrug candidate, including XP23829. Further, unfamiliarity with novel patient-reported outcome tools, trial assessments or endpoints or with certain patient populations, including related subject drop-out rates, could result in additional cost, delay or failure of our clinical trials. For example, in 2012, as part of the first clinical program we have conducted in MS patients with spasticity, based on our discussions with the FDA and in connection with a higher than expected drop-out rate, we modified our six-month, open-label, safety clinical trial of AP for subjects who complete the 13-week pivotal Phase 3 efficacy trial in an effort to ensure that our development program for AP meets the patient exposure requirements previously established with the FDA. As such, the protocol for the open-label safety trial was modified to allow patients to directly enter the trial without prior participation in the pivotal Phase 3 trial and be dosed for up to nine months.

We may experience numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, preclinical testing and the clinical trial process, which could delay or prevent our ability to commercialize our product candidates, including:

 

   

regulators or institutional review boards may not authorize us to commence a clinical trial at a prospective trial site;

 

   

our preclinical testing or clinical trials may produce negative or inconclusive results, which may require us to conduct additional preclinical or clinical testing or to abandon projects that we expect to be promising;

 

   

we may suspend or terminate our clinical trials if the participating patients are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;

 

   

risks associated with clinical trial design may result in a failure of the clinical trial to show statistically significant results even if the product candidate is effective;

 

   

regulators or institutional review boards may suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements; and

 

   

the effects of our product candidates may not be the desired effects or may include undesirable side effects.

Any failure or delay in commencing or completing clinical trials for our product candidates could severely harm our business.

The commencement and completion of clinical trials for our product candidates may be delayed or terminated as a result of many factors, including:

 

   

delays in patient enrollment, unanticipated high patient drop-out rates and variability in the number and types of patients available for clinical trials, all of which we have experienced in the past;

 

   

our inability to manufacture or obtain from third parties materials sufficient for use in preclinical studies and clinical trials;

 

   

difficulty in maintaining contact with patients after treatment, resulting in incomplete data;

 

   

poor effectiveness of product candidates during clinical trials;

 

   

unforeseen safety issues or side effects; and

 

   

governmental or regulatory delays and changes in regulatory requirements, policies and guidelines.

For example, based on the results of a planned interim analysis of the clinical data, although no safety concerns were noted, Astellas terminated its Phase 2 clinical trial of Regnite as a potential treatment for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, or DPN, due to difficulty in demonstrating a statistically significant advantage of Regnite over placebo. As a result, Astellas does not intend to continue the development of Regnite in Japan as a potential treatment for DPN at this time. Any delay in commencing or completing clinical trials for our product candidates would delay commercialization of our product candidates and severely harm our business and financial condition. In addition, unforeseen safety issues or side effects could result from our collaborators’ current or future clinical trials, which could delay or negatively impact commercialization of our product candidates. It is also possible that none of our product candidates will complete clinical trials in any of the markets in which we or our collaborators intend to sell those product candidates. Accordingly, we or our collaborators would not receive the regulatory approvals needed to market our product candidates, which would severely harm our business and financial condition.

We rely on third parties to conduct our clinical trials. If these third parties do not perform as contractually required or expected, we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for, or commercialize, our product candidates.

We do not have the ability to independently conduct clinical trials, and we must rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, medical institutions, clinical investigators, collaborative partners and contract laboratories, to conduct our clinical trials. We have, in the ordinary course of business, entered into agreements with these third parties. Nonetheless, we are responsible for confirming that each of our clinical trials is conducted in accordance with its general investigational plan and protocol. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with regulations and standards, commonly referred to as good clinical practices, for conducting and recording and reporting the results of clinical trials to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the trial

 

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participants are adequately protected. Our reliance on third parties that we do not control does not relieve us of these responsibilities and requirements. For example, we need to prepare, and ensure our compliance with, various procedures required under good clinical practices, even though third-party contract research organizations have prepared and are complying with their own, comparable procedures. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties or regulatory obligations or meet expected deadlines, if the third parties need to be replaced or if the quality or accuracy of the data they obtain is compromised due to the failure to adhere to our clinical protocols or regulatory requirements or for other reasons, our preclinical development activities or clinical trials may be extended, delayed, suspended or terminated, and we may not be able to obtain regulatory approval for our product candidates, or successfully commercialize Horizant.

As an illustrative example, in 2011, the FDA announced that certain bioanalytical studies conducted by a contract research organization may need to be repeated or confirmed by the pharmaceutical company sponsors of the marketing applications that included such studies. The FDA’s decision was the result of two inspections and an internal audit at a facility that identified significant instances of misconduct and violations of federal regulations, including falsification of documents and manipulation of samples. Although we have not contracted with this contract research organization for any studies or clinical trials, if one of the contract research organizations that conducted trials on our behalf were found to have similar or other violations, the FDA may require such trials to be repeated or it may affect the approvability of our product candidates and harm our business.

Horizant and Regnite remain, and future products, if any, will remain, subject to ongoing regulatory review. If we or our collaborative partners fail to comply with continuing regulations, these approvals could be rescinded and the sale of our products could be suspended.

Any regulatory approval to market a product could be conditioned on conducting additional, costly, post-approval studies or implementing a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy or could contain strict limits on the indicated uses included in the labeling. For example, the FDA approval for Horizant for the treatment of RLS included requirements for GSK to conduct a program of post-marketing commitments, or PMCs and post-marketing requirements, or PMRs, in adults, including a 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy study evaluating 300 mg, 450 mg and 600 mg tablets of Horizant dosed once per day, two simulated driving studies, a drug-drug interaction study with morphine and a cardiovascular safety, or QTc, study. GSK also agreed to conduct a pediatric program for subjects 13 years and older. The pediatric clinical program, which was not completed by GSK and is scheduled to commence after requested adult data is obtained and reviewed by the FDA, includes a pharmacokinetics, or PK, study, a parallel, fixed-dose response efficacy study, a long-term safety study and a simulated driving study. The specific protocol submission and trial completion dates for these PMCs/PMRs range from April 2011 through July 2024. Although GSK has completed some of these PMCs/PMRs, and has agreed to complete the low-dose efficacy study ongoing at the time we entered into the termination and transition agreement, we will be responsible for fulfilling the remaining, and any additional future, post-marketing study requirements, which will be expensive and time-consuming and may divert management time and resources away from our commercialization efforts or the development of our product candidates. In addition, Horizant has certain warnings and precautions in the label, including information that Horizant causes significant driving impairment. A medication guide, which contains information about the labeling intended for the patient, is also required to be distributed with Horizant.

Moreover, the product may later cause adverse effects that limit or prevent its widespread use, force us to withdraw it from the market or impede or delay our ability to obtain regulatory approvals in additional countries or indications. In addition, the contract manufacturer of the product and its facilities will continue to be subject to FDA review and periodic inspections to ensure adherence to applicable regulations. In addition, the manufacturing, labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and record keeping related to Horizant, Regnite and any future products remain subject to extensive regulatory requirements.

We are also subject to regulation by regional, national, state and local agencies, including the Department of Justice, the Federal Trade Commission, the Office of Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and other regulatory bodies, as well as governmental authorities in those foreign countries in which we may commercialize our products. The FDCA, the Public Health Service Act and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern to varying degrees the research, development, manufacturing and commercial activities relating to prescription pharmaceutical products, including preclinical testing, approval, production, labeling, sale, distribution, import, export, post-market surveillance, advertising, dissemination of information and promotion. These statutes and regulations include anti-kickback statutes and false claims statutes.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, knowingly and willfully offering, paying, soliciting or receiving remuneration to induce or in return for purchasing, leasing, ordering or arranging for the purchase, lease or order of any healthcare item or service reimbursable under Medicare, Medicaid or other federally financed healthcare programs. This statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical companies on the one hand and prescribers, purchasers and formulary managers on the other. Although there are a number of statutory exemptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting identified common activities from prosecution, the exemptions and safe harbors are drawn narrowly, and practices that involve remuneration intended to induce prescribing, purchases or recommendations may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exemption or safe harbor.

