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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
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FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
[X] ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
OR
[ ] TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE TRANSITION PERIOD FROM TO
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 0-23181
PAULA FINANCIAL
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
DELAWARE 95-4640368
(State or other jurisdiction of (I.R.S. Employer
incorporation or organization) identification number)
PAULA FINANCIAL
300 NORTH LAKE AVENUE, SUITE 300
PASADENA, CA 91101
(Address of principal executive offices)
(626) 304-0401
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
NONE
Securities Registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:
COMMON STOCK, $0.01 PAR VALUE
(Title of Class)
RIGHTS TO PURCHASE PREFERRED STOCK, $0.01 PAR VALUE
(Title of Class)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports
required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the
registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such
filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Yes X No
--- ---
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item
405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the
best of the registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information
statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any
amendment to this Form 10-K. _____
The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by nonaffiliates of the
registrant was $12,991,731 as of March 22, 2000.
(APPLICABLE ONLY TO CORPORATE REGISTRANTS)
As of March 22, 2000, the registrant had outstanding 5,586,867 shares of
Common Stock, $0.01 par value.
(Cover page 1 of 2 pages)
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
1. The information called for by Part III, Items 10, 11, 12 and 13 of this
report are incorporated herein from the Company's Proxy Statement for its
2000 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.
2. A number of the exhibits to this Report called for by Part IV, Item 14 are
incorporated herein from the Company's Registration Statement on Form
S-1 (Reg. No. 333-33159) filed on August 8, 1997, from Amendment No. 1
thereto, from the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year
ending December 31, 1998 and from the Company's Quarterly Reports on Form
10-Q for the quarters ending September 30, 1998, March 31, 1999 and
September 30, 1999.
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PART I
ITEM 1. BUSINESS
THE COMPANY
PAULA Financial and subsidiaries (collectively, "the Company") is a
California-based specialty underwriter and distributor of commercial insurance
products which, through its subsidiary PAULA Insurance Company ("PICO"),
underwrites workers' compensation insurance products and services for the
agribusiness industry. The Company began operations in 1946 as an insurance
agency providing workers' compensation and group medical employee benefits to
agribusiness employers in underserved rural markets. In 1974, PICO was formed to
underwrite the workers' compensation portion of the business distributed by Pan
American Underwriters, Inc. ("Pan Am"), the Company's insurance agency. The
Company's other principal subsidiary is PAULA Assurance Company ("PACO"), a life
and health carrier.
SCOPE OF OPERATIONS
The Company has operated successfully in California for more than 50
years and in Arizona for more than 40 years. In 1994, the Company commenced
operations in Oregon to test whether its business formula would prove successful
in other jurisdictions. The Company wrote its first policy in Oregon on January
1, 1995. The Company's experience in Oregon indicated that the business formula
could be successful in other states. Since then, the Company has expanded into
Alaska, Florida, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico and Texas. On a limited basis, the
Company also writes insurance risks in other states through a reinsurance
fronting facility. The Company has focused its expansion in states with
significant labor-intensive agribusiness insurance opportunities.
PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
The Company's principal product consists of workers' compensation
insurance policies sold primarily to agribusiness employers. For the year ended
December 31, 1999, workers' compensation net premiums earned accounted for 84.6%
of the Company's revenues.
In order to differentiate its workers' compensation product from its
competitors, the Company has developed a number of innovative product features,
including: (i) automatic coverage in California for discrimination claims based
on an employee's intent to file a workers' compensation claim; (ii) available
employment practices liability insurance in California, which provides coverage
for sexual harassment, wrongful termination and discrimination; (iii) automatic
benefits for the provision of occupational medicine to workers' compensation
claimants in Mexico; and (iv) additional premium credit to the insured employer
in California when the agent provides both the workers' compensation and health
insurance to the employer client and its employees.
The Company also sells "AmeriMex", a product underwritten by PACO,
which is typically sold alongside PICO's workers' compensation product in
California, and which provides group medical benefits for services rendered at
three provider hospitals in Mexico. Additionally, PACO offers low limit group
term life and accidental death and dismemberment insurance to employer groups.
