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10-K - Triangle Petroleum Corpv219018_10k.htm
EX-31.01 - Triangle Petroleum Corpv219018_ex31-01.htm
EX-31.02 - Triangle Petroleum Corpv219018_ex31-02.htm
EX-21.01 - Triangle Petroleum Corpv219018_ex21-01.htm
EX-32.01 - Triangle Petroleum Corpv219018_ex32-01.htm
EX-23.02 - Triangle Petroleum Corpv219018_ex23-02.htm

Reserves and Economics

Triangle Petroleum Corp.
Dunn, McKenzie,
and Williams Counties, ND

Constant Prices and Costs
 
As of January 31, 2011


Prepared for
 
Triangle Petroleum Corporation
 
March 2011
 
 
 

 
 
March 31, 2011

Mr. Peter Hill
President
Triangle Petroleum Corporation
1625 Broadway, Suite 780
Denver, CO 80202

Dear Mr Hill:

In accordance with your request, MHA has estimated net reserves and income attributable to certain properties located in Dunn, McKenzie, and Williams Counties, North Dakota, effective January 31, 2011.  These reserves, comprised of 4 producing wells and 19 undeveloped locations, are in the Bakken formation.  Per your direction only Proved reserves were considered, neglecting Probable or Possible reserves.  This evaluation utilized a twelve month average price of $80.31/bbl, as specified by current SEC guidelines. All costs and expenses were held constant throughout the life of the project.  Estimated reserves and net present values based on these assumptions are summarized in the table below:

Table 1. Triangle Petroleum Corp – Dunn, McKenzie, and Williams Counties, ND
Reserves and Economics – Constant Prices and Costs
As of January 31, 2011
 
Reserve Category
 
Gross Oil
MBBLS
   
Gross Gas
MMCF
   
Net Oil
MBBLS
   
Net Gas
MMCF
   
BFIT Net
Income
M$, US
   
Disc Net
Income
M$, US
@10%
 
Proved Developed Producing
    859.6       0       164.8       0       7,921       3,909  
Proved Developed Nonproducing
    1002.7       0       49.4       0       1,267       200  
Proved Undeveloped
    8,016.2       0       1,021.3       0       36,707       9,047  
Total Proved
    9,878.4       0       1,235.5       0       45,896       13,156  
 
Numbers in the above table may not exactly match economic output due to rounding.
 
This one volume report consists of a narrative letter with supporting tables and figures, a one line summary with results for each property, annualized cash flow summaries by reserve category, and cash flow summaries for individual entities with the corresponding decline curve where applicable.
       
730 17th Street, Suite 410
Denver, Colorado  80202-3510  U.S.A.
Telephone: 303-277-0270
Fax: 303-277-0267
 
 
 

 
 
The future net revenue in this report was based on net hydrocarbon volume sold multiplied by the appropriate price.  Expenses include severance and ad valorem taxes, and the normal cost of operating the wells.  Future net cash flow is future net revenue minus expenses and any development costs.  The future net cash flow has not been adjusted for outstanding loans, which may exist, nor does it include any adjustments for cash on hand or undistributed income.  No attempt has been made to quantify or otherwise account for any accumulated gas production imbalances that may exist. Reserve estimates and cash flow estimates are dependent on the pricing and cost parameters used in the analysis.  Future variations in these parameters will affect the reserve and cash flow estimates reported in the evaluation.  These changes could be material.
 
Reserve Estimates
 
Triangle acreage considered for this evaluation lies in several townships of extreme western North Dakota.  Proved wells and locations are shown in Figure 1.  This area, located between Elm Coulee and the Nesson anticline, has seen limited development to date.  Reserves were assigned on the basis of current SEC guidelines, a copy of which is attached.  Reserves were estimated by performance methods and comparisons with analogous wells, where applicable.  Reserves estimated by the performance method utilized extrapolations of historical production data. Where historical production data were insufficient to establish a clear decline, reserves were estimated with type curves based upon offset wells.
 