 

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Federal false claims laws prohibit any person from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government, or knowingly making, or causing to be made, a false statement to get a false claim paid.

Recently, several pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have been prosecuted under these laws for allegedly providing free product to customers with the expectation that the customers would bill federal programs for the product. Other companies have been prosecuted for causing false claims to be submitted because of the company’s marketing of the product for unapproved, and thus non-reimbursable, uses. Pharmaceutical and other healthcare companies have also been prosecuted on other legal theories of Medicare fraud. The majority of states also have statutes or regulations similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and federal false claims laws that apply to items and services reimbursed under Medicaid and other state programs, or, in several states, apply regardless of the payer. Sanctions under these federal and state laws may include civil monetary penalties, exclusion of a company’s products from reimbursement under government programs, criminal fines and imprisonment. Several states now require pharmaceutical companies to report expenses relating to the marketing and promotion of pharmaceutical products and prohibit or require reporting of the provision of gifts, meals and entertainment to individual healthcare providers. Other states require the posting of information relating to clinical studies. In addition, California requires pharmaceutical companies to implement a comprehensive compliance program that includes a limit on expenditures for, or payments to, individual medical or health professionals. We have adopted a comprehensive compliance program that we believe complies with California law. Several additional states are considering similar proposals. Compliance with these laws is difficult and time consuming, and companies that do not comply with these state laws face civil penalties. Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of available statutory and regulatory exemptions, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. Such a challenge could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

In addition to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and federal false claims laws, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters. HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, or HITECH, and its implementing regulations, also imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information. State and foreign laws governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

If we or our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including criminal and significant civil penalties, damages, fines, imprisonment, exclusion of products from reimbursement under U.S. federal or state healthcare programs, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could materially adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Although compliance programs can mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with these laws may prove costly.

Following the return of responsibility of the commercialization of Horizant to us, we expect to have a contract sales organization employ the sales representatives who will promote Horizant. However, we expect that government and regulatory agencies will hold us responsible for any actions by such sales representatives or sales organizations. If GSK (during the transition period), we or our contract sales organization fails to comply with the regulatory requirements of the FDA and other applicable U.S. and foreign regulatory authorities or if previously unknown problems with our products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes are discovered, we and our partners could be subject to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions, including:

 

   

restrictions on the products, manufacturers or manufacturing processes;

 

   

warning letters;

 

   

civil or criminal penalties or fines;

 

   

injunctions;

 

   

product seizures, detentions or import bans;

 

   

voluntary or mandatory product recalls and publicity requirements;

 

   

suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals;

 

   

total or partial suspension of production; and

 

   

refusal to approve pending applications for marketing approval of new drugs or supplements to approved applications.

 

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If we or Astellas are not able to obtain or maintain required regulatory approvals, we or Astellas will not be able to commercialize Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates, our ability to generate revenue will be materially impaired and our business will not be successful.

Our product candidates and the activities associated with their development and commercialization are subject to comprehensive regulation by the FDA and other agencies in the United States and by comparable authorities in other countries. The inability to obtain or maintain FDA approval or approval from comparable authorities in other countries would prevent us and our collaborative partners from commercializing Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates in the United States or other countries. Although Horizant and Regnite have been approved for commercial sale in the United States and Japan, respectively, we may never receive regulatory approval for the commercial sale of our product candidates, including AP for the potential treatment of spasticity. In addition, even if a product candidate ultimately receives regulatory approval, the regulatory process may include significant delays that could harm our business. For example, in February 2010, GSK received a Complete Response letter from the FDA in which a preclinical finding of pancreatic acinar cell tumors in rats precluded approval of the Horizant NDA for the treatment of RLS at that time. GSK responded to questions raised by the FDA in the Complete Response letter with an NDA resubmission, which included new data from nonclinical studies of Horizant and two epidemiology studies conducted by GSK exploring gabapentin use and cancer based on the UK General Practice Research Database, as well as a final safety update that provided updated or new safety information on patients in clinical studies who had been treated with Horizant. GSK also amended the NDA from a Section 505(b)(1) to a 505(b)(2) application in order for the FDA to be able to consider published gabapentin nonclinical data in their assessment of Horizant. Horizant subsequently received approval from the FDA in April 2011. However, our business was harmed due to the delay in obtaining approval for Horizant as a treatment for RLS. Moreover, if the FDA requires that any of our products or product candidates be scheduled by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, or DEA, we or our collaborative partners will be unable to continue or begin commercial sale of that product until the DEA completes scheduling proceedings. If any of our products or product candidates is classified as a controlled substance by the DEA, we or our collaborative partners would have to register annually with the DEA and those products or product candidates would be subject to additional regulation.

We have only limited experience in preparing and filing the applications necessary to gain regulatory approvals. The process of applying for regulatory approval is expensive, often takes many years and can vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product candidates involved. The application process begins with the submission of an NDA that the FDA initially reviews and either accepts or rejects for filing. NDA submissions are complex electronic filings, which include vast compilations of data sets, integrated documents and data calculations. The FDA has substantial discretion in the submission process and may refuse to accept an NDA submission for any reason, including insufficient information or if there are errors or omissions relating to the electronic transmittal process, data entry, data compilation or formatting. For example, in November 2008, GSK withdrew a previously submitted NDA for Horizant for the treatment of RLS in connection with the FDA’s request that the data from a single study be reformatted.

Changes in the regulatory approval policy during the development period, changes in, or the enactment of, additional regulations or statutes or changes in regulatory review for each submitted product application may cause delays in the approval or rejection of an NDA. If the FDA were to miss a Prescription Drug User Fee Act, or PDUFA, timing goal for one of our product candidates, the development and commercialization of the product candidate could be delayed or impaired. For example, in November 2009, the FDA notified GSK that it was extending the PDUFA timing goal for Horizant for the treatment of RLS to February 2010. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, or FDAAA, mandates FDA advisory committee reviews of all new molecular entities as part of the NDA approval process, although the FDA maintains discretion under FDAAA to approve NDAs for new molecular entities without advisory committee reviews in certain instances. The FDA may convene an advisory committee at any time during the review process. The advisory committee review process can be a lengthy and uncertain process that could delay the FDA’s NDA approval and delay or impair the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

The FDA has substantial discretion in the approval process and may refuse to approve any application or decide that our data is insufficient for approval and require additional preclinical, clinical or other studies. Varying interpretations of the data obtained from preclinical and clinical testing or other studies could delay, limit or prevent regulatory approval of any of our product candidates. As part of their review process, the FDA could require additional studies or trials to satisfy particular safety concerns. For example, although we have had discussions with the FDA regarding the studies that could be required for filing an NDA for AP as a potential treatment of spasticity, the FDA could change their guidance in the future. Thus, although the FDA has indicated that a study to assess the effect of AP on driving would not be required as part of an NDA for AP for spasticity, FDA guidance could change in the future and a driving study could be required at a later date. Additionally, although we had discussions with the FDA in June 2012 regarding the studies required by the FDA to support an NDA submission for XP21279 for the potential treatment of advanced idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, when or if we decide to pursue these studies and the approval of XP21279, the FDA could change their guidance or require additional studies, causing delay or the expenditure of additional resources. Even if the FDA or other regulatory agency approves a product candidate, the approval may impose significant restrictions on the indicated uses, conditions for use, labeling, advertising, promotion, marketing and/or production of such product and may impose ongoing commitments or requirements for post-approval studies, including additional research and development and clinical trials, and we or our collaborative partners may be unable to maintain regulatory approvals for our products. For example, the FDA approval for Horizant for the treatment of RLS included requirements for GSK to conduct a number of PMCs and PMRs. Although GSK has completed and agreed to complete some of the PMCs/PMRs, we will be responsible for fulfilling the remaining post-marketing study requirements, or any additional post-marketing requirements that may be imposed on us or Horizant, which will be expensive and time-consuming, and may divert management time

 

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and resources away from our commercialization efforts or the development of our product candidates. In addition, the FDA and other agencies also may impose various civil or criminal sanctions for failure to comply with regulatory requirements, including withdrawal of product approval.

