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UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE
ACT OF 1934
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTIONS 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITY
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER: 0-27423
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
DELAWARE 51-0391303
(State of incorporation) (I.R.S. Employer Identification Nos.)
REPRESENTATION OFFICE GOLDEN TELESERVICES, INC.
12 TRUBNAYA ULITSA
MOSCOW, RUSSIA 103045
(Address of principal executive offices)
(011-7-501) 797-9300
(Registrant's telephone number)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class of stock Name of exchange on which registered
COMMON STOCK, PAR VALUE $0.01 PER SHARE NASDAQ NATIONAL MARKET
Indicate by check mark whether the registrants (1) have filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) have been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X] No [ ]
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item
405 of Regulation S-K is not contained in this Form 10-K, and will not be
contained, to the best of the registrants' knowledge, in definitive proxy or
information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K
or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ]
The aggregate market value of the voting stock of Golden Telecom, Inc. held
by non-affiliates on December 31, 2000 was approximately $48,296,304. On March
13, 2001, there were outstanding approximately 24,479,997 shares of Common Stock
of Golden Telecom, Inc.
ITEM OF FORM 10-K DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
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Part III, Items 10-13 Portions of the Registrant's proxy statement for the
2001 annual meeting of shareholders to be held in May
2001.
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GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
FORM 10-K
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
----
PART I
ITEM 1. Business.................................................... 1
ITEM 2. Properties.................................................. 44
ITEM 3. Legal Proceedings........................................... 45
ITEM 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders......... 45
PART II
ITEM 5. Market for the Company's Common Equity and Related
Stockholder Matters....................................... 45
ITEM 6. Selected Financial Data..................................... 47
ITEM 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations................................. 48
ITEM 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary
Information for the Company............................... 66
ITEM 9. Changes In and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting
and Financial Disclosure.................................. 107
PART III
ITEM 10. Directors and Executive Officers of the Company............. 107
ITEM 11. Executive Compensation...................................... 107
ITEM 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and
Management................................................ 107
ITEM 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions.............. 107
PART IV
ITEM 14. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules and Reports on Form
8-K....................................................... 107
SIGNATURES.............................................................. 110
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ITEM 1. BUSINESS
INTRODUCTION
We are a leading facilities-based provider of integrated telecommunications
and Internet services to businesses and other high-usage customers and
telecommunications operators in Moscow, Kiev, St. Petersburg and other major
population centers throughout Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of
Independent States. We organize our operations into the four service groups
below:
- Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC) Services using our local access
overlay networks in Moscow, Kiev and St. Petersburg, we provide a range
of services including local exchange and access services, international
and domestic long distance services, data communications, Internet access
and the design of corporate networks;
- Long Distance Services using our fiber optic and satellite-based network
we provide long distance voice services in Russia;
- Data and Internet Services using our fiber optic and satellite-based
networks, including more than 130 combined points of presence in Russia,
Ukraine and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. We
provide data and Internet services including: (a) Business to Business
services, such as data communications, dedicated Internet access, web
design, web hosting, co-location and data-warehousing: and (b) Business
to Consumer services, such as dial-up Internet access and web content
offered through a family of Internet portals; and
- Mobile Services using our mobile networks in Kiev and Odessa, Ukraine, we
provide mobile services with value-added features, such as voicemail,
roaming and messaging services on a subscription and prepaid basis.
We also hold a minority interest in MCT Corp. (MCT), which in turn has
ownership interests in twenty-four mobile operations located throughout Russia
and in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. We treat our ownership interest in MCT as an
investment and are not actively involved in the day-to-day management of the
operations.
We are approximately 62% owned by Global TeleSystems, Inc. (GTS).
BUSINESS SECTION OVERVIEW
The following sections within the Business Section layout our business
strategy, our current position in the markets in which we operate, our corporate
history and development, our customer base, a detailed review of our service
groups by operating division. Additionally we describe our licenses and our
network facilities. Finally, we provide a summary of the principal environments
in which we operate; the telecommunications markets, the political and economic
environments, and the legal, tax and regulatory regimes in Russia and Ukraine.
BUSINESS STRATEGY
Our objective is to be the leading alternative voice, data and Internet
services company in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. To
achieve this objective, we intend to:
- Pursue Consolidation Opportunities
We intend to pursue consolidation opportunities through acquisitions
that will allow us to improve and expand our service offerings and maintain
operational control. We will target complementary opportunities that will
enable us to achieve synergies and economies of scale.
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- Increase Market Share by Offering Bundled Data and Voice Services Over an
Integrated Network
Corporate customers increasingly demand integrated telecommunications
solutions from one-stop providers that are able to deliver a full service
offering in the geographical areas in which these corporate customers
operate. As a result, we plan to continue to develop and combine our
businesses to create a unified service platform for local access, local
exchange, domestic and international long distance, data, Internet access
and systems integration services.
- Extend Our Leading Position in High Growth Data and Internet Markets
We plan to build on our position as a leading provider of data
communication services in Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of
Independent States by increasing the number of network access points in our
network to facilitate the growing demand for data communications. In
addition, we plan to expand our Business to Business and Business to
Consumer services through dedicated and dial-up Internet access and
connectivity, web hosting, web design, web content, Internet portal
development and other Internet service offerings by increasing our direct
marketing efforts and through acquisitions.
- Reduce Operating Costs and Satisfy Capacity Needs through Network
Planning and Optimization
Our network strategy includes building and owning our local exchange
and customer access networks. We typically lease digital terrestrial
channels to supply our regional connectivity, supplementing these channels
with satellite circuits for redundancy and remote connectivity. We intend
to incrementally expand the fiber optic capacity along our heavy traffic
and high cost routes to reduce our unit transmission costs and ensure
sufficient capacity to meet the growing demand for Internet and data
services.
- Focus Operating Activities and Capital Investments in Major Metropolitan
Areas
We plan to deploy our capital investments primarily in Moscow, Kiev,
St. Petersburg and other major population centers in the countries of the
CIS, where demand for our services is most heavily concentrated. We also
intend to consider opportunities to expand our operations in regional
cities with sufficiently strong local economies and where we believe
potential exists to grow businesses which complement our current
operations.
OUR POSITION IN THE RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN MARKETS
We believe that we are well positioned to maintain and consolidate our
strong presence in the business segment of the Russian and Ukrainian
telecommunications markets for the following reasons:
- our early market entry and local market experience;
- our focus on service, quality and reliability;
- our strong infrastructure position in Moscow and Kiev;
- our extensive customer base;
- our extensive range of international, domestic and data
telecommunications services; and
- our strong cash position.
CORPORATE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT
Golden Telecom, Inc. Golden Telecom, Inc., a majority owned subsidiary of
Global TeleSystems, Inc. (GTS), was incorporated in Delaware in June 1999 in
preparation for our Initial Public Offering (IPO) which took place on September
30, 1999 and closed on October 5, 1999. GTS was founded in 1983 as a
not-for-profit company under the name San Francisco/Moscow Teleport, Inc. and
was among the first foreign telecommunications operators in the former Soviet
Union, where it began offering data links to the United States in 1986,
international long distance services in 1992, local access to its networks in
1994 and cellular services in 1995. In most cases, GTS's Russian and other
Commonwealth of Independent States businesses were built through
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the establishment of joint ventures with local and foreign partners, with GTS
progressively increasing its ownership. At the time of our IPO, GTS contributed
substantially all of the assets that constituted Golden Telecom, Inc.
TeleRoss. TeleRoss, established in 1994 as a provider of domestic long
distance services has developed into our primary consolidated operating company
in Russia, offering CLEC, Long Distance, and Data and Internet Services. To
facilitate this full service offering, effective November 1, 1999, we completed
the legal merger of our wholly owned CLEC Services business in Moscow, TCM, and
our wholly owned Data and Internet Services business, Sovam Teleport, into
TeleRoss. This merger allows us to achieve operational and financial synergies,
particularly with regard to taxation. Prior to their merger into TeleRoss on
November 1, 1999, TCM and Sovam Teleport were distinct legal entities.
The ownership and operational history of the individual divisions of
TeleRoss and Golden Telecom Ukraine, and Sovintel, a significant
non-consolidated subsidiary, are as follows:
CLEC Services division of TeleRoss (formerly TCM). TCM was
established in 1994 and prior to its merger into TeleRoss, constituted our
CLEC Services division in Moscow. Prior to July 1998, we owned 52.64% of
the holding company, GTS-Vox, that controlled 95% of TCM. In July 1998, we
acquired the remaining outstanding interests in GTS-Vox and as a result
owned 95% of TCM. We acquired the remaining 5% of TCM on August 16, 1999.
TCM was dissolved upon its merger into TeleRoss in November 1999.
Long Distance Services division of TeleRoss (formerly TeleRoss
operating company). Our wholly owned TeleRoss operating company and our
TeleRoss regional ventures historically constituted our Long Distance
Services Division. Prior to January 1998 we held 50% ownership interests in
fourteen regional joint ventures that offered domestic long distance
services. TeleRoss operating company holds the applicable operating
licenses to offer pan-Russian domestic long distance services and thereby
controls rates and tariffs, billing and collections for all fourteen
regional ventures. Since January 1998 we have been acquiring our partners'
ownership interests with the goal of transforming the joint ventures into
branches of TeleRoss. While we have significant influence within these
ventures, decisions, including the decision to declare and pay dividends,
are generally subject to our partners' approvals. TeleRoss also directly
controls the activities related to remotely located very small aperture
terminal (VSAT) satellite customers.
Data and Internet Services division of TeleRoss (formerly
Sovam). Sovam Teleport was the subsidiary through which we conducted our
Data and Internet activities in Russia and other Commonwealth of
Independent States countries, except Ukraine. In February 1998, we acquired
the ownership interest of our former partner, thereby making Sovam Teleport
a wholly owned subsidiary. Sovam Teleport was dissolved upon its merger
into TeleRoss' Data and Internet Services Division in November 1999. The
Data and Internet Services division of TeleRoss has absorbed our
acquisitions of Internet Service Providers in Moscow and St. Petersburg,
Glasnet and Nevalink, respectively, the web design firm, Fintek, and two
vertical Internet portals, Referat.ru and Absolute Games. In April 2000, we
acquired 51% of Commercial Information Systems (KIS), an ISP in Nizhny
Novgorod, which is part of our Data and Internet Services division.
In October 2000, we completed the acquisition of the InfoArt Internet
portal. In December 2000, the acquisition of the Agama family of Internet
portals was also completed. These assets, and other significant
intellectual property rights, are segregated in a Cypriot holding company
that protects, licenses and markets the Internet portals in the CIS and in
other markets with a significant Russian-speaking population. The software
and content development teams from Agama, InfoArt, Fintek, Referat.ru and
Absolute Games were integrated into a group which operates as a software
and content development facility for Golden Telecom, Inc.
Golden Telecom (Ukraine). We own 69% of Golden Telecom (Ukraine), which
consists of two business units, Golden Telecom BTS and Golden Telecom GSM. Prior
to our 1999 IPO, we owned 75% of GTS Ukrainian TeleSystems LLC which in turn
owns 49% of Golden Telecom (Ukraine). At that time we
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also owned an additional 20% interest in Golden Telecom (Ukraine) through two
wholly owned subsidiaries. As part of the IPO, an affiliate of ING Barings
contributed its 25% interest in GTS Ukrainian TeleSystems LLC to a wholly owned
subsidiary of Golden Telecom, Inc. and received as partial consideration 420,000
newly issued shares of our common stock. An additional 30,000 shares of our
common stock were issued as final settlement to the affiliate of ING Barings on
March 1, 2000. Golden Telecom (Ukraine) is co-managed by us and our Ukrainian
partners. We control the Board of Directors and appoint the Chief Operating
Officer, the Chief Financial Officer and a general manager for each of the
business divisions. The partners appoint the General Director and the Technical
Director. On February 8, 2000, Golden Telecom Ukraine acquired 99% of Sovam
Teleport Ukraine, which has been integrated into the Data and Internet Services
division within Golden Telecom BTS. The remaining 1% of Sovam Teleport Ukraine
is owned by SFMT-Rusnet, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Golden Telecom, Inc.
Sovintel. Sovintel was established in 1990 as a provider of international
voice services in Moscow. We own 50% of Sovintel, and Rostelecom, the national
long distance carrier, owns the remaining 50%. Sovintel's control structure
consists of the Meeting of Participants, the Board of Directors, the Executive
Committee of the Board of Directors and the Executive Directorate. Certain
business decisions, including the distribution of profits and losses, require
the approval of the Meeting of Participants. Sovintel's annual budget and
business plan are adopted by its Board of Directors. The Board of Directors
develops the annual budget and strategic business plans and recommends
acquisitions and other significant corporate actions. Certain functions of the
Board of Directors, including oversight of related party transactions are
delegated to the Executive Committee, comprised of one representative from each
partner. Under Sovintel's charter, each partner has the right to appoint three
of the six members of its Board of Directors.
Rostelecom has the right to propose a candidate for the position of the
General Director, and we have the right to propose a candidate for the position
of the First Deputy General Director, who together constitute the Executive
Directorate. In addition, we have the right to propose a candidate for the
position of Finance Director.
Major business decisions require joint approval of both members of the
Executive Directorate. The Executive Directorate oversees the daily operations
of the company and leads strategic planning initiatives to be presented to the
Sovintel Board of Directors. Neither we, nor Rostelecom, are obligated to fund
Sovintel's operations or capital expenditures. Losses (up to the amount of the
participants respective charter capital contributions or commitments) and
profits of Sovintel are allocated to the partners in accordance with their
ownership percentages.
MCT Corp. In December of 2000 we contributed Vostok Mobile B.V., the
entity that holds our Russian mobile properties, to MCT in exchange for an
equity interest of approximately 24% in MCT. MCT has ownership interests in 24
mobile operations throughout Russia and in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Initially,
we acquired approximately 24% of the outstanding common stock of MCT but we
expect to be later diluted to not less than 18% as a result of subsequent equity
offerings planned by MCT. As part of the transaction, we also purchased for cash
$9.0 million of MCT debt convertible into its equity securities. We treat our
ownership interest in MCT as an investment and are not actively involved in the
day-to-day management of the operations of Vostok Mobile or MCT, although our
Chief Executive Officer sits on the Board of Directors of MCT. At December 31,
2000 we owned approximately 23% of MCT.
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The following table summarizes the four service groups through which we
currently conduct our operations:
SERVICE GROUPS REGION OF OPERATIONS
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CLEC Services:
CLEC Services division (formerly TCM) of TeleRoss... Moscow
CLEC Services division of Golden Telecom BTS........ Kiev and Odessa, Ukraine
Sovintel............................................ Moscow and St. Petersburg
Long Distance Services:
Long Distance Services division (formerly TeleRoss
operating company) of TeleRoss................... Russia
TeleRoss ventures (branch, wholly-owned and joint
ventures)........................................ 14 cities in Russia
Data and Internet Services:
Data and Internet Services division (formerly Sovam)
of TeleRoss...................................... Russia and the Commonwealth
Of Independent States
Data and Internet Services division (formerly Sovam
Teleport Ukraine) of Golden Telecom BTS.......... Ukraine
Mobile Services:
Golden Telecom GSM.................................. Kiev and Odessa, Ukraine
As a result of our strategy to operationally merge our significant Russia
based consolidated entities, the formal merger of TCM and Sovam Teleport into
TeleRoss operating company was completed on November 1, 1999.
CUSTOMER BASE
We compete primarily for high-volume business customers and carriers who
require access to highly reliable and advanced telecommunications facilities to
operate their business. Together, our top five customers accounted for
approximately 32% of our consolidated revenues for year ended December 31, 2000.
Our largest customer, Vimpelcom, together with its affiliate KB Impulse,
accounted for approximately 16% of our consolidated revenues for the year ended
December 31, 2000. No other customer, except for Sovintel, which accounted for
approximately 8% of our consolidated revenues, accounted for over 5% of our
consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2000. We provide services
to our largest customers, including Vimpelcom and Sovintel, pursuant to
agreements which specify the services we must maintain for these customers and
the tariffs that we charge for these services.
Our principal customer segments are:
Corporate Network Customers. Corporate network customers are
typically large multinational or Russian companies which require the full
range of voice and data services in several cities across Russia and other
countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. While pricing is
always a factor, this segment places more value on network coverage,
reliability as defined by service level agreements, and ability to design,
install and maintain local area and wide area networks. These customers are
willing to make longer-term commitments to integrated one-stop providers in
exchange for increased levels of service.
Corporate End-Users. Corporate end-users are foreign and Russian
enterprises with centralized operations, either in Moscow or in the
regions. These corporate end-users also require a full range of voice and
data services, but are more likely to purchase distinct services from
separate suppliers based on price. We attempt to acquire business from
corporate customers by providing superior technology, service levels and
pricing.
Fixed-Line Operators. Fixed-line operators are other
telecommunications providers, including other Moscow overlay operators,
alternative regional fixed-line operators and the local telcos. Price is
the
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primary factor in their purchase decision, and although long-term contracts
are rare, traffic volumes are large. Voice telephony is a commodity for the
customers in this segment.
Cellular Operators. Cellular operators are heavy consumers of our
local exchange capacity in Moscow because each cellular customer requires a
unique telephone number, which has made cellular operators important
contributors to our revenue. In contrast, our corporate customers may
require only one port, which can serve multiple end-users. Price and
availability are the primary factors in their purchase decision.
Mass Market. We define the mass market as those customers who require
calling cards or dial-up Internet access. This market segment is
increasingly price-sensitive, but quality of service is also important,
particularly in the Internet access business. In Kiev and Odessa, Ukraine,
we also offer mobile services to the mass market, targeting individuals
with above average disposable income, where price and quality are also
primary decision factors.
OUR SERVICE GROUPS
This section provides a detailed review of our business on a service group
basis and by operating division. We provide additional information on the
services and customers, marketing and pricing, and competition within each
division.
CLEC SERVICES:
CLEC SERVICES DIVISION OF TELEROSS
The CLEC Services division of TeleRoss operates an integral part of our
competitive local exchange carrier services in Moscow. Its infrastructure is
integrated into the Moscow city incumbent telephone network at 78 transit and
local exchanges allowing it to deliver traffic within the local public network.
Our network also interconnects directly with other fixed-line and cellular
operators in Moscow and with Rostelecom. We have constructed the infrastructure
necessary to support 100,000 ports, each corresponding to a unique telephone
number. We recently completed construction of an additional 50,000 ports of
which 5,000 have received regulatory approval with the balance expected to
receive certification by the end of the second quarter of 2001.
Services and Customers
Local Access Services. This division of TeleRoss provides carriers with
telephone numbers, ports and interconnectivity to the Moscow city telephone
network through our local gateway. Access to the Moscow city telephone network
provides customers with a high-quality network that supports a broad range of
offerings. CLEC services are complemented by additional value added services
such as conference call facilities, unified messaging and call forwarding.
The division's customers primarily consist of cellular operators, including
Vimpelcom, and fixed-line operators, including Sovintel.
Marketing and Pricing
For each port, customers have in the past, paid a one-time port fee, a flat
monthly fee and per minute charges based on usage. However, recent pricing
trends are reflected in an increased emphasis on per minute charges based on
usage. These usage charges are collected by individual carriers and a portion of
the charges are paid to TeleRoss in accordance with settlement agreements.
Competition
The division's main competitor is MTU-Inform, a Moscow City Telephone
Network affiliate that, until August 16, 1999, had been a 5% shareholder in TCM.
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CLEC Services division of Golden Telecom BTS
The CLEC Services division of Golden Telecom BTS, our largely Kiev-based
competitive local exchange carrier, has constructed and owns a 163 kilometer
fiber optic network that is interconnected to the local public telephone network
in Kiev and to our international gateway. Since the opening of our mobile
service operation in Odessa, we have expanded our CLEC service offerings into
Odessa, targeting business clients. As of December 31, 2000, Golden Telecom BTS
serviced over 4,200 telephone lines for business customers.
Services and Customers
Local Access Services. Local access services are provided to business
customers through the connection of the customers' premises to Golden Telecom
BTS's fiber network, which interconnects to the local public telephone network
in Kiev.
International and Domestic Long Distance Services. Golden Telecom BTS
terminates incoming traffic for foreign operators destined for Kiev, Odessa, and
most other major metropolitan areas in Ukraine, through its gateway switch in
Kiev. Traffic destined for other cities is routed either through national
carriers or local carriers. Outgoing international traffic is routed to
international operators using the least-cost routing.
Golden Telecom BTS offers domestic long distance services throughout
Ukraine through interconnection with Utel. However, it acquired an intercity
operator's license allowing it to offer domestic long distance services directly
and is developing infrastructure in major Ukrainian metropolitan areas to
facilitate this offering. Domestic long distances services from Kiev to other
cities in Ukraine are currently provided through infrastructure leased from the
national long distance carrier, Ukrtelecom, and the corresponding local telco.
The customers primarily consist of corporate network customers, corporate
end-users, fixed-line operators and cellular operators.
Marketing and Pricing
While emphasizing the quality and reliability of its services, Golden
Telecom BTS positions itself as a price competitive service provider to
businesses. Sales to our customers are made through a direct sales force, which
is shared with the Data and Internet Services division and consists of thirteen
account managers in Kiev. Additionally, we have one sales manager for carrier
services and one for international incoming traffic.
We have recently adopted a more aggressive pricing policy for corporate end
users in order to stimulate higher growth. As a carrier for other
telecommunications operators Golden Telecom BTS also offers a more attractive
pricing structure than the incumbent operators in order to attract cellular and
smaller public switched telecommunications network (PSTN) operators.
Competition
In Kiev, Golden Telecom BTS competes with Ukrtelekom, the incumbent
operator, and Utel, which handles mostly long distance and international
traffic. Golden Telecom BTS believes that because of its early market entry and
its ability to provide international, domestic and local access, it has a
leading position in the high-end segments of the corporate market.
In Ukraine, the fixed-line operators market is dominated by Utel, although
Golden Telecom BTS is seeking to increase its share of this market, especially
by carrying international outgoing traffic from independent telecommunications
operators, including cellular companies, and by providing integrated voice and
data services.
SOVINTEL
Sovintel is a competitive local exchange carrier that owns and operates a
fully-digital overlay network in and around Moscow. Sovintel has a limited
network in St. Petersburg that is interconnected to Sovintel's Moscow network to
support new business customers and Sovintel's Moscow clients. Sovintel services
approximately 75,000 telephone numbers for business customers and cellular
providers.
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Services and Customers
Local Access Services. Local telephone services are provided through the
interconnection of Sovintel's fiber optic ring with the switches of the CLEC
Services division of TeleRoss, MTU-Inform and other competitive local exchange
carriers that operate in Moscow. These switches provide access to local
telephone services through interconnections with the local public telephone
network and with the principal Moscow cellular providers.
International and Domestic Long Distance Services. Sovintel provides
domestic long distance services primarily through Rostelecom's network and the
TeleRoss long distance network. Sovintel provides international services
primarily through its international gateway, which transmits international
traffic through dedicated channels leased from Rostelecom.
When an international call is placed to one of Sovintel's customers which
has been assigned a number acquired from and serviced by the alternative local
exchange providers, TCM or MTU-Inform, the calling party has the option of
dialing through either the public city code (095) or Sovintel's exclusive city
code (501). When a caller chooses to dial through the 501 code, the call is
connected directly to Sovintel's dedicated network and can thereby avoid the
frequently congested public international and domestic long distance networks.
Sovintel receives a settlement from international carriers for calls routed
through its 501 city code. International outbound switched voice traffic is
routed by destination based on either anticipated return traffic from the
foreign operator through Sovintel's 501 city code, or through least-cost
routing. Sovintel attempts to direct international traffic through particular
foreign operators so as to balance Sovintel's settlements paid to and received
from foreign operators. Thereafter, Sovintel directs all international outbound,
switched voice traffic in excess of that required to achieve the balance of the
bilateral relationships to the lowest cost route.
Data Services. Sovintel provides high-speed data services through
interconnection provided by the Data Services division of TeleRoss and through
its own Moscow city data network. These services include a private line service,
an integrated voice and data integrated services digital network (ISDN)
connection, Internet, frame relay and asynchronous transfer mode service.
Private line channels, which are provided over dedicated leased lines, are
principally used by customers with high-volume data traffic needs, including
financial institutions, large multinational companies and data service
providers.
Equipment Sales. As part of its integrated service offering, Sovintel
distributes equipment manufactured by Nortel Networks. Sovintel installs and
maintains Nortel Meridian One products, Norstar key system, Mercator PBXs and
the Magellan DPN and the Passport lines of data equipment. Sovintel's
technicians have been trained to install, configure and maintain all the
products that it sells to its customers. These services enable Sovintel to
maintain close customer contact, helping Sovintel to market additional services
and enhance customer retention.
Sovintel's customers primarily consist of corporate network customers,
corporate end-users, fixed-line operators and cellular operators.
Marketing and Pricing
Sales to customers are made through a direct sales force consisting of 31
account managers in Moscow and St. Petersburg, supervised by an expatriate
commercial director. Each of these account managers targets specific customer
groups and industry segments, and is supported by specialists in technical sales
support, marketing, customer service and user training. Sovintel offers one of
the broadest range of products among alternative providers, and releases new
products and enhancements to existing products in order to strengthen its market
position. In addition, Sovintel trains its employees to provide customer service
at a level which is comparable to that provided by Western telecommunications
companies. As a result, we believe Sovintel has earned a reputation for
providing high-quality telecommunications services through an experienced and
professional customer service staff.
Sovintel prices its services at a premium to those offered by the national
monopoly operator and competitively with other alternative service providers
within the market. Sovintel offers customers volume
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discounts for exceeding certain defined revenue thresholds. Although Sovintel
publishes standard tariffs, currently it does not require regulatory approval to
change its tariffs.
Competition
Sovintel competes principally on the basis of price, network quality,
customer service and range of services offered. While Sovintel has a leading
position in the corporate market, it faces significant competition from other
service providers, including:
- Comstar, a joint venture between Metromedia International Group, Inc. and
Moscow City Telephone Network;
- Combellga, a joint venture between Telenor and Comincom;
- Global One, a subsidiary of the international venture Global One;
- Moscow City Telephone Network, the incumbent operator in Moscow;
- MTU-Inform, a company currently controlled by Sistema;
- TelMos, a joint venture among Moscow City Telephone Network, Rostelecom
and AT&T;
- Petersburg Telephone Network, the incumbent local operator in St.
Petersburg; and
- Peterstar, an affiliate of PLD Telekom. PLD Telekom was acquired by the
Metromedia International Group, Inc.
In addition to CLEC services, all the companies listed above provide
Internet solutions, and some also offer limited data transmission. Of Sovintel's
competitors, MTU-Inform and Global One are market leaders in Moscow in the data
services market. Numerous small and medium-sized Internet service providers
compete for the corporate end-user market.
LONG DISTANCE SERVICES:
LONG DISTANCE SERVICES DIVISION OF TELEROSS
The Long Distance Services division of TeleRoss operates a pan-Russian,
satellite-based, domestic long distance network and, in cooperation with
fourteen regional joint ventures and branches, is a provider of local access,
international and domestic long distance services in the cities where the joint
ventures are located. The satellite-based network is comprised of regional earth
stations and VSATs supporting our long distance activities. Joint venture
partners provide local access in the cities where TeleRoss operates.
Services and Customers
Public Switched Voice Telephony Services. The division provides switched
voice services to its customers through local city switches connected to its
earth stations and leased intercity fiber optic lines. When a customer in one of
the fourteen TeleRoss regions makes a domestic long distance or an international
call, it is typically transmitted to our Moscow hub by satellite. The call is
then connected to the customer's destination through a land-based line that
TeleRoss operates, through the Rostelecom network, or, for international calls,
through our Sovintel international gateway. Telecommunications operators also
rely on TeleRoss ventures to provide data and voice transmission.
VSAT Satellite Services. We offer VSAT satellite services to customers
located in remote areas that cannot be physically connected through terrestrial
cables to our regional long distance switches, as well as to large
infrastructure projects in need of sophisticated and reliable communications
systems. TeleRoss's satellite transmission facilities connect these customers
directly to TeleRoss's Moscow-based hub through a VSAT antenna installed at the
customer's location.
The division's customers primarily consist of corporate network customers,
corporate end-users, fixed-line operators and cellular operators.
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Marketing and Pricing
The Long Distance Services division of TeleRoss and its regional ventures
typically employ a direct sales force to market to corporate end-users. This
sales force is combined with the Data and Internet Services division and
consists of approximately 46 sales and account managers supervised by a
western-educated and trained commercial director. In addition, a team of three
regional sales managers are responsible for supporting the regional sales force
and maintaining relations with our regional partners. We have introduced sales
incentive plans to the regional ventures but TeleRoss depends on these ventures
to implement these plans. In 2000 we began to offer a prepaid calling card
service "Glagol," which means "to talk" in old Russian. This service promotes
long distance calling services over our network in Russia.
TeleRoss's regional ventures are increasingly driven by their corporate
network customers, who require uniform solutions for their wide area networks.
While pricing remains a factor, this customer segment places more value on
network coverage, reliability and ability to design, install and maintain local
area and wide area networks. These customers often require integrated solutions,
including data services to connect different offices. Local telcos often cannot
provide the required solutions, and we can adjust our prices to reflect the
integrated services that we provide.
Competition
Rostelecom and Global One are the principal competitors to the Long
Distance Services division of TeleRoss. Rostelecom provides similar services in
all regions where we operate. Global One provides integrated voice and data
services in a limited number of regions.
DATA AND INTERNET SERVICES:
Data and Internet Services division of TeleRoss
The Data and Internet Services division of TeleRoss provides data
transmission services, dedicated and dial-up Internet access, news and
information services. We use leased capacity on land and satellite-based
networks to provide these data services in more than 130 points of presence to
create wide area networks. Through reciprocal cooperation agreements with other
international operators, the division provides connectivity and delivery through
its Commonwealth of Independent States-based network. International connectivity
outside the CIS is provided through agreements with operators such as AT&T,
Infonet, Ebone and Cable & Wireless. In the future we expect this division to
target appropriate services and customers through business to business
initiatives (B2B) and business to consumer (B2C) initiatives.
B2B Services and Customers
Data Transmission Services. The Data Services division of TeleRoss offers
traditional and high-speed data communications services, using X.25, frame relay
and asynchronous transfer mode technologies, to business customers who require
wide area networks to link computer networks in geographically dispersed
offices. Its major customers are large multinational corporations, financial
institutions and small and medium-sized Russian enterprises. These customers
require an integrated product offering, including network access and hardware
and software solutions featuring installation, configuration and maintenance.
Private Line Services. This division provides private line channels to
customers who require high-capacity and high-quality domestic and international
point-to-point connections. Private lines can be used for voice and data
applications.
Information Services. We offer a variety of information services
addressing the needs of professional markets. Today, these services address
primarily the banking and financial industries with products such as S.W.I.F.T.,
Reuters, Bloomberg and MICEX (Moscow Inter-bank Currency Exchange).
Dedicated Internet Services. We offer a dedicated Internet access service
through our access and backbone networks. We provide our business customers with
dedicated access to the Internet transmission network.
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Value-Added Services. We offer an increasing range of value-added services
such as web design, web hosting and Internet Protocol or IP based Virtual
Private Networks and we intend to increase our market position in these services
to other Internet related products and services.
In conjunction with our goal of increasing our web design capabilities, we
reinforced our market leadership position in web hosting through the
construction of a Managed Data Center, which was completed in December 2000. We
expect to enjoy strong sales synergies among our web design, web hosting and
other Internet service offerings. The Managed Data Center will also facilitate
our entry into the Application Service Provisioning market, or ASP market.
ASP refers to the technique whereby application software and the related
data files are maintained by TeleRoss on one of our servers on behalf of a
client. Access to the application and data is achieved through the Internet. We
are currently undertaking ASP trials and are in discussion with a number of
potential customers and partners for this type of application. The ASP market,
which addresses B2B customer needs, is expected to grow rapidly across Western
and Eastern Europe and we aim to be the market leader in Russia and the CIS in
this new segment of the communications industry.
Additionally, we are expanding our offering to include data warehousing and
co-location facilities to our corporate clients.
Voice over Data Services. Recently, there has been a significant trend
toward routing voice traffic over the Internet using IP technology and TeleRoss
is a leading provider of this service, known as "Voice over IP," or "VoIP." In
addition to using TeleRoss' data networking services for typical Local Area
Network to Local Area Network interconnections, many customers will also route
their voice traffic over TeleRoss' frame relay data network in an effort to
reduce overall telecommunications expenses. Voice over frame relay involves
"packetizing" voice calls using frame relay, a data transmission protocol, and
transporting the voice call over our data network to be "de-packetized" at the
terminating end. The call is finally terminated through normal circuit
switching. Packet switching offers greater cost efficiencies over circuit
switching, and offers this division an opportunity to leverage its data network
investment across a greater number of services and geographic areas. This new
product offering will complement TeleRoss' other value-added data service
offerings and allow us to further leverage our data network infrastructure
investment.
Equipment Sales. As part of our integrated service offering, we
distribute, install, configure and maintain the equipment and software necessary
to support the data requirements of our customers. We have distributor
agreements with Cisco, Motorola and Nortel.
We are well positioned to offer other value-added Internet services by
targeting our existing large base of corporate networking clients and dedicated
Internet access customers. We also provide dial-up Internet access to corporate
end-users.
Customers primarily consist of corporate network and corporate end-user
customers
B2C Services and Customers
Dial-up Internet Services. We offer dial-up Internet services through our
Russia-On-Line Internet portal, which commenced Internet services in 1995.
Russia-On-Line was the first Russian-English language, online service for
accessing the Internet through either dedicated private lines or dial-up
servers. In addition, the company has added vertical Internet portals in the
education and computer gaming categories of the Russian Internet. We have
completed the integration of Glasnet, a business acquired June 30, 1999, that
targeted mass-market consumers and Nevalink, a small service provider in St.
Petersburg, which we acquired on December 1, 1999. Our dial-up access services
are delivered in the regions through our domestic long distance infrastructure,
which provides customers with access to the Internet and an array of proprietary
Russian and English language information services, such as news and radio.
The consumer dial-up access market has grown dramatically during the last
year. As of December 31, 2000, Russia-On-Line had a subscriber base of
approximately 66,000 subscribers with a total for Golden Telecom, Inc. of
approximately 86,000 subscribers, including the subscribers of Golden Telecom
(Ukraine),
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KIS and Sovintel. In addition, Russia-On-Line is expanding into the regions of
Russia, now covering 43 cities with its dial-up access. The acquisition of 51%
of KIS in Nizhny Novgorod was part of our regional expansion strategy.
Russia-On-Line currently utilizes an STM-1 fiber optic connection to the
international world-wide-web and two STM-1 fiber optic connections to the
Russian telecommunications network. In addition, Russia-On-Line recently added
the first one-gigabit Ethernet connection to the Russian Internet. The consumer
dial-up Internet access service has seen an increased utilization rate over the
last year as subscribers have increased the number of hours spent online from
approximately 22 hours to approximately 27 hours per month. We expect this
utilization rate to continue to increase over the coming years as our expanded
collection of Internet portals provide quality entertainment and information
services to the Russia-On-Line subscriber base as well as other users of the
Russian Internet.
The Internet portals we acquired in 2000 complement the dial-up access
service provided under the Russian-On-Line brand for the consumer market and
provide a basis whereby the Russia-On-Line brand will generate revenues from the
advertising and e-commerce markets which are beginning to evolve in Russia.
These acquisitions were part of content strategy, which the company initiated at
the end of 1999. In general, the company's strategy is to generate these
revenues by offering a fully functional informational/entertaining content base
which will be accessed at high speed through the TeleRoss Internet Protocol (IP)
network. Russia-On-Line subscribers will be able to access the content on the
Russia-On-Line Internet portals without experiencing delays related to the
public telecommunications network in Russia. The Internet portals will also be
available to other networks throughout the world-wide-web. Some services are
likely to become premium services for the Russia-On-Line subscribers only.
The Aport search engine, acquired as part of the Agama acquisition, has
seen substantial growth in the number of users over the last year. With a new
interface and the inclusion of the search engine into the Russia-On-Line base
family, we expect the search engine to continue to see growth and market share
gains over the next year. The Referat.ru and Absolute Games sites are being
integrated into the main Internet portal. The catalog sites from Agama @Rus, and
the stars.ru catalog from InfoArt are being merged into a single Internet
portal. In general, we are continuing to realize the synergies between the
content that has been acquired and the content which is continuously under
development. Additionally, Russia-On-Line has acquired the rights to the "World
Around Us" Russian language encyclopedia and will utilize this material to
enhance the educational offerings.
We will augment our dial-up Internet access service with a strong focus on
the Internet advertising market. Internet portal development is a key element of
our strategy and we intend to devote significant resources to attracting and
retaining visitors on our portals and content sites.
Marketing and Pricing
The Data and Internet Services division of TeleRoss and the Long Distance
Services division of TeleRoss, share a dedicated sales force in Moscow and St.
Petersburg, consisting of approximately 46 sales and account managers. In
addition to direct sales, our Internet access packages are distributed in Moscow
through large retailers. In the regions, TeleRoss and its venture partners
market the Data and Internet Services division's data product portfolio to help
build cooperation with our local joint venture partners, who do not have the
capability to offer a comparable range of data services, and to increase the
customer base of both the Data and Internet Services and Long Distance Services
divisions of TeleRoss.
We price data services on a two-tier structure with high-volume users
generally negotiating a monthly flat-rate fee and lower volume users paying a
volume-based fee. Dial-up and dedicated Internet access customers pay a fixed
monthly access charge plus an additional volume-based fee in an increasingly
competitive market. At the end of 1999 we introduced a series of prepaid cards,
which entitle the holder to utilize a certain amount of hours of dial-up
Internet access.
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Competition
Global One and Rostelecom are our primary competitors in the data services
market. Cityline and MTU-Inform are the divisions' primary competitors in the
Internet service provider market in Moscow. In the local Internet portal market
Ros Business Consulting, Rambler and Yandex are the main competitors.