Reservoir quality varies between the Kodiak and Rough Rider areas, necessitating different type curves for undeveloped locations.  A review of offset production in these two areas showed a strong vintage effect due to rapid evolution of completions in this play.  Consequently, only production histories from 2009 and 2010 were utilized to construct the two type curves shown in Figure 2.  Cumulative type curve production is plotted in figure 3.  Bakken wells show a strong hyperbolic behavior, resulting in unrealistically long tails and false estimated ultimate recoveries (EUR’s).  To prevent this, a minimum decline rate of 5%/year was utilized for this study.  Reservoir properties provided by Triangle appeared reasonable so were utilized without further review for volumetric original oil in place (OOIP) calculations.  Combining these oil in place volumes with EUR’s yielded recovery factors ranging from 3 to 8% of OOIP, typical recovery factors for tight oil plays.
 
Only oil production and associated reserves were considered here.  Gas production from Bakken wells is generally minor and was neglected for this study.
 
Although the production potential of the deeper Three Forks formation is being tested in this area, results to date have been spotty, precluding assignment of proved Three Forks reserves for Triangle properties at this time.
 
Prices and Costs
 
Economic parameters for this evaluation are collected in Table 2.  Capital costs to drill and complete wells in the Kodiak area were $5,000M while capital costs for the deeper wells in the Rough Rider were $7,100M.  Lease operating expenses (LOE’s) were $10,000 per well per month for the first two months, dropping to $4,000 per well per month thereafter.  These LOE’s include water disposal costs.  As specified by SEC Guidelines, this evaluation employed the average price for the preceding twelve months of $80.31/bbl.  The differential of ($11.55/bbl) was derived from price information provided by Triangle.  Costs were held constant.
     
MHA Petroleum Consultants LLC
Mr. Peter Hill
March 31, 2011
Page 2
 
 
 

 
 
No deductions were made for estimated abandonment costs for the properties using the assumption that equipment salvage values would, at a minimum, be equal to abandonment costs.  MHA has not performed a detailed study of the abandonment costs and salvage values of the leases.  No deductions were made for indirect costs such as loan repayments, interest expenses, and exploration and development prepayments.

Statement of Risk
 
The accuracy of reserve and economic evaluations is always subject to uncertainty.  The magnitude of this uncertainty is generally proportional to the quantity and quality of data available for analysis.  As a well matures and new information becomes available, revisions may be required which may either increase or decrease the previous reserve assignments.  Sometimes these revisions may result not only in a significant change to the reserves and value assigned to a property, but also may impact the total company reserve and economic status.  The reserves and forecasts contained in this report were based upon a technical analysis of the available data using accepted engineering principles.  However, they must be accepted with the understanding that further information and future reservoir performance subsequent to the date of the estimate may justify their revision.  It is MHA’s opinion that the estimated proven reserves and other reserve information as specified in this report are reasonable, and have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted petroleum engineering and evaluation principles.  Notwithstanding the aforementioned opinion, MHA makes no warranties concerning the data and interpretations of such data.  In no event shall MHA be liable for any special or consequential damages arising from Triangle Petroleum’s use of MHA’s interpretation, reports, or services produced as a result of its work for Triangle.
 
Neither MHA, nor any of our employees have any interest in the subject properties and neither the employment to do this work, nor the compensation, is contingent on our estimates of reserves for the properties in this report.
 
This report was prepared for the exclusive use of Triangle Petroleum and will not be released by MHA to any other parties without Triangle’s written permission. The data and work papers used in the preparation of this report are available for examination by authorized parties in our offices.
 
It was a pleasure performing this work for Triangle.  If you have any questions regarding this evaluation or if additional information is needed, please feel free to contact either of the undersigned at 303-277-0270.