We or our potential collaborative partners will need to obtain regulatory approval from authorities in foreign countries to market our product candidates in those countries. Approval by one regulatory authority does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. If we or our potential collaborative partners fail to obtain approvals from foreign jurisdictions, the geographic market for our product candidates would be limited.

Although we have reached agreement with the FDA on a Special Protocol Assessment, or SPA, relating to our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of AP for the potential treatment of spasticity in patients with MS, this agreement does not guarantee any particular outcome with respect to regulatory review of the pivotal trial or with respect to regulatory approval of AP.

The protocol for the pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of AP for the potential treatment of spasticity in patients with MS was reviewed by the FDA under the SPA process, which allows for FDA evaluation of a clinical trial protocol intended to form the primary basis of an efficacy claim in support of an NDA and provides an agreement that the study design, including trial size, clinical endpoints and/or data analyses are acceptable to the FDA. Reaching agreement with the FDA on an SPA is not an indication of approvability. Even if we believe that the data from the pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial are supportive, an SPA agreement is not a guarantee of approval, and we cannot be certain that the design of, or data collected from, the pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial will be adequate to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of AP for the potential treatment of spasticity in patients with MS, or will otherwise be sufficient to support FDA or any foreign regulatory approvals. Further, the SPA agreement is not binding on the FDA if public health concerns unrecognized at the time the SPA agreement is entered into become evident, other new scientific concerns regarding product safety or efficacy arise, new drugs are approved in the same indication or if we fail to comply with the agreed upon trial protocols. In addition, the SPA agreement may be changed by us or the FDA on written agreement of both parties, and the FDA retains significant latitude and discretion in interpreting the terms of the SPA agreement and the data and results from the pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial. As a result, we do not know how the FDA will interpret the parties’ respective commitments under the SPA agreement, how it will interpret the data and results from the pivotal trial or whether AP will receive any regulatory approvals. Therefore, despite the potential benefits of the SPA agreement, significant uncertainty remains regarding the clinical development of and regulatory approval process for AP for the potential treatment of spasticity in patients with MS, and it is possible that we might never receive any regulatory approvals for AP.

An NDA submitted under Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act subjects us to the risk that we may be subject to a patent infringement lawsuit that would delay or prevent the review and approval of our product candidate.

Certain product candidates that we develop may be submitted to the FDA for approval under Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended, or FDCA, which was enacted as part of the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Act. Section 505(b)(2) permits the submission of an NDA where at least some of the information required for approval comes from studies not conducted by, or for, the applicant and for which the applicant has not obtained a right of reference. If we receive positive results in our pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial of AP as a potential treatment for spasticity in MS patients, along with supportive data from certain additional studies, we intend to submit an NDA with the FDA under Section 505(b)(2) seeking approval of AP in this indication. The Section 505(b)(2) application would enable us to reference published literature and/or the FDA’s previous finding of safety and effectiveness for baclofen, a drug that has been approved by the FDA for the alleviation of signs and symptoms of spasticity in patients with MS and may also be of some value in patients with spinal cord injuries and other spinal cord diseases. If we develop XP21279 through a positive Phase 3 clinical program, we also could potentially submit an NDA seeking its approval for the treatment of advanced idiopathic Parkinson’s disease under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA.

For NDAs submitted under Section 505(b)(2) of the FDCA, the patent certification and related provisions of the Hatch-Waxman Act apply. In accordance with the Hatch-Waxman Act, such NDAs may be required to include certifications, known as Paragraph IV certifications, that certify that any patents listed in the Patent and Exclusivity Information Addendum of the FDA’s publication, Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations, commonly known as the Orange Book, with respect to any product referenced in the Section 505(b)(2) application, are invalid, unenforceable or will not be infringed by the manufacture, use or sale of the product that is the subject of the Section 505(b)(2) application. Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, the holder of patents that the Section 505(b)(2) application references may file a patent infringement lawsuit after receiving notice of the Paragraph IV certification. Filing of a patent infringement lawsuit within 45 days of the patent owner’s receipt of notice triggers a one-time, automatic, 30-month stay of the FDA’s ability to approve the 505(b)(2) application. Accordingly, we may invest a significant amount of time and expense in the development of one or more products only to be subject to significant delay and patent litigation before such products may be commercialized, if at all. A Section 505(b)(2) application may also not be approved until any non-patent exclusivity, such as exclusivity for obtaining approval of a new chemical entity, or NCE, listed in the Orange Book for the referenced product has expired. The FDA may also require us to perform one or more additional clinical studies or measurements to support the change from the approved product. The FDA may also reject our future Section 505(b)(2) submissions and require us to file such submissions under Section 505(b)(1) of the FDCA, which could cause delay and be considerably more expensive and time consuming. These factors, among others, may limit our ability to successfully commercialize our product candidates.

 

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Current healthcare laws and regulations and future legislative or regulatory reforms to the healthcare system may affect our ability to profitably sell any products that we may develop.

The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering, or have enacted, a number of legislative and regulatory proposals to change the healthcare system in ways that could affect our ability to sell our products profitably. Among policy makers and payers in the United States and elsewhere, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives.

In March 2010, PPACA became law in the United States. PPACA substantially changes the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers and significantly affects the pharmaceutical industry. Among the provisions of PPACA of importance to the pharmaceutical industry are the following:

 

   

an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain branded prescription drugs and biologic agents, apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs;

 

   

an increase in the rebates a manufacturer must pay under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program, retroactive to January 1, 2010, to 23.1% and 13% of the average manufacturer price for branded and generic drugs, respectively;

 

   

a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D;

 

   

extension of manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability to covered drugs dispensed to individuals who are enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations;

 

   

expansion of eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs by, among other things, allowing states to offer Medicaid coverage to additional individuals and by adding new mandatory eligibility categories for certain individuals with income at or below 133% of the Federal Poverty Level beginning in 2014, thereby potentially increasing manufacturers’ Medicaid rebate liability;

 

   

expansion of the entities eligible for discounts under the Public Health Service pharmaceutical pricing program;

 

   

new requirements to report certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals, as defined in PPACA and its implementing regulations, including reporting any “transfer of value” made or distributed to teaching hospitals, prescribers and other healthcare providers, and reporting any ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members and applicable group purchasing organizations during the preceding calendar year, with data collection to be required beginning August 1, 2013 and reporting to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to be required by March 31, 2014 and by the 90th day of each subsequent calendar year;

 

   

a new requirement to annually report drug samples that manufacturers and distributors provide to physicians;

 

   

expansion of healthcare fraud and abuse laws, including the False Claims Act and the Anti-Kickback Statute, new government investigative powers and enhanced penalties for noncompliance;

 

   

a licensure framework for follow-on biologic products; and

 

   

a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in, and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since PPACA was enacted. In August 2011, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created measures for spending reductions by Congress. A Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, tasked with recommending a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, was unable to reach required goals, thereby triggering the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs. This includes aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, starting in 2013. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or the ATRA, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, imaging centers and cancer treatment centers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These new laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on our customers and accordingly, our financial operations.