DATA AND INTERNET SERVICES DIVISION OF GOLDEN TELECOM BTS
In February 2000, Golden Telecom BTS acquired Sovam Ukraine and has since
integrated the network of Sovam Ukraine into the existing Golden Telecom BTS
network.
Services and Customers
Data and Internet Services. The Data and Internet Services division of
Golden Telecom BTS provides a private line service, an integrated voice and data
ISDN connection, frame relay, ATM, X.25, and dial-up and dedicated Internet
services. Private line channels, which are provided over dedicated leased lines,
are principally used by customers with high-volume data traffic needs. The
services and customers of Sovam Ukraine are being integrated into Golden Telecom
BTS.
Information Services. We offer access to a variety of information services
addressing the needs of key professional markets. The Data and Internet Services
division of Golden Telecom BTS provides conduits to airline reservations
systems, as well as, financial and banking services (SWIFT) and news services
(Reuters) in Ukraine.
Voice over Data Services. This division intends to be a leading provider
of voice over data services. There is a recent trend towards using VolP, which
uses an IP technology that routes voice traffic over the Internet. This new
product offering will complement Golden Telecom Ukraine's CLEC service offerings
by offering international VoIP to corporate and mass-market customers.
Dial-up Internet services. This division offers dial-up Internet access to
customers under the SvitOnline brand.
Customers for this division primarily consist of corporate network
customers, corporate end-users, fixed-line operators and cellular operators.
Internet services under the SvitOnline brand are also provided as a mass
marketing offering with dial-up and pre-paid cards.
Marketing and Pricing
While emphasizing the quality and reliability of its services, this
division positions itself as a price competitive service provider to businesses.
Sales to our customers are made through a direct sales force, shared with the
CLEC Services division, which consists of thirteen account managers in Kiev.
Additionally, we have three account managers, which handle mass-market service
offerings.
Golden Telecom BTS has adopted an aggressive pricing policy for corporate
end users in order to stimulate higher growth. Golden Telecom BTS is a fast
growing Internet service provider for businesses in Ukraine in terms of
incremental connections and market share. As a carrier for other Internet
service providers, Golden Telecom BTS also offers an attractive pricing
structure and expects significant growth of its already significant market
share, especially in the regions of Ukraine. The increase in market share is
expected through the provision of international private line connections,
international frame relay connections and national corporate networks.
Competition
In Kiev, this division competes with Infocom, a majority state-owned
operator, and several local Internet service providers that currently do not
have a clear marketing strategy or consistency in the grade of service offered.
We believe that because of our strong marketing position, ability to provide
one-stop-shopping and high quality services with professional customer-care, we
have a leading position in all segments of the corporate Internet market in
Ukraine.
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MOBILE SERVICES:
GOLDEN TELECOM GSM
Golden Telecom GSM operates a cellular network using GSM-1800 cellular
technology in Kiev and Odessa, where its network covers an area with a
population of approximately 3.9 million people. Golden Telecom GSM began
cellular operations with a license allowing it to offer services in Kiev and the
Kiev region. Golden Telecom GSM later obtained a national operating license and
commenced operations in Odessa in August 2000.
Services and Customers
Mobile Services. Golden Telecom GSM provides two types of mobile services
to its clients: a basic service for clients who utilize prepaid calling cards
and an expanded service for subscription clients, including international access
and value-added services such as voicemail, call forwarding, and conferencing.
International roaming services with 65 operators in 43 countries are available
to customers who subscribe to the expanded service offering.
Golden Telecom GSM's customers consist of a broad spectrum of private and
corporate users representing primarily the high-end mass market and business
customer segments.
Marketing and Pricing
Golden Telecom GSM's network has the widest frequency bandwidth allocated
of all cellular operators in Kiev, allowing it to deploy a high quality network
throughout the city and thus market itself as a quality service provider. Due to
the highly competitive nature of the cellular market in Kiev, Golden Telecom GSM
focuses on providing a flexible and competitive tariff structure. Golden Telecom
GSM targets two markets for its services. The subscription service is marketed
as a high-quality service to private and business users providing clients with
flexible tariff plans and a variety of value-added services. The prepaid package
is targeted at younger, entry-level users, offering them mobile services without
fixed contracts or monthly bills. Golden Telecom GSM makes wide use of
advertising and brand promotions in order to grow and maintain its core customer
base.
The market is dominated by the main competitors, Ukrainian Mobile
Communications (UMC) and Kyivstar GSM (Kyivstar), who have been battling over
subscribers and in turn driving down the average revenues per user in this
market. Golden Telecom GSM has had to significantly reduce its tariffs but has
only managed to maintain revenues by increasing its subscriber base.
Competition
The Ukrainian cellular market is very competitive. UMC, Kyivstar and URS
operate GSM-900 networks in Kiev. Ukrainian Mobile Communications and Kyivstar
offer roaming services in major cities within Ukraine, including Kiev, and have
recently received GSM-1800 licenses. Ukrainian Mobile Communications also
operates a NMT-450 network throughout Ukraine. DCC operates an AMPS-800 network
in Kiev and other regions in Ukraine.
EMPLOYEES
On December 31, 2000, we and our consolidated subsidiaries employed a total
of 944 full-time employees and our joint ventures, excluding MCT Corp., employed
504 full-time employees. On December 31, 1999, we and our consolidated
subsidiaries employed a total of 604 employees and our joint ventures employed
742 full-time employees. Included in the number of full-time employees were 20
and 21 expatriates as of December 31, 2000 and 1999, respectively.
We do not have any collective bargaining agreements with our employees, and
we believe that our relations with our employees are generally good. We believe
our future success will depend on our continued ability to attract and retain
highly skilled and qualified employees.
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OUR LICENSES AND NETWORK FACILITIES
SIGNIFICANT LICENSES
Our subsidiaries and ventures hold the following licenses in Russia and
Ukraine, which are materially significant to their operations:
Switched Services. In Russia, we hold several licenses for switched
services. Sovintel holds two licenses. The first license was issued to
Sovintel by the Ministry of Communications and authorizes Sovintel to
provide local, intrazonal, intercity and international telephone services
in a number of cities, including Moscow and St. Petersburg. This license
expires on July 20, 2005. The second Sovintel license authorizes the
provision of the same services in different regions and expires on March
17, 2008. On April 27, 2000, a five-year license was reissued to TeleRoss
for provision of local and intercity services in 44 regions including the
cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. This license allows our networks in
these regions to interconnect with the local public network. In addition,
on April 7, 2000 Sovintel was issued a five-year license to provide local,
intercity and international lines through a dedicated network in six
regions including Moscow and St. Petersburg. In Kiev, Ukraine, we hold
licenses for provision of overlay network services, including local,
domestic long distance and international long distance services, in the
name of Golden Telecom (Ukraine).
Leased Circuits. On October 23, 1998 TeleRoss was issued a license to
lease international circuits in fourteen regions, including Moscow. This
license will expire on August 22, 2002. On April 9, 1999 TeleRoss was
issued a five-year license to lease local, intrazonal, intercity and
international circuits in forty-two regions of Russia, including Moscow and
St. Petersburg. On April 27, 2000 TeleRoss was issued a five-year license
to lease local and intercity circuits in forty-three regions of Russia,
including Moscow. In September 2001 Sovintel's current license to lease
local, intercity and international circuits in the territory of Moscow, the
Moscow region and St. Petersburg will expire and Sovintel will apply for a
new license. We expect the new license to be issued in due course.
Data Services. On April 9, 1999 TeleRoss was granted a five-year
license to provide data transmission services via a dedicated network to
seventy-four regions covering a large portion of Russia. The license
permits TeleRoss to interconnect with other data transfer networks in
Russia. A similar license was issued to Sovintel on January 25, 1999 for
Moscow, the Moscow region, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. This
license will expire on June 26, 2003.
Local Access Services. The five-year license issued to TeleRoss on
April 27, 2000 authorizes TeleRoss to provide local telephone service to
150,000 subscriber local access lines in Moscow and 22,000 subscriber local
access lines in various regions of Russia.
Telematics Services. A five-year license was granted to TeleRoss on
April 9, 1999 to provide telematics services for subscribers in Moscow. A
similar five-year license was granted to TeleRoss on April 7, 2000 for
subscribers in seventy-three regions of Russia. On January 15, 1999,
Sovintel was issued a telematics license for subscribers in Moscow, the
Moscow region, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region. This license will
expire on June 26, 2003.
Mobile Services. Golden Telecom (Ukraine) holds an operating license
for mobile services in Kiev and surrounding regions which expires in 2007.
The associated frequency licenses expire in 2012 and 2014. In addition,
Golden Telecom (Ukraine) received a national operating license for
provision of GSM-1800 mobile services within the remaining territory of
Ukraine valid until 2009, as well as a frequency license for Odessa and the
Odessa region valid until 2010. Golden Telecom (Ukraine) also holds a relay
license for Kiev and the Kiev region which expires on January 25, 2005 and
for the Odessa region which expires on August 2, 2015.
NETWORK FACILITIES
Our telecommunication networks reflect the licensing regime adopted by the
Ministry of Communications and consist of technologically advanced systems
designed for businesses and other high usage customers.
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We own the electronic hardware and software elements of the network, including
transmission equipment, and depending upon economic and strategic criteria, we
own or lease the network transport elements.
Metropolitan Area Networks
In Moscow, Kiev and St. Petersburg, we operate metropolitan area networks
(MANs) through the CLEC Services Division of TeleRoss, Sovintel and Golden
Telecom (Ukraine). In each of these locations, we own or lease local access
lines and private branch exchanges (PBXs), local exchange switches, local
numbering capacity, fiber optic transmission rings and a fiber optic backbone.
Our facilities in Moscow are fully integrated with our domestic and
international networks, as well as with the networks of Rostelecom and the
Moscow city public telephone network. The elements of this Moscow MAN operated
by the CLEC Services division of TeleRoss and Sovintel include the following
facilities:
- Access lines supporting approximately 75,000 local access numbers
connecting approximately 2,500 buildings to more than 400 PBXs. These
PBXs are often located on customer premises to distribute advanced
telephony services in those premises to the end-users. These PBXs
function as switches that permit users to receive incoming calls, to dial
any other telephones on the premises that are connected to the PBX, to
access a line leading to another PBX or to access an outside line to the
public switched telephone network;
- A network of 16 hub PBXs connected to the fiber optic network,
complemented by a Nortel DMS 100E local switch with advanced
functionality. These hub PBXs act as traffic aggregators for our 400 PBXs
located in customer premises;
- Fiber optic Synchronous Digital Hierarchy rings of over 750 kilometers
that carry our traffic between our network elements. This network
connects us to major office buildings, hotels, business centers, and
factories and is co-located with 22 central offices of Moscow City
Telephone Network, where we have access to copper wire facilities. The
copper wire facilities are used in circumstances where a customer's
requirements do not justify the immediate investment in fiber optic
facilities;
- A Nokia DX200 local and tandem switch, with 150,000 operational local
numbers, is interconnected to the local public switched telephone network
via our backbone fiber optic network and leased channels; and
- A fiber optic backbone and access network based on Synchronous Digital
Hierarchy technology, consisting of approximately 700 kilometers of fiber
optic cable in service. Our network interfaces with over 78 local/tandem
switches of the Moscow public telephone network and Rostelecom's long
distance and international network to provide full interconnectivity
between the Nokia DX200 tandem switch and the public switched telephone
network.
Sovintel provides local access for its data service offering in Moscow
generally using the same intracity transport and customer access network as
described above. This network is complemented by access lines leased from other
Moscow-based operators that possess their own local access networks in cases
where our data customers are not otherwise on our network. In these
circumstances, involving approximately half of our Moscow data customers, we
lease local access from Moscow City Telephone Network, Combelga, Macomnet,
Golden Line and other competitors. Thus, our customers for data services may use
the same local access as provided by their voice service providers.
Sovintel's St. Petersburg network consists of two hub PBXs interconnected
to the St. Petersburg public telephone network through St. Petersburg City
Telephone Network, with capacity for 2,000 local numbers, and twenty PBXs that
are installed on customer premises and within business centers. We have
constructed approximately 170 kilometers of fiber optic cable in and around St.
Petersburg, which is used to connect office buildings and business centers to
our network. This is complimented by TeleRoss's data and IP network with an
additional 30 kilometers of fiber optic cable and STM-4 capacity on our
international cable system.
In Ukraine, Golden Telecom (Ukraine) provides local exchange carrier
services through our MAN in Kiev. Golden Telecom BTS provides last mile
connections (both copper and fiber optic) from three large
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PBX switches acting as central offices in the city and a large quantity of
smaller PBXs. In Kiev, we have constructed a 163-kilometer fiber optic ring
consisting of a main loop and five sub-rings. We plan to extend the total fiber
optic network to serve additional customers. We have also constructed a data
network consisting of seven data switches.
We offer combined voice and data services with access to the local public
switched telecommunications network (PSTN) in 16 different major metropolitan
areas in Russia through our Data and Internet and Long Distance Services
divisions of TeleRoss. Depending on the region, we have between 100 to 1,000
local lines in service, for a total combined capacity of more than 5,000 lines.
Last mile access to the customers is usually provided through leased copper or
fiber optic lines.
The Data and Internet Services division of TeleRoss also employs dial-up
Internet access servers using more than 1,000 dial-up lines in 43 cities in
Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, allowing our customers Internet
access through a local call. This dial-up roaming service is also available in
over 80 countries through the international data-roaming entity, GRIC Dial.
Through these dial-up access servers, we offer local roaming for Internet
access, whereby an Internet customer normally residing in Moscow may travel to
other regions in Russia and internationally, call a local access number, and
access the Internet. This service may further expand with the development of our
network.
We are continuing to review alternative access technologies with technology
providers, our partners, and other providers in the Russian Internet market. We
are establishing and building a premium Internet network for our subscribers,
and to this end we were the first to order Gigabit Switch Routers (GSR) from
Cisco for the Russian market. Currently we have two of these routers in major
traffic points in our network, and we will be expanding, as necessary, with
similar or other large-scale technologies in the future. As of December 2000
there were almost 3,000 modems available for access in Moscow, and more than
4,000 modems throughout the Russia-On-Line network. We are continuing to expand
our modem pools as necessary to meet market demands, subject to the limitations
of the infrastructures that are currently in place. In all cases, our major
backbone links are 100% redundant and provide immediate backup and recovery
facilities.
The hub of our Internet Protocol network is our Internet Data Center in
Moscow. This location has redundant power supplies as well as high level
security and fire systems. The center was built taking world class standards
into consideration. In addition, during 2000, our Network Monitoring Center was
completely refurbished to aid in preventative and reactive maintenance of the
backbone.
International Networks
Sovintel and the Long Distance Services division of TeleRoss provide
international switched voice, data and IP services in Russia using leased
transmission capacity that they obtain from Rostelecom and Transtelecom within
Russia, and international carriers beyond the Russian borders. Similarly, in
Ukraine, Golden Telecom (Ukraine) leases capacity from Ukrtelekom for domestic
segments and international operators for international segments. We operate two
international gateway switches. One switch, Sovintel's Nortel DMS 300, is
located in Moscow, and the other international gateway switch, Golden Telecom
(Ukraine)'s Siemens EWSD, is in Kiev. These international gateway switches carry
our international switched voice traffic to international operators with which
we have interconnect and settlement agreements.
The Data and Internet Services division of TeleRoss uses Nortel
asynchronous transfer mode Passport technology for its core data network to
provide certain international private line circuits and international data
transmission services, such as X.25, asynchronous transfer mode and frame relay
and Cisco routers for Internet access. The Data and Internet Services Divisions
of TeleRoss and Golden Telecom BTS lease domestic fiber optic capacity necessary
to implement these service offerings from Rostelecom, Transtelecom, Ukrtelekom,
Rascom and Sonera. International segments of these offerings are provided in
cooperation with international operators such as Sonera, Ebone, Cable &
Wireless, AT&T and Infonet. In Ukraine, international outgoing and incoming
traffic is similarly routed by Golden Telecom (Ukraine) via fiber optic cable to
Ebone, Cable & Wireless, Sovintel in Moscow and several other international
operators. In addition to their terrestrial network, the Data and Internet
Services and the Long Distance Services divisions of TeleRoss also
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use satellite transmission to offer the same services between Moscow and other
major Commonwealth of Independent States cities such as Almaty, Tashkent,
Tbilisi and Baku.
Additionally we lease STM-16 capacity (2.4 Gbps) from Moscow to Stockholm
from Sonera and its subsidiary companies. In Stockholm, this capacity connects
directly to the Ebone network, providing access to complementary broadband
Internet and data networks in Europe and the United States of America. The
capacity on the Sonera fiber optic network was acquired on February 7, 2000,
through a 10-year lease agreement with an option to renew for 5 years. Initially
the equivalent of an STM-1 (155 Mbps) was activated in March 2000 and the
capacity was incrementally upgraded to STM-4 (622 Mbps) in August 2000 and to
STM-16 (2.4 Gbps) in the first quarter of 2001.
Domestic Long Distance Networks
TeleRoss developed a land and satellite-based regional network to provide
domestic long distance and data services in Russia. Our land-based domestic long
distance network consists primarily of fiber optic capacity leased from
Rostelecom and Transtelecom. We use this land-based network primarily to serve
our regional Data and Internet businesses. This network together with our
satellite-based network currently accesses more than 130 different points of
presence across Russia and in certain other large cities in the Commonwealth of
Independent States. We may further develop our land-based network to meet the
demands of our customers, especially customers in our Data Service division.
TeleRoss also leases capacity on a satellite transponder (72 MHZ) from
Intelsat in accordance with the terms of a five-year lease, which expires in
March 2004. The coverage area of this satellite, or "footprint," includes the
full territory of Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent
States. Using this leased satellite transponder, TeleRoss serves fourteen
Regional Earth Stations (RESs) and 26 VSAT stations across the country. A VSAT
is a relatively small satellite antenna, typically 1.5 to 5 meters in diameter,
used primarily for satellite-based point-to-point applications. These RESs and
VSATs interconnect with our central hub in Moscow and with local facilities in
the areas where the RESs and VSATs are located. TeleRoss's central hub in Moscow
interconnects with the Moscow-based international, domestic long distance and
local facilities of TeleRoss and Sovintel.
TeleRoss developed land-based technology in parallel with a satellite
network for a number of reasons, including the following:
- Fiber transmission is more suitable for data applications than satellite
transmission because of fewer transmission delays;
- VSAT technology is expensive for customers with limited capacity
requirements; and
- There is no "public data network," so we need to establish land-based
points of presence in each location where customers require data
services.
We are implementing a strategy to integrate the land-based and satellite
networks and to integrate the different technologies integral to each, thereby
developing a single, multi-purpose network. The technologies required to carry
voice over packet networks, such as voice over frame relay, voice over Internet
Protocol and voice over asynchronous transfer mode, have become available and
allow for such network integration. This integration may benefit us in different
ways:
- Creates a possibility to carry voice "on net" between multiple locations.
This application was not possible with a satellite-only network because
the time delays in consecutive satellite "hops" are impractical for
efficient communications at multiple locations;
- Creates a possibility to terminate traffic in significantly more points
of presence. Points of presence established originally for data services
may be extended to carry voice over an interface to a local voice
operator, allowing us to extend our service offering to other operators;
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- Improves network resilience both for voice and data networks through the
optimal combination of land-based fiber and satellite transport capacity;
and
- Enables us to operate an integrated network over which we could offer
voice, data and Internet services.
We have already upgraded 18 points of presence to carry packet switched
voice, and we intend to upgrade other points of presence to provide this
capability as well.
Mobile Network
Golden Telecom (Ukraine) operates a GSM-1800 network in Kiev, Ukraine and
the immediately surrounding areas with a mobile switching center and 58 base
stations. In August 2000 we commenced operations in Odessa, Ukraine and now have
a mobile switching center and 28 base stations. The networks also include
various value-added service platforms offering voicemail, short message service,
and prepaid cellular administration.
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THE ENVIRONMENTS IN WHICH WE OPERATE
To facilitate a more complete understanding of our business and our
operations, this section provides an overview of some of the key features of the
markets where we operate and derive substantially all of our revenue. These
overviews focus on our two largest markets, Russia and Ukraine and include:
- An overview of the telecommunications markets;
- An overview of the political and economic environment;
- An overview of the legal, tax and regulatory regimes.
OVERVIEW OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS' MARKETS IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
The Telecommunications' Market in Russia. Prior to the early 1990s, the
telecommunications network in the former Soviet Union was inefficient,
unreliable and underdeveloped relative to the networks in more-developed
countries. In the early 1990s, the Ministry of Communications, which had
formerly controlled the Soviet telecommunications infrastructure, ceded
operational control to a single long distance and international carrier,
Rostelecom, and 80 regional operators, including four independent city networks
in Moscow, St. Petersburg and two other cities. The local operators, which we
refer to as the local telcos, provide local exchange services for customers
within their regions, but they are not licensed to provide domestic long
distance or international services. Likewise, Rostelecom is prohibited from
offering local exchange and local access services. In the incumbent network
domestic long distance calls to and from areas outside the local telcos' service
area, as well as international calls, are switched through Rostelecom, which
interconnects with the local telcos to complete domestic long distance calls and
with foreign carriers to complete international calls.
The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the centrally
planned economy reduced the funding available to the local telcos at a time when
demand for telecommunications was increasing. The growth in the Russian
telecommunications industry since the early 1990s has been principally driven by
businesses in Moscow requiring international and domestic long distance voice
and data services and by mobile telephony users. The growth in Moscow
accelerated as multinational corporations established a presence in the capital
and Russian businesses expanded. The formerly state-owned local telcos, however,
which generally employed an outdated, dilapidated infrastructure, could not
support the requirements of high-volume consumers of sophisticated
telecommunications services. As a result, the inadequacies of the existing
legacy networks constructed during the Soviet era became more apparent. Further,
the proceeds received by the Russian government from the privatization of state
telecommunications assets were not used for the infrastructure improvements
required to meet increased demand. As a result, the Ministry of Communications
issued licenses to domestic and foreign funded companies to encourage investment
in the telecommunications infrastructure. The licensing structure adopted by the
Ministry of Communications directly reflected the areas of the legacy networks
in most urgent need of investment. Generally, voice and telephony licenses were
issued to provide local access, local exchange, international and domestic long
distance services.
Although it remains subject to certain restrictions, significant progress
in privatization of the telecommunications industry in Russia has occurred.
Under Russian law, state-owned enterprises within the telecommunications sector
were subject to privatization but only pursuant to a decision of the Russian
government in each individual case and with the state retaining a certain
percentage of the stock of the privatized entity for three years, subject to
extension for national security reasons. At present, virtually all the former
state telecommunications enterprises have been privatized and, subject to the
above restrictions, shares of the newly formed joint stock companies have been
sold to the public. Also, a significant number of private operators provide a
wide variety of telecommunications services pursuant to licenses issued by the
Ministry of Communications.
In September 1995, the Russian government established Svyazinvest as a
holding company for the state's telecommunications assets. Svyazinvest now holds
the Russian government's equity interests in all the local telcos, as well as
Rostelecom. In July 1997, a 25% plus one share interest in Svyazinvest was sold
to a private consortium, Mustcom Limited, for approximately $1.9 billion. The
Russian government repeatedly stated that
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it intends to sell a further 25% minus two shares but has not completed any
tenders. In 2000 the government announced a plan to restructure and consolidate
Svyazinvest's holdings. Svyazinvest currently owns controlling voting interests
in over 80 local telcos and Rostelecom and owns substantial equity interests in
four other local telcos, including Moscow City Telephone Network.
The August 1998 Russian financial crisis severely restricted the
profitability of the local telcos and their ability to make payments on
liabilities denominated in foreign currencies and their ability to access new
capital. The crisis also had a negative effect on demand for telecommunications
services and on the ability of some customers to make timely payments. Since the
August 1998 Russian financial crisis, we have seen continued reductions in per
minute tariffs, in US Dollar terms, due to ruble devaluation, competitive
pressures and also following the world-wide trend of reduced tariffs. This has
led to reduced revenues for many operators but the effect on the margins in the
industry has been partially mitigated as reduced costs in per minute settlements
to be paid to other operators have also declined.
In 2000 traffic volumes surpassed the levels carried by our network prior
to the crisis, which we believe indicates an expansion in the Russian economy,
especially within the telecommunications industry.
The Telecommunication's Market in Ukraine. The evolution of the
telecommunications sector in Ukraine is similar to that in Russia. The
infrastructure is outdated, the industry is inefficient and provides low-
quality services, and many tariffs are set as a result of political
considerations.
In contrast to Russia, there has been no privatization of the state-owned
telecommunications sector in Ukraine. The Ukrainian government has attempted to
attract foreign investment by entering into joint ventures with foreign
operators and by allowing private operators into the market. Legislation has
been created and adopted by the Ukrainian Parliament which provides guidelines
for the partial privatization of Ukrtelecom, the Ukrainian incumbent public
operator.
The State Committee of Communications is the regulatory body that oversees
the Ukrainian telecommunications industry. The Committee has responsibility for
the management of state telecommunications holdings, licensing, and setting
tariff regulations. Tariffs for local calls and calls between and within regions
are set at levels far below those which would prevail in a deregulated market.
Ukrtelecom, the Ukrainian incumbent public operator, is the main provider
of telecommunications services in the country. Utel, a venture in which
Ukrtelecom is currently the principal, is the dominant national and long
distance operator. Golden Telecom (Ukraine) is the primary competitor to Utel in
the capital city of Kiev. Ukrtelecom was formed as a holding company for the
state's telecommunications interests, including 24 regional local telcos, two
municipal telecommunications operators, and the national transmission networks,
along with broadcasting, research and satellite assets.
Utel was formed in 1992 as a joint venture between AT&T, Deutsche Telekom,
PTT Netherlands and Ukrtelekom and became the country's sole international
carrier with an effective monopoly over Ukraine's international traffic. In
return for this concession, Utel was required to make infrastructure
investments, primarily in digital switches, throughout Ukraine. Utel today
provides domestic long distance and international services. In preparation for
the privatization of Ukrtelekom, the government has initiated a buy out of its
foreign partners in Utel to enhance the value of any future privatization
offering.
Public switched voice telephony in Kiev is delivered through a layered
hierarchy similar to that used in Moscow. We connect our customers using our
local access network with fiber optic and copper-based facilities, which provide
direct interconnection with the Kiev city telephone network.
The Ukrainian mobile telecoms market is currently served by five operating
companies. Ukrainian Mobile Communications was the first operator to be licensed
in Ukraine using NMT-450 technology. The original license for this incumbent
allows it to receive permits and licenses for virtually any and all other
standards. UMC operates a GSM-900 network and recently received approval to
implement GSM-1800. Other GSM-900 operators are Kyivstar and Ukrainian Radio
Systems, also known as Wellcome. Golden Telecom (Ukraine) commenced operations
in accordance with its GSM-1800 license in late 1996. A second
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GSM-1800 license was issued to Astelit in 1998 but it has yet to launch
commercial service. There is one licensed DAMPS operator in Ukraine, Digital
Cellular Communications.
OVERVIEW OF THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
Russia's Political Environment. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union
in December 1991, Russia has been in the process of a substantial political
transformation. The Russian Constitution, ratified in 1993, establishes a
three-branch governing system that replaced the Communist dominated Soviet
system. The three-branch system consists of a powerful executive branch led by
the President, a bicameral legislative branch with an upper assembly, the
Federation Council, and a lower assembly, the Duma, and an underdeveloped
judicial branch. Boris Yeltsin was elected to a second term as President in July
1994 but shortly thereafter lost popular support on account of political and
economic dislocations, disaffection with economic reform, institutionalized
corruption and his erratic stewardship of the country. On December 31, 1999
Yeltsin resigned the presidency, thereby enabling the Prime Minister, Vladimir
Putin, to be elevated to the role of acting president and to emerge as the
winning candidate in the presidential election which was held on an accelerated
basis on March 26, 2000.
Prior to his election to the presidency, President Putin was appointed
Prime Minister by former President Yeltsin and confirmed by the Duma on August
16, 1999. Prior to his appointment as Prime Minister, President Putin served as
the Head of the Russian Federal Counter-Intelligence Agency and as the Head of
the Internal Controls Department of the President's Administration. President
Putin has stated that he intends to follow his predecessors' policies but with
an increasing emphasis on the fight against corruption and the effective
exercise of the power of the state. With the frequent changes of government in
Russia and the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States
government policies are subject to rapid and potentially radical change. Duma
elections were held in Russia in December 1999 and the political party most
closely associated with the President Putin, Unity, scored large gains and
subsequently formed an unexpected alliance with the Communist party to divide
control of the Duma. More recently, the Communist party introduced motion in the
Duma calling for a no-confidence vote to remove the current government formed by
President Putin and led by Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov.
The political and economic changes in Russia over the last ten years have
resulted in significant dislocations of authority. As a result of the frequent
turnover at the federal government level, the continuing absence of an effective
central government and direct elections at the local level, certain regions of
Russia are exercising more independence in both political and economic policies.
Significant organized criminal elements have taken advantage of these
dislocations. High levels of corruption exist among government officials and
among commercial enterprises in which the state has an ownership interest. In an
attempt to increase the influence of federal authorities in the regions,
President Putin organized the Russian regions into seven administrative regions
and appointed special presidential representatives to coordinate and enforce
federal policies in each of these regions.
In November 1999, claiming provocation from "Chechen terrorists," Russian
military forces invaded the break-away republic of Chechnya in a revival of the
civil war that raged between 1994 and 1996. The military campaign is viewed as
largely successful within Russia and enjoys widespread popular support as
Russian forces have destroyed Chechen strongholds and reclaimed the Chechen
capital, Grozny. Some members of the international community have criticized the
military campaign as unnecessarily brutal and excessive and have alleged that
Russian military forces have engaged in human rights abuses.
Russia's Economic Environment. Before the August 1998 financial crisis,
the Russian government and Central Bank took measures to stabilize a
deteriorating economy and provide adequate liquidity, including the August 17,
1998 decision to allow the ruble's value to float between 6.0 and 9.5 rubles to
the US dollar. In the immediate aftermath of the crises, the ruble's value
declined substantially below the 9.5 ruble/US dollar floor set on that date, but
in the last year has settled at approximately 27-29 rubles/US dollar. World oil
prices have contributed to the recent relative stability of the ruble as the
Russian Central Bank has reported hard currency reserves of over US$25 billion
during the first quarter of 2001. According to government figures, inflation has
come under relative control since the crises with annual inflation numbers for
1998 at 84%, 1999 at 36% and
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20% for the year 2000, but as the Central Bank continues to print rubles to
acquire hard currency from exporters, some economists predict that inflation
could dramatically increase in 2001. Russian government officials have also
reported an estimated current trade surplus of US$50 billion to US$60 billion
and gross domestic product increase of over 7% in 2000 as compared to 1999.
These positive economic indicators must be considered in the context of Russia's
status as a major exporter of oil and any decline in world oil prices may
severely impact the value of the ruble and the continued development of Russia's
economy.
After the August 1998 financial crisis, the International Monetary Fund
refused to rollover Russia's sovereign debt, as well as lend any additional
funds, until the Russian legislature passed a package of economic reform
legislation submitted by the government. Although the IMF has rolled over
Russia's pre-existing financing, it has tied the release of tranches thereunder
to the achievement of certain budgetary and monetary performance targets. In
addition, political pressure is building to halt further disbursements until the
Russian government has fully and satisfactorily accounted for the use of prior
IMF funding.
Meanwhile, the Russian government has concluded a restructuring agreement
with the London Club and continues to negotiate with the Paris Club of creditors
for a restructuring of debt Russia inherited from the former Soviet Union. The
aggregate debt to the Paris and London Clubs totals over $60 billion. President
Putin's government has publicly stated that it will insure that payments are
made to the Paris Club during 2001 and has instructed his government to amend
the state budget to insure payment. The ability of Russia to make the payments
to the Paris Club is dependent upon anticipated extra-budgetary revenues derived
from higher than budgeted revenues derived from oil sales, proceeds from
privatization, and the ability of the Russian government to attract domestic
loans.
Russian and other Commonwealth of Independent States businesses have a
limited operating history in market-oriented conditions. Many Russian banks are
undercapitalized and continue to have cash shortages. The Russian Central Bank
has reduced banks' reserve requirements in order to inject more liquidity into
the Russian financial system, but has stressed that it will not bail out the
weaker banks. Many of these banks are expected to close over the next several
years as a result of bank failure and anticipated consolidation in the industry.
Owing to a chronic lack of transparency in the banking industry, it is very
difficult to determine the relative stability of the vast majority of banks.
Ukraine's Political Environment. Ukraine declared independence from the
Soviet Union in 1991. Since that time, Ukraine has established a three-branch
system of government similar to that in Russia. Following a period of
significant political debate, the new Ukrainian Constitution was ratified in
June 1996. Independent Ukraine's first President Leonid Kravchuk led the country
through a period of significant economic and social decline. Following the 1995
presidential elections, Leonid Kuchma succeeded him. Ukraine is one of the few
former Soviet republics to smoothly and peaceably transfer executive power.
President Kuchma was re-elected for another five-year term in November 1999.
Valery Pustovoitenko became Prime Minister in 1998, replacing Pavel
Lazarenko who is now the subject of criminal inquiries relating to corruption
and money laundering in Switzerland and Ukraine. Following the re-election of
President Kuchma, the previously socialist/Communist dominated Parliament, the
Rada, shifted to a right-wing/centrist majority. The Rada has been less
combative than its Russian counterpart although it has historically been slow to
support reforms. The Rada experienced a period of instability in January 2000
when the continued lack of cooperation between Rada factions culminated in a
protest whereby the right/center Rada members walked out of the legislature
building, elected their own speaker, and held session in another building. The
stalemate ended with all Rada members reconvening in the main government
assembly building.
President Kuchma appointed the former governor to the National Bank of
Ukraine, Victor Yuschenko, to the position of Prime Minister in December 1999.
Prime Minister Yuschenko is known as a reformer and immediately named other
reform-minded officials to key Cabinet posts. A growing division has developed
between the President and Prime Minister due to disagreements about the ways in
which reform might best be conducted. The Prime Minister is supported by foreign
governments intent on continuing financial aid programs contingent on
substantial compliance with certain reform-oriented terms and conditions. The
President has opposed many measures and, thus, reform has progressed slowly. He
recently dismissed the
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energy minister Yulia Timoshenko, who was believed by many to have carried out
beneficial reforms in the energy sector. The President has been accused of
protecting the interests of oligarchs in the region rather than pursuing a
transparent reform program.
The President has most recently been embroiled in a growing scandal
surrounding the disappearance of an outspoken journalist who founded an Internet
based news site and who was often critical of President Kuchma's regime. A body
believed to be that of the journalist was found near Kiev in November. More
significant, tape recordings, allegedly made in the President's office by a
former security official, appear to implicate the President as being somehow
involved in the disappearance. The tapes also include conversations depicting a
political environment rife with graft and corruption.
Ukraine's Economic Environment. In September 1996 a new currency, the
hryvna, was introduced, replacing the temporary karbovanets (coupons) that were
in circulation following the country's independence from the Soviet Union. The
National Bank of Ukraine, the nation's central bank, has steadfastly refused to
permit wholesale printing of the currency despite much pressure from Parliament.
The government has attempted to gain more direct control and influence over the
activities and policies of the National Bank of Ukraine but has yet to
practically establish these controls. The hryvna is now subject to a floating
exchange rate whereas it was previously kept within a fixed range. It has
remained relatively stable due to support from the International Monetary Fund
and World Bank although the IMF has temporarily suspended the further issuance
of credits under an Extended Funding Facility citing slow reform and the need
for government restructuring. The IMF has also recently initiated an
investigation of alleged improper use of funds previously given to Ukraine.
Ukraine's fiscal budget and economic stability is dependent upon continued
support from foreign lending institutions. Although negotiations with the IMF
and other creditors appear to be proceeding well there can be no assurance that
Ukraine will continue to receive funding from the IMF or any other lending
institution. There can also be no assurance that Ukraine will be able to
continue to restructure its foreign debt.
OVERVIEW OF THE LEGAL, TAX AND REGULATORY REGIMES IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE
Russia's Legal, Tax and Regulatory Regime. After the dissolution of the
Soviet Union in December 1991, former President Yeltsin and the Duma enacted
piecemeal legislation in an attempt to develop a legal framework to guide the
transition from a centralized command economy to a more market-oriented economy.
While a rudimentary legal framework has partially developed, legislation is
often inconsistent, contradictory, poorly drafted and unclear. This general
characterization is particularly applicable to corporate governance regulations
and tax legislation. During 2000, at the urging of President Putin's government,
the Duma approved the first two parts of the revised and reportedly simplified
Russian Tax Code. Still, ambiguities in the law are exploited by bureaucrats
struggling to increase state budgetary resources. Administrative regulations and
decrees are frequently not published and are not available for review. The
judiciary lacks the power necessary to enforce its judgments and judges are
frequently underpaid, inexperienced and commercially unsophisticated. In
addition, judges are subject to intimidation, and corruption in the judiciary is
not unusual. Hence, in such an environment, contracts are frequently
unenforceable in courts of law.
The Duma has enacted legislation to protect foreign investment and other
property against expropriation and nationalization. In the event that such
property is expropriated or nationalized, legislation provides for reimbursement
of the value of the property and damages. However, due to the lack of state
budgetary resources, experience and political will to enforce these provisions,
and due to potential political changes, it is uncertain whether such protections
could be enforced.
In addition to telecommunications legislation, the Russian
telecommunications industry is also shaped by privatization legislation and the
resulting privatization of state-owned telecommunications enterprises over the
last several years.
Recently the Russian Ministry for Anti-Monopoly Policy (MAP), the state
agency responsible for establishing and enforcing the state's anti-trust
policies, unexpectedly adopted a policy position whereby each licensed
telecommunications operator, including the Golden Telecom operating companies,
may be classified
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as a "monopolist." Minsvyaz publicly stated its opposition to this regulatory
policy, but in the event that the MAP policy is enacted, telecommunications
operators may be facing increased state regulation, including tariff
regulations.