Sincerely,
John P. Seidle
Vice President

Leslie S. O’Connor
President
     
MHA Petroleum Consultants LLC
Mr. Peter Hill
March 31, 2011
Page 3
 
 
 

 
 
SEC Reserves Definitions

Effective January 1, 2010

Financial Accounting and Reporting for Oil and Gas Producing Activities Pursuant to the Federal
Securities Laws and the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975

Definitions
Definitions. The following definitions apply to the terms listed below as they are used in this section:

 
(1)
Acquisition of properties. Costs incurred to purchase, lease or otherwise acquire a property,
 
(a)
including costs of lease bonuses and options to purchase or lease properties, the portion of costs
 
(b)
applicable to minerals when land including mineral rights is purchased in fee, brokers' fees, recording fees, legal costs, and other costs incurred in acquiring properties.

 
(2)
Analogous reservoir. Analogous reservoirs, as used in resources assessments, have similar rock
 
(a)
and fluid properties, reservoir conditions (depth, temperature, and pressure) and drive mechanisms, but are typically at a more advanced stage of development than the reservoir of interest and thus may provide concepts to assist in the interpretation of more limited data and estimation of recovery. When used to support proved reserves, an “analogous reservoir” refers to a reservoir that shares the following characteristics with the reservoir of interest:

 
(b)
Same geological formation (but not necessarily in pressure communication with the
 
i.
reservoir of interest);
 
(c)
Same environment of deposition;
 
(d)
Similar geological structure; and
 
(e)
Same drive mechanism.

 
(f)
Instruction to paragraph (a)(2): Reservoir properties must, in the aggregate, be no more favorable in the analog than in the reservoir of interest.

 
(3)
Bitumen. Bitumen, sometimes referred to as natural bitumen, is petroleum in a solid or semi-solid
 
(a)
state in natural deposits with a viscosity greater than 10,000 centipoise measured at original
 
(b)
temperature in the deposit and atmospheric pressure, on a gas free basis. In its natural state it usually contains sulfur, metals, and other non-hydrocarbons.

 
(4)
Condensate. Condensate is a mixture of hydrocarbons that exists in the gaseous phase at original reservoir temperature and pressure, but that, when produced, is in the liquid phase at surface pressure and temperature.

 
(5)
Deterministic estimate. The method of estimating reserves or resources is called deterministic
 
(a)
when a single value for each parameter (from the geoscience, engineering, or economic data) in the reserves calculation is used in the reserves estimation procedure.

 
(6)
Developed oil and gas reserves. Developed oil and gas reserves are reserves of any category that can be expected to be recovered:

 
(a)
Through existing wells with existing equipment and operating methods or in which the cost of the required equipment is relatively minor compared to the cost of a new well; and
 
 
 

 
 
 
(b)
Through installed extraction equipment and infrastructure operational at the time of the
 
i.
reserves estimate if the extraction is by means not involving a well.

 
(7)
Development costs. Costs incurred to obtain access to proved reserves and to provide facilities for extracting, treating, gathering and storing the oil and gas. More specifically, development costs, including depreciation and applicable operating costs of support equipment and facilities and other costs of development activities, are costs incurred to:

 
(a)
Gain access to and prepare well locations for drilling, including surveying well locations for the purpose of determining specific development drilling sites, clearing ground, draining, road building, and relocating public roads, gas lines, and power lines, to the extent necessary in developing the proved reserves.
 
(b)
Drill and equip development wells, development-type stratigraphic test wells, and service
wells, including the costs of platforms and of well equipment such as casing, tubing, pumping equipment, and the wellhead assembly.
 
(c)
Acquire, construct, and install production facilities such as lease flow lines, separators,
treaters, heaters, manifolds, measuring devices, and production storage tanks, natural gas cycling and processing plants, and central utility and waste disposal systems.
 
(d)
Provide improved recovery systems.

 
(8)
Development project. A development project is the means by which petroleum resources are brought to the status of economically producible. As examples, the development of a single reservoir or field, an incremental development in a producing field, or the integrated development of a group of several fields and associated facilities with a common ownership may constitute a development project.