We anticipate that PPACA, as well as other healthcare reform measures that may be adopted in the future, may result in more rigorous coverage criteria and an additional downward pressure on the price that we receive for any approved product, and could seriously harm our business. Any reduction in reimbursement from Medicare or other government programs may result in a similar

 

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reduction in payments from private payers. Insurers may also refuse to provide any coverage of uses of approved products for medical indications other than those for which the FDA has granted market approvals. As a result, significant uncertainty exists as to whether and how much third-party payers will reimburse for newly-approved drugs, which in turn will put pressure on the pricing of drugs.

We also cannot be certain that Horizant or any other products that may result from our product candidates will successfully be placed on the list of drugs covered by particular health plan formularies, nor can we predict the negotiated price for such products, which will be determined by market factors. Many states have also created preferred drug lists and include drugs on those lists only when the manufacturers agree to pay a supplemental rebate. If Horizant or other products that may result from our product candidates are not included on these preferred drug lists, physicians may not be inclined to prescribe them to their patients, thereby diminishing the potential market for such products. Astellas will face similar pricing and reimbursement restrictions in Japan for Regnite, and further efforts to reform the Japanese healthcare system may increase such restrictions.

If some or all of our patents expire, are invalidated or are unenforceable, or if some or all of our patent applications do not yield issued patents or yield patents with narrow claims, competitors may develop competing products using our intellectual property and our business will suffer.*

Our success will depend in part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and trade secret protection for our technologies, Horizant, Regnite and our product candidates both in the United States and other countries. We have a number of U.S. and foreign patents, patent applications and rights to patents related to our compounds, product candidates, products and technology, but we cannot guarantee that issued patents will be enforceable or that pending or future patent applications will result in issued patents. Alternatively, a third party may successfully circumvent our patents. Our rights under any issued patents may not provide us with sufficient protection against competitive products or otherwise cover commercially valuable products or processes.

The degree of future protection for our proprietary technologies, Horizant, Regnite and our product candidates is uncertain because legal means afford only limited protection and may not adequately protect our rights or permit us to gain or keep our competitive advantage. For example:

 

   

we might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by each of our pending patent applications and issued patents;

 

   

we might not have been the first to file patent applications for these inventions;

 

   

others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies;

 

   

it is possible that none of our pending patent applications will result in issued patents;

 

   

any patents issued to us or our collaborators may not provide a basis for commercially viable products or may be challenged by third parties; or

 

   

the patents of others may have an adverse effect on our ability to do business.

Even if valid and enforceable patents cover Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates and technologies, the patents will provide protection only for a limited amount of time.

Our and our collaborators’ ability to obtain patents is highly uncertain because, to date, some legal principles remain unresolved, there has not been a consistent policy regarding the breadth or interpretation of claims allowed in patents in the United States and the specific content of patents and patent applications that are necessary to support and interpret patent claims is highly uncertain due to the complex nature of the relevant legal, scientific and factual issues. Furthermore, the policies governing biotechnology patents outside the United States are even more uncertain. Changes in either patent laws or interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection. For example, on September 16, 2011, the Leahy-Smith America Invents Act, or the Leahy-Smith Act, was signed into law. The Leahy-Smith Act includes a number of significant changes to United States patent law. These include provisions that affect the way patent applications will be prosecuted and may also affect patent litigation. The United States Patent Office has developed new and untested regulations and procedures to govern the full implementation of the Leahy-Smith Act, and many of the substantive changes to patent law associated with the Leahy-Smith Act, and in particular, the first to file provisions, only became effective in March 2013. Accordingly, it is too early to tell what, if any, impact the Leahy-Smith Act will have on the operation of our business. However, the Leahy-Smith Act and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of our patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.

Even if patents are issued regarding Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates or methods of using them, those patents can be challenged by our competitors who can argue such patents are invalid and/or unenforceable. For example, in September 2008, a law firm on behalf of an undisclosed client filed an opposition against the patent grant of one of our European patent applications covering gabapentin enacarbil. The European patent office, at an opposition hearing in April 2010, undertook a full review of the grant of the European patent, and ruled that our European patent covering the composition of matter of gabapentin enacarbil is valid. While the law firm that filed the opposition initially appealed the ruling on behalf of the undisclosed client, that appeal was withdrawn in

 

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November 2010. Patents also may not protect Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates if competitors devise ways of making them or similar products without legally infringing our patents. The FDCA and FDA regulations and policies provide incentives to manufacturers to challenge patent validity and these same types of incentives encourage manufacturers to submit NDAs that rely on literature and clinical data not prepared for or by the drug sponsor.

We may obtain patents for certain product candidates many years before marketing approval is obtained for those products. Because patents have a limited life, which may begin to run prior to the commercial sale of the related product, the commercial value of the patent may be limited. However, we may be able to apply for patent term extensions.

As part of the approval process of our product candidates in the United States, the FDA may determine that the product candidates be granted an exclusivity period during which other manufacturers’ applications for approval of generic versions of our products will not be granted. Generic manufacturers often wait to challenge the patents protecting products that have been granted exclusivity until one year prior to the end of the exclusivity period. For example, the FDA granted Horizant five years of regulatory exclusivity based on it being a new chemical entity. It is possible that generic manufacturers are considering attempts to seek FDA approval for a similar or identical drug as Horizant through an abbreviated NDA, which is the application form typically used by manufacturers seeking approval of a generic drug. If our patents are subject to challenges, we may need to spend significant resources to defend such challenges and we may not be able to defend our patents successfully.

We also rely on trade secrets to protect our technology, especially where we do not believe that patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. However, trade secrets are difficult to protect. Our employees, consultants, contractors, outside scientific collaborators and other advisors may unintentionally or willfully disclose our confidential information to competitors. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using our trade secrets is expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. Failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could adversely affect our competitive business position.

Our research and development collaborators may have rights to publish data and other information in which we have rights. In addition, we sometimes engage individuals or entities to conduct research that may be relevant to our business. The ability of these individuals or entities to publish or otherwise publicly disclose data and other information generated during the course of their research is subject to certain contractual limitations. In most cases, these individuals or entities are, at the least, precluded from publicly disclosing our confidential information and are only allowed to disclose other data or information generated during the course of the research after we have been afforded an opportunity to consider whether patent and/or other proprietary protection should be sought. If we do not apply for patent protection prior to such publication or if we cannot otherwise maintain the confidentiality of our technology and other confidential information, then our ability to receive patent protection or protect our proprietary information may be jeopardized.

Third-party claims of intellectual property infringement would require us to spend significant time and money and could prevent us from developing or commercializing our products.