Generally, taxes payable by Russian companies are numerous and substantial.
They include taxes on profits, revenue, assets and payroll, as well as
value-added tax. The first two parts of the recently enacted Tax Code represent
an attempt to rationalize the federal tax system. The effect of the new Tax Code
on our operations should become increasingly evident as the new Code is
implemented during the year 2001. We expect an overall reduction in our Russian
tax burden. For example, under the new Tax Code, taxes calculated on the basis
of revenue have decreased from 4% to 1% of revenue while unified payroll taxes
are expected to decrease from about 38% to about 20%. The rate for calculating
corporate tax on profits has increased from 30% to 35% but we do not anticipate
that this increase will have a substantial impact on our overall tax burden
owing to our substantial carry forward tax losses and debt burden.
Russian companies within the same ownership group cannot be consolidated,
and therefore, each company must pay its own Russian taxes. Because there is no
consolidation provision, dividends are subject to Russian taxes at each level
that they are paid. Currently, dividends are taxed at 15% and the payor is
required to withhold such tax when paying dividends, except with respect to
dividends paid to foreign entities that qualify for an exemption under treaties
on the avoidance of double taxation. To date, the system of tax collection has
been relatively ineffective, resulting in the continual imposition of new taxes
in an attempt to raise government revenues. This history, plus the continuing
possibility of large government budget deficits, raises the risk of a sudden
imposition of arbitrary or onerous taxes, which could adversely affect us.
In various foreign jurisdictions, we are obligated to pay value-added tax
on the purchase or importation of assets, and for certain other transactions. In
many instances, value-added tax liabilities can be offset against value-added
tax which we collect and otherwise would remit to the tax authorities, or may be
refundable. Because the law in some jurisdictions is unclear, the local tax
authorities could assert that we are obligated to pay additional amounts of
value-added tax. In our opinion, any additional value-added tax which we may be
obligated to pay would be immaterial.
In addition, the new Tax Code authorizes Russia's regional legislative
authorities to impose a local tax on the sale of goods and services on their
territories. A number of such subdivisions have exercised this authority,
including Moscow and St. Petersburg which have established a local sales tax at
rates of 4 percent and 5 percent, respectively. Effective January 1, 2001 the
rate for Moscow increased to 5 percent.
Pursuant to the Communications Law and subsequent governmental decrees, the
Ministry of Communications is assigned the authority to regulate and control the
development of the communications industry in Russia. Additional legislation
defines the roles of other communications regulatory organs, with the Ministry
exercising responsibility over the issuance of operator's licenses and the
supervision of each of those organs. The State Service for the Supervision of
Communications (Gossvyaznadzor) is empowered to issue certain permits required
for network operation and for the importation and use of telecommunications
equipment. Gossvyaznadzor conducts periodic inspections to determine an
operator's compliance with the terms and conditions of its licenses and is
authorized to issue orders and instructions requiring operators to bring their
network into compliance with their licenses or to face fines and/or to recommend
to the Ministry that a license should be suspended or revoked. In addition,
entities such as Svyazinvest at the federal level, as well as other entities in
Moscow and St. Petersburg and other administrative regions within Russia
exercise significant control over their respective local telephone networks and
may therefore affect the licensing process.
The State Commission for Radio Frequencies (GKRCh) is responsible for
administering the utilization of the radio spectrum. This government agency
assigns and oversees the operation of radio frequencies. The State Commission
for Information is charged to coordinate the development and integration of
governmental and private telecommunications projects and networks. The State
Commission for Electrosvyaz (GKES) is responsible for improving the legislative
and regulatory base governing the telecommunication industry and for
coordinating the development of different telecommunications networks.
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Legislation and normative acts specific to the telecommunications industry
provide the regulatory framework that guides our operations. Specifically,
Russian Federation Law No. 15-FZ of February 16, 1995, On Communications,
outlines the regulatory framework for the telecommunications industry. It sets
forth general principles for the right to carry on telecommunications
activities, describes government involvement in telecommunications regulation
and operation, establishes the institutional framework involved in regulation
and administration of telecommunications, and deals with various operational
matters, such as ownership of networks, protection of fair competition,
interconnection, privacy and liability. Separate legislation and administrative
regulations implement this institutional framework.
Pursuant to Article 15 of the Communications Law, any entity that offers
any communications service must obtain the appropriate license from the Ministry
of Communications in accordance with the Communications Law and relevant
licensing regulations. In fact, neither the Communications Law nor such
regulations provide clear guidelines or base standards for the issuance or
extension of a license and the Ministry exercises broad discretion when
determining whether to approve a license application and when setting the terms
and conditions of the license. Telecommunications licenses are typically issued
for terms between three and ten years, and are not transferable.
Article 17 of the Communications Law provides that communications networks
and facilities in Russia may be owned by legal entities and individuals acting
as communications operators, including foreign organizations and individuals.
Article 18 of the Communications Law states that foreign investors may
participate in the privatization of state-owned communications enterprises
within limits established by relevant privatization legislation. Contrary to
this provision, recent pronouncements from the Ministry indicate that the
government is reconsidering the efficacy of foreign controlled
telecommunications operators.
It can be difficult and expensive to comply with applicable Russian
telecommunications regulations. For example, the Communications Law provides
that telecommunications in Russia are confidential and may only be intercepted
by a court order. Nevertheless, we are subject to SORM, the Russian acronym for
the surveillance system operated partly by the Federal Security Service, a
government agency that is responsible for electronic surveillance. SORM requires
telecommunications networks to facilitate monitoring of electronic traffic. Many
operators and commentators consider that SORM, as applied, is inconsistent with
the privacy provisions of the Russian constitution. Full compliance with SORM
may expensive, burdensome and unconstitutional, yet noncompliance with SORM may
lead to the administration of fines, penalties or the revocation of our
operating licenses.
Ukraine's Legal, Tax, and Regulatory Regime. A primary contributor to the
relatively slow pace of reform in Ukraine has been the absence of a coherent and
enforceable legal framework to facilitate widespread privatization of government
assets. As an example, the privatization of Ukrtelecom, the State
telecommunications monopoly, has been repeatedly delayed because of the absence
of key laws required to enable such privatization. The new government headed by
Prime Minister Yuschenko has acknowledged this deficiency and has stated its
intention to address this issue. Privatization of Ukrtelecom and other
government assets in the chemical and energy sectors have been identified as
priorities for the year 2000.
As with other former Soviet Republics, Ukraine is plagued with widespread
corruption and criminal activity. Organized criminal groups are active
throughout Ukraine. High levels of corruption exist among government officials
and among commercial enterprises in which the state has an ownership interest.
Although we do not believe we have been adversely affected by these activities
to date, organized or other crime could in the future have a material adverse
effect on our operations and the market price of our common stock.
The tax regime in Ukraine is similar to that in Russia, including taxes on
profits, revenue, payroll, and VAT. In order to stimulate economic growth and
broaden the tax base, in 1999 the Government introduced a significant reduction
in payroll taxes followed by a subsequent reduction in revenue-based taxes in
2000. Despite the recent positive changes, Ukrainian tax legislation still
remains unstable and unclear and, therefore, is open to broad interpretation and
enforcement by tax authorities.
The regulatory framework governing the telecommunications industry in
Ukraine, while relatively less developed and less comprehensive, is generally
similar to the Russian regulatory framework. In the Ukrainian
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framework, the Ministry of Communications and the position of Minister of
Communications is supplanted by the State Committee for Communications headed by
the Chairman of the Committee. A new draft of the telecommunications law has
been prepared and is being reviewed by the government.
In August 2000, Ukrainian legislation removed the limitation on the
establishment and operation of telecommunications ventures that are more than
49%-owned by foreign investors. Although we do not believe that the previous
prohibition extended to indirect investment by a foreign entity through a wholly
owned Ukrainian subsidiary, it is now beyond dispute that foreign entities may
wholly own and control Ukrainian telecommunications operators.
The Ukrainian government imposed substantial frequency permit fees in
connection with providing GSM service in Ukraine, and as a result Golden Telecom
(Ukraine) paid a one-time $2.9 million frequency license fee on Golden Telecom
(Ukraine)'s frequency license. In May 1999, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
passed a resolution which would, if it had been enforced, effectively increase
our monthly frequency use fees from $25,000 per month to $250,000 per month for
the period July-December 1999. This resolution was suspended prior to
implementation. Additional fees may be imposed in the future upon the
re-issuance or renewal of our licenses or for the continued use of assigned
frequencies as Ukrainian officials attempt to offset budgetary shortfalls with
taxes and levies aimed at the mobile phone services industry. Ukrainian
international operators are also required to make yearly investments into PSTN
as a condition of their international licenses.
FACTORS THAT MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT FUTURE RESULTS
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH DOING BUSINESS IN RUSSIA, UKRAINE AND
OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
We generate substantially all our revenues from operations in Russia,
Ukraine and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. All
companies operating in the Commonwealth of Independent States, including our
company, face significant political, economic, regulatory, legal and tax risks,
as described below.
CONTINUING POLITICAL INSTABILITY IN THE COUNTRIES WHERE WE OPERATE COULD DEPRESS
FOREIGN AND LOCAL INVESTMENT AND SPENDING, WHICH COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, Russia, Ukraine
and the other countries where we operate have been undergoing significant
political and economic transformation, the result of which is a generally
unstable political climate characterized by frequent changes in governments,
political gridlock in the legislative process, widespread corruption among
government officials and a significant rise in organized crime and other
criminal activity.
This political and economic instability in Russia, Ukraine and the other
countries where we operate could disrupt the direction and the pace of political
and economic development. Such a disruption could discourage foreign and local
investment and spending, in which case demand for our services could decrease
and our results of operations could deteriorate. If this were to occur, then the
market price of our stock could decrease.
THE LACK OF CLEAR JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES BETWEEN CENTRAL, REGIONAL, AND LOCAL
AUTHORITIES IN RUSSIA CREATE A VOLATILE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT
The relatively new constitutional system adopted by Russia in 1993 does not
specifically delineate jurisdictional divisions between central, regional and
local authorities and during the past several years, regional and local
authorities have acquired a measure of autonomy. Since assuming power, President
Putin has attempted to reassert central control over Russia's numerous and
diverse regions. To the extent that regional and local authorities resist any
realignment of power, President Putin's assertion of central authority may lead
to tensions or even destabilizing conflict between federal authorities in Moscow
and powerful political and financial figures in the regions. In this
environment, businesses that operate in Russia's regions are subject to
sometimes inconsistent and conflicting demands from central, regional and local
authorities, especially in areas concerning state revenue collection. Further,
local and regional interpretation of regulations
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governing the telecommunications industry may conflict with federal
interpretation of the same regulations. The lack of clearly delineated
jurisdictional boundaries creates an uncertain and volatile operating
environment wherein it can be very difficult to implement a consistent
operational strategy.
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC INSTABILITY IN RUSSIA AND UKRAINE COULD CONTINUE TO
ADVERSELY AFFECT THE DEMAND FOR OUR SERVICES AND OUR ABILITY TO COLLECT ON OUR
INVOICES
After August 1998, the Russian and Ukrainian economies entered into an
economic downturn that was exacerbated by political instability. Although the
political situation in Russia may have recently stabilized somewhat as
demonstrated by the December 1999 Duma elections, the resignation of former
President Yeltsin, and the election of President Putin, if the political
situations in the countries in which we operate, especially Ukraine, do not
stabilize and if their economies do not strengthen, we expect that demand for
our services will remain depressed. The failure and subsequent stagnation of the
Russian and Ukrainian economies has also weakened the financial condition and
the results of operations of many of our customers. As a result, some of these
customers were unable to pay our invoices or maintain their telecommunication
services, and our revenues suffered accordingly.
The August 1998 Russian financial crisis caused a substantial decline in
the demand for our services. For example:
- Sovintel's revenues in July 1998 were $11.8 million. In September 1998,
they decreased to $10.2 million. In December 1998, revenues were $7.3
million in December 1999 revenues were $7.5 million.
- Sovintel logged 5.2 million outgoing international minutes in July 1998.
In September 1998, outgoing international minutes decreased to 4.4
million. In December 1998, outgoing international minutes were 3.3
million, and in December 1999 they were 4.8 million.
- TCM made over 25,000 connections to the Moscow local exchange in the
period from January to August 1998. For the remainder of 1998, TCM made
only 100 connections. TCM's connections for the whole of 1999 were only
854.
- Our Russian-based cellular operations had revenues of $3.9 million in
July 1998. In September 1998, these revenues decreased to $1.9 million,
and in December 1998, they were $1.6 million. Revenues for December 1999
were $1.5 million.
Demand for our services has recovered since the August 1998 Russian
financial crisis and recent trends indicate that we have surpassed pre-crises
traffic levels for some of our services, however our demand could again become
depressed if the Russian and Ukrainian political and economic situations
deteriorate.
THE RUSSIAN MONETARY AND CURRENCY CONTROL SYSTEM COULD ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR
ABILITY TO CONVERT RUBLES TO HARD CURRENCY AND MANAGE CASH FLOWS
The Russian government's default on its obligations to make payments on its
internal debt in August 1998 triggered a substantial decline in the value of the
ruble and the bankruptcy of a number of prominent Russian banks and businesses.
As a result, the value of the ruble against the US dollar fell significantly,
and this decline has negatively affected, and continues to affect, our financial
performance. Our consolidated and non-consolidated entities recorded an
aggregate $13.1 million pre-tax charge in the third quarter of 1998, $5.3
million in fiscal year 1999, and $2.0 million in fiscal year 2000. These charges
related primarily to foreign currency exchange losses for ruble-denominated net
monetary assets. Continued decline in the value of the ruble would negatively
affect our results of operations and could require us to record another
significant pre-tax charge.
The ruble is generally non-convertible outside Russia, so our ability to
hedge against further devaluation by converting to other currencies is
significantly limited. Within Russia, our ability to convert rubles into other
currencies is subject to rules that restrict the purposes for which conversion
and payment in foreign currencies are allowed. Another default on Russia's
sovereign debt could lead to greater protectionism and stricter controls on
currency conversion.
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We manage intercompany liquidity through a cash-collateralized debt
facility offered through a Western bank operating under a Russian banking
license. If we lose access to this facility or a similar hard currency facility,
our ability to manage our liquidity position and foreign exchange risk may
suffer.
FLUCTUATIONS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY MAY ADVERSELY EFFECT RUSSIA'S ECONOMY AND OUR
BUSINESS
Russia's economy is vulnerable to market downturns, volatile currency
fluctuations and economic recessions in other parts of the world. As has
happened in the past, financial problems or an increase in the perceived risks
associated with investing in emerging economies could dampen foreign investment
in Russia and adversely effect the Russian economy. Additionally, because Russia
produces and exports large amounts of commodities in the world market for hard
currency, the Russian economy is especially vulnerable to world oil prices and
other commodity prices and a steep decline in world commodity prices could
disrupt the Russian economy or cause significant state budgetary shortfalls.
These developments could severely limit our access to capital and could
adversely affect the purchasing power of our customer base. A dramatic decline
in world oil prices could cause severe budgetary shortfalls leading to increased
social and political instability.
REORGANIZATIONS OF THE RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS INDUSTRIES MAY
INCREASE COMPETITION
Russia
The Russian government has structured the telecommunications industry so
that one entity, Svyazinvest, controls Rostelecom, our partner in Sovintel, and
most of our other principal wire-line joint venture partners. During the last
several quarters the Russian business press has reported that Rostelecom may be
merged with Svyazinvest. This reorganization could make it more difficult for us
to attract and retain customers because our business relationships with our
joint venture partners, which make up a major component of our business strategy
in Russia, may suffer.
Ukraine
In preparation for a large-scale privatization of the telecommunications
industry, the Ukrainian government has reorganized the state telecommunications
sector so that Ukrtelekom, the state telecommunications operator, holds all the
government's interests in the telecommunications industry. Furthermore, the
Ukrainian government has reached an agreement with the foreign partners of Utel,
its joint venture, which provides international and domestic long distance
services, to buy out their interests in the company. When the buy out is
completed, it is expected that Utel will merge with Ukrtelekom.
The emergence of a single powerful Ukrainian telecommunications provider
could make it more difficult for us to attract and retain customers because:
- A single Ukrainian operator with political connections would be more able
to influence the Ukrainian government to create favorable market
conditions for itself and cause unfavorable conditions for us;
- The new company is likely to become a stronger competitor;
- Our ability to negotiate reasonable interconnection rates may suffer; and
- Any subsequent privatization of Ukrtelekom may bring in strong management
and resources from a major Western telecommunications operator,
increasing its competitive strengths.
RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN TELECOMMUNICATIONS POLICIES COULD RESTRICT OUR OPERATIONS
Russian and Ukrainian telecommunications regulations govern the procurement
and continuing validity of our licenses and the terms and conditions under which
we provide services. Adverse changes to these regulations may make it
prohibitively expensive for us to provide services or otherwise frustrate the
implementation of our business plans causing a material adverse effect on our
results of operations.
Russia's parliament recently adopted legislation, which, if implemented,
could restrict foreign ownership of telecommunications operators if necessary to
protect the social order and national security. In addition, the
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Minister of Communications has publicly stated that he will review the efficacy
of wholly owned foreign subsidiaries operating in the telecommunications
industry. Any change to current government regulations or policies that
negatively affects our ownership structure or our licenses or our ability to
obtain licenses in the future would restrict our operations in Russia.
It may be difficult and prohibitively expensive for us to comply with
applicable Russian telecommunications regulations related to state surveillance
of communications traffic. For example, the Russian Communications Law provides
that telecommunications in Russia are confidential and may only be intercepted
by a court order. Nevertheless, we are subject to SORM, the Russian acronym for
the surveillance system operated partly by the government agency responsible for
electronic surveillance. Regulations applicable to SORM require
telecommunications networks to enable state monitoring of electronic traffic.
Full compliance with SORM to monitor voice and data traffic may be overly
burdensome and expensive. Noncompliance with SORM may lead to the administration
of fines, penalties, or the revocation of our operating licenses. Further, some
customers may decline to utilize the services of a telecommunications provider
whose networks are fully SORM compliant.
Ukrainian regulatory authorities have established mandatory tariff
guidelines for fixed operator services. The national carrier, Ukrtelekom and its
joint venture, Utel, charge settlement fees in excess of the mandatory
guidelines. In addition, the mandatory guidelines set tariffs in local currency
units and the guidelines do not adjust to reflect the creeping devaluation of
the local currency. Consequently, our pricing structure in Golden Telecom BTS
may, from time to time, exceed the limits established in the mandatory
guidelines. Any enforcement action undertaken in regard to the pricing
guidelines by Ukrainian authority could result in fines or in the suspension or
revocation of our Ukrainian licenses.
Until August 2000, Ukrainian legislation prohibited the establishment and
operation of telecommunications ventures in which foreign investors own more
than 49%. We do not believe that this prohibition extended to indirect
investment by a foreign entity through a wholly owned Ukrainian subsidiary. Our
investments in Golden Telecom (Ukraine) are made both directly through a foreign
company and indirectly through a wholly owned Ukrainian subsidiary. This direct
and indirect investment in Golden Telecom (Ukraine) totals 69%. Golden Telecom
(Ukraine), in turn, recently acquired 99% of Sovam Teleport Ukraine. If
Ukrainian authorities determine that the prohibition against foreign
participation extended to indirect holdings, we would have been in violation of
this legislation. Similarly, if Ukrainian authorities reenact the prohibitive
legislation against foreign ownership of telecommunications ventures, we could
be found to be in violation of the prohibition. The consequences of any
historical or future violation are unpredictable and may include fines, license
suspension or revocation, or an order to divest a portion of our holdings.
OUR OPERATING LICENSES MAY NOT AUTHORIZE US TO PROVIDE ALL OF THE SERVICES THAT
WE OFFER
The licensing and regulatory regime in Russia and the markets where we
operate frequently do not keep pace with the technological advances in the
telecommunications industry. Thus there exists a great deal of ambiguity in
regard to the interpretation of licenses and the application of rules and
regulations in regard to new services enabled by technological developments in
telecommunications infrastructure and software. Although our operating companies
possess a wide range of licenses issued by the Russian Ministry of
Communications, it is possible that the technical means by which we deliver some
of our service offerings, or the service offerings themselves, may be subject to
licensing requirements or restrictions and that our existing licenses do not
satisfy these requirements or that we are in violation of these restrictions. In
the event that regulatory authorities determine that we are offering services
without the requisite license or that we are delivering services in violation of
our existing licenses, one or more of our operating licenses could be suspended
or revoked or we could be subject to fines and penalties. The suspension or
revocation of a significant license or the levying of substantial fines could
cause a deterioration in our financial results.
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RUSSIAN ANTI-TRUST POLICIES MAY LIMIT OUR ABILITY TO EXPAND OUR BUSINESSES AND
TO ESTABLISH MARKET RATES FOR OUR SERVICE OFFERINGS
Recently the Russian Ministry for Anti-Monopoly Policy (MAP), the state
agency responsible for establishing and enforcing the state's anti-trust
policies, adopted a policy position whereby each licensed telecommunications
operator, including our operating companies, may be classified as a
"monopolist." In the event that the MAP policy is enacted and enforced, our
operating companies may be subject to increased state regulation, including the
regulation of our pricing structures. Since our product offerings are frequently
priced at a premium in comparison with the state-owned incumbent offerings, it
is possible that we could be required to reduce our tariffs. Any state imposed
re-pricing of our product offerings could result in a deterioration of our
financial results and decreased operating profits. Similarly, if our operating
companies in Russia are classified as monopolists, our merger and acquisition
activities will be subjected to increased scrutiny and MAP may prohibit any
mergers or acquisitions proposed by the operating companies. Any such
prohibitions will frustrate our ability to implement our growth strategy and to
combine our operations to achieve cost and other synergies, which could lead to
a decrease in the value of our common stock.
SPECIAL FEES AND TAXES LEVIED AGAINST TELECOMMUNICATIONS OPERATORS COULD
ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
In May 1999, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine passed a resolution which
would, if it had been enforced, effectively increased our monthly frequency use
fees from $25,000 per month to $250,000 per month. However, this resolution was
suspended prior to implementation. Still, from time to time, Ukrainian
government officials seek to offset budgetary shortfalls by increasing levies
extracted from the cellular phone industry. For example, in 1999 the Ukrainian
parliament passed legislation introducing a 6% "pension tax" on cellular calls.
This cost is passed along to our Ukrainian customers and may effect the ability
of some of our customers to subscribe to our services. The enactment of other
similar industry-specific legislation may have a material adverse effect on
demand for our services and on our results of operations. Similarly, the results
of our operations could deteriorate if the government introduces any new
frequency fees substantially in excess of the amounts previously budgeted for
frequency fees.
THE PRESENCE OF AND THE FIGHT AGAINST ORGANIZED CRIME MAY ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR
OPERATIONS
When customers fail to make full payment for services rendered after
several requests for payment, it is our policy to terminate their services until
full payment is received. We believe that some of these customers, particularly
those with links to organized crime, may physically endanger our employees or
damage our properties, especially those in remote regions of Russia where police
protection may be limited. So long as organized crime in Russia and Ukraine
remains pervasive, we believe that our employees may be subjected to threats of
violence, our property may be damaged, and we may be subject to threats of
extortion.
Growing social and political pressure for the government to eliminate
corruption and organized crime could precipitate extraordinary government
security measures that could increase our costs, lead to more restrictive and
comprehensive government regulatory oversight of our businesses and otherwise
adversely affect our operations.
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RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN LEGISLATION MAY NOT ADEQUATELY PROTECT AGAINST
EXPROPRIATION AND NATIONALIZATION
The governments of Russia and Ukraine have enacted legislation to protect
foreign investment and other property against expropriation and nationalization.
In the event that our property is expropriated or nationalized, legislation
provides for fair compensation. However, we cannot assure you that such
protections would be enforced. This uncertainty is due to several factors,
including:
- the lack of state budgetary resources;
- the lack of an independent judiciary and sufficient mechanisms to enforce
judgments; and
- widespread corruption among government officials.
Expropriation or nationalization of our business would obviously be
detrimental to our operations.
BROAD DISCRETION OF RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN REGULATORS RESULTS IN INCONSISTENT
LEGISLATION AND UNPREDICTABLE ENFORCEMENT
The dispersion of regulatory powers among a number of government agencies
in Russia and Ukraine has resulted in inconsistent or contradictory regulations
and unpredictable enforcement. This situation has made it difficult for us to
comply with all laws and regulations that appear to apply to us and has resulted
in unpredictable regulatory enforcement. For example, pursuant to the Russian
Communications Law, Minsvyaz, the Ministry of Communications, has authority to
regulate and control the development of the communications industry in Russia.
However, there is additional legislation that recognizes and defines the roles
of other regulatory organs and jurisdictional boundaries are unclear.
The Russian Communications Law requires any entity that offers any
communications service to obtain the appropriate license in accordance with the
Communications Law and other applicable licensing regulations. A similar
licensing regime exists in Ukraine. However, neither the Communications Law nor
applicable regulations in Russia or Ukraine provide clear guidelines for the
issuance or extension of a license, and state agencies exercise broad discretion
when determining whether to approve a license application, as well as the terms
and conditions of any license. Similarly, our licenses may not be renewed on the
same terms and conditions as preexisting licenses. Such broad discretion in the
issuance of licenses may result in arbitrary decision making and may also give
rise to opportunities for corruption.
The Ukrainian regulatory agency requires that the terms of international
licenses include provisions requiring licensees to pay unspecified annual
amounts into local network development. The required amount of investment has
yet to be defined but may be substantial, and we cannot predict whether failure
to comply will lead to the revocation of our license or whether the financial
burden associated with compliance may be so burdensome as to cause a
deterioration in our financial results.
WE MAY BE UNABLE TO ENFORCE OUR RIGHTS DUE TO CONFUSION IN THE LAWS AND LEGAL
STRUCTURES OF THE COUNTRIES WHERE WE OPERATE
The current confusion with the Russian and CIS legal structure makes it
difficult to know if we would be able to enforce our rights in disputes with our
joint venture partners or other parties, or if we are in compliance with all
applicable laws, rules and regulations. Furthermore, the dispersion of
regulatory power among a number of government agencies in Russia and the other
independent countries of the CIS has resulted in inconsistent or contradictory
regulations and unpredictable enforcement. The Russian and other CIS governments
have rapidly introduced laws and regulations and have changed their legal
structures in an effort to make their economies more market-oriented, resulting
in considerable legal confusion, especially in areas of the law that directly
affect our operations. We cannot assure you that local laws and regulations will
become stable in the future. Our ability to provide services in Russia and the
other independent countries of the CIS could be adversely affected by
difficulties in protecting and enforcing our rights and by future changes to
local laws and regulations.
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OUR RUSSIAN AND UKRAINIAN TAX BURDENS MAY BE SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER THAN
CURRENTLY ANTICIPATED
Russia
It is possible that our Russian taxes may be greater than the estimated
amount that we have expensed to date and paid or accrued on our balance sheets.
Because of the need for additional sources of budgetary finance, Russian tax
authorities are aggressive in their interpretation of tax laws and their many
ambiguities, as well as in their enforcement and collection activities. Foreign
companies are often forced to negotiate their tax bills with tax inspectors who
demand higher taxes than applicable law appears to provide. Any additional tax
liability, as well as any unforeseen changes in the tax law, could have a
material adverse effect on our future results of operations or cash flows in a
particular period. Under Russian accounting and tax norms, financial statements
of Russian companies are not consolidated for tax purposes. As a result, each
Russian-registered entity in our group pays its own Russian taxes and we cannot
offset the profits or losses in any single entity against the profits and losses
in any other entity. Our overall effective tax rates may increase or our
financial results may worsen as we expand our operations and if we are unable to
implement an effective corporate structure that minimizes the effect of these
accounting and tax norms.
Ukraine
Like the situation in Russia, Ukrainian tax law is unpredictable. The
constitution prohibits retroactive legislation, and the tax code requires new
tax laws to be adopted no later than six months prior to the beginning of the
next fiscal year. Nevertheless, sudden shifts in tax law and policy and
retroactive legislation are common. For example, we are currently allowed to
deduct losses in hryvna, the Ukrainian currency, on hard currency borrowings.
This allowance resulted in a significant tax benefit in 1998. Recent decisions
by the tax authorities, however, make it unclear as to whether this tax benefit
will continue to be available. If this tax benefit is removed, we will be
subject to significantly higher tax liability in the event of the continued
devaluation of the hryvna.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RUSSIA'S NEW TAX CODE MAY INCREASE OUR EFFECTIVE TAX
BURDEN AND ADVERSELY AFFECT OUR RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Russia introduced the first part of its new Tax Code in 1999. The second
part of the Tax Code entered into effect as of January 1, 2001. Under the new
code, the corporate profits tax rate applicable to the corporate entities
through which we conduct the majority of our operations will be increased from
30% of gross profit to 35% of gross profit, calculated in accordance with
Russian accounting standards. It is expected that this increase in the tax rate
will be offset, at least partially, by a reduction in various revenue-based
taxes and by a reduction in the level of tax collected for various social funds.
We cannot assure you that the new Tax Code will not result in a greater tax
burden for our Russian operations or that our tax planning to date will not be
frustrated by the new code, either of which could cause a material adverse
effect in our operating results and cash flows.
Tax authorities are beginning to implement the new code but during the
transition period and until appropriate regulations consistent with the new code
are promulgated, there is likely to a period of confusion and ambiguity as tax
inspectors and taxpayers become acquainted with the new code and the regulations
that will guide its implementation and interpretation. Aggressive tax collectors
may exploit any ambiguities in an attempt to collect additional tax revenue. In
addition, as Russian tax legislation becomes increasingly sophisticated and as
issues connected with capital flight remain unresolved, state bodies may
introduce new legislation designed to minimize tax-avoidance schemes, such as
transfer pricing, that have been abused in the past by Russian-registered
companies. Additionally, Russian legislators may attempt to collect revenue
generated from outside of Russia, but with a strong nexus to Russian nationals
or Russian-registered entities, by introducing into the Tax Code concepts such
as "controlled foreign company." As a result of these measures, our tax burden
could increase and our financial results may suffer.
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WE MAY BE AT A COMPETITIVE DISADVANTAGE BECAUSE OF RESTRICTIONS IN THE FOREIGN
CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT
It is widely reported that Russia, Ukraine, and the other markets where we
operate are plagued with widespread corruption and criminal activity. It is
alleged that high levels of corruption exist among governmental officials and
among quasi-commercial enterprises in which the state has a controlling
ownership interest. Commercial bribery is likewise believed to be widespread.
The anti-bribery restrictions of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act make
it illegal for us to give anything of value to foreign officials in order to
obtain or retain any business or other advantage. Some of our current and
potential competitors are not subject to these anti-bribery restrictions. As a
result, we may be subject to competitive disadvantages to the extent that our
competitors are able to secure business, licenses or other preferential
treatment by making payments to corrupt government officials or commercial
purchasing agents. We believe that bribery is commonplace in Russia and the
other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States where we operate, and
we cannot ensure that we will be able to compete effectively with companies that
are free from such limitations.
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR BUSINESS
WE ARE IN A HIGHLY COMPETITIVE INDUSTRY AND OUR COMPETITORS MAY BE MORE
SUCCESSFUL IN ATTRACTING AND RETAINING CUSTOMERS
The market for our products and services is highly competitive and we
expect that competition, especially in underdeveloped markets, will continue to
intensify. As we expand the scope of our offerings, we will compete directly
with a greater number of competitors providing business services in the same
markets. Negative competitive developments could have a material adverse effect
on our business and the trading price of our stock.
Specifically, in our Internet business, a large number of web sites and
online services as well as high-traffic e-commerce merchants offer or are
expected to offer informational and community features that are or may be
competitive with the services that we offer. In order to effectively compete, we
may need to expend significant internal resources or acquire other technologies
and companies to provide or enhance such capabilities. Any of these efforts
could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and
financial condition and be dilutive to our stockholders.
MARKET CHANGE MAY IMPACT OUR ABILITY TO SUSTAIN GROWTH LEVELS
Because of the uncertain nature of the rapidly changing market for Internet
products and services we serve, period-to-period comparisons of operating
results are not likely to be meaningful. In particular, although we experienced
strong subscriber growth during 1999 and 2000 in our dial-up Internet access
business, we are not certain that this level of subscriber growth on a
percentage basis will be sustained in future periods. In addition, we currently
expect that our operating expenses will continue to increase significantly as we
expand our sales and marketing operations, continue to develop and extend the
Russia-On-Line brand, fund greater levels of product development, develop and
commercialize additional media properties, and acquire complementary businesses
and technologies. If we are unable to achieve long-term revenue growth in the
Internet market, our financial results will be adversely affected.
WE MAY HAVE DIFFICULTY SCALING AND ADAPTING OUR EXISTING ARCHITECTURE TO
ACCOMMODATE INCREASED TRAFFIC AND TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
Much of the telecommunication network architecture that we employ and the
architecture of local public networks were not originally designed to
accommodate levels or types of use that we hope to experience on our online
properties and it is unclear whether current or future anticipated levels of
traffic will result in delays or interruptions in our service. In the future, we
may be required to make significant changes to our architecture, including
moving to a completely new architecture, or we may be required to invest in
upgrades to the local public networks. If we are required to switch
architectures, we may incur substantial costs and experience
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delays or interruptions in our service. If we experience delays or interruptions
in our service due to inadequacies in our current architecture or as a result of
a change in architectures, users may become dissatisfied with our service and
move to competing providers of online services. Any loss of traffic, increased
costs, inefficiencies or failures to adapt to new technologies and the
associated adjustments to our architecture would have a material adverse effect
on our business.
WE RELY ON A SMALL NUMBER OF MAJOR CUSTOMERS FOR A SUBSTANTIAL PORTION OF OUR
REVENUES
Revenues from our five largest customers represented approximately 32% of
our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2000 and approximately 37% of our
consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 1999. Accordingly, the
loss of business from any of our key customers, or a reduction in tariffs
charged to these customers could have a material adverse effect on our financial
condition and results of operations.
Vimpelcom, a Moscow cellular provider and our largest customer, has its
prices regularly reviewed in the light of market conditions, which generally
leads to a reduction in the fees paid to the CLEC Services division of TeleRoss.
Revenues from Vimpelcom and its affiliates represented approximately 16% of our
consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2000 and approximately 21%
of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 1999. We agreed to
reductions in Vimpelcom's fees through 1999 and 2000 and we may agree to further
reductions hereafter. Further negotiations may lead to a significant additional
reduction in payments by Vimpelcom and may have a material adverse effect on our
consolidated revenues. In addition, although we are currently unaware of any
plans on the part of our key customers to move their business to other carriers,
we cannot assure you that they will not reduce their reliance on us by
developing relationships with other service providers.
FALLING PRICES FOR OUR SERVICES MAY LEAD TO A DECLINE IN REVENUES
Prices for international and domestic long distance calls, as well as
Internet access and wireless services, have fallen substantially over the last
few years in most of our current and potential markets. We expect that the
prices for our services will continue to decrease for the foreseeable future as
competitive pressures increase. These reductions are attributable, in part, to
increased competition and the creeping devaluation of the ruble. Unlike us, most
local Russian carriers do not link their prices to the dollar/ruble exchange
rate, so as the ruble devalues, their prices become relatively cheaper than our
prices. In order to compete with these local operators, we expect that we will
continue to lower our tariffs, which may result in declining margins.
WE ARE BUILDING VALUE INTO THE RUSSIA-ON-LINE BRAND AND THE COSTS OF MAINTAINING
AND ENHANCING OUR BRAND AWARENESS ARE INCREASING.
We believe that maintaining and expanding the Russia-On-Line brand is an
important aspect of our efforts to attract and expand our user and advertiser
base. We also believe that the importance of brand recognition will increase due
to the growing number of Internet sites and the relatively low barriers to
entry. We expect to spend considerable money and resources on the establishment
and maintenance of the Russia-On-Line brand. However, because the number of
Internet navigation, commerce, community and service companies continues to grow
dramatically, we expect that it will become increasingly difficult and, due to
increased competition, expensive, to obtain quality television, radio, magazine,
Internet and other advertising space. We may not be able to successfully
maintain or enhance consumer awareness of our brand and, even if we are
successful in our branding efforts, such efforts may not be cost-effective. If
we are unable to maintain or enhance consumer awareness of the Russia-On-Line
brand in a cost-effective manner, our business, operating results and financial
condition would be materially and adversely affected.
OUR DEPENDENCE ON THIRD PARTY CONTENT PROVIDERS SUBJECTS US TO RISKS
Our future success depends upon our ability to aggregate compelling content
and deliver that content through our online properties. Much of the content that
attracts users to the Russia-On-Line properties is licensed from third parties.
Our ability to maintain and build relationships with third-party content
providers
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will be critical to our success. We may be unable to enter into or preserve
relationships with the third parties whose content we seek to obtain. In
addition, as competition for compelling content increases, content providers may
increase the prices at which they offer their content. An increase in the prices
charged to us by third-party content providers could have a material adverse
effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. When we
acquire content from third parties we are frequently unable to insure that these
third parties have the exclusive rights to this content and possess full right
to provide this content to us on the terms and conditions which we have agreed.
Other parties may have legal rights to the content which is provided to us and
make seek additional payment from us for this content. Other parties may seek to
prevent us from utilizing this content or may initiate litigation to recover
perceived financial losses arising from the use of this content. If we are
unable to license or acquire compelling content for our online properties from
third parties, due to the termination of existing relationships or the inability
to continue to establish relationships with third party content providers, or if
other companies are able to broadcast content that is similar to or the same as
that provided by us, the number of users on our online properties may not grow
at all or at a slower rate than anticipated, which would decrease our revenue.