 
(9)
Development well. A well drilled within the proved area of an oil or gas reservoir to the depth of a stratigraphic horizon known-to be productive.

 
(10)
Economically producible. The term economically producible, as it relates to a resource, means a resource which generates revenue that exceeds, or is reasonably expected to exceed, the costs of the operation. The value of the products that generate revenue shall be determined at the terminal point of oil and gas producing activities as defined in paragraph (a)(16) of this section.

 
(11)
Estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). Estimated ultimate recovery is the sum of reserves remaining as of a given date and cumulative production as of that date.

 
(12)
Exploration costs. Costs incurred in identifying areas that may warrant examination and in examining specific areas that are considered to have prospects of containing oil and gas reserves, including costs of drilling exploratory wells and exploratory-type stratigraphic test wells.  Exploration costs may be incurred both before acquiring the related property (sometimes referred to in part as prospecting costs) and after acquiring the property. Principal types of exploration costs, which include depreciation and applicable operating costs of support equipment and facilities and other costs of exploration activities, are:

 
(a)
Costs of topographical, geographical and geophysical studies, rights of access to properties to conduct those studies, and salaries and other expenses of geologists, geophysical crews, and others conducting those studies. Collectively, these are sometimes referred to as geological and geophysical or "G&G" costs.
 
(b)
Costs of carrying and retaining undeveloped properties, such as delay rentals, ad valorem taxes on properties, legal costs for title defense, and the maintenance of land and lease records.
 
(c)
Dry hole contributions and bottom hole contributions.
 
(d)
Costs of drilling and equipping exploratory wells.
 
(e)
Costs of drilling exploratory-type stratigraphic test wells.
 
 
 

 
 
 
(13)
Exploratory well. An exploratory well is a well drilled to find a new field or to find a new reservoir in a field previously found to be productive of oil or gas in another reservoir. Generally, an exploratory well is any well that is not a development well, an extension well, a service well, or a stratigraphic test well as those items are defined in this section.

 
(14)
Extension well. An extension well is a well drilled to extend the limits of a known reservoir.

 
(15)
Field. An area consisting of a single reservoir or multiple reservoirs all grouped on or related to the same individual geological structural feature and/or stratigraphic condition. There may be two or more reservoirs in a field which are separated vertically by intervening impervious strata, or laterally by local geologic barriers, or by both. Reservoirs that are associated by being in overlapping or adjacent fields may be treated as a single or common operational field. The geological terms "structural feature" and "stratigraphic condition" are intended to identify localized geological features as opposed to the broader terms of basins, trends, provinces, plays, areas-of-interest, etc.

 
(16)
Oil and gas producing activities.
 
 
(a)
Oil and gas producing activities include:

 
i.
The search for crude oil, including condensate and natural gas liquids, or natural gas ("oil and gas") in their natural states and original locations;
 
ii.
The acquisition of property rights or properties for the purpose of further exploration or for the purpose of removing the oil or gas from such properties;
 
iii.
The construction, drilling, and production activities necessary to retrieve oil and gas from their natural reservoirs, including the acquisition, construction, installation, and maintenance of field gathering and storage systems, such as:
 
1.
Lifting the oil and gas to the surface; and
 
2.
Gathering, treating, and field processing (as in the case of processing gas to extract liquid hydrocarbons); and
 
iv.
Extraction of saleable hydrocarbons, in the solid, liquid, or gaseous state, from oil sands, shale, coalbeds, or other nonrenewable natural resources which are intended to be upgraded into synthetic oil or gas, and activities undertaken with a view to such extraction.