Our commercial success depends in part on not infringing the patents and proprietary rights of other parties and not breaching any licenses that we have entered into with regard to our technologies and products. Because others may have filed, and in the future are likely to file, patent applications covering products or other technologies of interest to us that are similar or identical to ours, patent applications or issued patents of others may have priority over our patent applications or issued patents. For example, we are aware of a family of third-party patent applications relating to prodrugs of gabapentin. We believe the applications have been abandoned in the United States, the European Patent Office, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom. Additionally, with respect to the development of XP23829, we are aware of third-party patents relating to the use of MMF in the treatment of MS and of other third-party patents relating to the use of fumarates in the treatment of psoriasis. We are also aware of third-party patents relating to the use of baclofen in the treatment of GERD. With respect to the claims contained in these patent applications and patents, we believe that our activities do not infringe the patents at issue and/or that the third-party patent or patent applications are invalid. In addition, we believe that in all countries in which we hold or have licensed rights to patents or patent applications related to Horizant, Regnite or gabapentin enacarbil, the composition-of-matter patents relating to gabapentin have expired. Similarly, we believe that in all countries in which we hold rights to patents or patent applications related to AP, the composition-of-matter patents relating to baclofen have expired. However, it is possible that a judge or jury will disagree with our conclusions regarding non-infringement, invalidity and/or expiration of these patents that may relate to XP23829, AP and Horizant, and we could incur substantial costs in litigation if we are required to defend against patent suits brought by third parties or if we initiate these suits. In addition, there could be other third-party patents or patent applications covering certain aspects of our planned development or commercialization activities that we are not yet aware of. Any legal action against our collaborators or us claiming damages and seeking to enjoin commercial activities relating to the affected products and processes could, in addition to subjecting us to potential liability for damages, require our collaborators or us to obtain a license to continue to manufacture or market the affected products and processes. Licenses required under any of these patents may not be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. Failure to obtain such licenses could materially and adversely affect our ability to develop, commercialize and sell Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates. Such legal actions against us could also include the theory of contributory infringement, or claiming that because our prodrugs are broken down in the body into an active, parent drug and other substances, that we have infringed on patents that cover the use of the active, parent drug. We believe that there

 

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may continue to be significant litigation in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. If we become involved in litigation, it could consume a substantial portion of our management and financial resources and we may not prevail in any such litigation.

Furthermore, our commercial success will depend, in part, on our ability to develop additional product candidates in current indications of interest or opportunities in other indications. Some of these activities may involve the use of genes, gene products, screening technologies and other research tools that are covered by third-party patents. Court decisions have indicated that the exemption from patent infringement afforded by the Hatch-Waxman Act does not encompass all research and development activities associated with product development. In some instances, we may be required to obtain licenses to such third-party patents to conduct our development activities, including activities that may have already occurred. It is not known whether any license required under any of these patents would be made available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. Failure to obtain such licenses could materially and adversely affect our ability to maintain a pipeline of potential product candidates and to bring new products to market. If we are required to defend against patent suits brought by third parties relating to third-party patents that may be relevant to our development activities, or if we initiate such suits, we could incur substantial costs in litigation. Moreover, an adverse result from any legal action in which we are involved could subject us to damages and/or prevent us from conducting some of our development activities.

Because we have a number of product candidates and are considering a variety of target indications, we may expend our limited resources to market or sell a product or pursue the development of a particular candidate or indication and fail to capitalize on other products or product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

Because we have limited financial and managerial resources, we must focus on products and product candidates for the specific indications that we believe are the most promising. As a result, we may forego or delay pursuit of opportunities with other product candidates or other indications that later prove to have greater commercial potential. Our resource allocation decisions may cause us to fail to capitalize on viable commercial products, including Horizant, or profitable market opportunities. In addition, we may spend valuable time and managerial and financial resources on marketing or promoting a product that is not commercially viable or developing product candidates for specific indications that ultimately do not yield any commercially viable products. If we do not accurately evaluate the commercial potential or target market for a particular product or product candidate, we may relinquish valuable rights to that product or product candidate through collaboration, licensing or other royalty arrangements in situations where it would have been more advantageous for us to retain sole rights to development and commercialization.

Safety issues with Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates, or the parent drugs or other components of Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates, or with approved products of third parties that are similar to Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates, could decrease sales of Horizant and Regnite, or give rise to delays in the regulatory approval process, restrictions on labeling or product withdrawal.*

Discovery of previously unknown problems, or increased focus on a known problem, with an approved product may result in restrictions on its permissible uses, including withdrawal of the medicine from the market. The label for Horizant currently includes warnings and precautions related to driving impairment, somnolence/sedation and dizziness, lack of interchangeability with gabapentin, suicidal behavior or ideation, multiorgan hypersensitivity, discontinuation and tumorigenic potential. If we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by Horizant or any of our other product candidates that receive marketing approval:

 

   

regulatory authorities may require the addition of labeling statements, specific warnings, contraindications or field alerts to physicians and pharmacies;

 

   

regulatory authorities may withdraw their approval of the product and require us to take our approved drug off the market;

 

   

we may be required to change the way the product is administered, conduct additional clinical trials, change the labeling of the product or conduct a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies, or REMS, program;

 

   

we may have limitations on how we promote our drugs;

 

   

sales of products may decrease significantly;

 

   

we may be subject to litigation or product liability claims; and

 

   

our reputation may suffer.

Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the affected product or could substantially increase our commercialization costs and expenses, which in turn could delay or prevent us from generating significant revenues from its sale.

Horizant, Regnite and our product candidates may also be affected by the safety of the parent drugs or drugs related to our products or product candidates. Although gabapentin, baclofen (which includes the R-isomer of baclofen) and levodopa, the parent drugs of Horizant/Regnite/gabapentin enacarbil, AP and XP21279, respectively, have been used successfully in patients for many

 

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years, newly observed toxicities or worsening of known toxicities, in preclinical studies of, or in patients receiving, gabapentin, baclofen and levodopa, or reconsideration of known toxicities of gabapentin, baclofen or levodopa in the setting of new indications, could result in increased regulatory scrutiny of Horizant/Regnite/gabapentin enacarbil, AP and XP21279, respectively. For example, the label for baclofen, the R-isomer of which is the parent drug of AP, includes a warning that hallucinations and seizures have occurred on abrupt withdrawal of baclofen dosing without proper tapering in spasticity patients. Although a product containing dimethyl fumarate, or DMF, another prodrug of MMF, has been approved and used in Germany for the treatment of psoriasis, it has not been approved in the United States. In addition, in March 2013, Biogen Idec received approval by the FDA of Tecfidera, a formulation of DMF, as a treatment for RRMS. Any safety concerns or other problems noted by the FDA with respect to DMF, Tecfidera or MMF could increase the risk of regulatory scrutiny of XP23829, possibly delaying or preventing any regulatory approval of XP23829. The FDA has substantial discretion in the NDA approval process and may refuse to approve any application if the FDA concludes that the risk/benefit analysis of a potential drug treatment for a specific indication does not warrant approval. For example, in February 2010, safety concerns related to a preclinical finding of pancreatic acinar cell tumors in rats precluded FDA approval of the Horizant NDA in RLS in its form at that time. Although there were similar findings of rat pancreatic acinar cell tumors following treatment with gabapentin, the parent drug of Horizant, the FDA has, to date, not prevented the use of gabapentin. In the February 2010 Complete Response letter, the FDA noted that they had concluded that the seriousness and severity of refractory epilepsy and the benefit to patients provided by gabapentin justified the potential risk at that time. Thus, although the parent drug for, or a drug related to, one of our product candidates may be approved by the FDA in a particular indication, the FDA may conclude that our product candidate’s risk/benefit profile does not warrant approval in a different indication, and the FDA may refuse to approve our product candidate. Such conclusion and refusal would prevent us from developing and commercializing our product candidates and severely harm our business and financial condition. For example, even with the approval of Tecfidera for RRMS, the FDA may not agree that the risk/benefit profile of XP23829 for the treatment of psoriasis or other potential indications, if established, would warrant approval in such indications. Horizant, Regnite and our product candidates are engineered to be broken down by the body’s natural metabolic processes and to release the active drug and other substances. While these breakdown products are generally regarded as safe, it is possible that there could be unexpected toxicity associated with these breakdown products that will cause any or all of Horizant/Regnite/gabapentin enacarbil, AP, XP21279 and XP23829 to be poorly tolerated by, or toxic to, humans. Any unexpected toxicity of, or suboptimal tolerance to, our product or product candidates could reduce sales of Horizant and Regnite, and delay or prevent commercialization of our product candidates.