RUSSIAN MEDIA PROPERTIES AND THE CONTENT OF OUR INTERNET PORTALS MAY BE SUBJECT
TO INCREASED EDITORIAL SCRUTINY BY GOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITIES
It has been widely reported in the international press that the Russian
government is increasingly exercising direct and indirect control over media
properties and the editorial content of news providers. There has been
speculation in the same press that media properties that are critical or
non-supportive of governmental policies or initiatives may be subject to
increased governmental scrutiny or harassment. It has been reported that the
Russian government is actively involved in the current ownership and shareholder
dispute involving a leading independent television station and its affiliated
media properties, which dispute may result in the transfer of ownership in or
expropriation of these media properties.
A wide range of topical news is available on our Internet portals. Third
party writers and organizations provide the vast majority of this news. It is
our expectation that these Internet portals will continue to generate
advertising revenue and support our Internet access business. If governmental
authorities determine that the editorial views expressed in the content on our
Internet portals is detrimental to or inconsistent with the interests of the
state, our operating licenses could be suspended or revoked, we could be
subjected to fines or other penalties or we could otherwise be required to cease
the operations of our media properties. If governmental authorities determined
that foreign ownership of media properties is detrimental to the interests of
the state, we could be required to divest these properties or we could be denied
the licenses or permits necessary to operate these properties. Any undue
governmental intrusion into the operations of our media properties could
frustrate our ability to implement our business strategy and could cause our
financial results to deteriorate.
WE MUST MANAGE OUR GROWTH, INCLUDING THE INTEGRATION OF RECENTLY ACQUIRED
COMPANIES, SUCCESSFULLY IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE OUR DESIRED RESULTS
We have experienced significant growth in personnel in the short and medium
term as the result of acquisitions and expect such growth to continue. As the
number of our employees grows, it will become increasingly difficult and more
costly to manage our personnel. As part of our business strategy, we have
completed several acquisitions, including our recent acquisitions of Glasnet,
Nevalink, Fintek, KIS, Referat.ru, Absolute Games, InfoArt, and the Agama family
of assets, and expect to enter into additional business combinations and
acquisitions. Acquisition transactions are accompanied by a number of risks,
including:
- the difficulty of assimilating the operations and personnel of the
acquired companies;
- the potential disruption of our ongoing business and distraction of
management;
- the difficulty of incorporating acquired technology or content and rights
into our products and media properties and unanticipated expenses related
to such integration;
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- the potential negative impact on reported earnings;
- the impairment of relationships with employees and customers as a result
of any integration of new management personnel; and
- the contingent liabilities associated with acquired businesses,
especially in the markets where we operate.
We may not be successful in addressing these risks or any other problems
encountered in connection with our completed and future acquisitions and our
operating results may suffer as a result of any failure to integrate these
businesses with our existing operations.
OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ARE COSTLY AND DIFFICULT TO PROTECT
We regard our copyrights, trademarks, trade dress, trade secrets, and
similar intellectual property, including our rights to certain domain names, as
a key to our continued success. We rely upon trademark and copyright law, trade
secret protection and confidentiality or license agreements with our employees,
customers, partners and others to protect our proprietary rights. Still,
intellectual property rights are especially difficult to protect in the markets
where we operate. In these markets the regulatory agencies charged to protect
intellectual property rights are inadequately funded, legislation is
underdeveloped, and piracy is commonplace. We cannot guarantee that the steps we
have taken to protect our proprietary rights will be adequate.
WE COMPETE WITH ESTABLISHED COMPETITORS WHO MAY HAVE GREATER RESOURCES THAN WE
DO
Our competitors include incumbent Russian and Ukrainian operators and other
large international telecommunications providers doing business in the
Commonwealth of Independent States. Our competitors may have substantially
greater resources, closer ties to governmental authorities and longer operating
histories. These advantages may give them a competitive edge over alternative
providers like us. This competition may result in a loss of customers, falling
prices and a decline in revenues.
We compete with large established national carriers, some of which are
powerful companies with political connections, as well as joint ventures of
large international operators doing business in Russia and Ukraine. Such
ventures include Global One and Combelga in Russia and Ukrtelecom and Utel in
Ukraine. Other competitors are alliances among telecommunications companies,
companies that own equipment and networks, companies that purchase and resell
the services of other carriers, Internet service providers and other providers
of bundled services. We may also face increasing competition from wireless
telephone companies and satellite companies. Many of these competitors,
including the Russian incumbent operators, have established customer bases and
extensive brand name recognition and possess greater financial, management and
other resources. Our results of operation would suffer if we are unable to keep
up with the increasing levels of competition in the countries where we operate.
OUR RELATIONSHIPS WITH OUR JOINT VENTURE PARTNERS LIMIT OUR INDEPENDENCE AND OUR
FLEXIBILITY
We depend to a significant degree on local partners in our joint ventures
to provide us with interconnection with local networks, regulatory and marketing
expertise and familiarity with the local business environment. They also help to
facilitate the acquisition of necessary licenses and permits. As a result, any
significant disruption in our relationship with these parties could make it more
difficult for us to expand our operations and to maintain our existing services.
Under the terms of some of our joint venture agreements, we have the right
to nominate key employees, direct operations and determine strategies for these
joint ventures. However, our partners in some ventures have the ability to
frustrate our exercise of these rights. Significant corporate decisions by most
ventures, such as approving budgets and business plans, declaring and paying
dividends, and entering into substantial transactions, effectively require the
consent of our local partners. Moreover, we would prefer not to take significant
actions without the consent and support of our partners. Accordingly, we do not
have unilateral control over the operations of our joint ventures.
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In addition, until recently Ukrainian legislation restricted the level of
foreign ownership in the telecommunications industry. These regulations, if
revived, may restrict our ability to increase our holdings in ventures and
increase our reliance on local partners who may lack significant financial
resources and may be unable to meet capital calls at the level of their
ownership interests.
GOVERNMENT INTERACTION WITH OUR PARTNERS COULD HAVE ADVERSE SPILLOVER EFFECTS ON
US
The interactions between government authorities and our past or current
partners may create problems for us. For example, we are aware that Russian
authorities were reviewing the activities of our former partners in GTS-Vox, the
holding company which owned our interest in TCM, prior to TCM's merger into our
wholly owned subsidiary, TeleRoss. Certain of our employees were requested by
Russian governmental authorities to provide information as part of those
inquiries. The authorities' inquiries have raised issues about the formation of
TCM and the sale of our partners' interest in GTS-Vox to us, including issues
concerning Russian antimonopoly and securities filings and the commercial
relationship between TCM and the local telephone network in Moscow. Global
TeleSystems Inc., our approximately 62% shareholder, has also received inquiries
apparently regarding these matters from U.S. authorities in connection with a
U.S. grand jury investigation.
Our involvement in the authorities' review of our former partners'
activities could result in a diversion of our management's time and resources or
the deterioration in our relationship with our partners. The review could lead
to the imposition of administrative fines or other penalties and forfeitures of
assets, including the loss of our ownership interest in the assets that
constituted TCM prior to its merger into TeleRoss. If we were to lose our
ownership interest in the assets that constituted TCM, it would have a material
adverse impact on our operations.
OUR PARTNERS ARE OFTEN ALSO OUR COMPETITORS
Notwithstanding our agreements with our joint venture partners, they
sometimes compete directly with our joint ventures. Competition with our joint
venture partners in the same markets may create conflicts of interest and may
result in a loss of customers. For example, our partner in Sovintel, Rostelecom,
is the dominant international and domestic long distance carrier in Russia.
Similarly, most of our regional partners across Russia offer local and long
distance services in competition with our local joint ventures and TeleRoss.
We may consider acquiring some of our partners' interests in certain joint
ventures if we are able to do so within regulatory guidelines and on
commercially attractive terms. If we were to make such acquisitions, we expect
that we would continue to employ local personnel in order to retain the benefit
of their local expertise. After an acquisition, however, we would be directly
competing with a powerful, formerly state-owned enterprise that had been our
partner before we acquired its interest. In some such acquisitions, we would
have to rely on this partner-turned-competitor to gain access from our networks
to customer sites along the so-called "last mile." It is possible that this
competitor would attempt to create adverse operating conditions for our business
leading to a worsening of our operating results.
OUR TARGETED CUSTOMERS MAY NOT SELECT A PRIVATELY OWNED, FOREIGN CONTROLLED
ENTITY FOR THEIR COMMUNICATIONS NEEDS
Before 1991, the telecommunications industry in the countries where we
operate was wholly-owned and controlled by the state. After 1991, private
companies, including foreign controlled companies, entered these markets as
telecommunications service providers. Many potential customers may be unwilling
to entrust their communications systems to non-state-controlled companies, and,
in particular, to private companies controlled by foreign investors.
Furthermore, state entities that require the types of services that we offer may
refuse to select a service provider that is controlled by foreign investors.
Because we are controlled by foreign investors, some of our targeted customers
may decide not to utilize our telecommunications offerings.
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FAILURE TO LEASE SUFFICIENT AND RELIABLE TRANSMISSION CAPACITY AT REASONABLE
COSTS COULD CAUSE US TO INCUR LOSSES
Historically, we have leased a substantial portion of our network
transmission capacity under agreements which generally have twelve- to
thirty-six-month fixed terms. In addition to this capacity, we recently leased
significant additional international capacity which we intend to utilize for
data transmission under long-term lease agreements which may be extended up to
fifteen years. If our lease arrangements deteriorate or terminate and we are
unable to enter into new arrangements or if the entities from whom we lease such
capacity are unable to perform their obligations under such arrangements, our
cost structure, service quality and network coverage could be adversely
affected.
We currently rely on Rostelecom, the exclusive supplier of international
switched voice channels in Russia, to lease transmission capacity to us, and we
rely on local operators for last-mile access to end-users. These companies may
be subject to political and economic pressures not to lease capacity to foreign
operators or competitors. Any changes in regulation or policies that restrict us
from leasing adequate capacity could have an adverse effect on our business.
Local telecommunications operators may, for business reasons or otherwise,
resist giving us access to the last mile.
THE SATELLITES WE USE TO TRANSMIT LONG DISTANCE SIGNALS MAY MALFUNCTION
Our domestic long distance business throughout Russia and other countries
of the Commonwealth of Independent States relies on a satellite to receive and
transmit caller signals. Satellites are subject to significant risks that may
prevent or impair proper commercial operation, including satellite defects, loss
of power, loss of orbit or damage from passing objects. One of our Russian
satellites has not remained stationary in its orbit, and consequently, we have
switched our signal transmission to an Intelsat satellite. The operation of the
satellite that we use to transmit caller signals is beyond our control, and,
although we have backup capacity on other satellites, a disruption of
transmission on these satellites could adversely affect our domestic long
distance operations.
OUR NETWORK MAY NOT BE ABLE TO SUPPORT THE GROWING DEMANDS OF OUR CUSTOMERS
The uninterrupted operation of our network is vital to our success. The
stability of our systems depends on our ability to provide sufficient capacity
to meet the needs of our customers, and that, in turn, depends on the
integration of suitable technology into our networks. As we continue to increase
both the capacity and the reach of our network, and as traffic volume continues
to increase, we will face increasing demands and challenges in managing our
circuit capacity and traffic management systems. Any prolonged failure of our
communications network or other systems or hardware that causes significant
interruptions to our operations could seriously damage our reputation and result
in customer attrition and financial losses.
It is possible that the current economic difficulties and historical
circumstances in Russia may create difficulties in maintaining our network. We
rely to a significant degree on the Russian network being able to deliver our
services, and the Russian network's underdevelopment may hinder our ability to
obtain sufficient capacity for our traffic volumes, especially as we expand our
Internet access business. Moreover, it is increasingly difficult to expand
within Moscow because the existing Russian network does not have sufficient
capacity, and we may be unable to procure enough telephone numbers and
connection lines for our customers utilizing dial-up Internet access services.
These factors may have a material adverse effect on our expansion plans and our
ability to provide services to new customers.
In addition, the telecommunications industry is subject to rapid and
significant changes in technology. We cannot predict the effect of technological
changes on our business, even though our operations depend on our ability to
integrate new and emerging technologies successfully.
WE MAY BE UNABLE TO RAISE ADDITIONAL CAPITAL NECESSARY TO IMPLEMENT OUR BUSINESS
STRATEGY
We will need additional capital to maintain and expand our networks. Our
ability to raise funding to pursue our strategies depends on our access to
capital markets or private financing. We believe that the
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proceeds from our financing activities in 1999, including our IPO, and our cash
flows from operations should be sufficient to finance our capital requirements
for the next 12 to 24 months. However, market conditions and other factors,
especially large or numerous acquisitions, may cause us to seek additional
financing sooner. Significant elements of our business strategy that may require
substantial capital expenditures include the following:
- the construction or the acquisition of fiber optic links between heavy
traffic routes;
- expanding our existing network infrastructure to other parts of Russia,
Ukraine and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States;
- developing additional Internet capability and acquiring other Internet
service providers; and
- expanding our wireless capabilities, including investments in upgraded
technology.
- pursuing consolidation opportunities through acquisitions.
In addition, we will need to maintain our existing infrastructure. The
costs for expanding and maintaining our infrastructure may exceed projected
costs and result in unforeseen deficits.
If we fail to generate sufficient funds from a combination of operating
cash flow and additional debt or equity financing, we may have to delay or
abandon our expansion plans or fall behind in our maintenance obligations. Any
of these events could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
OUR BILLING AND MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS MAY NOT BE ABLE TO MEET OUR NEEDS
We encounter difficulties in using and enhancing our billing and management
information systems and in integrating new technology into such systems. We have
historically operated through distinct companies, but we are in the process of
integrating our billing and management information systems so that we will be
able to bill our customers and to manage other administrative tasks through a
single system. If we are unable to integrate and upgrade our billing and
management information systems to support our integrated operations, we may not
be able to record accurate call details or bill our customers promptly and
accurately.
Additionally, any damage to our network management center or our major
switching centers could harm our ability to monitor and manage network
operations and generate accurate call detail reports from which we derive our
billing information.
In our operations outside Moscow, Kiev and St. Petersburg, we rely on our
ventures' switches for billing. We cannot ensure that their systems will meet
our needs or the needs of our customers.
WE ARE EXPOSED TO RISKS OF BAD DEBT AND FRAUD
We have experienced problems relating to the failure of some customers to
make full payment for services rendered and to the fraudulent use of our access
codes to Internet and cellular services. These risks are particularly high in
our markets because of the poor health of the economies in the CIS and the
credit of Russian companies. Furthermore, it is difficult for us to gauge the
creditworthiness of most of our customers because there are no reliable
mechanisms for evaluating their financial condition and because credible credit
reports on Russian and Commonwealth of Independent States companies and
individuals are usually not available. We expect that the credit risk of our
customer base will increase as the share of our revenue derived from small- to
medium-sized enterprises and from service provider/reseller customers'
increases.
OUR INTERNAL CONTROLS MAY BE INSUFFICIENT TO ENSURE THAT WE COMPLY WITH
APPLICABLE LAWS
Our reporting and control standards may be insufficient to ensure that
certain practices comply with all applicable laws. If we or any of our ventures
are found to be involved in unlawful practices, then we may be exposed, among
other things, to significant fines, the risk of prosecution or the loss of our
licenses. Russia and the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent
States have inadequate corporate management and financial reporting legal
requirements, and have underdeveloped banking, computer and other internal
control
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systems. These countries often have commercial practices and legal and
regulatory frameworks that differ significantly from practices in the United
States and other Western countries. The application of the laws of any
particular country is not always clear or consistent. As a result, it is often
difficult to hire qualified management and accounting staff who can ensure
compliance with changing legal requirements. Thus, we have had and may again
have, difficulty establishing internal management, legal and financial controls,
preparing financial statements and corporate records, and instituting business
practices that meet Western standards.
In light of these circumstances, in the second half of 1996, we increased
our efforts to improve our management and financial controls and business
practices. In early 1997, we retained special outside counsel to conduct a
thorough review of our business practices in the emerging markets in which we
operate. In addition, in June 1999, our special counsel completed an update of
the 1997 review in Russia and Ukraine. Neither the review nor the update
identified any violations of law that we believe would have a material adverse
effect on our financial condition. However, we cannot ensure that all potential
deficiencies have been properly identified or that governmental authorities will
not disagree with our assessment. If our control procedures and compliance
programs are not effective or the government authorities determine that we have
violated any law, depending on the penalties assessed and the timing of any
unfavorable resolution, our future results of operations and cash flows could be
materially adversely affected.
LOSS OF KEY PERSONNEL COULD AFFECT OUR GROWTH AND FUTURE SUCCESS
We believe that our growth and our future success will depend in large part
upon a small number of key executive officers, as well as on our ability to
attract and retain highly skilled personnel to work in Russia and other parts of
the Commonwealth of Independent States, including senior management and
technical personnel. The competition for qualified technical personnel who are
familiar with the telecommunications industry in the Commonwealth of Independent
States is intense, particularly outside the major urban centers. We cannot
assure you that we will be able to hire and retain qualified personnel.
OUR INVESTMENT IN MCT CORP. MAY FAIL TO PRODUCE THE INTENDED RESULTS
In the fourth quarter of 2000, we contributed our Russian Mobile Service
division to MCT Corp. in exchange for an equity interest of approximately 24% in
MCT Corp. At the same time, we extended a $9.0 million convertible loan to MCT
Corp. We do not actively participate in the day-to-day management of MCT Corp.
and do not control its operations. MCT Corp., in turn, does not control all of
its joint ventures. MCT Corp. operates its businesses in some geographic areas,
such as Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, where we have limited experience. MCT Corp.
has substantial debt obligations. MCT Corp operates in a very competitive
industry in a very difficult environment. We cannot guarantee that MCT Corp.
will be able to raise the additional capital that it requires to service its
debt obligations and to implement its business strategy. In the event that MCT
Corp. is unable to attract the capital and resources necessary to implement its
business strategy and to service its debt burden, we may be required to take a
charge to earnings, which would worsen our financial results and cause a
decrease in the value of our common stock.
The Russian Federation adopted a two-tier licensing system for cellular
services based on technological standards. The GSM and NMT-450 cellular
standards are deemed "federal" standards, whereas all others are deemed
"regional" standards, including AMPS. The AMPS standard is designed to operate
in the 800 megahertz radio frequency range. With the sole exception of
PrimTelefone, all of the Vostok Mobile cellular ventures contributed to MCT
Corp. hold AMPS licenses, and so are regional standards. While these AMPS
licenses will expire in the period 2005-2007, the term of telecommunications
licenses is generally extended as a routine matter upon application of the
licensee, provided that there were no violations of the license terms. However,
the future of the AMPS cellular operations is uncertain, primarily for the
following two reasons:
- Minsvyaz's stated policy favors the development of GSM as a unitary
federal standard, although NMT-450 will continue to be developed as an
alternate federal standard at least until 2010.
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- Minsvyaz recently published statements concerning the need to free up
radio frequency resources in the 800 megahertz band for use by digital
television operators.
It is unclear how Minsvyaz will regulate AMPS-standard cellular operations
in the future. In particular, it is unclear whether and on what terms Minsvyaz
will allow or facilitate the phased conversion of regional AMPS cellular
operations to the federal GSM standard. There is a significant risk that Russian
AMPS cellular ventures may be forced to cease AMPS operations due to the natural
expiration or early termination of AMPS licenses, or due to the denial of access
to necessary radio frequency resources. Cessation of the Vostok Mobile cellular
operations would cause a deterioration in the financial results of MCT Corp.
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR POSITION AS A RECENTLY ESTABLISHED COMPANY
THE INTERESTS OF GLOBAL TELESYSTEMS, INC., OUR CONTROLLING STOCKHOLDER, MAY NOT
COINCIDE WITH OURS, AND COULD HAMPER OUR DEVELOPMENT
Global TeleSystems, Inc. (GTS) owns approximately 62% of our outstanding
shares of common stock. Moreover, Mr. Robert Amman, the Chairman of our Board of
Directors, is also the Chairman of GTS's Board of Directors, and three other GTS
officers are members of our Board of Directors. These relationships create the
potential for conflicts of interest in circumstances where our interests and
GTS's interests are not aligned. We can not assure you that any conflicts will
be resolved in our favor.
As our majority shareholder, GTS has the power to determine matters
submitted to a vote of our stockholders without the consent of the other
stockholders. GTS also has the power to prevent or effect a change of control,
and could take other actions that might be favorable to it and unfavorable to us
and our other stockholders. Consequently, GTS is capable of exercising
significant influence over our business and policies.
Conflicts of interest may arise between us and GTS in a number of areas
relating to our past and ongoing relationships, including potential acquisitions
of businesses or properties or other corporate opportunities, potential
competitive business activities, the election of new or additional directors,
payment of dividends, incurrence of indebtedness, tax matters, financial
commitments, marketing functions, indemnity arrangements, registration rights,
administration of benefits plans, service arrangements, issuances of our capital
stock, sales or distributions by GTS of its shares of our common stock and the
exercise by GTS of its ability to control our management and affairs.
We entered into a number of agreements with GTS concerning our
relationships as part of our initial public offering, which closed on October 5,
1999. Because we remain a subsidiary of GTS, these agreements are a result of
negotiations between affiliated parties, which may not have been at arm's
length. Therefore, the terms offered to us under these agreements may be worse
than the terms we may have reached with an unaffiliated third party.
WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO RELY ON GTS TO PROVIDE CAPITAL
We have a limited operating history as a stand-alone company. We continue
to be a subsidiary of GTS, but GTS has no obligation to provide assistance to
us, except in accordance with the agreements that we have made with it regarding
the provision of certain administrative services.
Prior to the IPO, our working capital requirements were satisfied pursuant
to GTS's corporate-wide cash management policies. After the IPO, GTS has not and
will not provide cash injections to finance our operations. We believe that the
proceeds from the IPO and our cash flows from operations will be sufficient to
finance our capital requirements for the next 12 to 24 months. However, market
conditions and other factors, especially large or numerous acquisitions, may
cause us to seek additional financing sooner and we cannot ensure that we will
be able to obtain financing on terms as favorable as could be obtained from or
by GTS. In this case, our cost of capital would be higher than that reflected in
our historical financial statements.
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WE HAVE INCURRED NET LOSSES AND EXPECT FUTURE LOSSES
If considered as a stand-alone entity, we have incurred net losses for the
past five years. We expect to continue to incur net losses as we spend
substantial resources on expanding our network, maintaining our existing
network, participating in the consolidation of the communications industry in
Russia and the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and
marketing. We cannot assure you that we will achieve or sustain profitability.
THE RELEVANCE OF OUR FINANCIAL INFORMATION MAY BE LIMITED
The financial information we have herein may not reflect what our results
of operations, financial position and cash flows would have been had we been a
separate, stand-alone entity during the periods presented or what our results of
operations, financial position and cash flows will be in the future. The
financial information included herein does not necessarily reflect the many
significant changes that have and will occur in our business and the funding of
our operations as a result of our separation from GTS and our recent IPO.
WE HAVE NOT IDENTIFIED SPECIFIC USES OF OUR CASH RESOURCES
We intend to use the funds we have now for potential acquisitions and
business development, network expansion, working capital and general corporate
purposes. Our management will have significant flexibility in applying these
funds. We may, when an appropriate opportunity arises, use a portion, or all, of
the funds to acquire or invest in businesses, products or new technologies. Our
management's failure to apply these funds effectively could cause our business
to suffer.
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH OUR SHARES OF COMMON STOCK
OUR ABILITY TO PAY DIVIDENDS ON OUR COMMON STOCK MAY BE LIMITED
We do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. If we
raise any capital in the future, we may be restricted from paying dividends
under the terms of such financings. In addition, the governments in the
countries where we operate may further devalue their currencies and take other
actions that may restrict the ability of our subsidiaries to declare and pay
dividends.
THE PRICE OF OUR SHARES MAY DECLINE IF SUBSTANTIAL AMOUNTS OF SHARES ARE SOLD IN
THE PUBLIC MARKET
A total of 24,479,997 shares of our common shares are currently issued and
outstanding. Because only approximately 2,800,000 shares of our common stock are
currently freely tradable, the market for our shares is not especially liquid.
In addition, GTS owns approximately 62% of our outstanding shares. GTS agreed
that it would not sell our common stock without the prior written consent of
Deutsche Bank AG London for a period of 360 days after the date of the IPO. This
lock-up period ended on September 30, 2000 and GTS has since announced that it
may seek to dispose of some or all of its shares in Golden Telecom, Inc. and
other non-core assets. On December 15, 2000 GTS announced that it elected not to
pay scheduled cash interest payments due in connection with senior notes issued
by a GTS wholly-owned subsidiary and intended to commence discussions with the
holders of these notes with the goal of developing a consensual restructuring
plan.
In the light of these circumstances and GTS' expressed desire to focus on
their core Western European operations, we cannot ensure that GTS will maintain
their ownership of our shares of common stock, and GTS may require us to
register their shares of our common stock with the Securities and Exchange
Commission for sale to the public in certain circumstances. Future sales of
substantial amounts of our shares in the public market, or even the perception
that such sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of the
shares. In the event that GTS disposed of its ownership of our shares of common
stock, any potential buyer may gain control of Golden Telecom, Inc. and may take
actions or implement a strategy that might be detrimental to the interests of
our minority shareholders. Similarly, a future purchaser of GTS' interest in
Golden Telecom, Inc. may exercise considerable influence and change the
direction of our business or adopt a different business strategy.
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OUR SHARE PRICE HAS BEEN AND MAY CONTINUE TO BE HIGHLY VOLATILE
The price of our shares has been subject to significant volatility since
our initial public offering. In addition, a number of particular factors may
adversely affect the market price of our shares or cause the market price to
fluctuate and decline materially. These factors include:
- issues concerning the perceived risks of investing in Russia and the CIS;
- the limited number of our shares available for trading in public markets;
- introduction of new services;
- the sale of any large blocks of our shares by our management or large
shareholders;
- issues concerning any re-sale of our shares by our majority shareholder;
- mergers and strategic alliances in the telecommunications industry; and
- inconsistent government regulation in the Russian and Ukrainian
telecommunications industries.
In recent years, the market for stock in technology, telecommunications and
computer companies has been highly volatile. This is particularly true for
companies with relatively small capitalization, such as ours.
ANY US AND OTHER WESTERN JUDGMENTS YOU MAY OBTAIN AGAINST US MAY NOT BE
ENFORCEABLE IN OTHER COUNTRIES
Substantially all of our assets are located in Russia and Ukraine. Although
arbitration awards are generally enforceable in Russia and Ukraine, judgments
obtained in the US or other Western courts, including those with respect to
federal securities law claims, may not be enforceable. Therefore, any US or
other Western court judgment obtained against us or any of our operating
companies may not be enforceable in Russia or Ukraine.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES
We possess the right occupy and utilize two floors, 1886 square meters, of
a building in Moscow which serves as the principal sales office for TeleRoss and
which houses our representative office. The right to occupy and utilize this
space is through a three-year lease. We believe that our facilities are adequate
for our current needs.
We possess the right to occupy and utilize four floors of a building in
eastern Moscow, which serve as the principal office for TeleRoss. The right to
occupy and utilize the space is through a fifty-five year lease, which expires
in 2050.
Golden Telecom Ukraine occupy office and technical premises located in Kiev
under long-term leases which expire in 2006. Additionally they lease a
dealer-center and a shop premise. Golden Telecom Ukraine also occupies an office
and technical premises in Odessa under a long-term lease which expires in 2003.
Sovintel leases its offices, which occupy approximately two floors of a
building in central Moscow under a cancelable lease, which expires in 2004.
Additionally they have leases on a number of technical premises.
We lease various buildings and space in buildings throughout the
Commonwealth of Independent States that we use for our offices. Beside these
office spaces, our principal facilities consist of telecommunications
installations, including switches of various sizes, cables and VSAT and other
transmission devices located throughout the Commonwealth of Independent States.
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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Certain of our employees have been requested by Russian governmental
authorities to provide information in connection with inquiries into the
activities of our former partners in GTS-Vox, which company owned our interests
in TCM prior to TCM's merger into TeleRoss. The authorities' inquiries have
raised issues about the formation of TCM and the sale of our partners' interest
in GTS-Vox to us, including issues concerning Russian antimonopoly and
securities filings and the commercial relationship between TCM and the local
telephone network in Moscow. We have cooperated and intend to continue to
cooperate with any legitimate governmental inquiries.
We are occasionally involved in routine litigation concerning various
matters. However, we do not currently consider any of this litigation to be
material in the aggregate.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS
None
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE COMPANY'S COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
Our common stock has traded on the Nasdaq National Market since September
30, 1999 under the symbol "GLDN." The following table sets forth, for the
periods indicated, the high and low closing prices per share for our common
stock, as reported on the Nasdaq National Market. We have not paid any cash
dividends on our common stock and do not intend to pay cash dividends in the
foreseeable future.
HIGH LOW
----- -----
1999:
Fourth quarter............................................ 32.00 9.06
2000:
First quarter............................................. 48.00 18.13
Second quarter............................................ 44.50 22.88
Third quarter............................................. 34.63 15.88
Fourth quarter............................................ 17.44 5.13
As of March 13, 2001, there were approximately 12 holders of record of our
common stock.
RECENT SALES OF UNREGISTERED SECURITIES
On September 30, 1999, the Company issued 420,000 shares of common stock,
par value $0.01 to First NIS Regional Fund SICAV in exchange for its ownership
interest in Golden Telecom (Ukraine). In accordance with the subscription
agreement filed with the SEC at the time of our IPO, a further 30,000 shares of
common stock were issued on March 1, 2000 to First NIS Regional Fund SICAV in
full and final payment for its ownership interest in Golden Telecom (Ukraine).
No underwriter or underwriting discount was involved in the offering. Exemption
from registration was claimed under the Securities Act pursuant to Regulation S.
On December 12, 2000, the Company issued 399,872 shares of common stock,
par value $0.01 to Digital Holdings, Inc. in partial settlement for its
ownership interest in Agama Ltd. No underwriter or underwriting discount was
involved in the offering. Exemption from registration was claimed under the
Securities Act pursuant to Regulation S.
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Use of proceeds from our IPO
We have used and intend to use the net proceeds from our IPO for the
following purposes;
- potential acquisitions and business development;
- network expansion;
- working capital; and
- general corporate purposes.
As of December 31, 2000 we have used approximately $44.0 million of the
proceeds of our IPO on acquisitions, related debt instruments and our fiber
optic network expansion. Until we use the net proceeds, we are investing them in
short-term interest-bearing US government securities and short-term US money
market instruments.
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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following selected historical consolidated financial data at December
31, 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2000, and for all of the years presented are derived
from consolidated financial statements of Golden Telecom, Inc. which have been
audited by Ernst & Young (CIS) Limited, independent auditors. The financial data
at December 31, 1996 is derived from unaudited financial statements. The
unaudited financial statements include all adjustments, consisting of normally
recurring accruals, which Golden Telecom, Inc. considers necessary for a fair
presentation of the financial position and results of operations for the period.
The data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial
statements, related notes, and other financial information included in this
document.
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------------------------------
1996 1997 1998(2) 1999 2000
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS DATA:
Revenues................................ $ 13,140 $ 27,198 $ 86,086 $ 97,931 $113,089
Cost of revenues........................ 10,083 20,420 43,574 40,516 50,954
Gross margin............................ 3,057 6,778 42,512 57,415 62,135
Selling, general and administrative..... 17,686 21,249 45,327 41,011 45,420
Depreciation and amortization........... 2,753 4,363 16,709 28,143 31,851
Abandonment and restructuring charge.... -- -- -- 19,813 --
Operating loss.......................... (17,382) (18,834) (19,524) (31,552) (15,136)
Equity in earnings (losses) of
ventures.............................. 3,783 12,428 2,559 (6,677) (285)
Interest income (expense), net.......... (1,140) (431) (3,003) 2,814 7,126
Foreign currency loss................... (446) (399) (7,452) (2,739) (390)
Minority interest....................... -- -- (1,040) (1,477) (431)
Other non-operating expense............. -- -- -- -- (148)
Provision for income taxes.............. 286 647 5,184 6,823 990
Net loss................................ (15,471) (7,883) (33,644) (46,454) (10,254)
Net loss per share(1)................... (1.46) (0.74) (3.17) (3.38) (0.43)
Dividends per share..................... -- -- -- -- --
Weighted average shares(1).............. 10,600 10,600 10,600 13,736 24,096
AT DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------------------------------
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS)
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Cash and cash equivalents............... $ 3,420 $ 3,934 $ 14,164 $162,722 $ 57,889
Investments available for sale.......... -- -- -- -- 54,344
Property and equipment, net............. 21,665 16,812 52,186 62,176 82,377
Investments in and advances to
ventures.............................. 50,188 74,332 46,519 45,196 49,629
Total assets............................ 92,549 129,620 235,849 366,624 348,456
Total debt.............................. 9,322 1,625 24,459 28,029 18,997
Minority interest....................... 1,913 -- 7,993 2,816 3,337
Shareholders' equity.................... 70,302 115,568 168,783 288,552 283,193
- ---------------
(1) Per share amounts in this table were calculated based upon the assumption
that the 10,600,000 common shares issued in connection with the formation of
the Company are outstanding for all periods prior to September 30, 1999.
(2) See Item 7 "-- Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operations; Consolidated Results -- Consolidated Results of
Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 1999 Compared to the Consolidated
Results of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 1998" for a discussion
of the impact of consolidating former equity investees on the comparability
of our results of operations.
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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULT
OF OPERATIONS
The following discussion and analysis relates to our financial condition
and results of operations for each of the years ended December 31, 2000, 1999
and 1998. This discussion should be read in conjunction with the "Selected
Historical Consolidated Financial Data" and the Consolidated Financial
Statements and the notes related thereto that appear elsewhere in this Report.
OVERVIEW
We are a leading facilities-based provider of integrated telecommunications
and Internet services in major population centers throughout Russia, Ukraine and
other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States ("CIS"). We organize
our operations into four business groups, as follows:
- Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC) Services, using local access
overlay networks in Moscow, Kiev and St. Petersburg;
- Long Distance Services using a fiber optic and satellite-based network;
- Data and Internet Services, using a fiber optic and satellite-based
networks with more than 130 points of presence in Russia and the CIS. Our
data and Internet services product portfolio is currently comprised of:
(a) Business to Business services, such as data communications, dedicated
Internet access, web design, web-hosting, co-location and
data-warehousing: and (b) Business to Consumer services, such as dial-up
Internet access, web content and a family of Internet portals; and
- Mobile Services using mobile networks in Kiev and Odessa, Ukraine.
Additionally, we hold a minority interest in MCT Corp. (MCT), which in turn
has ownership interests in twenty-four mobile operations located throughout
Russia and in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. We treat our ownership interest in MCT
as an investment and are not actively involved in the day-to-day management of
the operations.
Most of our revenue is derived from high-volume business customers and
carriers. Our business customers include large multinational companies, local
enterprises, financial institutions, hotels and government agencies. We believe
that the carriers, including mobile operators, which contribute a substantial
portion of our revenues, in turn derive a portion of their business from
high-volume business customers. Thus, we believe that the majority of our
ultimate end-users are businesses that require access to highly reliable and
advanced telecommunications facilities to sustain their operations.
In the aftermath of the August 1998 Russian financial crisis, a significant
number of our business customers scaled back or closed their operations in
Russia, and many local companies closed down operations in Russia because of an
inability to satisfy their payment obligations to creditors, including us.
Terminations of service and reduction in services reduced our recurring revenues
during the period following the crisis. Additionally, sales of equipment
declined significantly, as new customers preferred to lease rather than buy
equipment under those market conditions. We also experienced and continue to
experience significant price pressure on our recurring revenue, applied
particularly by Moscow cellular operators, which include some of our largest
customers.
We have traditionally competed for customers on the basis of network
quality, customer service and range of service offered. In the past several
years, other telecommunications operators have also introduced high-quality
services to the segments of the business market in which we operate. Competition
with these operators has intensified in the last several quarters, resulting in
declining prices, which adversely affected our revenues. In addition, some of
our competitors do not link their prices to the dollar/ruble exchange rate, so
when the ruble devalues, their prices effectively become lower than our prices.
In order to compete with these carriers in the regions outside Moscow and St.
Petersburg, we were forced to lower our tariffs, which resulted in reduced
revenues and reduced margins. Since the ruble exchange rate with the dollar has
become relatively stable during 2000, price pressures associated with
devaluation have eased considerably. We cannot be certain that the exchange rate
will remain stable in the future.
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Since early 2000, we appear to have witnessed a recovery in the Russian
market, but with downward pricing pressures persisting, both because of
competitive pressures in Russia and because of a global trend toward lower
telecommunications tariffs. In late 1999 and early 2000, the increases in
traffic volume did not keep pace with the reduction in prices. However, in
recent months our volume increases are beginning to exceed the reduction in
tariffs on certain types of voice traffic. This is a contributory factor to the
increase in our quarterly revenue during 2000. We expect that this trend will
continue as long as there are improvements in the Russian economy.
Although we expect competition to continue to force the general level of
tariffs downward, we expect to mitigate partially the effects of this pressure
by seeking, where possible, further reductions in the settlement and
interconnection rates that we pay to other telecommunications operators. Our
ability to reduce our cost of revenue by reducing these payments has enabled us,
on most types of traffic to maintain, or even improve, our margins. In general,
we expect settlement and interconnection rates to continue to decline in line
with tariffs.
We intend to incrementally expand the fiber optic capacity along our heavy
traffic and high cost routes to reduce our unit transmission costs and ensure
sufficient capacity to meet the growing demand for Internet and data services.
As part of this strategy, during 2000, we acquired the rights to use up to
STM-16 fiber optic capacity on the Moscow to Stockholm route, significantly
reducing our unit cost per E-1 fiber optic link on this route.