Instruction 1 to paragraph (a)(16)(i): The oil and gas production function shall be regarded as ending at a "terminal point", which is the outlet valve on the lease or field storage tank. If unusual physical or operational circumstances exist, it may be appropriate to regard the terminal point for the production function as:
 
(a)
The first point at which oil, gas, or gas liquids, natural or synthetic, are delivered to a main pipeline, a common carrier, a refinery, or a marine terminal; and
 
(b)
In the case of natural resources that are intended to be upgraded into synthetic oil or gas, if those natural resources are delivered to a purchaser prior to upgrading, the first point at which the natural resources are delivered to a main pipeline, a common carrier, a refinery, a marine terminal, or a facility which upgrades such natural resources into synthetic oil or gas.

Instruction 2 to paragraph (a)(16)(i): For purposes of this paragraph (a)(16), the term saleable hydrocarbons means hydrocarbons that are saleable in the state in which the hydrocarbons are delivered.
 
 
 

 

 
(b)
Oil and gas producing activities do not include:

 
i.
Transporting, refining, or marketing oil and gas;
 
ii.
Processing of produced oil, gas or natural resources that can be upgraded into synthetic oil or gas by a registrant that does not have the legal right to produce or a revenue interest in such production;
 
iii.
Activities relating to the production of natural resources other than oil, gas, or natural resources from which synthetic oil and gas can be extracted; or
 
iv.
Production of geothermal steam.

 
(17)
Possible reserves. Possible reserves are those additional reserves that are less certain to be recovered than probable reserves.

 
(a)
When deterministic methods are used, the total quantities ultimately recovered from a project have a low probability of exceeding proved plus probable plus possible reserves. When probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 10% probability that the total quantities ultimately recovered will equal or exceed the proved plus probable plus possible reserves estimates.
 
(b)
Possible reserves may be assigned to areas of a reservoir adjacent to probable reserves where data control and interpretations of available data are progressively less certain. Frequently, this will be in areas where geoscience and engineering data are unable to define clearly the area and vertical limits of commercial production from the reservoir by a defined project.
 
(c)
Possible reserves also include incremental quantities associated with a greater percentage recovery of the hydrocarbons in place than the recovery quantities assumed for probable reserves.
 
(d)
The proved plus probable and proved plus probable plus possible reserves estimates must be based on reasonable alternative technical and commercial interpretations within the reservoir or subject project that are clearly documented, including comparisons to results in successful similar projects.
 
(e)
Possible reserves may be assigned where geoscience and engineering data identify directly adjacent portions of a reservoir within the same accumulation that may be separated from proved areas by faults with displacement less than formation thickness or other geological discontinuities and that have not been penetrated by a wellbore, and the registrant believes that such adjacent portions are in communication with the known (proved) reservoir. Possible reserves may be assigned to areas that are structurally higher or lower than the proved area if these areas are in communication with the proved reservoir.
 
(f)
Pursuant to paragraph (a)(22)(iii) of this section, where direct observation has defined a highest known oil (HKO) elevation and the potential exists for an associated gas cap, proved oil reserves should be assigned in the structurally higher portions of the reservoir above the HKO only if the higher contact can be established with reasonable certainty through reliable technology. Portions of the reservoir that do not meet this reasonable certainty criterion may be assigned as probable and possible oil or gas based on reservoir fluid properties and pressure gradient interpretations.

 
(18)
Probable reserves. Probable reserves are those additional reserves that are less certain to be recovered than proved reserves but which, together with proved reserves, are as likely as not to be recovered.

 
(a)
When deterministic methods are used, it is as likely as not that actual remaining quantities recovered will exceed the sum of estimated proved plus probable reserves. When probabilistic methods are used, there should be at least a 50% probability that the actual quantities recovered will equal or exceed the proved plus probable reserves estimates.
 
(b)
Probable reserves may be assigned to areas of a reservoir adjacent to proved reserves where data control or interpretations of available data are less certain, even if the interpreted reservoir continuity of structure or productivity does not meet the reasonable certainty criterion. Probable reserves may be assigned to areas that are structurally higher than the proved area if these areas are in communication with the proved reservoir.
 