Additionally, problems with approved products marketed by third parties that utilize the same therapeutic target or that belong to the same therapeutic class as the parent drug of Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates could adversely affect the commercialization of Horizant or Regnite or the development of our product candidates. For example, the product withdrawals of Vioxx from Merck & Co., Inc. and Bextra from Pfizer in 2005 due to safety issues have caused other drugs that have the same therapeutic target, such as Celebrex from Pfizer, to receive additional scrutiny from regulatory authorities. If either gabapentin or pregabalin, drugs from Pfizer that are marketed as Neurontin and Lyrica, respectively, encounters unexpected toxicity problems in humans, the FDA may restrict the use of Horizant since it is believed to share the same therapeutic target as gabapentin and pregabalin. In 2005, the FDA requested that all makers of epilepsy drugs analyze their clinical trial data to determine whether these drugs increase the risk of suicide in patients. In 2008, the FDA added warnings to 11 antiepileptic drugs, including gabapentin, regarding an increased risk of suicide or suicidal thoughts. In 2009, the FDA approved safety label changes for all approved antiepileptic drugs, except those indicated only for short-term use, to include a warning about an increased risk of suicidal thoughts or actions. In addition, in 2011, the FDA added warnings to the labels of antiepileptic drugs regarding an increased risk of drug reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms, or DRESS, also known as multiorgan hypersensitivity, which has been reported in patients taking antiepileptic drugs. Horizant, as a compound that is believed to share the same therapeutic target as antiepileptic drugs such as gabapentin and pregabalin, has similar warnings regarding suicidality and DRESS in its label. Additional scrutiny could be placed on Horizant if it is found have an increased risk of suicides or suicidal behavior. In 2010, the FDA released draft guidance recommending that prospective suicidality assessments be performed in clinical trials of any drug with central nervous system activity. We expect that the FDA will follow this guidance, and we will be required to perform suicidality assessments in all of our clinical trials, including Phase 1 trials, of any of our product candidates with central nervous system activity. Finally, if the FDA determines that a drug may present a risk of substance abuse, it can recommend to the DEA that the drug be scheduled under the Controlled Substances Act. While gabapentin is not a scheduled drug at the present time, pregabalin has been scheduled as a controlled substance. Since pregabalin is a scheduled drug, it is possible that the FDA may require additional testing of Horizant in the future, the results of which could lead the FDA to conclude that Horizant should be scheduled as well. Scheduled substances are subject to DEA regulations relating to manufacturing, storage, distribution and physician prescription procedures, and the DEA regulates the amount of a scheduled substance that is available for clinical trials and commercial distribution. Accordingly, any scheduling action that the FDA or DEA may take with respect to Horizant may limit Horizant’s marketing approval. Any failure or delay in commencing or completing clinical trials or obtaining regulatory approvals for our product candidates would delay commercialization of our product candidates, and severely harm our business and financial condition.

 

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We may depend on collaborations to complete the development, regulatory approval and commercialization of some of our product candidates. These collaborations may place the development of our product candidates outside our control, may require us to relinquish important rights, may otherwise be on terms unfavorable to us and may ultimately not be successful.

In December 2005, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Astellas for the development and commercialization of gabapentin enacarbil, also known as Regnite, in Japan, Korea, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand and Taiwan. In February 2007, we entered into an exclusive collaboration agreement with GSK to develop and commercialize gabapentin enacarbil worldwide, excluding the Astellas territory. Following a significant dispute in 2012, including the filing of lawsuits in California and Delaware, in November 2012, we terminated our collaboration agreement with GSK pursuant to a termination and transition agreement, under which the product rights to Horizant will return to us.

In addition to our collaboration with Astellas, we may enter into collaborations with third parties to further develop and commercialize Horizant/gabapentin enacarbil and/or to develop and commercialize some of our product candidates. Our dependence on Astellas for the development and commercialization of Regnite subjects us to, and our dependence on future collaborators for development and commercialization of Horizant/gabapentin enacarbil or our product candidates will subject us to, a number of risks, including:

 

   

we are not able to control the amount and timing of resources that Astellas devotes to the development or commercialization of Regnite or to its marketing and distribution;

 

   

disputes may arise between us and our collaborators, such as the litigation proceedings with GSK in 2012, that result in the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our product candidates or that result in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management’s attention and resources;

 

   

we may not be able to control the amount and timing of resources that our potential future collaborators may devote to the development or commercialization of products and product candidates or to their marketing and distribution;

 

   

collaborators may delay clinical trials, provide insufficient funding for a clinical trial program, stop a clinical trial or abandon a product candidate, repeat or conduct new clinical trials or require a new formulation of a product candidate for clinical testing;

 

   

if we do not receive timely and accurate information from any collaborator or our third-party vendors regarding sales activities, expenses and resulting operating profits and losses, our estimates at a given point of time could be incorrect and we could be required to record adjustments in future periods or restate our financial results for prior periods;

 

   

collaborators may not be successful in their efforts to obtain regulatory approvals in a timely manner, or at all;

 

   

collaborators may receive regulatory sanctions relating to other aspects of their business that could adversely affect the approval or commercialization of our product candidates;

 

   

collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our proprietary information in such a way as to invite litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our proprietary information or expose us to potential litigation;

 

   

business combinations or significant changes in a collaborator’s business strategy may also adversely affect a collaborator’s willingness or ability to complete its obligations under any arrangement;

 

   

a collaborator could independently move forward with a competing product candidate developed either independently or in collaboration with others, including our competitors;

 

   

collaborators may experience financial difficulties; and

 

   

the collaboration agreements may be terminated or allowed to expire, which would delay the development or commercialization and may increase the cost of developing or commercializing our product candidates.

For example, in October 2007, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Xanodyne Pharmaceuticals, Inc. for the development and commercialization of XP21510 in the United States. Effective July 2009, Xanodyne terminated the collaboration agreement. Likewise, our collaboration with GSK was not successful and was terminated following a significant dispute and litigation related to GSK’s performance under the collaboration.

We cannot control the amount and timing of resources that Astellas devotes to the development or commercialization of Regnite or their marketing and distribution. Astellas may abandon further development of Regnite, may not pursue development in any additional countries in the Astellas territory other than Japan and may terminate their collaboration agreement with us at any time, which could delay or impair the development and commercialization of Regnite and harm our business.

 

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If we do not establish collaborations for our product candidates, we may have to alter our development and commercialization plans.

Our strategy includes selectively collaborating with leading pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to assist us in furthering development and potential commercialization of some of our product candidates. We intend to do so, especially for indications that involve a large, primary care market that must be served by large sales and marketing organizations or to develop and commercialize product candidates that fall outside our core focus or our core development capabilities. We face significant competition in seeking appropriate collaborators, and these collaborations are complex and time consuming to negotiate and document. We may not be able to negotiate additional collaborations on acceptable terms, or at all. We are unable to predict when, if ever, we will enter into any additional collaborations because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with establishing additional collaborations. If we are unable to negotiate additional collaborations, we may not be able to maximize the market opportunity of a product, or we may have to curtail the development of a particular product candidate, reduce or delay its development program or one or more of our other development programs, delay its potential commercialization, reduce the scope of our sales or marketing activities or increase our expenditures and undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to increase our expenditures to fund development or commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. If we do not have sufficient funds, we will not be able to bring our product candidates to market and generate product revenues.