In addition to the traditional voice and data service provision, we are
actively pursuing a strategy of developing non-traditional telecom service
offerings including those related to the Internet, such as web hosting, web
design, and vertical and horizontal Internet portal development. To this end, we
have acquired InfoArt Stars and the Agama family of Web properties to add to our
Russia-On-Line Internet portal, which also incorporates some of our other 2000
acquisitions, referat.ru, Absolute Games and Fintek. We have seen a significant
increase in our dial-up Internet subscriber numbers and we expect the increase
to continue, albeit with an increasing emphasis on regional subscribers, as
additional dialup capacity in Moscow is not readily available.
Together, our top five customers accounted for approximately 32% of our
consolidated revenues for year ended December 31, 2000. Our largest customer,
Vimpelcom, together with its affiliate KB Impulse, accounted for approximately
16% of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2000. No other
customer, except for Sovintel, which accounted for approximately 8% of our
consolidated revenues, accounted for over 5% of our consolidated revenues for
the year ended December 31, 2000. We provide services to our largest customers,
including Vimpelcom and Sovintel, pursuant to agreements which specify the
services we must maintain for these customers and the tariffs that we charge for
these services.
GTS owns approximately 62% of our outstanding shares. GTS announced during
the fourth quarter of 2000 that it may seek to dispose of some or all of its
shares in Golden Telecom, Inc. and other non-core assets.
ACQUISITIONS AND DISPOSITIONS
In February 2000, Golden Telecom Ukraine, a majority owned subsidiary,
acquired 99% of Sovam Teleport Ukraine, including a 51% interest previously held
by third parties. Sovam Teleport Ukraine is a provider of data and Internet
services to Ukraine-based businesses. In March 2000, the Company acquired the
assets of Referat.ru and Absolute Games, two leading vertical Internet portals
in the education and computer gaming categories of the Russian Internet. In
April 2000, the Company acquired the assets of Fintek, a prominent Moscow-based
Web design studio and 51% of Commercial Information Networks (KIS), the largest
Internet service provider in Nizhny Novgorod. In September 2000, SFMT-Rusnet,
Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired 25% of SA Telcom LLP, a
telecommunications and data services provider in Kazakhstan, bringing our
ownership interest in this company to 100%. The combined purchase price was less
than $3.0 million in cash.
In October 2000, the Company acquired the assets of IT INFOART STARS
("InfoArt"), a leading horizontal Russian and English language Internet portal,
for approximately $8.3 million in cash. InfoArt provides Internet users with a
wide variety of content from leading Russian news agencies and publications.
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InfoArt's unique user format and coverage of topical issues such as business,
technology, health and sports have made it one of the top Russian Web sites in
terms of unique users. InfoArt's web sites include Stars.ru, a web catalogue
listing with over 27,000 sites, and 1000Stars.ru, a popular rating index.
In December 2000, the Company acquired the Agama family of Russian Web
properties for $13.1 million in cash and an issuance of the 399,872 of Company's
common stock for $3.8 million. The Agama family of web properties include Aport,
Atrus ("@Rus") and Omen. Aport is a top-rated bilingual Russian search engine.
@Rus is a leading online directory listing over 35,000 Web sites in both Russian
and English. Omen is among the most popular Russian entertainment Internet
portals for younger audiences.
In December 2000, we acquired an ownership interest in MCT in exchange for
our 100% ownership of Vostok Mobile B.V., a Netherlands registered private
limited holding company that owns our Russian mobile operations, including our
abandoned ventures. Initially, we acquired approximately 24% of the outstanding
common stock of MCT and we expect to be later diluted to not less than 18% as a
result of subsequent equity offerings to be undertaken by MCT. As part of the
transaction, we also purchased for cash $9.0 million of MCT debt convertible
into its equity securities. At December 31, 2000 we owned approximately 23% of
MCT.
The acquisition of the equity interest in MCT, effectively completes a
major part of the formal plan of restructuring, that we initiated when we
abandoned certain mobile business operations in Russia, as approved by the Board
of Directors of GTS in the third quarter of 1999. As part of this plan of
restructuring, we had been seeking to dispose of our ownership interests in
certain mobile operations in Russia and we did not intend to provide any
additional financial assistance to such businesses, other than debts assumed.
We took a charge to earnings of $18.5 million in the third quarter of 1999,
of which approximately $8.3 million was recorded as a liability. Additionally,
in the third quarter of 1999, we recorded a charge and liability of $1.3 million
relating to the cancellation of certain network capacity. There were no amounts
charged against these liabilities in the year ended December 31, 1999. There was
$5.6 million recorded against these liabilities during 2000. These charges
resulted from (1) a Western-owned financial institution attaching the collateral
held in regard to a debt-facility between the financial institution and the
mobile ventures; and (2) the disposition costs and cancellation of certain
network capacity.
We accounted for the exchange of our subsidiary Vostok Mobile B.V. for an
equity interest of approximately 24% in MCT at book value since the related fair
values were not readily determinable, accordingly, no gain or loss was
recognized. Concurrent with the exchange of ownership interests, certain assets
and our rights to certain obligations of our Russian mobile ventures were
assigned to MCT. Prior to the transaction the book value of our interest was
adjusted for the effect of the concurrent transactions and the remaining portion
of the abandonment and restructuring reserve.
In July 2000, the Company entered into an agreement to acquire 60% of JSC
Nursat, one of the largest providers of Internet and telecommunications services
in Kazakhstan. Our proposed acquisition of JSC Nursat was challenged by the
Kazakhstan government and in December 2000, we ceased negotiations relating to
this possible acquisition.
As the result of our acquisitions in 2000 and the prior years we acquired
significant intangible assets, including goodwill. Goodwill is amortized over
five years and the majority of our intangible assets are amortized over the same
period. We continue to apply the appropriate assessments of the book value of
these assets.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Golden Telecom, Inc. was formed in June 1999 to be the holding company for
all of GTS's businesses in the Commonwealth of Independent States. The
consolidated financial statements included in this annual report have been
prepared as if Golden Telecom, Inc. had been in existence throughout 1999 and
1998.
In addition, we have included a discussion of EDN Sovintel LLC, our primary
non-consolidated operation, which entity is material to our business. We believe
that this discussion is helpful to develop an understanding of the factors
contributing to our overall financial condition and results of operations.
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The results of our four business groups from the operations of both our
consolidated entities combined with the non-consolidated entities where we are
actively involved in the day-to-day management, are shown in footnote 13
"Segment Information -- Line of Business Data" to our consolidated financial
statements.
Our functional currency is the US dollar. Russia and Ukraine are considered
to be highly inflationary environments.
The discussion of our results of operations is organized as follows:
Year Ended December 31, 2000 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 1999
- Consolidated Results. Consolidated Results of Operations for the Year
Ended December 31, 2000 compared to the Consolidated Results of
Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 1999
- Non-consolidated Results. Results of Non-Consolidated Operations of EDN
Sovintel LLC for the Year Ended December 31, 2000 compared to the Results
of Non-Consolidated Operations of EDN Sovintel LLC for the Year Ended
December 31, 1999
Year Ended December 31, 1999 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 1998
- Consolidated Results. Consolidated Results of Operations for the Year
Ended December 31, 1999 compared to the Consolidated Results of
Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 1998
- Non-consolidated Results. Results of Non-Consolidated Operations of EDN
Sovintel LLC for the Year Ended December 31, 1999 compared to the Results
of Non-Consolidated Operations of EDN Sovintel LLC for the Year Ended
December 31, 1998
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS -- CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 2000 COMPARED TO THE CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
Revenue
Our revenue increased to $113.1 million for the year ended December 31,
2000 from $97.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The breakdown of
revenue by business group was as follows:
CONSOLIDATED REVENUE CONSOLIDATED REVENUE
FOR THE YEAR ENDED FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 1999 DECEMBER 31, 2000
-------------------- --------------------
(IN MILLIONS)
REVENUE
CLEC Services.................................. $44.7 $ 42.0
Data and Internet Services..................... 27.2 41.5
Long Distance Services......................... 11.4 14.8
Mobile Services................................ 17.6 17.5
Eliminations................................... (3.0) (2.7)
----- ------
TOTAL REVENUE.......................... $97.9 $113.1
CLEC Services. Revenue from CLEC Services decreased by 6% to $42.0 million
for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $44.7 million for the year ended
December 31, 1999.
The CLEC Services division of TeleRoss revenue decreased by 18% to $25.5
million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $31.1 million for the year
ended December 31, 1999. This decrease is mainly due to a reduction in monthly
fees and a decrease in traffic related revenue, largely as a result of pricing
concessions made to our largest customer.
The CLEC Services division of Golden Telecom BTS revenue increased by 21%
to $16.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $13.6 million for the
year ended December 31, 1999. The increase in revenue was mainly due to
increased traffic revenue from end-users and other carriers, partially offset by
reduced tariffs.
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Data and Internet Services. Revenue from Data and Internet Services
increased by 53% to $41.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from
$27.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The increase is largely the
result of increases in Internet revenue from both dial-up and dedicated
subscribers. The significant increase in dial-up Internet subscribers and
revenue has been achieved primarily through organic growth and through the
acquisitions of Glasnet, Nevalink and Commercial Information Networks (KIS).
There was continued steady growth of Data revenue due to increases in frame
relay customers and capacity sold, plus an increase in international private
line circuits sales over our leased international fiber optic link.
Long Distance Services. Revenue from Long Distance Services increased by
30% to $14.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $11.4 million for
the year ended December 31, 1999. Increases in long distance traffic exceeded
the decreases in tariffs and there were increases in both recurring monthly fees
and equipment revenue.
Mobile Services. Revenue from Mobile Services decreased slightly to $17.5
million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $17.6 million for the year
ended December 31, 1999. Although there has been a significant increase,
approximately 44%, in the number of active subscribers at Golden Telecom GSM, in
part due to our commencing operations in Odessa in August 2000, pricing
competition from large operators has limited overall revenue growth.
Expenses
The following table shows our principal expenses for the year ended
December 31, 2000 and December 31, 1999:
CONSOLIDATED EXPENSES CONSOLIDATED EXPENSES
FOR THE YEAR ENDED FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 1999 DECEMBER 31, 2000
--------------------- ---------------------
(IN MILLIONS)
COST OF REVENUE
CLEC Services........................................ $12.8 $ 15.4
Data and Internet Services........................... 15.8 21.9
Long Distance Services............................... 9.3 12.3
Mobile Services...................................... 4.6 4.1
Eliminations......................................... (2.0) (2.7)
----- ------
TOTAL COST OF REVENUE.................................. 40.5 51.0
Selling, general and administrative.................... 41.0 45.4
Depreciation and amortization.......................... 28.2 31.9
Equity in losses of ventures........................... 6.7 0.3
Interest income........................................ (5.2) (10.4)
Interest expense....................................... 2.4 3.3
Foreign currency loss.................................. 2.7 0.4
Provision for income taxes............................. $ 6.8 $ 1.0
Cost of Revenue
Our cost of revenue increased by 26% to $51.0 million for the year ended
December 31, 2000 from $40.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1999.
CLEC Services. Cost of revenue from CLEC Services increased to $15.4
million, or 37% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $12.8
million, or 29% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999.
The CLEC Services division of TeleRoss' cost of revenue increased to $7.5
million, or 29% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $7.0
million, or 23% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999. The increase
as a percentage of revenue resulted from settlements to other operators not
decreasing in line with the pricing concessions to customers.
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The CLEC Services division of Golden Telecom BTS cost of revenue was $7.9
million, or 48% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2000 and was $5.8
million, or 43% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999. Cost of
revenue as a percentage of revenue increased because the reduction in tariffs in
response to competitive pressures exceeded the decrease in settlement costs paid
to other operators.
Data and Internet Services. Cost of revenue from Data and Internet
Services increased to $21.9 million, or 53% of revenue, for the year ended
December 31, 2000 from $15.8 million, or 58% of revenue, for the year ended
December 31, 1999. The decrease as a percentage of revenue was due to
operational synergies including those achieved from the Glasnet, Nevalink and
Commercial Information Networks (KIS) acquisitions. We continue to improve the
provisioning of our fiber routes to improve our network costs.
Long Distance Services. Cost of revenue from Long Distance Services
increased to $12.3 million, or 83% of revenue, for the year ended December 31,
2000 from $9.3 million, or 82% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999.
The cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue increased due to increased low
margin equipment sales.
Mobile Services. Cost of revenue from Mobile Services decreased to $4.1
million, or 23% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $4.6
million, or 26% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999. The cost of
revenue decreased as a percentage of revenue as result of operating
efficiencies.
Selling, General and Administrative
Our selling, general and administrative expenses increased by 11% to $45.4
million, or 40% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $41.0
million, or 42% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999. The decrease
as a percentage of revenue is due to reductions in employee costs, bad debt
provision and various taxes as a percentage of revenue partly offset by an
increase in advertising costs as a result of the implementation of our Internet
strategy.
Depreciation and Amortization
Our depreciation and amortization expenses increased by 13% to $31.9
million for the year ended December 31, 2000 from $28.2 million for the year
ended December 31, 1999. This increase is due to the continuing capital
expenditures of the consolidated entities and increased goodwill and intangible
assets amortization due to acquisitions.
Equity in Earnings/Losses of Ventures
The losses after interest and tax charges from our investments in
non-consolidated ventures were $0.3 million for the year ended December 31,
2000, and $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. We recognized
earnings at Sovintel of $5.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2000, which
partially offset our recognized losses at other ventures. In the year ended
December 31, 1999, our recognized earnings at Sovintel were $2.8 million. There
were significant losses at our non-consolidated ventures in the year ended
December 31, 1999 due to the effects of the August 1998 Russian financial
crisis. The losses attributable to Vostok Mobile, including PrimTelefone, were
$5.6 million and $8.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2000 and December
31, 1999, respectively. The losses attributable to the abandoned Russian mobile
ventures for the year ended December 31, 1999 were $2.1 million.
Interest Income
Our interest income was $10.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2000
up from $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The increase in
interest income reflects the interest received on the balance of the cash, cash
equivalents and investments available for sale from the proceeds of our IPO on
September 30, 1999.
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Interest Expense
Our interest expense was $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2000
up from $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The increase is due
to reductions in operating company debt which have been more than offset by the
increase in interest expense attributable to debt owed to GTS and Lucent
Technologies.
Foreign Currency Loss
Our foreign currency loss was $0.4 million for the year ended December 31,
2000, compared to a $2.7 million loss for the year ended December 31, 1999. The
decreased loss reflects the reduced level of devaluation of the ruble.
Provision for Income Taxes
We had a provision for income taxes of $1.0 million for the year ended
December 31, 2000 compared to $6.8 million for year ended December 31, 1999. The
decrease was due to the merger of TCM into the TeleRoss operating company with
effect from the beginning of November 1999. The earnings of TCM are now offset
against losses in the other operating divisions with the merged TeleRoss,
significantly reducing our income taxes in Russia.
Net Loss and Net Loss per Share
Our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2000 was $10.3 million,
compared to $46.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. In the year
ended December 31, 1999 we recorded an abandonment and restructuring charge of
$19.8 million, no similar charge was recorded in the year ended December 31,
2000. The improvement in our net loss was due to this, together with the items
discussed above.
Our net loss per share of common stock was $0.43 in the year ended December
31, 2000, compared to $3.38 in the year ended December 31, 1999. The reduction
in loss per share of common stock was due the reduction in net loss and an
increase in the number of weighted average shares to 24,095,884 in the year
ended December 31, 2000, compared to 13,735,922 in the year ended December 31,
1999. The increase in weighted average shares resulted from the timing of our
initial public offering in September 1999.
NON-CONSOLIDATED RESULTS -- NON-CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR
ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000 COMPARED TO THE NON-CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
This section is comprised of a limited discussion of the results of
operations of our principal non-consolidated entity, Sovintel, in which we own a
50% interest.
SOVINTEL
Revenue
Sovintel's revenue increased by 2% to $93.9 million for the year ended
December 31, 2000 from $91.7 million, for the year ended December 31, 1999.
Increases in traffic volumes more than offset reductions in tariffs.
Cost of Revenue
Sovintel's cost of revenue decreased to $49.7 million for the year ended
December 31, 2000 from $51.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1999. The
decrease to 53% from 56% of revenue was primarily a result of lower
international and domestic settlement rates paid to other operators.
Selling, General and Administrative
Sovintel's selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by 5% to
$16.8 million, or 18% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 2000 from
$17.6 million, or 19% of revenue for the year ended
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December 31, 1999. The decrease was mainly due to a reduction in revenue related
taxes offset by slight increases in employee and advertising expenses.
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS -- CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 1999 COMPARED TO THE CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998
During 1998, we began to consolidate the results of Sovam Teleport
("Sovam") from February 1, 1998, Golden Telecom (Ukraine) from June 30, 1998,
and TCM from July 1, 1998. Before consolidating these companies, we used the
equity method of accounting to report their results.
Revenue
Our revenue increased to $97.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1999
from $86.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. The increase was due
primarily to our consolidation of Sovam from February 1, 1998, Golden Telecom
(Ukraine) from June 30, 1998 and the CLEC Services division of TeleRoss
(formerly TCM) from July 1, 1998, offset by decreased revenues caused by the
August 1998 Russian financial crisis. The breakdown of revenue by business group
was as follows:
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 1998 DECEMBER 31, 1999
-------------------- --------------------
(IN MILLIONS)
CLEC Services..................................... $26.5 $44.7
Data and Internet Services........................ 24.9 27.2
Long Distance Services............................ 26.7 11.4
Mobile Services................................... 9.8 17.6
Eliminations...................................... (1.8) (3.0)
----- -----
Total Revenue........................... $86.1 $97.9
CLEC Services. Revenue from CLEC Services increased by 69% to $44.7
million for the year ended December 31, 1999 from $26.5 million for the year
ended December 31, 1998.
Of the CLEC Services increase in revenue of $18.2 million for the year
ended December 31, 1999, TCM accounted for a net increase of $10.4 million. The
balance of the increase in revenue of $7.8 million was from Golden Telecom BTS.
The consolidation of TCM only from July 1, 1998 accounted for $15.5 million of
the increase, offset by a decline in second half revenue of $5.1 million. The
consolidation of Golden Telecom BTS only from June 30, 1998 accounted for $6.3
million of the increase, plus an increase in second half revenue $1.5 million.
The CLEC Services division of TeleRoss (formerly TCM) revenue decreased by
26% to $31.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 from $42.3 million for
the year ended December 31, 1998. The decrease was due to the continuing effects
of the August 1998 Russian financial crisis. Port sales declined as
significantly fewer ports have been sold since August 1998. In addition, a
reduction in traffic revenue was partially offset by a slight increase in
monthly recurring revenue. TCM was consolidated only from July 1, 1998 in the
year ended December 31, 1998.
The CLEC Services division Golden Telecom BTS revenue increased by 32% to
$13.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 from $10.3 million for the
year ended December 31, 1998. The August 1998 financial crisis and its aftermath
affected Ukraine less strongly than Russia. Decreases in Golden Telecom BTS
revenue from installation fees, connection fees and equipment sales were more
than offset by increased traffic revenue and recurring revenue attributable to
an increased customer base. Golden Telecom BTS was only consolidated from June
30, 1998 in the year ended December 31, 1998.
Data and Internet Services. Revenue from Data and Internet Services
increased by 9% to $27.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 from $24.9
million for the year ended December 31, 1998. Revenue from Internet access
services increased by 19% to $7.5 million in 1999 from $6.1 million in 1998,
partly due to the acquisition of the assets of Glasnet, a Moscow based Internet
service provider. Reductions in average
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subscriber fees were more than offset by the increases in subscribers. Revenues
from our private line services also increased by 8% to $18.3 million in the year
ended December 1999 from $17.0 million in the year ended December 31, 1998.
Long Distance Services. Revenue from Long Distance Services decreased by
57% to $11.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1999 from $26.7 million for
the year ended December 31, 1998. The decrease was primarily the result of
reduced tariffs on long distance calls in response to competition from
Rostelecom and other carriers and partially as a result of reduced traffic.
Rostelecom quotes its tariffs in rubles, therefore, its tariffs declined in
dollar terms as the ruble devalued after August 1998. As a result, our average
tariff in the year ended December 31, 1999 was 67% lower than our average tariff
in the year ended December 31, 1998.
Mobile Services. Revenue from Mobile Services increased by 80% to $17.6
million for the year ended December 31, 1999 from $9.8 million for the year
ended December 31, 1998. The increase in revenue of $7.8 million in the year
ended December 31, 1999 represented a net increase of $9.1 million due to the
consolidation of Golden Telecom GSM from June 30, 1998, offset by a reduction of
$1.3 million in the business group's revenue. The consolidation of Golden
Telecom GSM only from June 30, 1998 accounted for $8.4 million of the increase,
plus an increase in second half revenue of $0.7 million. Golden Telecom GSM
revenue increased by 19% to $17.1 million for the year ended December 31, 1999
from $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. A significant increase
in active subscribers was partially offset by lower average revenue per active
subscriber.
Expenses
The following table shows our principal expenses for the years ended
December 31, 1999 and December 31, 1998:
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31, 1998 DECEMBER 31, 1999
-------------------- --------------------
(IN MILLIONS)
Cost of Revenue
CLEC Services................................... $ 7.3 $12.8
Data and Internet Services...................... 12.6 15.8
Long Distance Services.......................... 22.0 9.3
Mobile Services................................. 3.6 4.6
Eliminations.................................... (1.9) (2.0)
----- -----
Total Cost of Revenue............................. 43.6 40.5
Selling, General and Administrative............... 45.3 41.0
Depreciation and Amortization..................... 16.7 28.2
Equity in (Earnings) Losses of Ventures........... (2.6) 6.7
Interest Income................................... (1.6) (5.2)
Interest Expense.................................. 4.6 2.4
Foreign Currency Loss............................. 7.5 2.7
Provision for Income Taxes........................ 5.2 6.8
Cost of Revenue
Our cost of revenue decreased by 7% to $40.5 million for the year ended
December 31, 1999 down from $43.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1998.
The increase in cost of revenue due to Golden Telecom (Ukraine) and the CLEC
Services division of TeleRoss (formerly TCM) being included in our consolidated
results of operations only from June 30, 1998 and July 1, 1998, respectively was
more than offset by reductions in cost of revenue at our other operating
companies.
CLEC Services. Cost of revenue from CLEC services increased to $12.8
million, or 29% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999 from $7.3
million, or 28%, of revenue for the year ended December 31, 1998.
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Of the CLEC Services increase in cost of revenue of $5.5 million, the CLEC
Services division of TeleRoss (formerly TCM) accounted for a net increase of
$2.0 million. The balance of the increase in cost of revenue of $3.5 million was
from Golden Telecom BTS. The consolidation of TCM only from July 1, 1998
accounted for $3.5 million of the increase, offset by a decline in second half
cost of revenue of $1.5 million. The consolidation of Golden Telecom BTS only
from June 30, 1998 accounted for $2.8 million of the increase, plus an increase
in second half cost of revenue of $0.7 million.
The CLEC Services division of TeleRoss (formerly TCM) cost of revenue
decreased to $7.0 million, or 23% of revenue, for the year ended December 31,
1999 from $10.4 million, or 25% of revenue, for the year ended December 31,
1998. The decrease as a percentage of revenue resulted from improved efficiency
in TCM's network operations. TCM was only consolidated from July 1, 1998 in the
year ended December 31, 1998.
The CLEC Services division of Golden Telecom BTS cost of revenue increased
to $5.8 million, or 43% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999 from
$4.2 million, or 41% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1998. Golden
Telecom BTS was only consolidated from June 30, 1998 in the year ended December
31, 1998.
Data and Internet Services. Cost of revenue from Data and Internet
Services cost of revenue increased to $15.8 million, or 58% of revenue, for the
year ended December 31, 1999 from $12.6 million, or 51% of revenue, for the year
ended December 31, 1998. The increase as a percentage of revenue largely
reflects competitive pricing reducing the margin on our data services. Following
the acquisition of Glasnet we are continuing to implement improvements in the
provisioning of our fiber routes, which are expected to improve our network
costs.
Long Distance Services. Cost of revenue from Long Distance Services
decreased to $9.3 million, or 82% of revenue, in 1999 from $22.0 million, or 82%
of revenue, in 1998. The decrease reflected a reduction in long distance
settlements paid to other carriers, similar to our own reduction in revenue
caused by decreased tariffs.
Mobile Services. Cost of revenue from Mobile Services increased to $4.6
million, or 26% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999 from $3.6
million, or 37% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1998. Of the Mobile
Services increase in cost of revenue of $1.0 million in the year ended December
31, 1999, $2.5 million was due to an increase in Golden Telecom GSM, offset by a
$1.5 million decline in the business group's cost of revenue. The consolidation
of Golden Telecom GSM only from June 30, 1998, accounted for $1.8 million of the
increase, plus an increase in the second half cost of revenue of $0.7 million.
Golden Telecom GSM cost of revenue increased to $4.2 million, or 25% of revenue,
for the year ended December 31, 1999 from $3.3 million, or 24% of revenue, for
the year ended December 31, 1998. The cost of revenue increased slightly as a
percentage of revenue as we reduced our tariffs in response to competitive
tariff pressures. Golden Telecom GSM was only consolidated from June 30, 1998 in
the year ended December 31, 1998.
Selling, General and Administrative
Our selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by 9% to $41.0
million, or 42% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999 down from $45.3
million, or 53% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1998. Increases due
to the consolidation of Golden Telecom (Ukraine) and TCM were offset by
reductions at our other consolidated entities. Reductions in costs included
employee remuneration as a result of our efforts to enhance operating
efficiency, as well as a reduction in bad debt expense of $3.0 million.
Depreciation and Amortization
Our depreciation and amortization expenses increased by 69% to $28.2
million for the year ended December 31, 1999 from $16.7 million for the year
ended December 31, 1998. This increase was largely the result of the
transactions that enabled us to consolidate Golden Telecom (Ukraine) from June
30, 1998 and TCM from July 1, 1998, which increased goodwill by $31.6 million,
and the consolidation of the two entities.
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Equity in Earnings/Losses of Ventures
The losses after interest and tax charges from investments in
non-consolidated ventures were $6.7 million for the year ended December 31, 1999
down from earnings of $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. We
recognized earnings at Sovintel of $2.8 million for the year ended December 31,
1999, which partially offset the losses we recognized at other ventures. In the
year ended December 31, 1998 our recognized earnings at Sovintel and TCM
together were $6.8 million.
Interest Income
Our interest income was $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1999
up from $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. The increase in
interest income largely reflects the interest received on the balance of the
cash from our IPO proceeds in September 1999.
Interest Expense
Our interest expense was $2.4 million for the year ended December 31, 1999
down from $4.6 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. The decrease in
interest expense was due to the reduction in third party debt during 1999.
Foreign Currency Loss
Our foreign currency loss decreased to $2.7 million for the year ended
December 31, 1999 from $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 1998. This
decrease was due to the reduced devaluation of the ruble in 1999, following on
from the substantial foreign currency loss in 1998 as a result of the
significant devaluation of the ruble.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes increased by 24% to $6.8 million for the
year ended December 31, 1999 from $5.2 million for year ended December 31, 1998.
The increase was almost entirely due to the consolidation of TCM from July 1,
1998. TCM's provision for income taxes following consolidation was $4.8 million.
TCM was only consolidated from July 1, 1998 in the year ended December 31, 1998.
NON-CONSOLIDATED RESULTS -- RESULTS OF NON-CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR
ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999 COMPARED TO THE RESULTS OF NON-CONSOLIDATED OPERATIONS
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998
This section is comprised of a limited discussion of Sovintel's results of
operations in the years ended December 31, 1999 and 1998. Sovintel was our
principal non-consolidated operating company during these periods.
SOVINTEL
Revenue
Sovintel's revenue decreased by 26% to $91.7 million for the year ended
December 31, 1999 down from $124.2 million for the year ended December 31, 1998.
Revenue from local, long distance and international call traffic decreased as a
result of the August 1998 Russian financial crisis adversely affected both
traffic volumes and tariffs charged. In particular, traffic from cellular
operators decreased 55% compared to the year ended December 31, 1998. Revenue
from incoming international traffic also fell sharply, largely because of a 23%
reduction in the average settlement rates paid to Sovintel by other operators.
Cost of Revenue
Sovintel's cost of revenue decreased to $51.1 million, or 56% of revenue,
for the year ended December 31, 1999, down from $76.2 million, or 61% of
revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1998. The decrease as percentage of
revenue was primarily a result of lower international and domestic settlement
rates paid to other
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operators. In particular, the effective rate paid to Russian carriers decreased
because their tariffs are denominated in rubles. Sovintel's cost of revenue for
the year ended December 31, 1999 included $8.7 million to TCM and the TeleRoss
Operating Company and $0.5 million paid to other group companies.
Selling, General and Administrative
Sovintel's selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by 26% to
$17.6 million, or 19% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1999 from
$23.8 million, or 19% of revenue, for the year ended December 31, 1998. The
largest portion of the decrease was attributable to the provision for bad debt
and to turnover and other taxes. This decrease was primarily due to lower
turnover taxes as a result of decreased revenue together with a reduction in the
bad debt expense.
INCOME TAXES
Our effective rate of income tax differs from the US statutory rate due to
the impact of the following factors (1) different income tax rates and
regulations apply in the countries where we operate; (2) amortization of
goodwill is not deductible for income tax purposes; and (3) in the year ended
December 31, 1999 we recorded a $19.8 million abandonment and restructuring
charge that was not deductible for income tax purposes. We have not recorded a
tax benefit in relation to our net operating loss carry-forward amount as our
taxable US income is largely comprised of interest income and dividends which we
do not expect to continue over the longer term. We have not recognized a tax
benefit in relation to the deferred tax assets of our Russian and Ukrainian
entities due to uncertainty over the application and future development of the
tax regimes in the two countries.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
Our cash, cash equivalents and investments available for sale were $112.2
million and $162.7 million as of December 31, 2000 and December 31, 1999,
respectively. Of these amounts, our cash and cash equivalents were $57.9 million
and $162.7 million as of December 31, 2000 and December 31, 1999, respectively.
In the fourth quarter of 2000, we invested in money market instruments with an
original maturity greater than three months which are classified as investments
available for sale. At December 31, 2000 investments available for sale were
$54.3 million.
Our total restricted cash was $2.6 million and $21.0 million as of December
31, 2000, and December 31, 1999, respectively. The decrease in the amount of
restricted cash was largely due to the effects of the exchange of Vostok Mobile
B.V. for the equity interest in MCT Corp. The restricted cash is maintained in
connection with certain of our debt obligations as described below.
During the twelve months ended December 31, 2000, we had net cash inflows
of $18.1 million from our operating activities. During the twelve months ended
December 31, 1999, we had net cash inflows of $16.4 million from our operating
activities. This increase in net cash inflows from operating activities at
December 31, 2000 is largely due to the reduction in our net loss. We used cash
of $111.4 million and $18.2 million for investing activities, which were
principally attributable to building our telecommunications networks and
acquisitions, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2000 and 1999,
respectively, and investing in money market instruments with an original
maturity greater than three months during the twelve months ended December 31,
2000. Network investing activities totaled $37.1 million for the twelve months
ended December 31, 2000 and included fiber optic capacity between Moscow and
Stockholm and the GSM network build out in Odessa, Ukraine. Network investing
activities totaled $22.1 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 1999.
We had working capital of $100.0 million as of December 31, 2000 and $132.5
million as of December 31, 1999. At December 31, 2000, we had total debt of
approximately $19.0 million, of which $3.3 million were current maturities. At
December 31, 1999, we had total debt of approximately $28.0 million, of which
$4.1 million were current maturities. Total debt at December 31, 1999 included
amounts that were fully collateralized by restricted cash. At December 31, 2000
and December 31, 1999, $11.0 million of our long-term debt, including the
current portion, was at fixed rates.
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In the first quarter of 2000, we entered into a lease for fiber capacity,
including facilities and maintenance, from Moscow to Stockholm. The lease has an
initial term of ten years with an option to renew for an additional five years.
Full prepayments were made to the lessor in April 2000 and August 2000. These
prepayments have been offset against the lease obligation in the financial
statements of the Company.
Some of our operating companies have received debt financing through direct
loans from affiliated companies. In addition, certain operating companies have
borrowed funds under a $22.7 million back-to-back, seven-year credit facility
from a Western-owned bank licensed to operate in Russia. Under this facility, we
provide full cash collateral, held in London and recorded on our balance sheet
as restricted cash, for onshore loans made by the bank to our Russian registered
joint ventures. In a second, similar facility, we provide full cash collateral
for a $10.0 million short term back-to-back, revolving, credit facility from the
same bank for two of our larger Russian operating companies. These two
facilities replaced the previous $30.0 million back-to-back facility that
expired on September 30, 2000. The funding level as of December 31, 2000 for all
these facilities totaled $1.9 million, of which none was funded to our
consolidated subsidiaries and $1.9 million was funded to our non-consolidated
entities.
Golden Telecom (Ukraine) entered into a 4-year supplier loan agreement with
Siemens AG ("Siemens Loan Agreement") whereby Siemens AG provided to Golden
Telecom (Ukraine) a loan of $3.4 million for the purchase from Siemens AG of
network equipment and services for use in the GSM 1800 Network in Odessa,
Ukraine, deployed in the third quarter of 2000. In accordance with the terms of
the Siemens Loan Agreement, Golden Telecom (Ukraine) is required to make eight
semi-annual payments plus accrued interest beginning May 15, 2001. The agreement
carries interest at a rate equal to the six month United States Dollar LIBOR
plus 4.9%. The Siemens Loan Agreement became effective with the execution of a
payment guarantee by Golden Telecom, Inc. in October 2000.
In order for us to compete successfully, we will require substantial
capital to continue to develop our networks and meet the funding requirements of
our operations and ventures, including losses from operations. We will also
require capital for our acquisition and business development initiatives. The
net proceeds from our IPO and our private placement will be applied to these
funding requirements. We also expect to fund these requirements through our cash
flow from operations, proceeds from additional equity and debt offerings that we
may conduct, and debt financing facilities.
In the future, we may execute especially large or numerous acquisitions,
inside and outside of the CIS, which may require us to raise additional funds
through a dilutive equity issuance, through additional borrowings with
collateralization and through the divestment of non-core assets, or combination
of the above. In the case these especially large or numerous acquisitions do not
materialize, we expect our current sources of funding, including the net
proceeds from our IPO and the related investment, to finance our capital
requirements for the next 12 to 24 months. The actual amount and timing of our
future capital requirements may differ materially from our current estimates
because of changes and fluctuations in our anticipated acquisitions,
investments, revenue, operating costs and network expansion plans and access to
alternative sources of financing on favorable terms. However, we may not be able
to obtain additional financing on favorable terms. As a result, we may be
subject to additional or more restrictive financial covenants, our interest
obligations may increase significantly and our shareholders may be adversely
diluted. Our failure to generate sufficient funds in the future, whether from
operations or by raising additional debt or equity capital, may require us to
delay or abandon some or all of our anticipated expenditures, to sell assets, or
both, which could have a material adverse effect on our operations.
Although we have achieved positive cash flow from operations, we cannot
assure you that our operations will sustain positive operating cash flow or
achieve operating profitability in the future. If we cannot achieve and sustain
operating profitability or positive cash flow from operations, we may not be
able to meet our debt service obligations or working capital requirements, and
the value of our shares of common stock may decline.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK AND TREASURY
AND CURRENCY EXPOSURE MANAGEMENT
Our treasury function has managed our funding, liquidity and exposure to
interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate risks. Our investment treasury
operations are conducted within guidelines that have been established and
authorized by our audit committee. In accordance with our policy, we do not
enter into any treasury management transactions of a speculative nature.
The ruble and the hryvna are generally non-convertible outside Russia and
Ukraine, respectively, so our ability to hedge against further devaluation by
converting to other currencies is significantly limited. Further, our ability to
convert rubles and hryvna into other currencies in Russia and Ukraine,
respectively, is subject to rules that restrict the purposes for which
conversion and the payment of foreign currencies are allowed.
Given that much of our operating costs are indexed to or denominated in US
dollars, including employee compensation expense, capital expenditure and
interest expense, we have taken specific steps to minimize our exposure to
fluctuations in the appropriate foreign currency. Although local currency
control regulations require us to collect virtually all of our revenue in local
currency, certain ventures generally either price or invoice in US dollars or
index their invoices and collections to the applicable dollar exchange rate.
Customer contracts may include clauses allowing additional invoicing if the
applicable exchange rate changes significantly between the invoice date and the
date of payment, favorable terms for early or pre-payments and heavy penalty
clauses for overdue payments. Maintaining the dollar value of our revenue
subjects us to additional tax on exchange gains.
Although we are attempting to match revenue, costs, borrowing and
repayments in terms of their respective currencies, we may experience economic
loss and a negative impact on earnings as a result of foreign currency exchange
rate fluctuations.
Our cash and cash equivalents are held largely in interest bearing
accounts, in US Dollars, however we do have bank accounts denominated in Russian
rubles and Ukrainian hryvna. Book value as at December 31, 2000 and 1999
approximates fair value.
Cash in excess of our immediate operating needs is invested in US money
market instruments. In accordance with our investment policy, we maintain a
diversified portfolio of low risk, fully liquid securities. Our investments
available for sale of $54.3 million as at December 31, 2000, are stated at fair
value.
We are exposed to market risk from changes in interest rates on our
obligations and we also face exposure to adverse movements in foreign currency
exchange rates. A portion of our debt obligations is denominated in foreign
currencies which exposes us to risks associated with changes in foreign currency
exchange rates. We have developed risk management policies that establish
guidelines for managing foreign currency exchange rate risk and we also
periodically evaluate the materiality of foreign currency exchange exposures and
the financial instruments available to mitigate this exposure. Fair value of our
debt obligations at December 31, 2000 and 1999, approximates total value.
In September 2000, Golden Telecom, Inc. issued a $9.0 million convertible
loan to MCT in connection with the agreement to acquire the ownership interest
in MCT. This convertible loan has a term of 13 months and a fixed interest rate
of 13 percent per annum. Fair value approximates the carrying amount.
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The following table provides information (in thousands) about our cash
equivalents, investments available for sale, convertible loan, and debt
obligations that are sensitive to changes in interest rates.