 
 

 
 
 
(c)
Probable reserves estimates also include potential incremental quantities associated with a greater percentage recovery of the hydrocarbons in place than assumed for proved reserves.
 
(d)
See also guidelines in paragraphs (a)(17)(iv) and (a)(17)(vi) of this section.

 
(19)
Probabilistic estimate. The method of estimation of reserves or resources is called probabilistic when the full range of values that could reasonably occur for each unknown parameter (from the geoscience and engineering data) is used to generate a full range of possible outcomes and their associated probabilities of occurrence.

 
(20)
Production costs.

 
(a)
Costs incurred to operate and maintain wells and related equipment and facilities, including depreciation and applicable operating costs of support equipment and facilities and other costs of operating and maintaining those wells and related equipment and facilities. They become part of the cost of oil and gas produced. Examples of production costs (sometimes called lifting costs) are:

 
i.
Costs of labor to operate the wells and related equipment and facilities.
 
ii.
Repairs and maintenance.
 
iii.
Materials, supplies, and fuel consumed and supplies utilized in operating the wells and related equipment and facilities.
 
iv.
Property taxes and insurance applicable to proved properties and wells and related equipment and facilities.
 
v.
Severance taxes.

 
(b)
Some support equipment or facilities may serve two or more oil and gas producing activities and may also serve transportation, refining, and marketing activities. To the extent that the support equipment and facilities are used in oil and gas producing activities, their depreciation and applicable operating costs become exploration, development or production costs, as appropriate. Depreciation, depletion, and amortization of capitalized acquisition, exploration, and development costs are not production costs but also become part of the cost of oil and gas produced along with production (lifting) costs identified above.

 
(21)
Proved area. The part of a property to which proved reserves have been specifically attributed.

 
(22)
Proved oil and gas reserves. Proved oil and gas reserves are those quantities of oil and gas, which, by analysis of geoscience and engineering data, can be estimated with reasonable certainty to be economically producible—from a given date forward, from known reservoirs, and under existing economic conditions, operating methods, and government regulations—prior to the time at which contracts providing the right to operate expire, unless evidence indicates that renewal is reasonably certain, regardless of whether deterministic or probabilistic methods are used for the estimation. The project to extract the hydrocarbons must have commenced or the operator must be reasonably certain that it will commence the project within a reasonable time.
 
 
(a)
The area of the reservoir considered as proved includes:

 
i.
The area identified by drilling and limited by fluid contacts, if any; and
 
ii.
Adjacent undrilled portions of the reservoir that can, with reasonable certainty, be judged to be continuous with it and to contain economically producible oil or gas on the basis of available geoscience and engineering data.
 
 
 

 
 
 
(b)
In the absence of data on fluid contacts, proved quantities in a reservoir are limited by the lowest known hydrocarbons (LKH) as seen in a well penetration unless geoscience, engineering, or performance data and reliable technology establishes a lower contact with reasonable certainty.
 
(c)
Where direct observation from well penetrations has defined a highest known oil (HKO) elevation and the potential exists for an associated gas cap, proved oil reserves may be assigned in the structurally higher portions of the reservoir only if geoscience, engineering, or performance data and reliable technology establish the higher contact with reasonable certainty.
 
(d)
Reserves which can be produced economically through application of improved recovery techniques (including, but not limited to, fluid injection) are included in the proved classification when:

 
i.
Successful testing by a pilot project in an area of the reservoir with properties no more favorable than in the reservoir as a whole, the operation of an installed program in the reservoir or an analogous reservoir, or other evidence using reliable technology establishes the reasonable certainty of the engineering analysis on which the project or program was based; and
 
ii.
The project has been approved for development by all necessary parties and entities, including governmental entities.

 
(e)
Existing economic conditions include prices and costs at which economic producibility from a reservoir is to be determined. The price shall be the average price during the 12-month period prior to the ending date of the period covered by the report, determined as an unweighted arithmetic average of the first-day-of-the-month price for each month within such period, unless prices are defined by contractual arrangements, excluding escalations based upon future conditions.