We may not develop additional prodrug product candidates.

As part of a restructuring in March 2010, we eliminated our discovery research department, which prevents our ability to discover additional product candidates at this time. If we are unable to develop suitable product candidates from our internal efforts, we may pursue additional product candidates through in-licensing. Any growth through in-licensing would depend upon the availability of suitable product candidates at favorable prices and upon advantageous terms and conditions. To obtain additional product candidates, we may also reconstitute our discovery research department, which would require the expenditure of significant resources and the identification and hiring of a number of highly-skilled employees. Such efforts could divert the time and resources from the later-stage development or commercialization of Horizant or our product candidates.

If we are unable to develop or obtain suitable product candidates, we will not be able to increase our revenues in future periods, which could result in significant harm to our financial position and adversely impact our stock price.

If we fail to attract and keep senior management and key scientific personnel, we may be unable to successfully develop or commercialize Horizant or our product candidates.

Our success depends on our continued ability to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified management, clinical and scientific personnel and on our ability to develop and maintain important relationships with leading clinicians. If we are not able to retain our key personnel, we may not be able to successfully develop or commercialize Horizant or our product candidates. Competition for experienced scientists and development staff may limit our ability to hire and retain highly qualified personnel on acceptable terms. In addition, none of our employees have employment commitments for any fixed period of time and could leave our employment at will. We do not carry “key person” insurance covering members of senior management or key scientific personnel. If we fail to identify, attract and retain qualified personnel, we may be unable to continue our development and commercialization activities.

If we use biological and hazardous materials in a manner that causes contamination or injury or violates laws, we may be liable for damages.

Our development activities involve the use of potentially harmful biological materials as well as hazardous materials, chemicals and various radioactive compounds. We cannot completely eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for damages that result, and any liability could exceed our resources. We, the third parties that conduct clinical trials on our behalf and the third parties that manufacture Horizant or our product candidates are subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and waste products. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations could be significant. The failure to comply with these laws and regulations could result in significant fines and work stoppages and may harm our business.

Our facility is located in California’s Silicon Valley, in an area with a long history of industrial activity and use of hazardous substances, including chlorinated solvents. Environmental studies conducted prior to our leasing of the site found levels of metals and volatile organic compounds in the soils and groundwater at our site. While these constituents of concern predated our occupancy, certain environmental laws, including the U.S. Comprehensive, Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, impose strict, joint and several liability on current operators of real property for the cost of removal or remediation of hazardous substances. These laws often impose liability even if the owner or operator did not know of, or was not responsible for, the release of such hazardous substances. As a result, while we have not been, we cannot rule out the possibility that we could in the future be held liable for costs to address contamination at the property beneath our facility, which costs could be material.

 

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Our facility is located near known earthquake fault zones, and the occurrence of an earthquake, extremist attack or other catastrophic disaster could cause damage to our facilities and equipment, which could require us to cease or curtail operations.

Our facility is located near known earthquake fault zones and, therefore, is vulnerable to damage from earthquakes. In October 1989, a major earthquake struck this area and caused significant property damage and a number of fatalities. We are also vulnerable to damage from other types of disasters, including power loss, attacks from extremist organizations, fire, floods and similar events. If any disaster were to occur, our ability to operate our business could be seriously impaired. We may not have adequate insurance to cover our losses resulting from disasters or other similar significant business interruptions, and we do not plan to purchase additional insurance to cover such losses due to the cost of obtaining such coverage. Any significant losses that are not recoverable under our insurance policies could seriously impair our business and financial condition.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Common Stock

Our stock price is volatile, and purchasers of our common stock could incur substantial losses.*

The market prices for securities of biopharmaceutical companies in general have been highly volatile. The market price of our common stock may be influenced by many factors, including:

 

   

the commercial sales of Horizant, Regnite or any of our other products approved by the FDA or its foreign counterparts;

 

   

announcements of any further delays in our full commercial promotion of Horizant;

 

   

the costs to establish and maintain adequate sales, marketing and commercial capabilities to assume control of, and to commercialize, Horizant following the end of the transition period under our termination and transition agreement with GSK;

 

   

adverse results or delays in our or our collaborative partners’ clinical trials;

 

   

the timing of achievement of our clinical, regulatory, partnering and other milestones, such as the commencement of clinical development, the completion of a clinical trial, the filing for regulatory approval or the establishment of commercial partnerships for one or more of our product candidates;

 

   

announcement of FDA approvability, approval or non-approval of our product candidates, and the timing of the FDA review process;

 

   

actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates, our clinical trials or our sales and marketing activities;

 

   

actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to products or drug classes related to Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates;

 

   

problems in our manufacturing or supply chain that limit or exhaust the quantity of supplies of Horizant that are available to patients;

 

   

changes in our collaborators’ business strategies;

 

   

developments in our relationship with Astellas, including potential disputes or the termination or modification of our agreement with Astellas;

 

   

regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;

 

   

changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

 

   

any intellectual property matter involving us, including infringement lawsuits;

 

   

actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to our or our partners’ compliance with regulatory requirements;

 

   

announcements of technological innovations or new products by us or our competitors;

 

   

market conditions for equity investments in general, or the biotechnology or pharmaceutical industries in particular;

 

   

changes in financial estimates or recommendations by securities analysts;

 

   

sales of large blocks of our common stock;

 

   

sales of our common stock by our executive officers, directors and significant stockholders;

 

   

restatements of our financial results and/or material weaknesses in our internal controls; and

 

   

the loss of any of our key scientific or management personnel.

The stock markets in general and the markets for biotechnology stocks in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. In the past, purported class action lawsuits have often been instituted against companies, including our company, whose securities have experienced periods of volatility in market price. Any such litigation brought against us could result in substantial costs, which would hurt our financial condition and results of operations, divert management’s attention and resources and possibly delay our clinical trials or commercialization efforts.

 

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Failure to maintain effective internal controls in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 could have a material adverse effect on our stock price.

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, require annual management assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and a report by our independent registered public accounting firm attesting to, and reporting on, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. If we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as such standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to ensure that we can conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the related rules and regulations of the SEC. If we cannot favorably assess, or our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to provide an unqualified attestation report on, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, investor confidence in the reliability of our financial reports may be adversely affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our stock price.

Fluctuations in our operating results could cause our stock price to decline.*

The following factors are likely to result in fluctuations of our operating results from quarter to quarter and year to year:

 

   

the level and timing of commercial sales of Horizant, Regnite or any of our other products approved by the FDA or its foreign counterparts;

 

   

the costs to establish and maintain adequate sales, marketing and commercial capabilities to assume control of, and to commercialize, Horizant, and the costs associated with fulfilling the remaining, and any additional future, PMCs and PMRs for Horizant;

 

   

adverse results or delays in our or our collaborative partners’ clinical trials;

 

   

the timing and achievement of our clinical, regulatory, partnering and other milestones, such as the commencement of clinical development, the completion of a clinical trial, the filing for regulatory approval or the establishment of a commercial partnership for one or more of our product candidates;

 

   

announcement of FDA approvability, approval or non-approval of our product candidates and the timing of the FDA review process;

 

   

actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates, our clinical trials or our sales and marketing activities;

 

   

actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to products or drug classes related to Horizant, Regnite or our product candidates;

 

   

problems in our manufacturing or supply chain that limit or exhaust the quantity of supplies of Horizant that are available to patients;

 

   

changes in our collaborators’ business strategies;

 

   

developments in our relationship with Astellas, including potential disputes or the termination or modification of our agreement with Astellas;

 

   

actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to our or our partners’ compliance with regulatory requirements;

 

   

regulatory developments in the United States and foreign countries;

 

   

changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;

 

   

any intellectual property matter involving us, including patent infringement lawsuits; and

 

   

announcements of technological innovations or new products by us or our competitors.