2000 1999
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 THEREAFTER TOTAL TOTAL
------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ---------- ------- --------
Cash equivalents......................... $57,889 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $57,889 $145,783
Investments available for sale
Variable rate.......................... $54,344 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $54,344 $ --
Average interest rate.................. 6.60% -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Note receivable.......................... $ 9,000 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 9,000 $ --
Fixed rate............................. 13.00% -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Long-term debt, including current portion
Fixed rate............................. $ -- $ -- $1,216 $2,832 $3,242 $3,710 $11,000 $ 11,000
Average interest rate.................. -- -- 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% -- --
Long-term debt, including current portion
Variable rate.......................... $ 3,339 $2,220 $1,488 $ 950 $ -- $ -- $ 7,997 $ 17,029
Average interest rate.................. 10.34% 10.60% 10.92% 11.46% -- -- -- --
The following table provides information about our financial instruments by
local currency and where applicable, presents such information in US dollar
equivalents (in thousands). The table summarizes information on instruments that
are sensitive to foreign currency exchange rates, including foreign currency
denominated debt obligations.
2000 1999
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 THEREAFTER TOTAL TOTAL
------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ---------- ------- -------
ASSETS
Current assets
Russian rubles............................. $5,642 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 5,642 $ 5,996
Average foreign currency exchange rate... 28.16 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ukrainian hryvna........................... $2,742 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 2,742 $ 1,423
Average foreign currency exchange rate... 5.43 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
LIABILITIES
Current liabilities
Russian rubles............................. $1,097 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 1,097 $ 2,753
Average foreign currency exchange rate... 28.16 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ukrainian hryvna........................... $1,365 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 1,365 $ 315
Average foreign currency exchange rate... 5.43 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Long-term debt, including current portion
US dollars
Variable rate............................ $2,960 $2,220 $1,488 $ 950 $ -- $ -- $ 7,618 $15,205
Average interest rate.................... 10.44% 10.60% 10.92% 11.46% -- -- -- --
Fixed rate............................... $ -- $ -- $1,216 $2,832 $3,242 $3,710 $11,000 $11,000
Average interest rate.................... -- -- 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% 14.00% -- --
German marks
Variable rate............................ $ 365 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 365 $ 1,768
Average interest rate.................... 9.54% -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Ukrainian hryvna
Variable rate............................ $ 14 $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ -- $ 14 $ 56
Average interest rate.................... 9.54% -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Our interest income and expense are most sensitive to changes in the
general level of U.S. interest rates. In this regard, changes in U.S. interest
rates affect the interest earned on our cash equivalents and short-term
investments as well as interest paid on debt. Carrying value of the hryvna and
German mark debt obligations approximate fair value as at December 31, 2000.
Fair value of the US dollar denominated fixed rate debt obligations was $12.0
million as at December 31, 2000. At December 31, 1999 the carrying value of the
US dollar denominated debt obligations approximated the fair value.
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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS
Certain statements contained in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and other parts of this document,
including, without limitation, those concerning (i) projected traffic volume and
other growth indicators; (ii) anticipated revenues and expenses; (iii) the
Company's competitive environment and our stated intention to be the largest
alternative communications operator in the markets where we offer our services;
(iv) the future performance of consolidated and equity method investments; and
(v) the political, regulatory and financial situation in the markets in which we
operate, are forward-looking and concern the Company's projected operations,
economic performance and financial condition. These forward-looking statements
are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Securities Litigation
Reform Act of 1995. It is important to note that such statements involve risks
and uncertainties and that actual results may differ materially from those
expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Among the key factors
that have a direct bearing on the Company's results of operations, economic
performance and financial condition are the commercial and execution risks
associated with implementing the Company's business plan, the political,
economic and legal environment in the markets in which the Company operates,
increasing competitiveness in the telecommunications and Internet-related
businesses that may limit growth opportunities, and increased and intense
downward price pressures on some of the services that we offer. These and other
factors are discussed herein under "Management's Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations" and elsewhere in this Report.
Additional information concerning factors that could cause results to
differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements are contained in
this Form 10-K. Additional information may also be contained in the filings with
the U.S. Security and Exchange Commission submitted by Global TeleSystems, Inc.,
("GTS") the majority shareholder in the Company.
In addition, any statements that express, or involve discussions as to,
expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, assumptions or future events or
performance (often, but not always, through the use of words or phrases such as
"will likely result," "are expected to," "estimated," "intends," "plans,"
"projection" and "outlook") are not historical facts and may be forward-looking
and, accordingly, such statements involve estimates, assumptions and
uncertainties which could cause actual results to differ materially from those
expressed in the forward-looking statements. Accordingly, any such statements
are qualified in their entirety by reference to, and are accompanied by, the
factors discussed throughout this Report and investors, therefore, should not
place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements.
Further, any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which
such statement is made, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update any
forward-looking statement or statements to reflect events or circumstances after
the date on which such statement is made or to reflect the occurrence of
unanticipated events. New factors may emerge from time to time, and it is not
possible for management to predict all of such factors. Further, management
cannot assess the impact of each such factor on the Company's business or the
extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results
to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
63
66
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
PAGE
----
YEAR END FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Auditors............................ 65
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1999 and
2000................................................... 66
Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended
December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000....................... 67
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended
December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000....................... 68
Consolidated Statements of Shareholder's Equity for the
years ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000........... 69
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements................ 70
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
YEAR END FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Report of Independent Auditors............................ 94
Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1999 and 2000........... 95
Statements of Income for the years ended December 31,
1998, 1999 and 2000.................................... 96
Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31,
1998, 1999 and 2000.................................... 97
Statements of Members' Equity for the years ended December
31, 1998, 1999 and 2000................................ 98
Notes to Financial Statements............................. 99
64
67
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
The Board of Directors and Shareholders
Golden Telecom, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Golden
Telecom, Inc. as of December 31, 2000 and 1999, and the related consolidated
statements of operations, cash flows, and shareholders' equity for each of the
three years in the period ended December 31, 2000. Our audits also included the
financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 14(a). These financial
statements and schedule are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements and
schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally
accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a
test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and
significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly,
in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Golden Telecom,
Inc. at December 31, 2000 and 1999, and the consolidated results of its
operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended
December 31, 2000, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted
in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, the related financial
statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic financial
statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the
information set forth therein.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG (CIS) LIMITED
Moscow, Russia
February 13, 2001
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68
ITEM 8. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION FOR THE
COMPANY.
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT SHARE DATA)
DECEMBER 31,
---------------------
1999 2000
--------- ---------
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS
Cash and cash equivalents................................. $ 162,722 $ 57,889
Investments available for sale............................ -- 54,344
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful
accounts of $4,010 and $3,124 at December 31, 1999 and
2000, respectively...................................... 10,961 19,291
Prepaid expenses.......................................... 2,666 4,413
Other current assets...................................... 5,252 5,471
--------- ---------
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS............................... 181,601 141,408
Property and equipment:
Telecommunications equipment.............................. 71,077 100,065
Furniture, fixtures and equipment......................... 7,408 9,361
Other property............................................ 4,058 4,655
Construction in progress.................................. 8,922 10,549
--------- ---------
91,465 124,630
Accumulated depreciation.................................. 29,289 42,253
--------- ---------
Net property and equipment.............................. 62,176 82,377
Investments in and advances to ventures..................... 45,196 49,629
Goodwill and intangible assets:
Goodwill.................................................. 72,785 75,543
Intangible assets......................................... 14,419 42,922
--------- ---------
87,204 118,465
Accumulated amortization.................................. 33,737 48,420
--------- ---------
Net goodwill and intangible assets...................... 53,467 70,045
Restricted cash............................................. 20,264 2,519
Other non-current assets.................................... 3,920 2,478
--------- ---------
TOTAL ASSETS....................................... $ 366,624 $ 348,456
========= =========
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES
Accounts payable and accrued expenses..................... $ 35,022 $ 28,256
Debt maturing within one year............................. 4,148 3,339
Due to affiliates......................................... 6,563 7,957
Other current liabilities................................. 3,392 1,886
--------- ---------
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES.......................... 49,125 41,438
Long-term debt, less current portion........................ 17,631 9,408
Affiliate long-term debt.................................... 6,250 6,250
Other non-current liabilities............................... 2,250 4,830
--------- ---------
TOTAL LIABILITIES.................................. 75,256 61,926
COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Minority interest........................................... 2,816 3,337
SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value (10,000,000 shares
authorized; none issued and outstanding at December 31,
1999 and 2000).......................................... -- --
Common stock, $0.01 par value (50,000,000 and 100,000,000
shares authorized; 24,050,125 and 24,479,997 shares
issued and outstanding at December 31, 1999 and 2000
respectively)........................................... 241 245
Additional paid-in capital................................ 407,863 412,754
Accumulated deficit....................................... (119,552) (129,806)
--------- ---------
TOTAL SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY......................... 288,552 283,193
--------- ---------
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY......... $ 366,624 $ 348,456
========= =========
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
66
69
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------
1998 1999 2000
-------- -------- --------
REVENUE:
Telecommunication services................................ $ 78,614 $ 86,807 $102,492
Revenue from affiliates................................... 7,472 11,124 10,597
-------- -------- --------
TOTAL REVENUE..................................... 86,086 97,931 113,089
OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
Access and network services............................... 43,574 40,516 50,954
Selling, general and administrative....................... 45,327 41,011 45,420
Depreciation and amortization............................. 16,709 28,143 31,851
Abandonment and restructuring charge...................... -- 19,813 --
-------- -------- --------
TOTAL OPERATING EXPENSES.......................... 105,610 129,483 128,225
LOSS FROM OPERATIONS........................................ (19,524) (31,552) (15,136)
-------- -------- --------
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE):
Equity in earnings (losses) of ventures................... 2,559 (6,677) (285)
Interest income........................................... 1,649 5,208 10,445
Interest expense.......................................... (4,652) (2,394) (3,319)
Foreign currency losses................................... (7,452) (2,739) (390)
Minority interest......................................... (1,040) (1,477) (431)
Other non-operating expense............................... -- -- (148)
-------- -------- --------
TOTAL OTHER INCOME (EXPENSES)..................... (8,936) (8,079) 5,872
-------- -------- --------
Net loss before income taxes................................ (28,460) (39,631) (9,264)
Income taxes................................................ 5,184 6,823 990
-------- -------- --------
NET LOSS.................................................... $(33,644) $(46,454) $(10,254)
======== ======== ========
Net loss per share.......................................... $ (3.17) $ (3.38) $ (0.43)
======== ======== ========
Weighted average common shares outstanding.................. 10,600 13,736 24,096
======== ======== ========
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
67
70
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(IN THOUSANDS)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------------
1998 1999 2000
-------- -------- ---------
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net loss.................................................. $(33,644) $(46,454) $ (10,254)
Adjustments to Reconcile Net Loss to Net Cash Provided by
Operating Activities:
Depreciation.............................................. 6,941 11,863 15,133
Amortization.............................................. 9,768 16,280 16,718
Equity in (earnings) losses of ventures, net of dividends
received............................................... (2,559) 6,677 285
Abandonment and restructuring charge...................... -- 19,813 --
Minority interest......................................... 1,040 1,477 431
Foreign currency losses................................... 7,452 2,739 390
Other..................................................... 5,488 1,387 1,169
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable.................................... (1,145) 495 (8,558)
Accounts payable and accrued expenses.................. 4,570 1,337 5,945
Other assets and liabilities........................... 3,379 758 (3,145)
-------- -------- ---------
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES................... 1,290 16,372 18,114
INVESTING ACTIVITIES
Purchases of property and equipment and intangible
assets................................................. (18,704) (22,110) (37,115)
Acquisitions, net of cash acquired........................ (40,017) (6,397) (24,309)
Restricted cash........................................... (19,096) 7,251 4,448
Purchase of investments available for sale................ -- -- (53,080)
Convertible loan to affiliated company.................... -- -- (9,000)
Dividend received from affiliated company................. -- -- 1,910
Other investing........................................... 15,404 3,073 5,776
-------- -------- ---------
NET CASH USED IN INVESTING ACTIVITIES....................... (62,413) (18,183) (111,370)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Proceeds from debt........................................ 13,885 6,857 22,900
Repayments of debt........................................ (7,104) (13,983) (31,540)
Net proceeds from issuance of common stock................ -- 142,453 --
Net proceeds from shareholder............................. 67,370 16,071 32
Other financing........................................... -- -- (2,815)
-------- -------- ---------
NET CASH PROVIDED BY (USED IN) FINANCING ACTIVITIES......... 74,151 151,398 (11,423)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash
equivalents............................................... (2,798) (1,029) (154)
-------- -------- ---------
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents........ 10,230 148,558 (104,833)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period............ 3,934 14,164 162,722
-------- -------- ---------
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS AT END OF PERIOD.................. $ 14,164 $162,722 $ 57,889
======== ======== =========
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
68
71
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998, 1999, AND 2000
(IN THOUSANDS)
COMMON STOCK ADDITIONAL TOTAL
--------------- PAID-IN ACCUMULATED SHAREHOLDERS'
SHARES AMOUNT CAPITAL DEFICIT EQUITY
------ ------ ---------- ----------- -------------
Balance at December 31, 1997.................... 10,600 $106 $154,916 $ (39,454) $115,568
Contributions by shareholder.................. -- -- 86,859 -- 86,859
Net loss...................................... -- -- -- (33,644) (33,644)
------ ---- -------- --------- --------
Balance at December 31, 1998.................... 10,600 $106 $241,775 $ (73,098) $168,783
Proceeds from the sale of common stock, net of
expenses of $8,348.......................... 13,030 131 142,322 -- 142,453
Issuance of warrants.......................... -- -- 1,500 -- 1,500
Compensatory restricted stock grants.......... -- -- 213 -- 213
Acquisition of Ukrainian TeleSystems, LLC..... 420 4 5,032 -- 5,036
Contributions by shareholder.................. -- -- 17,021 -- 17,021
Net loss...................................... -- -- -- (46,454) (46,454)
------ ---- -------- --------- --------
Balance at December 31, 1999.................... 24,050 $241 $407,863 $(119,552) $288,552
Compensatory restricted stock grants.......... -- -- 852 -- 852
Acquisition of Ukrainian TeleSystems, LLC..... 30 -- 360 -- 360
Acquisition of Agama Limited.................. 400 4 3,795 -- 3,799
Adjustment of shareholder contribution........ -- -- (116) -- (116)
Net loss...................................... -- -- -- (10,254) (10,254)
------ ---- -------- --------- --------
Balance at December 31, 2000.................... 24,480 $245 $412,754 $(129,806) $283,193
====== ==== ======== ========= ========
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
69
72
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
NOTE 1: NATURE OF BUSINESS OPERATIONS
Golden Telecom, Inc. ("Golden Telecom" or the "Company") is a provider of a
broad range of telecommunications services to businesses, other
telecommunications service providers and consumers. The Company provides these
services through its operation of voice, Internet and data networks,
international gateways, local access and cellular networks and various
value-added services in the Commonwealth of Independent States ("CIS"),
primarily in Russia. Golden Telecom was incorporated in Delaware on June 10,
1999 for the purpose of acting as a holding company for Global TeleSystems,
Inc.'s ("GTS") operating entities within the CIS and supporting non-CIS holding
companies (the "CIS Entities"). On September 29, 1999, GTS transferred its
ownership rights in the CIS Entities to the Company in anticipation of the
Company's initial pubic offering ("IPO") which closed on October 5, 1999.
The CIS Entities were subsidiaries of GTS prior to the transfer of
ownership rights of the CIS Entities to the Company, and GTS remains the
majority shareholder in the Company. As the CIS Entities are under common
control, the accompanying 1998 and 1999 financial statements give effect to the
reorganization as if it were a pooling of interests and the financial statements
have been presented on a carve-out basis and include the historical results of
operations and assets and liabilities directly related to Golden Telecom and
have been prepared from GTS' historical accounting records. No intangible assets
were created and recorded as a result of this reorganization.
NOTE 2: SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Principles of Consolidation
Wholly owned subsidiaries and majority owned ventures where the Company has
unilateral operating and financial control are consolidated. Those ventures
where the Company exercises significant influence, but does not exercise
unilateral operating and financial control are accounted for by the equity
method. The Company had certain majority-owned ventures that were accounted for
by the equity method as a result of minority shareholder rights, super majority
voting conditions, or other considerations that prevented the Company from
obtaining unilateral control of the venture, but these ventures were acquired by
MCT Corp. in December 2000. All significant inter-company accounts and
transactions are eliminated upon consolidation.
The Company recognizes profits and losses in accordance with its underlying
ownership percentage or allocation percentage as specified in the agreements
with its partners; however, the Company recognizes 100% of the losses in
ventures where the Company bears all of the financial risk. When such ventures
become profitable, the Company recognizes 100% of the profits until such time as
the excess losses previously recognized have been recovered. The results of
operations of the abandoned cellular ventures are excluded from our results of
operations from August 31, 1999, the date of abandonment, through to disposition
in December 2000.
Results of subsidiaries acquired and accounted for by the purchase method
have been included in operations from the relevant date of acquisition.
Foreign Currency Translation
The Company's functional currency is the US dollar because the majority of
its revenues, costs, property and equipment purchased, and debt and trade
liabilities are either priced, incurred, payable or otherwise measured in US
dollars. Each of the legal entities domiciled in the CIS maintains its records
and prepares its financial statements in the local currency (either Russian
rubles or Ukrainian hryvna) in accordance with the requirements of accounting
and tax legislation. The accompanying financial statements differ from the
financial statements used for statutory purposes in the CIS in that they reflect
certain adjustments, recorded on the Company's CIS legal entities' books, which
are appropriate to present the financial position, results of operations and
cash flows in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the
United States of
70
73
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
America ("US GAAP"). The principal adjustments are related to revenue
recognition, foreign currency translation, deferred taxation, consolidation, and
depreciation and valuation of property and equipment.
The Company follows a translation policy in accordance with SFAS No. 52,
"Foreign Currency Translation," (as amended by SFAS No. 130, "Reporting
Comprehensive Income"). The temporal method for translating assets and
liabilities is used for translation of the Company's legal entities domiciled in
the CIS. Accordingly, monetary assets and liabilities are translated at current
exchange rates while non-monetary assets and liabilities are translated at their
historical rates. Income and expense accounts are translated at average monthly
rates of exchange. The resultant translation adjustments are included in the
operations of the subsidiaries and ventures.
All foreign currency gains and losses recognized in the operations of
consolidated subsidiaries are included in the Company's statement of operations
as "foreign currency losses." The Company's proportionate share of all foreign
currency gains and losses recognized in the operations of ventures accounted for
by the equity method of accounting are recognized in the Company's statement of
operations as "equity in earnings of ventures."
The local currencies of the countries located within the CIS are not
convertible outside the territory of the respective countries. Official exchange
rates are determined daily by the respective Central Banks and were considered
to be reasonable approximations of market rates until mid-August 1998. Since
that date, liquidity in the currency trading and inter-bank trading has varied.
As a result, the market rates have fluctuated significantly and have, at times,
diverged from the official rates. Nonetheless, the various market-related rates
are based on the official rates. Accordingly, the respective official rates have
been used for translation purposes in these financial statements. The
translation of local currency denominated assets and liabilities into US dollars
for the purpose of these financial statements does not indicate that the Company
could realize or settle in US dollars the reported values of the assets and
liabilities. Likewise, it does not indicate that the Company could return or
distribute the reported US dollar value of capital to its shareholders.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The Company classifies cash on hand and deposits in banks, including
commercial paper, money market accounts, and any other investments with an
original maturity of three months or less, that the Company may hold from time
to time, as cash and cash equivalents. In addition, the Company had $21.0
million and $2.6 million of restricted cash at December 31, 1999 and 2000,
respectively. The restricted cash is primarily related to cash held in escrow at
a financial institution for the collateralization of debt obligations that
certain of the Company's consolidated subsidiaries and equity ventures have
borrowed from such financial institution.
Investments Available for Sale
The Company classifies its investments in debt securities, which do not
qualify as cash equivalents due to their extended maturities, as investments
available for sale. Investments available for sale of $54.3 million as of
December 31, 2000 consisted of money market instruments such as certificates of
deposit and commercial paper, and the contractual maturity of the entire balance
is less than one year. Investments available for sale are stated at fair value
which approximates cost plus accrued interest income. Accordingly, there are no
unrecognized gains or losses as of December 31, 2000.
Accounts Receivable, Net
Accounts receivable are shown at their net realizable value which
approximates their fair value.
71
74
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Inventories
Inventories, which are classified as other current assets, are stated at
the lower of cost or market. Cost is computed on a specific identification
basis.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is stated at cost. Depreciation is calculated on a
straight-line basis over the lesser of the estimated lives, ranging from five to
ten years for telecommunications equipment and three to five years for
furniture, fixtures and equipment and other property, or their contractual term.
Construction in process reflects amounts incurred for the configuration and
build-out of telecommunications equipment not yet placed into service.
Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred. At December 31,
2000, the Company has included in property and equipment, a capitalized leases
in the amount of $9.8 million with associated accumulated depreciation of $1.1
million. Amortization of assets recorded under capital leases is included with
depreciation expense for the year ended December 31, 2000.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
Goodwill represents the excess of acquisition costs over the fair market
value of the net assets of acquired businesses, and is being amortized on a
straight-line basis over its estimated useful life, five years. Intangible
assets, principally telecommunications service contracts, licenses, software and
content are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of their
estimated useful lives, generally three to five years, or their contractual
term. In accordance with Accounting Principles Board ("APB") Opinion No. 17,
"Intangible Assets," the Company continues to evaluate the amortization period
to determine whether events or circumstances warrant revised amortization
periods. Additionally, the Company considers whether the carrying value of such
assets should be reduced based on the future benefits of its intangible assets.
Long-Lived Assets
In accordance with SFAS No. 121, "Accounting for the Impairment of
Long-Lived Assets and for Long-Lived Assets to be Disposed of," long-lived
assets to be held and used by the Company are reviewed to determine whether an
event or change in circumstances indicates that the carrying amount of the asset
may not be recoverable. For long-lived assets to be held and used, the Company
bases its evaluation on such impairment indicators as the nature of the assets,
the future economic benefit of the assets, any historical or future
profitability measurements, as well as other external market conditions or
factors that may be present. If such impairment indicators are present or other
factors exist that indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be
recoverable, the Company determines whether an impairment has occurred through
the use of an undiscounted cash flows analysis of assets at the lowest level for
which identifiable cash flows exist. If impairment has occurred, the Company
recognizes a loss for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair
value of the asset. The fair value of the asset is measured using discounted
cash flow analysis or other valuation techniques. No impairment expense was
recognized in 1998, 1999 or 2000.
Income Taxes
The Company uses the liability method of accounting for income taxes.
Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the tax basis of
assets and liabilities and the basis as reported in the consolidated financial
statements. The Company does not provide for deferred taxes on the undistributed
earnings of its foreign companies, as such earnings are generally intended to be
reinvested in those operations permanently. In the case of non-consolidated
entities where our partner requests that a dividend be paid, the amounts are not
expected to have a material impact on the Company's income tax liability. Prior
to its formation, the Company was functioning as operating units of GTS and was
included in the consolidated tax return of GTS.
72
75
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Revenue Recognition
The Company records as revenue the amount of telecommunications and
Internet services rendered, as measured primarily by the minutes of traffic
processed, after deducting an estimate of the traffic that are partial minutes
and test traffic which will be neither billed nor collected, and the time spent
online. Revenue from service contracts is accounted for when the services are
provided. Billings received in advance of service being performed are deferred
and recognized as revenue as the service is performed. Revenues are stated net
of any value-added taxes ("VAT") charged to customers. Certain other taxes that
are based on revenues earned were incurred at rates ranging from 1.5% to 4.0%
during 1998, 1999 and 2000, and have been included in operating expenses since
these taxes are incidental to the revenue cycle.
In accordance with the provisions of the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No.
101, the Company has deferred telecommunications connection fees and capitalized
telecommunication connection fee cost of revenue. The deferral of revenue and
capitalization of cost of revenue will be recognized over the estimated life of
the customer. The current amount of deferred revenue was negligible and $2.0
million as of December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively. The non-current amount
of deferred revenue was $0.2 million and $2.7 million as of December 31, 1999
and 2000, respectively.
Advertising
The Company expenses the cost of advertising as incurred. Advertising
expenses for the year ended December 31, 1999 and 2000 were $2.8 million and
$5.0 million, respectively. Advertising expenses were not material in the year
ended December 31, 1998.
Net Loss Per Share
The Company's net loss per share calculation (basic and diluted) is based
upon the weighted average common shares outstanding of the Company. The
10,600,000 common shares issued in connection with the formation of the Company
are considered to be outstanding for all periods prior to 1999. There are no
reconciling items in the numerator or denominator of the Company's net loss per
share calculation. Warrants, stock options and restricted stock grants have been
excluded from the net loss per share calculation because their effect would be
antidilutive.
Government Pension Funds
The Company contributes to the Russian and Ukrainian state pension funds
and social funds, on behalf of all its Russian and Ukrainian employees.
Contributions are determined as a percentage of gross payroll.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts for cash and cash equivalents, investments held for
sale, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued liabilities, and short-term
debt approximate their fair value. The carrying value of long-term debt to GTS
and a vendor of telecommunications equipment approximated the fair value as of
December 31, 1999 and the fair value was $12.0 million as of December 31, 2000.
Comprehensive Income
On January 1, 1998, the Company adopted SFAS No. 130, "Reporting
Comprehensive Income," which establishes standards for reporting and display of
comprehensive income and its components in a full set of general purpose
financial statements. Comprehensive income is defined as the change in equity of
a business enterprise during a period from non-owner sources. For the years
ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000, comprehensive income for the Company is
equal to net loss.
73
76
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Off Balance Sheet Risk and Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration
of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and investments
held for sale. Of the $57.9 million of cash and cash equivalents and $54.3
million of investments available for sale held at December 31, 2000, $92.2
million was held in US money market instruments in US financial institutions.
The balance being maintained in US-owned and, to a lesser extent, local
financial institutions within the CIS. The Company extends credit to various
customers and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts for specific
customers that it determines to have significant credit risk. The company
generally does not require collateral to extend credit to its customers.
On August 17, 1998 the exchange rate of the Russian ruble, relative to
other currencies, declined significantly. Due to the devaluation, many Russian
banks were declared bankrupt. Deposits held at Russian banks, other than
Sberbank, are not insured by the Russian government. The last official exchange
rate prior to the suspension of trading on August 17, 1998 was 6.2725 rubles per
US dollar. The official exchange rate as of December 31, 1999 and December 31,
2000 was 27.00 rubles and 28.16 per US dollar, respectively. The Company has
taken and intends to continue to take actions that may minimize the unfavorable
effect of ruble devaluation.
Stock-Based Compensation
Prior to its formation, certain employees of the Company participated in
one or more of the stock option plans of GTS. The Company has now established
its own stock-based compensation plans as detailed in Note 8. The Company
follows the provisions of SFAS No. 123, "Accounting for Stock-Based
Compensation," for its plans. SFAS No. 123 establishes a fair value method of
accounting for employee stock options and similar equity instruments. The fair
value method requires compensation cost to be measured at the grant date based
on the value of the award and is recognized over the service period. SFAS No.
123 generally allows companies to either account for stock-based compensation
under the new provisions of SFAS No. 123 or under the provisions of APB No. 25,
"Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees." The Company has elected to account
for its stock-based compensation in accordance with the provisions of APB No. 25
and present pro forma disclosures of results of operations as if the fair value
method had been adopted.
Use of Estimates in Preparation of Financial Statements
The preparation of these consolidated financial statements, in conformity
with US generally accepted accounting principles, requires management to make
estimates and assumptions that affect amounts in the financial statements and
accompanying notes and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the
reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
In June 1998, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement on
Financial and Accounting Standards No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities," which was amended in June 1999. The Company
will adopt the new statement, which is effective for fiscal years beginning
after June 15, 2000, on January 1, 2001. The statement requires the Company to
recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The Company does
not anticipate that the adoption of the new statement will have a significant
effect on its results of operations or financial position.
Comparative Figures
Certain of 1998 and 1999 amounts have been reclassified to conform to
presentation adopted in the current year.
74
77
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
NOTE 3: BUSINESS COMBINATIONS AND VENTURE TRANSACTIONS
The Company has continually increased its ownership interest in several of
its previously existing ventures by either buying all or part of the minority
shareholders' interest in these ventures. These transactions have enabled the
Company to consolidate certain ventures that were previously accounted for
following the equity method of accounting. The Company has executed these
transactions by paying cash and has accounted for these transactions under the
purchase method of accounting, and as such, any purchase price paid over net
tangible assets acquired has been reflected as goodwill, which is being
amortized on a straight-line basis for a period of five years. No adjustments
have been made to the assets and liabilities acquired, since their carrying
values approximated their fair market values on the date of the transactions.
In February 1998, the Company acquired the remaining interest in Sovam
Teleport ("Sovam") for cash consideration of $5.0 million. The Company's 1998
financial statements reflect the allocation of the purchase price, and as such,
the Company recorded approximately $4.6 million of goodwill.
In July 1998, the Company acquired the remaining interest in GTS Vox Ltd.,
the holding company for TCM, for cash consideration of $37.0 million. The
Company's 1998 financial statements reflect the allocation of the purchase
price, and as such, the Company recorded approximately $30.2 million in
goodwill.
In June 1998, the Company increased its beneficial interest in Golden
Telecom LLC ("Golden Telecom (Ukraine)") to 56.75% for cash consideration of
approximately $9.8 million. The Company's 1998 financial statements reflect the
allocation of the purchase price, and as such, the Company recorded
approximately $1.4 million in goodwill.
The following unaudited pro forma combined results of operations for the
Company gives effect to the Sovam, TCM and Golden Telecom (Ukraine) business
combinations as if they had occurred at the beginning of 1998 (in thousands,
except per share data). These pro forma amounts are provided for informational
purposes only and do not purport to present the results of operations of the
Company had the transactions assumed therein occurred on or as of the date
indicated, nor is it necessarily indicative of the results of operations which
may be achieved in the future:
FOR THE YEAR ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
1998
------------------
Revenues........................................... $117,367
Net loss........................................... (32,832)
Net loss per common share.......................... $ (3.10)
In August 1999, the Company increased its beneficial ownership in TCM to
100%. Goodwill in the amount of $3.2 million was recorded by the Company.
In addition, an affiliate of ING Barings which indirectly owned 12.25% of
Golden Telecom (Ukraine), contributed its indirect interest in Golden Telecom
(Ukraine) to a wholly owned subsidiary of Golden Telecom, Inc., upon the
consummation of the offering on September 30, 1999 in exchange for 420,000 newly
issued shares of common stock of the Company. In accordance with the
subscription agreement filed with the SEC at the time of the Initial Public
Offering, an additional 30,000 shares of common stock in the Company were issued
in full and final settlement to the affiliate of ING Barings. Our beneficial
interest in Golden Telecom (Ukraine) increased from 56.75% to 69% as the result
of this transaction.
In June 1999, the Company acquired the assets of Glasnet, a Moscow based
Internet Services Provider (ISP). In July 1999, the Company acquired a 75%
interest in SA Telcom LLP, a telecommunications and data services provider in
Kazakhstan. In December 1999, the company acquired the assets of Nevalink, an
Internet Services Provider (ISP), and of full-equity ownership of NevaTelecom.
Both Nevalink and
75
78
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
NevaTelecom provide telecom and Internet services to the St. Petersburg market.
These acquisitions were purchased for approximately $2.5 million in cash.
In February 2000, Golden Telecom Ukraine, a majority owned subsidiary,
acquired 99% of Sovam Teleport Ukraine, including a 51% interest previously held
by third parties. Sovam Teleport Ukraine is a provider of data and Internet
services to Ukraine-based business. In March 2000, the Company acquired the
assets of Referat.ru and Absolute Games, two leading vertical Internet portals
in the education and computer gaming categories of the Russian Internet. In
April 2000, the Company acquired the assets of Fintek, a prominent Moscow-based
Web design studio and 51% of Commercial Information Networks (KIS), the largest
Internet service provider in Nizhny Novgorod. In September 2000, SFMT-Rusnet,
Inc., a wholly-owned subsidiary, acquired 25% of SA Telcom LLP, a
telecommunications and data services provider in Kazakhstan, bringing its
ownership interest in this company up to 100%. The combined purchase price was
less than $3.0 million in cash.
In October 2000, the Company acquired the assets of IT INFOART STARS
("InfoArt"), a leading horizontal Russian and English language Internet portal,
for approximately $8.3 million in cash. InfoArt provides Internet users with a
wide variety of content from leading Russian new agencies and publications.
In December 2000, the Company acquired Agama Limited ("Agama") that owns
the Agama family of web properties for approximately $13.1 million in cash and
the issuance of 399,872 shares of the Company's common stock for $3.8 million,
including 79,974 shares that are subject to a holdback and have been placed in
escrow relating to personnel retention and payment of potential liability. The
Agama family of Russian web properties include Aport, Atrus ("@Rus"), and Omen.
The Company has executed the above transactions by paying cash and issuing
shares of the Company's common stock. These transactions have been accounted
under the purchase method of accounting, and as such, any purchase price paid
over net tangible and intangible assets acquired has been reflected as goodwill,
which is being amortized on a straight-line basis for a period of five years. No
adjustments have been made to the assets and liabilities acquired, since their
carrying values approximated their fair market values on the date of the
transactions.
The following information provides unaudited pro forma combined results of
operations for the Company to give effect to the InfoArt and Agama business
combinations as if they had occurred at the beginning of 1999. For the years
ended December 31, 2000 and 1999, the impact of InfoArt and Agama on revenues
would not have been significant. The pro forma net loss would have been $16.0
million, or $0.65 loss per common share for the year ended December 31, 2000 and
$52.2 million, or $3.69 loss per common share, for the year ended December 31,
1999 These pro forma amounts are provided for informational purposes only and do
not purport to present the results of operations of the Company had the
transactions assumed therein occurred on or as of the date indicated, nor is it
necessarily indicative of the results of operations which may be achieved in the
future.
In December 2000, the Company acquired an ownership interest in MCT Corp.
("MCT") in exchange for the Company's 100% ownership of Vostok Mobile B.V., a
Netherlands registered private limited holding company that owns the Company's
Russian mobile operations. Initially, the Company acquired approximately 24% of
the outstanding common stock of MCT and the Company expects to be later diluted
to not less than 18% as a result of subsequent equity offerings to be undertaken
by MCT. As part of the transaction, the Company also acquired $9.0 million of
MCT debt convertible into equity securities for cash.
The Company accounted for the exchange of the subsidiary Vostok Mobile B.V.
for an equity interest of approximately 24% in MCT at book value since the
related fair values were not readily determinable, accordingly, no gain or loss
was recognized on the exchange. Concurrent with the exchange of ownership
interests, certain assets and rights to certain obligations of our Russian
mobile ventures were assigned to MCT.
76
79
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Prior to the transaction the book value of the Company's interest was adjusted
for the effect of these concurrent transactions and the remaining portion of the
abandonment and restructuring reserve.
NOTE 4: INVESTMENTS IN AND ADVANCES TO VENTURES
The Company has various investments in ventures that are accounted for by
the equity method. The Company's ownership percentages in its equity method
investments, in the periods shown, range from 23% to 70%.
The components of the Company's investments in and advances to ventures are
as follows:
DECEMBER 31,
-----------------
1999 2000
------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Equity in net assets acquired............................... $ 8,186 $11,459
Excess of investment cost over equity in net assets acquired
net of amortization of $4,730 at December 31, 1999........ 390 --
Accumulated earnings recognized............................. 21,338 31,676
Dividends................................................... (1,442) (2,453)
Cash advances and other..................................... 16,724 8,947
------- -------
Total investments in and advances to ventures..... $45,196 $49,629
======= =======
In applying the equity method of accounting, the Company's policy is to
amortize the excess of investment cost over equity in net assets acquired based
upon an assignment of the excess to the fair value of the venture's identifiable
tangible and intangible assets, with any unassigned amounts designated as
goodwill. The Company then amortizes the allocated costs in accordance with its
policies defined in Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies."
The Company has financed the operating and investing cash flow requirements
of several of its ventures in the form of cash advances. The Company anticipates
that these ventures will generate sufficient cash inflows for the repayment of
the cash advances as their businesses mature. Also, due to the long-term nature
of the anticipated repayment period, except the convertible loan to MCT which is
due on October 29, 2001, and the potential risk associated with the repatriation
of the cash advances, the Company has aggregated its investments in and cash
advances to the ventures.
The $9.0 million convertible note acquired from MCT, together with all
accrued and unpaid interest shall be convertible into fully paid and
non-assessable shares of MCT at the option of GTI. The conversion price shall be
equal to 115% of the last price at which shares of MCT were purchased by a third
party in an arm's length offering. In the event MCT defaults on the payment of
principal or interest, GTI can convert the loan together with all accrued and
unpaid interest at a conversion price equal to $6.00 per fully paid and non-
assessable share of MCT. This loan is collateralized by a debt instrument issued
by an affiliate of MCT and assigned to MCT and further assigned to the Company,
pledged shares from one of MCT's subsidiaries, and shares in Vostok Mobile B.V.
The Company's share of the ventures' foreign currency translation
adjustments is reflected in the investment accounts.