 
(23)
Proved properties. Properties with proved reserves.

 
(24)
Reasonable certainty. If deterministic methods are used, reasonable certainty means a high degree of confidence that the quantities will be recovered. If probabilistic methods are used, there
should be at least a 90% probability that the quantities actually recovered will equal or exceed the
estimate. A high degree of confidence exists if the quantity is much more likely to be achieved than not, and, as changes due to increased availability of geoscience (geological, geophysical, and geochemical), engineering, and economic data are made to estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) with time, reasonably certain EUR is much more likely to increase or remain constant than to decrease.

 
(25)
Reliable technology. Reliable technology is a grouping of one or more technologies (including computational methods) that has been field tested and has been demonstrated to provide reasonably certain results with consistency and repeatability in the formation being evaluated or in an analogous formation.

 
(26)
Reserves. Reserves are estimated remaining quantities of oil and gas and related substances anticipated to be economically producible, as of a given date, by application of development projects to known accumulations. In addition, there must exist, or there must be a reasonable expectation that there will exist, the legal right to produce or a revenue interest in the production, installed means of delivering oil and gas or related substances to market, and all permits and financing required to implement the project.

Note to paragraph (a)(26): Reserves should not be assigned to adjacent reservoirs isolated by major, potentially sealing, faults until those reservoirs are penetrated and evaluated as economically producible. Reserves should not be assigned to areas that are clearly separated from a known accumulation by a non-productive reservoir (i.e., absence of reservoir, structurally low reservoir, or negative test results). Such areas may contain prospective resources (i.e., potentially recoverable resources from undiscovered accumulations).
 
 
 

 

 
(27)
Reservoir. A porous and permeable underground formation containing a natural accumulation of producible oil and/or gas that is confined by impermeable rock or water barriers and is individual and separate from other reservoirs.

 
(28)
Resources. Resources are quantities of oil and gas estimated to exist in naturally occurring accumulations. A portion of the resources may be estimated to be recoverable, and another portion may be considered to be unrecoverable. Resources include both discovered and undiscovered accumulations.

 
(29)
Service well. A well drilled or completed for the purpose of supporting production in an existing field. Specific purposes of service wells include gas injection, water injection, steam injection, air injection, salt-water disposal, water supply for injection, observation, or injection for in-situ combustion.

 
(30)
Stratigraphic test well. A stratigraphic test well is a drilling effort, geologically directed, to obtain information pertaining to a specific geologic condition. Such wells customarily are drilled without the intent of being completed for hydrocarbon production. The classification also includes tests identified as core tests and all types of expendable holes related to hydrocarbon exploration. Stratigraphic tests are classified as "exploratory type" if not drilled in a known area or "development type" if drilled in a known area.
 
 
(31)
Undeveloped oil and gas reserves. Undeveloped oil and gas reserves are reserves of any category that are expected to be recovered from new wells on undrilled acreage, or from existing wells where a relatively major expenditure is required for recompletion.
 
 
(a)
Reserves on undrilled acreage shall be limited to those directly offsetting development spacing areas that are reasonably certain of production when drilled, unless evidence using reliable technology exists that establishes reasonable certainty of economic producibility at greater distances.
 
(b)
Undrilled locations can be classified as having undeveloped reserves only if a development plan has been adopted indicating that they are scheduled to be drilled within five years, unless the specific circumstances, justify a longer time.
 
(c)
Under no circumstances shall estimates for undeveloped reserves be attributable to any acreage for which an application of fluid injection or other improved recovery technique is contemplated, unless such techniques have been proved effective by actual projects in the same reservoir or an analogous reservoir, as defined in paragraph (a)(2) of this section, or by other evidence using reliable technology establishing reasonable certainty.

 
(32)
Unproved properties. Properties with no proved reserves.