Due to these fluctuations in our operating results, a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good predictor of our future performance. For example, due primarily to the recognition of revenues from up-front, milestone and contingent event-based payments from our collaboration agreements with Astellas and GSK, we were profitable for the year ended December 31, 2007 and in the three months ended June 30, 2011. However, while recognition of these revenues resulted in a profitable year for those periods, we incurred net losses in each full year since 2007. In any particular financial period, the actual or anticipated fluctuations could be below the expectations of securities analysts or investors and our stock price could decline.

 

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Because a small number of existing stockholders own a large percentage of our voting stock, they may be able to exercise significant influence over our affairs, acting in their best interests and not necessarily those of other stockholders.*

As of April 15, 2013, our executive officers, directors and holders of 5% or more of our outstanding common stock, based upon information known to us and derived from Schedules 13G filed with the SEC, beneficially owned approximately 60% of our common stock. The interests of this group of stockholders may not always coincide with our interests or the interests of other stockholders. This concentration of ownership could also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in our control or otherwise discouraging a potential acquiror from attempting to obtain control of us, which in turn could reduce the price of our common stock.

Our stockholder rights plan and anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws may delay or prevent an acquisition of us, a change in our management or other changes that stockholders may consider favorable. These provisions include:

 

   

a classified board of directors;

 

   

a prohibition on actions by our stockholders by written consent;

 

   

the ability of our board of directors to issue preferred stock without stockholder approval, which could be used to make it difficult for a third party to acquire us;

 

   

notice requirements for nominations for election to the board of directors; and

 

   

limitations on the removal of directors.

Moreover, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.

We have adopted a rights agreement under which certain stockholders have the right to purchase shares of a new series of preferred stock, at an exercise price of $140.00 per one one-hundredth of a share, if a person acquires more than 15% of our common stock. The rights plan could make it more difficult for a person to acquire a majority of our outstanding voting stock. The rights plan could also reduce the price that investors might be willing to pay for shares of our common stock and result in the market price being lower than it would be without the rights plan. In addition, the existence of the rights plan itself may deter a potential acquiror from acquiring us. As a result, either by operation of the rights plan or by its potential deterrent effect, mergers and acquisitions of us that our stockholders may consider in their best interests may not occur.

If there are large sales of our common stock, the market price of our common stock could drop substantially.*

If our existing stockholders sell a large number of shares of our common stock or the public market perceives that existing stockholders might sell shares of our common stock, the market price of our common stock could decline significantly. As of April 15, 2013, we had 47,402,054 outstanding shares of common stock, substantially all of which may be sold in the public market without restriction.

 

Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

 

Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities

None.

 

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

 

Item 5. Other Information

None.

 

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Item 6. Exhibits

 

Exhibit

Number

  

Description of Document

3.1    Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation(1)
3.2    Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation(2)
3.3    Amended and Restated Bylaws(3)
3.4    Certificate of Designation of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock(4)
4.1    Specimen Common Stock Certificate(5)
4.2    Form of Right Certificate(6)
4.3    Form of Registered Direct Common Warrant(7)
10.4.1    Lease Amendment and Termination Agreement, dated February 12, 2013, by and between the Company and SI 34, LLC(8)
10.29    2013 Executive Compensation Information(9)
31.1    Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2    Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1    Certification required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350)(10)
101.INS    XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

 

(1) Incorporated herein by reference to the same numbered exhibit of our quarterly report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-51329) for the period ended June 30, 2005, as filed with the SEC on August 11, 2005.
(2) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of our current report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-51329), as filed with the SEC on May 18, 2012.
(3) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of our quarterly report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-51329) for the period ended June 30, 2005, as filed with the SEC on August 11, 2005.
(4) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of our current report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-51329), as filed with the SEC on December 16, 2005.
(5) Incorporated herein by reference to the same numbered exhibit of our registration statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-122156), as filed with the SEC on April 13, 2005.
(6) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of our current report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-51329), as filed with the SEC on December 16, 2005.
(7) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of our current report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-51329), as filed with the SEC on December 30, 2008.
(8) Incorporated herein by reference to the same numbered exhibit of our annual report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-51329) for the year ended December 31, 2012, as filed with the SEC on March 14, 2013.
(9) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.39 of our current report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-51329), as filed with the SEC on January 14, 2013.
(10) This certification accompanies the quarterly report on Form 10-Q to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10-Q), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

 

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 

   

XenoPort, Inc.

(Registrant)

April 24, 2013  

/S/ RONALD W. BARRETT

  Ronald W. Barrett
  Chief Executive Officer and Director
  (principal executive officer)
April 24, 2013  

/S/ WILLIAM G. HARRIS

  William G. Harris
  Senior Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer
  (principal financial and accounting officer)

 

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EXHIBIT INDEX

 

Exhibit

Number

  

Description of Document

3.1    Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation(1)
3.2    Certificate of Amendment of Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation(2)
3.3    Amended and Restated Bylaws(3)
3.4    Certificate of Designation of Series A Junior Participating Preferred Stock(4)
4.1    Specimen Common Stock Certificate(5)
4.2    Form of Right Certificate(6)
4.3    Form of Registered Direct Common Warrant(7)
10.4.1    Lease Amendment and Termination Agreement, dated February 12, 2013, by and between the Company and SI 34, LLC(8)
10.29    2013 Executive Compensation Information(9)
31.1    Certification of the Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
31.2    Certification of the Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
32.1    Certification required by Rule 13a-14(b) or Rule 15d-14(b) and Section 1350 of Chapter 63 of Title 18 of the United States Code (18 U.S.C. §1350)(10)
101.INS    XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.CAL    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
101.DEF    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document
101.LAB    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document
101.PRE    XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

 

(1) Incorporated herein by reference to the same numbered exhibit of our quarterly report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-51329) for the period ended June 30, 2005, as filed with the SEC on August 11, 2005.
(2) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.4 of our current report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-51329), as filed with the SEC on May 18, 2012.
(3) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of our quarterly report on Form 10-Q (File No. 000-51329) for the period ended June 30, 2005, as filed with the SEC on August 11, 2005.
(4) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of our current report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-51329), as filed with the SEC on December 16, 2005.
(5) Incorporated herein by reference to the same numbered exhibit of our registration statement on Form S-1, as amended (File No. 333-122156), as filed with the SEC on April 13, 2005.
(6) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of our current report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-51329), as filed with the SEC on December 16, 2005.
(7) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.1 of our current report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-51329), as filed with the SEC on December 30, 2008.
(8) Incorporated herein by reference to the same numbered exhibit of our annual report on Form 10-K (File No. 000-51329) for the year ended December 31, 2012, as filed with the SEC on March 14, 2013.
(9) Incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.39 of our current report on Form 8-K (File No. 000-51329), as filed with the SEC on January 14, 2013.
(10) This certification accompanies the quarterly report on Form 10-Q to which it relates, is not deemed filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission and is not to be incorporated by reference into any filing of the Registrant under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (whether made before or after the date of the Form 10-Q), irrespective of any general incorporation language contained in such filing.

 

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