77
80
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
CHANGES IN THE INVESTMENTS IN AND ADVANCES TO VENTURES
The changes in the investments in and advances to ventures are as follows:
DECEMBER 31,
-----------------
1999 2000
------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Balance, at beginning of period............................. $46,519 $45,196
Equity in net assets acquired............................. 159 --
Excess of investment cost over equity in net assets
acquired............................................... 120 --
Dividends................................................. (1,011) (1,049)
Effect of exchange of shares in Vostok Mobile B.V. for
MCT.................................................... -- 2,771
Convertible loan to MCT................................... -- 9,000
Cash advances (repayments) and other...................... 6,878 (6,005)
------- -------
6,146 4,717
Equity ownership in (losses)/earnings..................... (1,635) 2,355
Excess losses recognized over amount attributable to
ownership interest..................................... (4,125) (2,780)
Interest income on advances............................... 141 453
Amortization of excess of investment cost over equity in
net assets acquired.................................... (1,058) (312)
------- -------
(6,677) (284)
------- -------
Loss in value that is other than temporary................ (792) --
------- -------
Balance, at end of period................................... $45,196 $49,629
======= =======
For all periods presented through December 31, 2000, the significant
investments accounted for under the equity method and the percentage interest
owned consist of the following:
EQUITY METHOD ENTITIES
----------------------------------
PERIOD OWNERSHIP
--------------------- ----------
EDN Sovintel................................... All 50%
TeleRoss Ventures.............................. All 50% - 100%
Vostok Mobile Ventures......................... Through December 2000 50% - 70%
Sovam.......................................... Through January 1998 66.67%
TCM............................................ Through June 1998 50%
Golden Telecom (Ukraine)....................... Through June 1998 24.5%
MCT Corp....................................... From December 2000 23% - 24%
Sovam, TCM and Golden Telecom (Ukraine) are all accounted for using the
consolidation method subsequent to the dates indicated above.
The following tables present condensed financial information of the
Company's ventures that are accounted for by the equity method of accounting as
of December 31, 1999 and 2000. The December 31, 1999 and 2000 information
excludes the results of the abandoned Vostok Mobile ventures. The December 31,
2000 information includes the results of Vostok Mobile ventures that were
exchanged for an equity interest of approximately 24% in MCT until December 28,
2000, the date the exchange was completed. The December 31, 2000 information
includes the results of increased ownership in three TeleRoss ventures that
occurred in the second half of 2000. These three ventures were not material to
the financial statements as a
78
81
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
whole and therefore, the equity method of accounting was maintained throughout
2000. The December 31, 2000 balance sheet information includes the balances of
MCT.
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999 YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000
------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
50% OR TOTAL 50% OR TOTAL
MAJORITY LESS EQUITY MAJORITY LESS EQUITY
OWNED OWNED METHOD OWNED OWNED METHOD
VENTURES VENTURES VENTURES VENTURES VENTURES VENTURES
-------- ----------- ------------ -------- ----------- -------------
(IN THOUSANDS) (IN THOUSANDS)
Revenue........................ $ 1,758 $108,384 $110,142 $ 2,493 $113,846 $116,339
Gross margin................... 1,128 52,724 53,852 1,639 58,313 59,952
Net income..................... (1,205) 327 (878) (1,205) 5,939 4,734
Current assets................. 188 29,341 29,529 137 44,113 44,250
Total assets................... 4,285 109,373 113,658 808 216,461 217,269
Current liabilities............ 2,428 28,559 30,987 172 93,138 93,310
Total liabilities.............. 3,352 43,024 46,376 922 108,583 109,505
Net assets..................... 933 66,349 67,282 (114) 107,878 107,764
NOTE 5: SUPPLEMENTAL BALANCE SHEET INFORMATION
DECEMBER 31,
-----------------
1999 2000
------- -------
Other intangible assets consists of:
Internet software and related content..................... $ -- $24,463
Telecommunications service contracts...................... 5,888 5,888
Licenses.................................................. 4,783 5,302
Other intangible assets................................... 3,748 7,269
------- -------
Total other intangible assets..................... $14,419 $42,922
======= =======
Accounts payable and accrued expenses consists of:
Accounts payable.......................................... $ 6,010 $11,471
Interest payable.......................................... 962 1,358
Accrued compensation...................................... 2,330 2,151
Accrued other taxes....................................... 2,763 4,759
Abandonment and restructuring charge accrual.............. 9,461 240
Accrued access and network services....................... 3,309 3,020
Other accrued expenses.................................... 10,187 5,257
------- -------
Total accounts payable and accrued expenses....... $35,022 $28,256
======= =======
79
82
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
NOTE 6: DEBT OBLIGATIONS AND CAPITAL LEASE
Company debt consists of:
DECEMBER 31,
-----------------
1999 2000
------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Citibank General Credit Agreement........................... $ 6,765 $ --
Siemens Equipment Agreement................................. 1,824 379
Motorola Equipment Agreement................................ 6,910 4,218
Vendor Settlement Agreement................................. 4,750 4,750
Note payable to GTS......................................... 6,250 6,250
Siemens Loan Agreement...................................... -- 3,400
Other indebtedness.......................................... 1,530 --
------- -------
28,029 18,997
Less: debt maturing within one year......................... 4,148 3,339
------- -------
Total long-term debt.............................. $23,881 $15,658
======= =======
Aggregate maturities of long-term debt, as of December 31, 2000, are as
follows: 2001 -- $3.3 million, 2002 -- $2.2 million, 2003 -- $2.7 million,
2004 -- $3.8 million, 2005 -- $3.2 million and thereafter -- $3.8 million.
The Company paid interest of $1.9 million, $2.4 million and $2.9 million in
1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively.
Some of the Company's operating companies have received debt financing
through direct loans from affiliated companies. In addition, certain operating
companies have borrowed funds under a $22.7 million back-to-back, seven-year
credit facility from a Western-owned bank licensed to operate in Russia. Under
this facility, the Company provides full cash collateral, held in London and
recorded on our balance sheet as restricted cash, for onshore loans made by the
bank to the Company's Russian registered joint ventures. In a second, similar
facility, the Company provides full cash collateral for a $10.0 million short
term back-to-back, revolving, credit facility from the same bank for two of the
Company's larger Russian operating companies. These two facilities replaced the
previous $30 million back to back facility that expired on September 30, 2000.
The funding level as of December 31, 2000 for all these facilities totaled $1.9
million, of which none was funded to the Company's consolidated subsidiaries and
$1.9 million was funded to the Company's affiliates. The loan carries interest
at a rate equal to the six month London Inter-Bank Offering Rate ("LIBOR") plus
1.0 percent per annum (equivalent to 8.07% at December 31, 2000).
In November 1996, Golden Telecom (Ukraine) entered into an agreement with
Siemens GmbH, which was amended to include MKM Telekom (a subsidiary of Siemens)
(collectively referred to as the "Siemens equipment agreement") whereby Golden
Telecom (Ukraine) could purchase up to 8.6 million Deutsche Marks (DM) of
certain equipment from Siemens. The terms allowed Golden Telecom (Ukraine) to
finance up to 70% of this amount. Golden Telecom (Ukraine) is required to make
semiannual principal payments plus accrued interest for three years beginning
six months after completion of installation of such equipment. Amounts
outstanding under this agreement totaled 0.8 million DM ($0.4 million) at
December 31, 2000. The agreement carries interest at a rate equal to the DM
LIBOR rate plus 4.5 percent per annum (equivalent to 9.54% at December 31,
2000).
In June 1996, Golden Telecom (Ukraine) entered into an agreement with
Motorola Corporation (the "Motorola equipment agreement") whereby Golden Telecom
(Ukraine) could purchase up to $20.0 million of certain equipment from Motorola.
Through December 31, 2000, the Company had purchased $13.7 million
80
83
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
of equipment under this agreement. Golden Telecom (Ukraine) is required to make
semiannual payments plus accrued interest beginning six months after completion
of installation of such equipment. Amounts outstanding under this agreement
totaled $4.2 million at December 31, 2000. The agreement carries interest at a
rate equal to the LIBOR rate plus 3.0 percent per annum (equivalent to 9.96% at
December 31, 2000).
In October 2000, Golden Telecom (Ukraine) entered into a 4 year supplier
loan agreement with Siemens AG (the "Siemens Loan Agreement") whereby Siemens AG
provided to Golden Telecom (Ukraine) a loan of $3.4 million for the purchase
from Siemens AG of network equipment and services for use in the GSM 1800
network in Odessa, Ukraine, deployed in the third quarter of 2000. In accordance
with the terms of the Siemens Loan Agreement, Golden Telecom (Ukraine) is
required to make eight semi-annual payments plus accrued interest beginning May
15, 2001. Amounts outstanding under this agreement totaled $3.4 million at
December 31, 2000. The agreement carries interest at a rate equal to the six
month USD LIBOR plus 4.9% (equivalent to 11.64% at December 31, 2000). The
Siemens Loan Agreement became effective with the execution of a payment
guarantee by Golden Telecom, Inc.
In the first quarter of 2000, the Company entered into a lease for fiber
capacity, including facilities and maintenance, from Moscow to Stockholm. The
lease has a term of ten years with an option to renew for an additional five
years. Prepayments were made to the lessor in April 2000 and August 2000. These
prepayments have been offset in the balance sheet against the capital lease
obligation.
Debt Restructuring
On September 10 1999, the Company, GTS and a vendor of telecommunications
equipment executed a Settlement Agreement in regard to a credit facility under
which, certain equity method cellular investees had outstanding loans. Under the
terms of the Settlement Agreement, on the date of the closing of the Company's
initial public offering, GTS and the vendor prepaid the amounts outstanding
under the credit facility totaling $14.4 million plus $0.3 million of accounts
payable to the vendor, and GTS paid directly or funded the settlement of certain
outstanding accounts receivable from the cellular investees to the vendor for
$2.5 million. The Company received the rights to collect from the cellular
investees the amounts owed by such investees in regard to the credit facility
and the accounts receivable, which have subsequently been assigned to MCT, and
issued promissory notes to GTS in a total amount of $6.3 million and the vendor
in a total amount of $4.8 million. In addition, the Company issued certain
warrants to the vendor described below.
The promissory note issued to the vendor bears interest at 14% per annum.
The note is subordinated to accounts payable and senior loans and has a maturity
of seven years. The Company is not required to make any payments under the note
for the first thirty-months. At its election, the vendor will have the option of
selling the note to GTS at 60% of its face value, $2.9 million, during the first
year after which such option expires.
The two promissory notes issued to GTS, for $4.8 million and $1.5 million,
have the same ranking, maturity, interest rate and payment terms as the $4.8
million promissory note issued to the vendor, as described above.
The terms of the warrants allow the vendor to purchase 126,050 shares of
our common stock at an exercise price of $0.10 per share. The warrants are
exercisable for five years, but will not be exercisable during the first two
years. During this period, the Vendor will be required to transfer one-half of
the warrants to GTS if GTS or its subsidiaries place orders in Western and
Central Europe with the vendor in an amount equal to or exceeding $50 million,
as invoiced by the vendor. If GTS or its subsidiaries place such orders in an
amount equal to or exceeding $75 million, the Vendor will be required to
transfer all of the warrants to GTS.
81
84
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
NOTE 7: SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Common Stock
On June 10, 1999, the Company issued one hundred shares of $0.01 par common
stock to GTS. In anticipation of the Initial Public Offering of our stock and in
consideration of the contribution of the assets that constitute Golden Telecom,
Inc., on September 29, 1999, the Company issued an additional 10,599,900 shares
of common stock to GTS. The accompanying financial statements have been prepared
with the assumption that 10,600,000 shares of common stock have been issued and
outstanding for all of the prior periods presented. On September 30, 1999, the
Company issued 4,456,328 shares of $0.01 par common stock to GTS and 2,673,797
shares of $0.01 par common stock to a group of strategic investors. Additionally
the Company issued 420,000 shares of $0.01 par common stock to an affiliate of
ING Barings as partial consideration for its ownership interest in GTS-Ukrainian
TeleSystems LLC. Also, on September 30, 1999, the Company signed an Underwriting
Agreement with Deutsche Bank AG London to issue 4,650,000 shares of $0.01 par
common stock as part of the Company's initial public offering.
In December 1999, the Company issued privately 1,250,000 shares of $0.01
par common stock to Capital International Global Emerging Markets Private Equity
Fund, L.P. Capital International has received certain registration rights from
the Company, and in accordance with a shareholders agreement with GTS, GTS has
agreed, subject to certain terms and conditions to appoint one individual
nominated by Capital International to GTI's Board of Directors.
In accordance with the subscription agreement filed with the SEC at the
time of the Company's Initial Public Offering, an additional 30,000 shares of
the Company's common stock were issued on March 1, 2000 to an affiliate of ING
Baring's in full and final settlement for its ownership interest in Golden
Telecom Ukraine.
On May 17, 2000, the Company's shareholders approved an increased Company's
authorized common stock from 50 million to 100 million shares.
On June 30, 2000, the Company filed a Registration Statement on Form S-1
with the SEC to register 2,145,633 shares of Common Stock held by Capital
International Global Emerging Markets Private Equity Fund, L.P. and affiliates
of ING Barings.
The Company has reserved 3,371,694 shares of common stock for issuance to
certain employees and directors in connection with the 1999 Equity Participation
Plan and 141,961 shares of common stock as restricted shares to be issued to
certain employees. The Company has also reserved 126,050 shares of common stock
to be issued against warrants held by a vendor of telecommunications equipment.
Preferred Stock
On May 17, 2000, the Company's shareholders approved authorization of 10
million shares of preferred stock.
NOTE 8: STOCK OPTION PLANS
Prior to the formation of the Company, certain employees participated in
one or more of the stock option plans of GTS. At the time of the IPO certain
employees that had been granted GTS options that would vest during the year
2000, surrendered those options and received restricted shares in Golden
Telecom, Inc., which will vest on the second anniversary of the IPO. The maximum
number of restricted shares to be issued under this arrangement was 141,961. The
restricted shares were priced at $0.01 per share and the maximum total cost of
this restricted share program to the company will be $1.7 million (grant date
fair value) of which $0.2 million and $0.9 million was recorded in the years
ended December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively.
82
85
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
The Company has established the 1999 Equity Participation Plan of Golden
Telecom, Inc., ("the GTI Option Plan") a stock option plan similar to the
principal option plan of GTS. The Company has granted and intends to offer
options to key employees, members of the Board of Directors of the Company, and
employees of its equity method investees. No charge to operations is expected to
result from options issued under this plan except for options issued to the
employees of equity method investees which will be recognized at the fair market
value of the options granted. The Company's sole shareholder, at that time, and
the board of directors approved the GTI Option Plan on September 30, 1999. The
plan was ratified at the annual meeting of shareholders May 17, 2000. Under the
equity plan not more than 4,023,551 shares of common stock (subject to
antidilution and other adjustment provisions) are authorized for issuance upon
exercise of options or upon vesting of restricted or deferred stock awards. On
July 17, 2000, the Company filed with the SEC a registration Statement on Form
S-8 to register the 4,023,551 Common Shares available under the 1999 Equity
Participation Plan. Options granted under the GTI Option Plan vest over a
three-year term from the date of grant with one-third vesting after one year and
one thirty-sixth vesting each month thereafter and expire ten years from the
date of grant.
The Company applies the provisions of APB No. 25 in accounting for its
stock options incentive plans. The effect of applying SFAS No. 123 on the net
loss as reported is not representative of the effects on reported net loss in
future years due to the vesting period of the stock options and the fair value
of additional stock options in future years. Had compensation expense been
determined in accordance with the methodology of SFAS No. 123, the Company's net
loss for the year ended December 31, 1999 would have been approximately $48.3
million and, $3.52 net loss per common share and $18.7 million and $0.78 net
loss per common share for the year ended December 31, 2000.
The fair value of options granted under the GTI Option Plan in 1999 and
2000 are estimated to be $8.05 and between $12.61 and $29.04 per common share,
respectively, on the date of grant using the Black Scholes option pricing model
with the following assumptions: dividend yield of 0% for all periods presented,
risk free interest rate of 5.90% for 1999 and 5.20% for 2000, an expected life
of five years for 1999 and three years for 2000, and an expected volatility of
1.00 for 1999 and 1.45 for 2000.
Additional information with respect to stock options activity is summarized
as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------------------------
1999 2000
-------------------- --------------------
WEIGHTED WEIGHTED
AVERAGE AVERAGE
EXERCISE EXERCISE
SHARES PRICE SHARES PRICE
--------- -------- --------- --------
Outstanding at beginning of year............ -- $ -- 2,767,000 $12.00
Options granted............................. 2,767,000 12.00 616,000 18.20
Options exercised........................... -- -- -- --
Options canceled or expired................. -- -- (11,306) 30.80
--------- ---------
Outstanding at end of year.................. 2,767,000 12.00 3,371,694 13.06
========= =========
Options exercisable at year end............. -- $ -- 1,076,211 $12.00
83
86
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding:
OPTIONS OUTSTANDING OPTIONS EXERCISABLE
------------------------------------ ----------------------
WEIGHTED
AVERAGE
REMAINING WEIGHTED WEIGHTED
CONTRACTUAL AVERAGE AVERAGE
NUMBER LIFE EXERCISE NUMBER EXERCISE
EXERCISE PRICES AT DECEMBER 31, 2000: OUTSTANDING (IN YEARS) PRICE EXERCISABLE PRICE
- ------------------------------------- ----------- ----------- -------- ----------- --------
$12.00............................ 2,765,694 8.7 $12.00 1,076,211 $12.00
15.63............................ 521,000 9.8 15.63 -- --
21.25............................ 20,000 9.1 21.25 -- --
33.25 to 36.00................... 65,000 9.3 35.58 -- --
NOTE 9: EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLAN
Prior to the formation of the Company, certain employees participated in
the GTS 401(k) retirement savings plan (the "Savings Plan") covering all US
citizen employees. The Savings Plan qualifies under section 401(k) of the
Internal Revenue Code and, as such, participants may defer pretax income in
accordance with federal income tax limitations. GTS provided a 50% matching
contribution on the first 5% contributed by the employee. GTS may also, at its
discretion, make non-matching contributions. Both matching and non-matching
contributions by GTS vest 100% after three years of service. The Company's
expense under the Savings Plan for the Company's employees was approximately
$40,000, $37,000 and $39,710 for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and
2000, respectively. Neither GTS nor the Company made any discretionary
(non-matching) contributions for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1999 or
2000.
Certain employees continue to participate through the GTS 401(k) retirement
savings plan, however the Company intends to establish a 401(k) Retirement
Savings Plan.
NOTE 10: INCOME TAXES
The Company accounts for income taxes using the liability method required
by FASB Statement No. 109 "Accounting for Income Taxes."
The components of loss before income taxes and minority interest were as
follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-----------------------------
1998 1999 2000
-------- -------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Pretax loss:
Domestic............................................ $ (8,210) $(23,449) $(2,853)
Foreign............................................. (19,210) (14,705) (5,980)
-------- -------- -------
$(27,420) $(38,154) $(8,833)
======== ======== =======
The following is the Company's significant components of the current
provision for income taxes attributable to continuing operations:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------
1998 1999 2000
------- ------- -----
(IN THOUSANDS)
Domestic.................................................... $ -- $ -- $142
Foreign..................................................... 5,184 6,823 848
------ ------ ----
$5,184 $6,823 $990
====== ====== ====
84
87
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
The Company paid income taxes of $5.4 million, $7.1 million and $1.1
million in 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively.
The Company did not record a domestic provision for income taxes prior to
2000 as, prior to its formation, the Company was functioning as operating units
of GTS. The US based subsidiaries of the Company (the "US subsidiaries") were
wholly-owned subsidiaries of GTS and accordingly, were included in GTS' US
consolidated income tax returns. Under the previous structure, had the US
subsidiaries filed a consolidated US income tax return, the Company would have
incurred income taxes of $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 1998 and
none for the year ended December 31, 1999. However, as a component of the
formation of the Company, certain elections and transactions have been made that
eliminated any US income tax liabilities incurred under the previous structure.
No provision for domestic US taxes has been recorded for the years ended
December 31, 1998 and 1999, in the accompanying financial statements. For the
year ended December 31, 2000, a provision of $0.1 million has been recorded for
domestic US taxes. The Company's future effective tax rate will depend largely
on its structure and tax strategies.
Upon the formation of the Company, taxable income or losses recorded are
reported on the Company's consolidated income tax return. The Company was
allocated its proportionate share, $23.6 million, of GTS' US net operating loss
carry-forwards in 1999. A valuation allowance has been established by the
Company for the associated deferred tax asset, due to management's estimate of
the future benefits of these amounts that are not likely to be realized.
Accordingly, there was no impact in the accompanying financial statements.
The reconciliation of the US statutory federal tax rate of 35.0% to the
Company's effective tax rate is as follows:
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1998 1999 2000
------ ------ ------
Tax benefit at US statutory rates........................... 35.0% 35.0% 35.0%
Non-deductible expenses:
Amortization.............................................. (14.7) (13.7) (59.8)
Abandonment charge........................................ -- (17.0) --
Equity in (losses) earnings............................... 3.1 (6.1) (1.1)
Foreign exchange differences................................ (9.2) (2.1) (1.6)
Different foreign tax rates................................. -- 1.0 1.7
Change in valuation allowance............................... (21.6) (13.8) 35.4
Other permanent differences................................. (10.8) (1.2) (20.8)
----- ----- -----
Tax expense................................................. (18.2)% (17.9)% (11.2)%
===== ===== =====
85
88
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on temporary
differences between book bases of assets and liabilities and their bases for
income tax purposes. The following table summarizes major components of the
Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities:
DECEMBER 31,
------------------
1999 2000
------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Deferred Tax Assets:
Net operating loss carry-forwards......................... $13,222 $ 10,336
Accrued expenses.......................................... 4,669 2,299
Deferred revenue.......................................... -- 1,254
Fixed assets.............................................. 310 2,751
Other deferred tax assets................................. 617 891
Valuation allowance....................................... (16,816) (13,689)
------- --------
Total deferred tax asset.......................... $ 2,002 $ 3,842
======= ========
Deferred Tax Liabilities:
Accrued revenue........................................... $ -- $ 1,683
Deferred expenses......................................... -- 754
Other deferred tax liabilities............................ 2,002 1,405
------- --------
Total deferred tax liability...................... $ 2,002 $ 3,842
======= ========
Net deferred tax asset/liability.................. $ -- $ --
======= ========
The following table presents the Company's deferred tax assets and
liabilities as of December 31, 1999 and 2000 attributable to different tax
paying components in different tax jurisdictions:
DECEMBER 31,
-------------------
1999 2000
-------- --------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Deferred Tax Assets:
US tax component.......................................... $ 8,780 $ 5,734
Foreign tax component..................................... 10,038 11,797
Valuation allowance....................................... (16,816) (13,689)
-------- --------
Total deferred tax asset.......................... $ 2,002 $ 3,842
======== ========
Deferred Tax Liability:
US tax component.......................................... $ -- $ --
Foreign tax component..................................... 2,002 3,842
-------- --------
Total deferred tax liability...................... $ 2,002 $ 3,842
======== ========
Net deferred tax asset/liability.................. $ -- $ --
======== ========
As of December 31, 2000, the Company had net operating loss carry-forwards
for US federal income tax purposes of approximately $13.5 million expiring in
fiscal years 2010 through 2019. Because of the "change in ownership" provisions
of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the utilization of the Company's net operating
loss carry-forwards are limited to a maximum of $7.5 million per year on a
cumulative basis. As a result, $8.2 million of cumulative net operating losses
are available for use during 2001.
Certain of the Company's consolidated foreign ventures have foreign tax
loss carry-forwards in excess of $16.0 million. These tax loss carry-forwards
are typically denominated in the local currency, subject to annual
86
89
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
limitations and expire in fiscal years 2001 through 2004. The Company's
financial statements do not reflect any provision for benefits that might be
associated with such loss carry-forwards.
GTS' investment in EDN Sovintel has historically been treated for US tax
purposes as a partnership and, therefore, GTS' share of EDN Sovintel's income
has flowed through to the GTS consolidated federal income tax return on a
current basis. However, as part of the formation of the Company and the transfer
of ownership rights in EDN Sovintel to the Company, the Company elected to treat
its ownership in EDN Sovintel as a corporation for US tax purposes. The Company
does not provide for deferred taxes on the undistributed earnings of its foreign
companies, as such earnings are generally intended to be reinvested in those
operations permanently. In the case of non-consolidated entities where the
Company's partner requests that a dividend be paid, the amounts are not expected
to have a material impact on the Company's income tax liability.
NOTE 11: COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Leases
The Company has various cancelable and non-cancelable operating lease
agreements for equipment and office space with terms ranging from one to five
years. Rental expense for operating leases aggregated $2.5 million, $0.6
million, and $3.3 million for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000,
respectively.
Future minimum lease payments under non-cancelable operating leases with
terms of one year or more, as of December 31, 2000, are as follows: 2001 -- $2.1
million, 2002 -- $1.9 million, 2003 -- $0.9 million, 2004 -- $0.5 million and
2005 -- $0.4 million.
Other Commitments and Contingencies
The Company's non-consolidated ventures have future purchase commitments
amounting to $0.1 million and $1.6 million as of December 31, 1999 and 2000,
respectively.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company has issued financial
guarantees on debt for the benefit of certain of its non-consolidated ventures,
which is all collateralized by cash as described in Note 6. The total amounts
guaranteed at December 31, 1999 and 2000 were approximately $8.5 million and
$1.9 million, respectively. The Company expects that all the collateralized debt
will be repaid by the ventures.
Major Customers
The Company had one major customer in the CLEC reporting segment,
representing $17.4 million, or 20%, of total revenues in 1998, $21.0 million, or
21%, of total revenues in 1999 and $18.4 million, or 16%, of total revenue in
2000.
Tax Matters
The Company's policy is to accrue for contingencies in the accounting
period in which a liability is deemed probable and the amount is reasonably
determinable. In this regard, because of the uncertainties associated with the
Commonwealth of Independent States Taxes ("CIS Taxes"), the Company's final CIS
Taxes may be in excess of the estimated amount expensed to date and accrued at
December 31, 1998, 1999, and 2000. It is the opinion of management that the
ultimate resolution of the Company's CIS Tax liability, to the extent not
previously provided for, will not have a material effect on the financial
condition of the Company. However, depending on the amount and timing of an
unfavorable resolution of any contingencies associated with CIS Taxes, it is
possible that the Company's future results of operations or cash flows could be
materially affected in a particular period.
87
90
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Other Matters
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be party to various
legal and tax proceedings, and subject to claims, certain of which relate to the
developing markets and evolving fiscal and regulatory environments in which the
Company operates. In the opinion of management, the Company's liability, if any,
in all pending litigation, other legal proceeding or other matter other than
what is discussed above, will not have a material effect upon the financial
condition, results of operations or liquidity of the Company.
NOTE 12: RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Pursuant to a 1995 purchase agreement, the Company received its interest in
GTS-Vox Limited, the intermediate holding company of TCM, in exchange for a note
in the principal amount of $0.7 million issued to the sellers and certain
additional consideration to its partners payable in the form of either cash or
Common Stock of GTS based upon its financial performance. The Company paid the
note in 1996. On January 17, 1997, the agreement was amended such that the
consideration would only be in the form of the issuance of Common Stock of GTS.
In the first quarter of 1997, pursuant to this agreement GTS issued 1,009,200
common shares at the then current fair market value of $6.67 per share. In
addition, in April 1998 and July 1998, pursuant to this agreement, GTS issued
673,260 and 253,718 shares of its common stock at the then current fair market
values of $20.13 per share and $23.55 per share, respectively.
Further, in July 1998, the Company purchased the remaining 47.36% interest
in GTS-Vox Limited for $40.5 million from its former partners.
In April 1996, the Company entered into an agreement with First NIS
Regional Fund SICAF, an affiliate of Baring International Investment Management
Limited ("Barings"), to acquire a 29% effective interest in Golden Telecom
(Ukraine), a Ukrainian limited liability company. Such acquisition closed in May
1996. Barings funded $4.5 million to be applied towards the purchase of the
interest in Golden Telecom (Ukraine). Barings could exercise an option to
convert its initial investment into 438,311 shares of GTS Common Stock at an
exercise price of $10.27. In June 1997 the agreement was amended, such that
Barings funded an additional $4.1 million to be applied to Golden Telecom
(Ukraine). In connection with a restructuring of Golden Telecom (Ukraine), the
agreement was further amended in June 1998 to restructure the capital and
ownership of Golden Telecom (Ukraine). Pursuant to such amendment Barings
exercised and received 713,311 shares of GTS Common Stock and made an additional
investment of $5.75 million to be applied toward Golden Telecom (Ukraine)'s
capital expenditure and operating capital requirements. As a result of the June
1998 amendment, the Company increased its effective ownership interest in Golden
Telecom (Ukraine) to approximately 57%. Affiliates of Barings, which consist
primarily of investment funds and trusts, are shareholders of GTS.
In addition, an affiliate of ING Barings which indirectly owned 12.25% of
Golden Telecom (Ukraine), contributed its indirect interest in Golden Telecom
(Ukraine) to a wholly owned subsidiary of Golden Telecom, Inc., upon the
consummation of the IPO on September 30, 1999 in exchange for 420,000 newly
issued shares of common stock of the Company. In accordance with the
subscription agreement filed with the SEC at the time of the IPO, an additional
30,000 shares of common stock of the Company will be issued to the affiliate of
ING Barings. The Company's beneficial interest in Golden Telecom (Ukraine)
increased from 56.75% to 69% as the result of this transaction.
In September 1997, the Company acquired from its minority partner, Tricor
B.V., its 49% ownership interest in Vostok Mobile B.V., the Company's
intermediate holding company that has investment interests, between 50% and
100%, in eleven cellular operating companies, that was contributed MCT in
December 2000 in exchange for an ownership interest in MCT, for total
consideration of up to $7.7 million. Pursuant to the Company's agreement with
Tricor B.V., the Company made payments of $5.3 million and $2.4 million in 1997
88
91
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
and 1999, respectively. Tricor B.V., at the time of the transaction, was owned
by three individuals, one of whom is the former chief executive officer of GTS
Mobile Services (CIS).
The Company entered into an administrative services agreement with GTS.
Pursuant to this agreement, GTS had provided the Company with certain
accounting, tax and financial management and budgeting services, legal and
regulatory services and human resources services. The amount paid under this
agreement in 2000 was $0.1 million. This agreement has subsequently been amended
to include only the legal and regulatory services and human resources services.
Transactions with the Company's equity investees and other GTS affiliates
were as follows, for the years ended December 31:
1998 1999 2000
------- ------- ------
Revenue from equity investees............................ $ 7,400 $10,475 $9,960
Revenue from other GTS affiliates........................ 72 649 637
Cost of revenue from equity investees.................... 13,659 6,340 9,001
Cost of revenue from GTS affiliates...................... 195 349 1,551
Included in accounts receivable at December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively
is $0.5 million and $0.6 million of intercompany accounts receivable from other
GTS affiliates.
NOTE 13: SEGMENT INFORMATION
Line of Business Data
The Company operates in four segments within the telecommunications
industry. Previously, the Company reported three segments, but commencing from
the beginning of 2000, the Company has operationally and financially separated
its Data and Internet business from the Long Distance business. This separation
is in line with the Company's strategy to develop the Data and Internet segment
of its business. The four segments are: Competitive Local Exchange Carrier
(CLEC) Services using our local access overlay networks in Moscow, Kiev, and St.
Petersburg; Long Distance Services using our fiber optic and satellite-based
network throughout the CIS; Data and Internet Services using our fiber optic and
satellite-based network; and Mobile Services consisting of mobile networks in
Kiev and Odessa, Ukraine. The following table presents financial information for
both consolidated ventures and equity investee ventures, segmented by the
Company's lines of businesses for the periods ended December 31, 1998, 1999, and
2000. Transfers between lines of businesses are included in the adjustments to
reconcile segment to consolidated results. The Company evaluates performance
based on the operating income (loss) of each strategic business unit.
DATA & BUSINESS
INTERNET LONG MOBILE CORPORATE & SEGMENTS CONSOLIDATED
CLEC SERVICES DISTANCE SERVICES ELIMINATIONS TOTAL RESULTS
-------- -------- -------- -------- ------------ -------- ------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998
Revenue...................... $168,573 $24,888 $26,329 $50,019 $ (9,357) $260,452 $ 86,086
Depreciation and
Amortization................ 8,004 1,391 3,615 13,246 7,357 33,613 16,709
Operating income (loss)...... 47,336 (132) (6,005) (3,584) (16,390) 21,225 (19,524)
Identifiable assets.......... 129,071 15,380 29,329 95,776 113,319 382,875 235,849
Capital expenditures......... 27,679 3,445 2,993 24,172 415 58,704 20,738
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE
BUSINESS SEGMENT TO
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
-------------------------
EQUITY
METHOD AFFILIATE
VENTURES ADJUSTMENTS
---------- ------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998
Revenue...................... $(199,935) $25,569
Depreciation and
Amortization................ (16,904) --
Operating income (loss)...... (41,040) 291
Identifiable assets.......... (147,026) --
Capital expenditures......... (37,966) --
89
92
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
DATA & BUSINESS
INTERNET LONG MOBILE CORPORATE & SEGMENTS CONSOLIDATED
CLEC SERVICES DISTANCE SERVICES ELIMINATIONS TOTAL RESULTS
-------- -------- -------- -------- ------------ -------- ------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
Revenue...................... $128,086 $27,166 $12,135 $35,108 $(10,292) $192,203 $ 97,931
Depreciation and
Amortization................ 10,318 1,923 5,466 16,607 12,397 46,711 28,143
Operating income (loss)...... 37,901 424 (8,667) (5,769) (43,412) (19,523) (31,552)
Identifiable assets.......... 121,461 17,653 31,474 62,213 247,481 480,282 366,624
Capital expenditures......... 13,246 3,398 7,221 10,080 1,038 34,983 22,110
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE
BUSINESS SEGMENT TO
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
-------------------------
EQUITY
METHOD AFFILIATE
VENTURES ADJUSTMENTS
---------- ------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
Revenue...................... $(112,912) $18,640
Depreciation and
Amortization................ (18,568) --
Operating income (loss)...... (12,078) 49
Identifiable assets.......... (113,658) --
Capital expenditures......... (12,873) --
DATA & BUSINESS
INTERNET LONG MOBILE CORPORATE & SEGMENTS CONSOLIDATED
CLEC SERVICES DISTANCE SERVICES ELIMINATIONS TOTAL RESULTS
-------- -------- -------- -------- ------------ -------- ------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000
Revenue...................... $125,962 $41,144 $15,484 $35,365 $ (7,174) $210,781 $113,089
Depreciation and
Amortization................ 11,836 3,475 5,415 14,065 15,815 50,606 31,851
Operating income (loss)...... 36,194 (404) (5,105) (3,523) (26,174) 988 (15,136)
Identifiable assets.......... 122,175 43,511 25,109 24,984 216,846 432,625 348,456
Capital expenditures......... 18,755 19,428 3,109 10,726 565 52,583 40,515
ADJUSTMENTS TO RECONCILE
BUSINESS SEGMENT TO
CONSOLIDATED RESULTS
-------------------------
EQUITY
METHOD AFFILIATE
VENTURES ADJUSTMENTS
---------- ------------
(IN THOUSANDS)
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000
Revenue...................... $(116,339) $18,647
Depreciation and
Amortization................ (18,755) --
Operating income (loss)...... (16,224) 98
Identifiable assets.......... (84,169) --
Capital expenditures......... (12,068) --
Geographic Data
Revenues from external customers are based on the location of the operating
company providing the service.
The Company operated within two main geographic regions of the CIS-Russia
and Ukraine. Geographic information as of December 31, 1999 and 2000 is as
follows:
CORPORATE & CONSOLIDATED
RUSSIA UKRAINE ELIMINATIONS RESULTS
-------- ------- ------------ ------------
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
Revenue................................ $ 67,923 $30,228 $ (220) $ 97,931
Long-lived assets...................... 128,533 33,266 2,959 164,758
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2000
Revenue................................ $ 77,943 $36,101 $ (955) $113,089
Long-lived assets...................... 160,508 41,034 566 202,108
90
93
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
NOTE 14: SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
The following table summarizes significant non-cash investing and financing
activities for the Company; the 1999 amounts principally relate to the
abandonment and restructuring charge described in Note 16.
TWELVE MONTHS ENDED
DECEMBER 31,
-------------------
1999 2000
------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS)
Issuance of common stock to affiliate of ING Barings........ $5,036 $ 360
Acquisition of InfoArt...................................... -- 2,617
Acquisition of Agama Limited................................ -- 3,796
Acquisition of MCT Corp. in exchange for shares in Vostok
Mobile B.V. and certain assets and rights to certain
obligations............................................... -- 7,872
Other business acquisitions................................. -- 319
Siemens loan agreement...................................... -- 3,400
Issuance of warrants........................................ 1,500 --
Issuance of notes and assumption of debt related to certain
cellular ventures......................................... 7,047 --
Issuance of notes and assumption of debt related to
abandoned ventures........................................ 3,953 --
Write-off certain equity investments, goodwill and fixed
assets related to abandonment............................. 6,274 --
Other liabilities assumed related to abandonment and
restructuring............................................. 9,586 --
NOTE 15: OTHER TRANSACTIONS
Abandonment and restructuring
In December 2000, the Company acquired an ownership interest in MCT in
exchange for the Company's 100% ownership of Vostok Mobile B.V., a Netherlands
registered private limited holding company that owns the Company's Russian
mobile operations, including the abandoned ventures. Initially, the Company
acquired approximately 24% of the outstanding common stock of MCT and the
Company expects to be later diluted to not less than 18% as a result of
subsequent equity offerings to be undertaken by MCT. At December 31, 2000 the
Company owned approximately 23% of MCT.
The acquisition of the equity interest in MCT effectively completes a major
part of the Company's formal plan of restructuring, initiated when it abandoned
certain mobile business operations in Russia, as approved by the Board of
Directors of GTS in the third quarter of 1999. As part of this plan of
restructuring, the Company had been seeking to dispose of the ownership
interests in these operations and the intended not to provide any additional
financial assistance to such businesses, other than debts assumed.
The Company took a charge to earnings of $18.5 million in the third quarter
of 1999, of which approximately $8.3 million was recorded as a liability.
Additionally, in the third quarter of 1999, the Company recorded a charge and
liability of $1.3 million relating to the cancellation of certain network
capacity. There were no amounts charged against these liabilities in the year
ended December 31, 1999. In the year ended December 31, 2000, $5.6 million was
charged against these liabilities.
The Company accounted for the exchange of the subsidiary Vostok Mobile B.V.
for an equity interest of approximately 24% in MCT at book value since the fair
values were not readily determinable, accordingly, no gain or loss was
recognized. Concurrent with the exchange of ownership interests, certain assets
and rights to certain obligations were assigned to MCT. Prior to the transaction
the book value of the Company's interest was adjusted for the effect of the
concurrent transactions and the remaining portion of the abandonment and
restructuring reserve.
91
94
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
NOTE 16: QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA (UNAUDITED)
Summarized quarterly financial data is as follows:
ACTUAL FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED
---------------------------------------------------
MARCH 31, JUNE 30, SEPTEMBER 30, DECEMBER 31,
1999 1999 1999 1999
--------- -------- ------------- ------------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Revenues................................... $24,185 $23,170 $25,111 $25,465
Cost of Revenues........................... 9,326 9,376 11,118 10,696
Gross Margin............................... 14,859 13,794 13,993 14,769
Selling, general and administrative........ 8,638 10,432 10,928 11,013
Abandonment and restructuring charge....... -- -- 19,813 --
Net loss................................... (7,776) (8,194) (26,424) (4,060)
Net loss per share(1)...................... $ (0.73) $ (0.77) $ (2.44) $ (0.18)
ACTUAL FOR THE THREE MONTHS ENDED
---------------------------------------------------
MARCH 31, JUNE 30, SEPTEMBER 30, DECEMBER 31,
2000 2000 2000 2000
--------- -------- ------------- ------------
(IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Revenues................................... $24,309 $26,872 $29,381 $32,527
Cost of Revenues........................... 10,294 11,847 13,276 15,537
Gross Margin............................... 14,015 15,025 16,105 16,990
Selling, general and administrative........ 10,254 10,707 12,017 12,442
Net loss................................... (3,334) (1,911) (2,877) (2,132)
Net loss per share(1)...................... $ (0.14) $ (0.08) $ (0.12) $ (0.09)
- ---------------
(1) Per share amounts in this table were calculated based upon an assumption of
10,600,000 shares of common stock outstanding for each period prior to the
quarter ended September 30, 1999. The sum of the earnings per share for the
four quarters will generally not equal earnings per share for the total year
due to changes in the average number of common shares outstanding.
92
95
AUDITED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998, 1999 AND 2000
WITH REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
93
96
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT AUDITORS
The Board of Directors and Members
EDN Sovintel LLC
We have audited the accompanying balance sheets of EDN Sovintel LLC as of
December 31, 2000 and 1999, and the related statements of income, members'
equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December
31, 2000. Our audits also included the financial statement schedule listed in
the Index at Item 14(a). These financial statements and schedule are the
responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these financial statements and schedule based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with auditing standards generally
accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan
and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial
statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a
test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial
statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and
significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall
financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a
reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly,
in all material respects, the financial position of EDN Sovintel LLC at December
31, 2000 and 1999, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each
of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2000, in conformity with
accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also,
in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in
relation to the basic financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in
all material respects, the information set forth therein.
We have also audited the financial statements of the Company at December
31, 2000 and 1999 and for each of the three years ended December 31, 2000, not
presented herewith, prepared in compliance with the regulations for bookkeeping
and accounting for income tax and statutory reporting purposes in the Russian
Federation on which we expect to report separately for the 2000 audited
financial statements and have reported separately for the 1998 and 1999
financial statements. The significant differences between the accounting
principles applied in preparing the statutory financial statements and
accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America are
summarized in Note 2.
/s/ ERNST & YOUNG (CIS) LIMITED
Moscow, Russia
February 13, 2001
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
BALANCE SHEETS
DECEMBER 31,
-----------------
1999 2000
------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS OF
US DOLLARS)
ASSETS
CURRENT ASSETS:
Cash...................................................... $ 2,644 $ 4,013
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful
accounts of $3,364 and $4,981, respectively............ 16,868 13,138
Due from affiliated companies............................. 645 524
Due from employees........................................ 340 578
Inventories............................................... 1,095 3,592
VAT receivable, net....................................... 2,547 2,325
Prepaid expenses and other current assets................. 1,424 1,763
------- -------
TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS.............................. 25,563 25,933
Property and equipment, net................................. 50,477 51,340
Deferred expenses........................................... 675 540
Other non-current assets.................................... 909 1,615
------- -------
TOTAL ASSETS...................................... $77,624 $79,428
======= =======
LIABILITIES AND MEMBERS' EQUITY
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
Trade payables............................................ $ 8,963 $ 6,922
Accrued expenses.......................................... 3,237 2,192
Due to affiliated companies............................... 3,692 2,117
Amount due to partner in commercial arrangement........... 929 659
Short-term loan........................................... 3,052 --
Deferred income taxes..................................... 686 686
------- -------
TOTAL CURRENT LIABILITIES......................... 20,559 12,576
Non-current liabilities..................................... -- 1,615
------- -------
TOTAL LIABILITIES................................. 20,559 14,191
MEMBERS' EQUITY................................... 57,065 65,237
------- -------
TOTAL LIABILITIES AND MEMBERS' EQUITY............. $77,624 $79,428
======= =======
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
95
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
STATEMENTS OF INCOME
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------
1998 1999 2000
-------- ------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS OF US DOLLARS)
REVENUES:
Telecommunication services................................ $118,171 $87,934 $87,823
Revenue from affiliates................................... 5,997 3,746 6,066
-------- ------- -------
124,168 91,680 93,889
OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES:
Service costs............................................. 76,237 51,091 49,713
Selling, general and administrative....................... 23,772 17,537 16,768
Depreciation and amortization............................. 6,341 7,736 8,615
-------- ------- -------
TOTAL OPERATING COSTS AND EXPENSES................ 106,350 76,364 75,096
-------- ------- -------
INCOME FROM OPERATIONS...................................... 17,818 15,316 18,793
OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE):
Interest income........................................... 199 125 115
Interest expense.......................................... -- (423) (141)
Foreign currency losses................................... (7,628) (1,853) (1,308)
-------- ------- -------
TOTAL OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE)...................... (7,429) (2,151) (1,334)
-------- ------- -------
Net income before taxes..................................... 10,389 13,165 17,459
Income taxes................................................ 6,129 7,607 7,277
-------- ------- -------
NET INCOME........................................ $ 4,260 $ 5,558 $10,182
======== ======= =======
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
96
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------
1998 1999 2000
-------- ------- -------
(IN THOUSANDS OF US DOLLARS)
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
Net income.................................................. $ 4,260 $ 5,558 $10,182
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by
operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization............................. 6,341 7,736 8,615
Deferred income taxes..................................... 2,376 (1,504) --
Provision for doubtful accounts........................... 2,684 1,900 1,908
Foreign exchange loss..................................... 7,628 1,853 1,308
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable....................................... (17,302) (2,458) 1,410
Inventories............................................... 210 392 (2,596)
Prepaid expenses and other assets......................... (2,086) 3,850 (557)
VAT receivable, net....................................... (6,011) 2,269 (569)
Trade payables............................................ 16,891 (1,644) (2,870)
Accrued liabilities and other payables.................... 1,842 (2,233) 1,874
Increase (decrease) amounts due affiliated companies,
net.................................................... 2,889 (9,382) (1,454)
-------- ------- -------
NET CASH PROVIDED BY OPERATING ACTIVITIES......... 19,722 6,337 17,251
INVESTING ACTIVITIES -- Purchases of property and
equipment................................................. (18,554) (7,021) (9,344)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
Payment to affiliate...................................... (39) -- --
Proceeds from debt........................................ 3,500 1,560 --
Payment of debt........................................... -- (2,008) (3,322)
Payment of dividends...................................... -- (1,011) (3,021)
Cash withdrawn from related party......................... 121 -- --
-------- ------- -------
NET CASH PROVIDED BY (USED IN) FINANCING
ACTIVITIES...................................... 3,582 (1,459) (6,343)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash..................... (5,254) (329) (195)
-------- ------- -------
Net (decrease) increase in cash............................. (504) (2,472) 1,369
Cash at beginning of period................................. 5,620 5,116 2,644
-------- ------- -------
CASH AT END OF PERIOD............................. $ 5,116 $ 2,644 $ 4,013
======== ======= =======
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
97
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
STATEMENTS OF MEMBERS' EQUITY
FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998, 1999, AND 2000
(IN THOUSANDS)
TOTAL
GOLDEN OJSC MEMBERS'
TELECOM ROSTELECOM EQUITY
------- ---------- --------
Balance at December 31, 1997................................ $24,635 $24,634 $49,269
Net income................................................ 2,130 2,130 4,260
------- ------- -------
Balance at December 31, 1998................................ 26,765 26,764 53,529
Dividends................................................. (1,011) (1,011) (2,022)
Net income................................................ 2,779 2,779 5,558
------- ------- -------
Balance at December 31, 1999................................ 28,533 28,532 57,065
Dividends................................................. (1,005) (1,005) (2,010)
Net income................................................ 5,091 5,091 10,182
------- ------- -------
Balance at December 31, 2000................................ $32,619 $32,618 $65,237
======= ======= =======
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these financial statements.
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(US DOLLAR AMOUNTS EXPRESSED IN THOUSANDS)
NOTE 1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS
EDN Sovintel LLC (the "Company") is a joint venture between Sovinet, which
is a wholly owned subsidiary of Golden Telecom, Inc. ("GTI") and Open Joint
Stock Company "Rostelecom." EDN Sovintel was created in 1990 to design,
construct, and operate a telecommunications network in Moscow and later expanded
its operations to other regions of Russia, including St. Petersburg, Pskov and
Kaliningrad. This network provides worldwide communications services,
principally to major hotels, business offices and mobile communication
companies.
NOTE 2. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The Company maintains its records and prepares its financial statements in
Russian rubles in accordance with the requirements of Russian accounting and tax
legislation. The accompanying financial statements differ from the financial
statements used for statutory purposes in Russia in that they reflect certain
adjustments, not recorded on the Company's books, which are appropriate to
present the financial position, results of operations and cash flows in
accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of
America ("US GAAP"). The principal adjustments are related to revenue
recognition, certain accrued expenses, foreign currency translation, deferred
taxation, and depreciation and valuation of property and equipment.
NOTE 3. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements, in conformity with US GAAP,
requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts
reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results
could differ from those estimates.
Foreign Currency Translation
The Company's functional currency is the US dollar because the majority of
its revenues, costs, property and equipment purchased, and debt and trade
liabilities are either priced, incurred, payable or otherwise measured in US
dollars. Accordingly, transactions and balances not already measured in US
dollars (primarily Russian rubles) have been re-measured into US dollars in
accordance with the relevant provisions of SFAS No. 52, "Foreign Currency
Translation."
Under SFAS No. 52, revenues, costs, capital and non-monetary assets and
liabilities are translated at historical exchange rates prevailing on the
transaction dates. Monetary assets and liabilities are translated at exchange
rates prevailing on the balance sheet date. Exchange gains and losses arising
from re-measurement of monetary assets and liabilities that are not denominated
in US dollars are credited or charged to operations.
The ruble is not a convertible currency outside the territory of Russia.
Official exchange rates are determined daily by the Central Bank of Russia
("CBR") and were considered to be a reasonable approximation of market rates
until mid-August 1998. Since that date, liquidity in the CBR currency trading
and interbank trading has varied as have bid and offer exchange rates. As a
result, the market rates have fluctuated significantly and have diverged from
the CBR rate. Nonetheless, the various market-related rates are based on the CBR
rate. Accordingly, CBR rates have been used for translation purposes in these
financial statements. The translation of ruble denominated assets and
liabilities into US dollars for the purpose of these financial statements does
not indicate that the Company could realize or settle in US dollars the reported
values of the assets and liabilities. Likewise, it does not indicate that the
Company could return or distribute the reported US dollar values of capital and
retained earnings to its shareholders.
99
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are shown at their estimated net realizable value which
approximates fair value. The Company generally does not require collateral to
extend credits to its customers.
Inventories
Inventories consist of telecommunication equipment held for resale and are
stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is computed on a weighted average
basis.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment are recorded at their historical cost. Depreciation
is provided on the straight-line method over the following estimated useful
lives:
Network equipment........................................ 10 years
Other property and equipment............................. 3-5 years
There is no depreciation charge for construction-in-progress. Depreciation
commences upon completion of the related project.
The Company recognizes impairment of property and equipment in the event
the net book value of such assets exceeds the future undiscounted cash flows
attributable to such assets. During the years ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and
2000, the Company's analyses indicated that there was no impairment of its
property and equipment.
Deferred Expenses
Deferred expenses represent the Company's investment in the historical cost
of network equipment owned by MTU Inform, a partner in a commercial venture.
These expenses are amortized over the equipment's useful life of 10 years.
Revenue Recognition
The Company records as revenue the amount of telecommunications rendered,
as measured primarily by the minutes of traffic processed, after deducting an
estimate of the traffic that are partial minutes and test traffic which will be
neither billed nor collected. Revenue from service contracts is accounted for
when the services are provided. Billings received in advance of service being
performed are deferred and recognized as revenue as the service is performed.
Revenues are stated net of any value-added-taxes ("VAT") charged to customers.
Certain other taxes that are based on revenues earned were incurred at rates
ranging from 3.0% to 4.0% during 1998, 1999 and 2000, and amounted to $4,953,
$3,666 and $3,972, respectively, and are charged to selling general and
administrative expenses since these are incidental to the revenue cycle.
In accordance with the provisions of the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No.
101, the Company has deferred telecommunications connection fees and capitalized
telecommunication connection fee cost of revenue. The deferral of revenue and
capitalization of cost of revenue will be recognized over the estimated life of
the customer. The current amount of deferred revenue was negligible and $808 as
of December 31, 1999 and 2000, respectively. The non-current amount of deferred
revenue was negligible and $1,615 million as of December 31, 1999 and 2000,
respectively.
100
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Advertising
The Company expenses the cost of advertising as incurred. Advertising
expenses for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000 were $555, $1,067
and $870, respectively, and are included in selling, general and administrative
expenses.
Income Taxes
The Company computes and records income taxes in accordance with FAS No.
109, "Accounting for Income Taxes."
Investment Incentive Deductions
Russian legislation allows for certain additional tax deductions related to
new asset investments. These deductions are accounted for as a reduction to
current income taxes in the year in which they arise.
Government Pension Funds
The Company contributes to the Russian Federation state pension fund,
social fund, medical insurance fund, unemployment fund and transport fund on
behalf of all its Russian employees. Contributions were 39.5%, 38.5% and 38.8%
from base payroll for 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The fair value of financial instruments included in current assets and
liabilities approximates the carrying value.
Comprehensive Income
Effective January 1, 1998, the Company adopted FAS No. 130, "Reporting of
Comprehensive Income." FAS No. 130 establishes standards for the display of
comprehensive income and its components in a full set of financial statements.
Comprehensive income includes all changes in equity during a period except those
resulting from the issuance of shares of stock and distributions to
shareholders. There were no differences between net income and comprehensive
income for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000.
Business Segments
Effective January 1, 1998, the Company adopted FAS No. 131, "Disclosure
about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information." FAS No. 131 changes
the way public companies report segment information in annual financial
statements and also requires those companies to report selected segment
information in interim financial reports to stockholders. It also establishes
standards for related disclosures about products and services, geographic areas,
and major customers. Management believes the Company's operations comprise only
one segment and as such adoption of FAS No. 131 did not impact the disclosures
made in the Company's financial statements.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
In June 1998, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement on
Financial and Accounting Standards No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities," which was amended in June 1999. The Company
will adopt the new statement, which is effective for fiscal years beginning
after June 15, 2000 on January 1, 2001. The statement requires the Company to
recognize all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. The Company does
not anticipate that the adoption of the new statement will have a significant
effect on its results of operations or financial position.
101
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Comparative Figures
Certain of the 1998 and 1999 amounts have been reclassified to conform to
the presentation adopted in the current year.
NOTE 4. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Property and equipment consists of the following at December 31:
1999 2000
-------- --------
Network equipment........................................... $ 67,361 $ 73,338
Other property and equipment................................ 7,517 8,743
-------- --------
74,878 82,081
Accumulated depreciation.................................... (27,561) (35,870)
Construction-in-progress.................................... 3,160 5,129
-------- --------
Net book value.............................................. $ 50,477 $ 51,340
======== ========
Total depreciation and amortization expense on property and equipment for
1998, 1999 and 2000 was $6,341, $7,736 and $8,615, respectively, including $135
yearly amortization expense related to deferred expenses.
NOTE 5. INCOME TAXES
The Russian Federation was the only tax jurisdiction in which the Company's
income was taxed. The income tax expense reported in the accompanying statements
of income, for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000 represents the
provision for current and deferred taxes.
Significant components of the provision for income taxes for the years
ended December 31 are as follows:
1998 1999 2000
------ ------- ------
Current tax expense....................................... $3,753 $ 9,111 $7,277
Deferred tax expense (benefit)............................ 2,376 (1,504) --
------ ------- ------
Provision for income taxes................................ $6,129 $ 7,607 $7,277
====== ======= ======
A reconciliation between the statutory rate and the effective income tax
rate is as follows for the years ended December 31:
1998 1999 2000
------- ------ -------
Income tax expense at statutory tax rate of 35%; 30% from
April 1, 1999 through December 31, 2000................ $ 3,636 $3,950 $ 5,238
Tax effect of permanent differences:
Effect of change in tax rate........................... -- 91 (431)
Investment incentive deductions........................ (3,753) (879) (1,814)
Depreciation differences due to revaluation of fixed
assets.............................................. 1,625 997 1,074
Taxes on local currency exchange gains................. 3,241 1,204 --
Other permanent differences............................ 890 2,526 334
Increase (decrease) in the valuation allowance for
deferred tax assets.................................... 490 (282) 2,876
------- ------ -------
Income tax expense reported in the financial
statements............................................. $ 6,129 $7,607 $ 7,277
======= ====== =======
102
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Effective January 1, 2001 the income tax rate will increase to 35%.
The deferred tax balances are calculated by applying the statutory tax
rates in effect at the respective balance sheet dates to the temporary
differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the amount
reported in the accompanying financial statements, and consist of the following
at December 31:
1998 1999 2000
------- ------- ------
Deferred tax assets (liabilities):
Deferred revenue....................................... $ -- $ -- $1,095
Depreciation........................................... 393 492 931
Inventory write-downs and allowances................... 257 150 248
Accrual of expenses.................................... 965 749 641
Reserve for bad debt................................... -- 186 951
------- ------- ------
Gross tax assets......................................... 1,615 1,577 3,866
Accrual of revenue..................................... (1,134) (515) --
Taxes on unrealized local currency exchange gains...... (1,561) (920) --
Deferred cost of revenue............................... -- -- (848)
------- ------- ------
Gross tax liabilities.................................... (2,695) (1,435) (848)
------- ------- ------
Net deferred tax (liabilities)/assets.................... (1,080) 142 3,018
Valuation allowance for deferred tax assets.............. (1,110) (828) (3,704)
------- ------- ------
Net deferred tax liabilities............................. $(2,190) $ (686) $ (686)
======= ======= ======
For financial reporting purposes, a valuation allowance has been recognized
to reflect management's estimate of the deferred tax assets that are less likely
than not to be realized.
The Company paid in cash Russian profits tax of $7,309, $7,889 and $7,231,
in 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively.
NOTE 6. SHORT-TERM LOAN
In September 2000, the Company entered into a credit facility with
Citibank. This loan replaces a previous three-year credit facility that expired
on September 30, 2000. The new facility provides funds up to a combined maximum
amount of $10,000 for the Company and one other related entity. The facility is
structured as an extendable 180 day note that may be extended indefinitely at
the discretion of Citibank provided that the Security Agreement between GTS
Finance, Inc. (a related entity) and Citibank is in place and continues to be
valid. The loan carries interest at an annual rate equal to the 180 day LIBOR
plus 1% (equivalent to 8.07% at December 31, 2000). Drawings under this
agreement by the Company were zero at December 31, 2000.
The Company paid interest relating to notes due to affiliates and
short-term loans of $0, $388, and $141 in 1998, 1999 and 2000, respectively.
103
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
NOTE 7. MEMBERS' EQUITY
The Company's capital structure as specified in the charter capital
document is as follows as of December 31:
1999 2000
------ ------
Registered capital in Russian rubles:
Rostelecom................................................ 600 600
Golden Telecom, Inc. ..................................... 600 600
------ ------
1,200 1,200
====== ======
Historical value of the Company's capital in US dollars..... $2,000 $2,000
====== ======
As a Russian limited liability company, the Company has no capital stock;
rather, it has only contributed and locally registered capital in accordance
with its charter. As such, no earnings per share data are presented in these
financial statements.
Retained earnings available for distribution at December 31, 2000 amounted
to 583 million rubles or approximately $20,703 at applicable year-end exchange
rate.
NOTE 8. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Transactions and balances with Rostelecom (one of the Company's members)
and its affiliates were as follows, as of and for the years ended December 31:
1998 1999 2000
------- ------ ------
Sales..................................................... $ 900 $ 412 $ 719
Telecommunication lease and traffic costs................. 15,962 7,932 9,470
Amounts due to member and affiliates...................... 4,860 1,092 1,581
At the request of Rostelecom, the Company placed a deposit of 2.65 million
rubles in August 1996 with a Russian bank related to this shareholder. The bank
deposit agreement stated a deposit term of one year, which was rolled over for
an additional year during 1997. The deposit earned interest quarterly at a rate
of 15% per annum plus any devaluation losses against the US dollar up to a
maximum of 4.8% per quarter. This amount was withdrawn in October and November
1998 for a total value of $121.
Transactions and balances with GTI and its affiliates were as follows, as
of and for the years ended December 31:
1998 1999 2000
------- ------ ------
Sales..................................................... $ 5,097 $3,334 $5,347
Telecommunication services................................ 10,498 9,246 8,456
Management service fees and reimbursements of expenses of
expatriate staff........................................ 1,265 976 468
Amounts due from affiliates............................... 1,329 646 507
Amounts due to member and affiliates...................... 7,876 2,600 536
104
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
Transactions and balances with MTU Inform, an entity with which the Company
entered into a commercial agreement to co-develop and operate phone exchange
operations, were as follows, as of and for the years ended December 31:
1998 1999
------- -------
Telecommunication settlement and rent expense............... $15,001 $11,549
Balances in trade payables.................................. 39 1,542
Balances in accounts receivable............................. 266 95
Amount due to partner in commercial arrangement............. 1,350 929
The Company also has an investment in the cost of the related network
equipment owned by MTU Inform, which is reflected in the balance sheet, net of
related amortization, as deferred expenses. In 1999, Golden Telecom, Inc.
acquired the remaining 5% of TCM, which had been held by MTU-Inform.
NOTE 9. CONCENTRATIONS OF CREDIT RISK AND MAJOR CUSTOMERS
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentration
of credit risk consist primarily of temporary cash deposits and trade accounts
receivable. The Company deposits the majority of its available cash with two
foreign-owned financial institutions in Russia and maintains certain balances
with several Russian financial institutions. The Company's sales and accounts
receivable are made to and due from a variety of international and Russian
business customers within Russia. As of December 31, 1998, one customer
accounted for 13% of revenues and 5% of accounts receivable. As of December 31,
1999, another customer accounted for 10% of revenues and 5% of accounts
receivable and that same customer accounted for 11% of revenue and 5% of
accounts receivable at December 31, 2000. The Company has no other significant
concentrations of credit risk except for transactions with related parties as
discussed in Note 8.
On August 17, 1998 the exchange rate of the Russian ruble, relative to
other currencies, declined significantly. Due to the devaluation, many Russian
banks were declared bankrupt. Deposits held at Russian banks, other than
Sberbank, are not insured by the Russian government. The last official exchange
rate prior to the suspension of trading on August 17, 1998 was 6.2725 rubles per
US dollar. The official exchange rate as of December 31, 1999 and December 31,
2000 was 27.00 rubles and 28.16 per US dollar, respectively. The Company has
taken and intends to continue to take actions that may minimize the unfavorable
effect of ruble devaluation.
NOTE 10. COMMITMENTS
The Company has several cancelable operating leases for office and
warehouse space and telecommunications lines with terms ranging from one to five
years.
Total rent expense for 1998, 1999 and 2000 was $2,261, $4,019 and $3,958,
respectively.
NOTE 11. CONTINGENCIES
The tax, legal and banking regulatory system continues to evolve in the
Russian Federation as the Russian government manages the transformation from a
command to a market-oriented economy. There were many new tax and foreign
currency laws and related regulations introduced during 1999, 2000 and previous
years which were not always clearly written and were, at times, conflicting. In
addition, their interpretation is subject to the opinions of a variety of local,
regional and federal tax inspectors, the Central Bank of Russia officials and
the Ministry of Finance. Instances of inconsistent opinions among and between
these authorities are not unusual.
105
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EDN SOVINTEL LLC
NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS -- (CONTINUED)
The Company's policy is to accrue contingencies in the accounting period in
which a loss is deemed probable and the amount is reasonably determinable. In
this regard, because of the uncertainties associated with the Russian tax and
legal systems, the ultimate taxes as well as penalties and interest, if any,
assessed may be in excess of the amounts paid to date and accrued as of December
31, 2000. Management believes, based upon its best estimates, that the Company
has paid or accrued all taxes that are applicable for the current and prior
years, and complied with all essential provisions of laws and regulations of the
Russian Federation. In management's opinion, the ultimate determination of the
Company's overall tax liability and potential loss contingencies, to the extent
not previously provided for, will not have a material effect on the financial
position of the Company.
The Company's operations and financial position will continue to be
affected by Russian political developments including the application of existing
and future legislation and tax regulations, which significantly impact the
Russian economy. The likelihood of such occurrences and their effect on the
Company could have a significant impact on the Company's current activity and
its overall ability to continue operations. The Company does not believe that
these contingencies, as related to its operations, are any more significant than
those of similar enterprises in Russia.
In the ordinary course of business, the Company may be party to various
legal and tax proceedings, and subject to claims, certain of which relate to the
developing markets and evolving fiscal and regulatory environments in which the
Company operates. In the opinion of the management, the Company's liability, if
any, in all pending litigation, other legal proceeding or other matter other
than what is discussed above, will not have a material effect upon the financial
condition, results of operations or liquidity of the Company.
106
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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE COMPANY
The information required by Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to
the section entitled "Directors and Executive Officers of the Company" of our
proxy statement for our 2001 Annual Meeting of Shareholders that we will file by
April 30, 2001.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to
the section entitled "Executive Compensation" of our proxy statement for our
2001 Annual Meeting of Shareholders that we will file by April 30, 2001.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP AND CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT
The information required by Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to
the section entitled "Security Ownership and Certain Beneficial Owners and
Management" of our proxy statement for our 2001 Annual Meeting of Shareholders
that we will file by April 30, 2001.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS
The information required by Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to
the section entitled "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions" of our
proxy statement for our 2001 Annual Meeting of Shareholders that we will file by
April 30, 2001.
PART IV
ITEM 14. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES
a) The following documents are filed as part of this report:
1. Financial Statements
The following consolidated financial statements of the Company are
included as part of this document:
- Report of Independent Auditors
- Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1999 and 2000
- Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31,
1998, 1999 and 2000
- Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31,
1998, 1999 and 2000
- Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders' Equity for the
years ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and 2000
- Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
The following financial statements of our significant equity investee,
Sovintel LLC, are included as part of this document:
- Report of Independent Auditors
- Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1999 and 2000
107
110
- Statements of Income for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1999 and
2000
- Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 1998, 1999
and 2000
- Statements of Members' Equity for the years Ended December 31, 1998,
1999 and 2000
- Notes to Financial Statements
2. Consolidated Financial Statement Schedules
We have furnished Schedule II -- Valuation and Qualifying Accounts on
Page S-1.
All other schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or not
required, or because the required information is either incorporated herein
by reference or included in the financial statements or notes thereto
included in this report.
b) Reports on Form 8-K
No such reports were filed in the fourth quarter of 2000.
c) Exhibits
DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
----------- -----------
3.1** -- Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of
Golden Telecom, Inc.
3.2** -- Amended and Restated By-laws of Golden Telecom, Inc.
4.1** -- Specimen certificate representing shares of Common Stock
4.2** -- Form of Registration Rights Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
4.3** -- Form of Warrant Agreement
4.4** -- Form of Registration Rights Agreement among Baring Vostok
Private Equity Fund LP, Guernsey, First NIS Regional Fund
SICAV and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.1** -- Form of Contribution Agreement between Global TeleSystems
Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.2** -- Form of Shareholders' Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.3** -- Form of Administrative Services Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.4** -- Form of Trademark Transfer Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.5** -- Form of Indemnification Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.6** -- Form of Employee Benefits Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.7***** -- Golden Telecom, Inc. 1999 Equity Participation Plan
10.8** -- Agreement No. 26-12/97, dated December 26, 1997, among
TCM, MTU-Inform and VimpelCom
10.9** -- Agreement No. 08-04/98, dated April 8, 1998, among TCM,
MTU-Inform and VimpelCom
10.10** -- Agreement No. 01-08/98, dated August 1, 1998, among TCM,
MTU-Inform and KB-Impulse
10.11**** -- Agreement No. 311299-TP, dated December 31, 1999, among
TeleRoss, KB-Impulse and VimpelCom
10.12* -- Form of Employment Agreement for the officers of Golden
Telecom, Inc.
108
111
DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
----------- -----------
10.13* -- List of officers of Golden Telecom, Inc. as at December
31, 2000, re Exhibit 10.12 above.
21.1* -- List of subsidiaries of Golden Telecom, Inc.
23.1* -- Consent of Ernst & Young (CIS) Limited, Independent
Auditors (Golden Telecom, Inc.)
23.2* -- Consent of Ernst & Young (CIS) Limited, Independent
Auditors (EDN Sovintel LLC)
24* -- Powers of Attorney (included on signature page)
99.1*** -- Subscription Agreement between Capital International
Global Emerging Markets Private Equity Fund L.P., and
Golden Telecom, Inc.
99.2*** -- Form of Shareholders and registration Rights Agreement
between Capital International Global Emerging Markets
Private Equity Fund L.P., Global TeleSystems Group, Inc.,
and Golden Telecom, Inc.
- ---------------
* Filed herewith.
** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered Exhibit to the
Company's registration statement on Form S-1 dated July 14, 1999 and
amendments (Commission File No. 333-82791).
*** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered Exhibits to
Schedule 13D of Capital International Global Emerging Markets Private
Equity Fund L.P., dated December 27, 1999 (Commission File No. 005-56995).
**** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered Exhibit to the
Company's annual report on Form 10-K dated March 21, 2000 (Commission File
No. 0-27423).
***** Incorporated by reference to the Company's definitive proxy statement on
Form DEF-14A dated April 25, 2000 (Commission File No. 0-27423).
109
112
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act 1933, as amended, the
registrant certifies that is has duly caused this Registration Statement to be
signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, in the City
of Moscow, Russian Federation, on this 16th day of March, 2001.
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
By: /s/ DAVID J. WISHER
----------------------------------
Name: David J. Wisher
Title: Chief Financial Officer and
Treasurer
(Principal Financial and
Accounting Officer)
We, the undersigned officers and directors of Golden Telecom, Inc. hereby
severally constitute and appoint, Stewart P. Reich, Jeffrey A. Riddell, and
David J. Wisher and each of them singly, as his true and lawful attorney-in-fact
and agents with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him, and in
his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities to sign any and all
amendments and supplements to the annual report on Form 10-K and all amendments
thereto, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and all other
documents in connection therewith, in each case, with our names and on our
behalf in our capacities as officers and directors to enable Golden Telecom,
Inc. to comply with the provisions of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as
amended, and all requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission, hereby
ratifying and confirming our signatures as they may be signed by our said
attorney to said annual report on Form 10-K and any and all amendments thereto.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this
Registration Statement has been signed below by the following persons in the
capacities indicated on the 13th day of March, 2001.
SIGNATURE TITLE DATE
--------- ----- ----
/s/ STEWART P. REICH President, Chief Executive March 16, 2001
- ----------------------------------------------------- Officer and Director
Stewart P. Reich (Principal Executive
Officer)
/s/ DAVID J. WISHER Chief Financial Officer and March 16, 2001
- ----------------------------------------------------- Treasurer
David J. Wisher
/s/ ASHLEY DUNSTER Director March 16, 2001
- -----------------------------------------------------
Ashley Dunster
/s/ IZZET GUNEY Director March 16, 2001
- -----------------------------------------------------
Izzet Guney
/s/ ALEXANDR M. KNASTER Director March 16, 2001
- -----------------------------------------------------
Alexandr M. Knaster
/s/ STEWART J. PAPERIN Director March 16, 2001
- -----------------------------------------------------
Stewart J. Paperin
/s/ GRIER C. RACLIN Director March 16, 2001
- -----------------------------------------------------
Grier C. Raclin
110
113
SIGNATURE TITLE DATE
--------- ----- ----
/s/ ROBERT A. SCHRIESHEIM Director March 16, 2001
- -----------------------------------------------------
Robert A. Schriesheim
/s/ JEFFREY VON DEYLEN Director March 16, 2001
- -----------------------------------------------------
Jeffrey Von Deylen
/s/ ROBERT J. AMMAN Chairman of the Board of March 16, 2001
- ----------------------------------------------------- Directors
Robert J. Amman
111
114
SCHEDULE II -- VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS
GOLDEN TELECOM, INC.
COL. A COL. B COL. C COL. D COL. E
- --------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------- ---------- ----------
ADDITIONS
-------------------------
BALANCE AT CHARGED TO RESERVES BALANCE AT
BEGINNING COSTS AND FROM END
DESCRIPTION OF PERIOD EXPENSES ACQUISITIONS DEDUCTIONS OF PERIOD
- ----------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
Allowance for doubtful accounts at
12/31/00............................. 4,010 807 -- (1,693) 3,124
Allowance for doubtful accounts at
12/31/99............................. 4,208 1,288 -- (1,486) 4,010
Allowance for doubtful accounts at
12/31/98............................. 3,947 4,418 589 (4,746) 4,208
EDN SOVINTEL LLC
COL. A COL. B COL. C COL. D COL. E
- --------------------------------------- ---------- ------------------------- ---------- ----------
ADDITIONS
-------------------------
BALANCE AT CHARGED TO RESERVES BALANCE AT
BEGINNING COSTS AND FROM END
DESCRIPTION OF PERIOD EXPENSES ACQUISITIONS DEDUCTIONS OF PERIOD
- ----------- ---------- ---------- ------------ ---------- ----------
Allowance for doubtful accounts at
12/31/00............................. 3,364 1,908 -- (291) 4,981
Allowance for doubtful accounts at
12/31/99............................. 2,427 1,900 -- (963) 3,364
Allowance for doubtful accounts at
12/31/98............................. 643 2,650 -- (866) 2,427
S-1
115
EXHIBIT INDEX
DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION
----------- -----------
3.1** -- Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of
Golden Telecom, Inc.
3.2** -- Amended and Restated By-laws of Golden Telecom, Inc.
4.1** -- Specimen certificate representing shares of Common Stock
4.2** -- Form of Registration Rights Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
4.3** -- Form of Warrant Agreement
4.4** -- Form of Registration Rights Agreement among Baring Vostok
Private Equity Fund LP, Guernsey, First NIS Regional Fund
SICAV and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.1** -- Form of Contribution Agreement between Global TeleSystems
Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.2** -- Form of Shareholders' Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.3** -- Form of Administrative Services Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.4** -- Form of Trademark Transfer Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.5** -- Form of Indemnification Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.6** -- Form of Employee Benefits Agreement between Global
TeleSystems Group, Inc. and Golden Telecom, Inc.
10.7***** -- Golden Telecom, Inc. 1999 Equity Participation Plan
10.8** -- Agreement No. 26-12/97, dated December 26, 1997, among
TCM, MTU-Inform and VimpelCom
10.9** -- Agreement No. 08-04/98, dated April 8, 1998, among TCM,
MTU-Inform and VimpelCom
10.10** -- Agreement No. 01-08/98, dated August 1, 1998, among TCM,
MTU-Inform and KB-Impulse
10.11**** -- Agreement No. 311299-TP, dated December 31, 1999, among
TeleRoss, KB-Impulse and VimpelCom
10.12* -- Form of Employment Agreement for the officers of Golden
Telecom, Inc.
10.13* -- List of officers of Golden Telecom, Inc. as at December
31, 2000, re Exhibit 10.12 above.
21.1* -- List of subsidiaries of Golden Telecom, Inc.
23.1* -- Consent of Ernst & Young (CIS) Limited, Independent
Auditors (Golden Telecom, Inc.)
23.2* -- Consent of Ernst & Young (CIS) Limited, Independent
Auditors (EDN Sovintel LLC)
24* -- Powers of Attorney (included on signature page)
99.1*** -- Subscription Agreement between Capital International
Global Emerging Markets Private Equity Fund L.P., and
Golden Telecom, Inc.
99.2*** -- Form of Shareholders and registration Rights Agreement
between Capital International Global Emerging Markets
Private Equity Fund L.P., Global TeleSystems Group, Inc.,
and Golden Telecom, Inc.
116
- ---------------
* Filed herewith.
** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered Exhibit to the
Company's registration statement on Form S-1 dated July 14, 1999 and
amendments (Commission File No. 333-82791).
*** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered Exhibits to
Schedule 13D of Capital International Global Emerging Markets Private
Equity Fund L.P., dated December 27, 1999 (Commission File No. 005-56995).
**** Incorporated by reference to the correspondingly numbered Exhibit to the
Company's annual report on Form 10-K dated March 21, 2000 (Commission File
No. 0-27423).
***** Incorporated by reference to the Company's definitive proxy statement on
Form DEF-14A dated April 25, 2000 (Commission File No. 0-27423).