On a limited basis, the Company also offers third party administrator ("TPA")
services which consist of the independent administration of claims and related
matters for self-insured employers' health benefit plans. For the year ended
December 31,
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1999, TPA, group medical and group life products accounted for an aggregate
of less than 2% of the Company's revenues. These products are typically sold
to the same employers that purchase the Company's workers' compensation
products.
As a general commercial agent, Pan Am distributes group health
insurance, property and casualty insurance, life and disability insurance and
other products underwritten by unaffiliated insurance companies to the Company's
agribusiness clients. The Company believes that the ability of Pan Am to offer
these products and the ability of Pan Am and the PAULA Trading Company ("PTC")
member agencies to offer the Company's distinctive products strengthen the
relationship between the agent and the Company's policyholders. See also
"Distribution."
WORKERS' COMPENSATION SYSTEM
Workers' compensation is a statutory system under which an employer is
required to reimburse its employees for the costs of medical care and other
specified benefits for work-related injuries or illnesses. Most employers comply
with this requirement by purchasing workers' compensation insurance. The
principal concept underlying workers' compensation laws is that an employee
injured in the course of his employment has only the legal remedies for that
injury available under workers' compensation law and does not have any other
claims against his or her employer. Generally, workers are covered for injuries
which occur in the course and scope of their employment. The obligation to pay
such compensation does not depend on any negligence or wrong on the part of the
employer and exists even for injuries that result from the negligence or wrongs
of another person, including the employee.
Workers' compensation insurance policies obligate the carrier to pay
all benefits which the insured employer may become obligated to pay under
applicable workers' compensation laws. Each individual state has its own
workers' compensation regulatory system that determines the level of wage
replacement to be paid, the level of medical care required to be provided and
the cost of permanent impairment. For instance, there are four types of benefits
payable under California workers' compensation policies: (i) temporary or
permanent disability benefits (either in the form of short-term to life-term
payments or lump sum payments); (ii) vocational rehabilitation benefits; (iii)
medical benefits; and (iv) death benefits. The amount of benefits payable for
various types of claims is determined by regulation and varies with the severity
and nature of the injury or illness and the wage, occupation and age of the
employee.
BUSINESS STRATEGY
The Company believes that its differentiated approach as a provider of
insurance services to the agribusiness industry and its expertise with immigrant
employee groups, partial year workforces and businesses in rural communities
have been important to its success. The Company views its strengths as: (i) its
integrated distribution and underwriting activities; (ii) the distinctive labor
relations and cost containment services it provides; and (iii) its underwriting
and risk management expertise with respect to agribusiness risks.
The Company's target agribusiness market includes those employers who
farm, harvest, transport, pack and process tree fruit, vegetables, fiber,
flowers, vine fruit and dairy products. Labor intensive agribusiness employers
rely on their workforces performing to maximum productivity in order to deliver
their fresh product to market at the best price. Agribusiness insurance risks
are generally characterized by: (i) monolingual Spanish speaking workforces;
(ii) moving work sites and a relative lack of machinery and equipment, making
loss control engineering more difficult; (iii) large seasonal fluctuations and
high turnover
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in the employee pool, making timely and frequent safety training more
critical and increasing the opportunity for filing fraudulent claims; (iv)
fewer opportunities for discounts from health providers in rural locations;
and (v) a relatively young workforce performing physically demanding labor
for low hourly or piece-work wages.
The Company has capitalized on its experience working in the
agribusiness industry by expanding into other industries with immigrant
workforces, including grocery stores, restaurants and garment manufacturers.
Like agribusiness employers, these business typically hire low-wage immigrant
labor forces to perform semi-skilled labor and have risk characteristics and
service requirements similar to those of the Company's agribusiness client base.
PTC member agencies with expertise in these industries have been the key factor
behind the Company's growth in non-agribusiness industries.
INTEGRATED DISTRIBUTION
The Company has developed an expertise in the agribusiness industry
through its long history of both distributing and underwriting insurance and
through a focus on the agent-customer relationship. The Company believes that
Pan Am's direct interest in the Company's success results in a cooperative
relationship among the agent, the underwriter, loss control consultants, claims
management personnel and the customer and its employees. Pan Am, which has 17
locations in California, Oregon and Arizona, is the largest distributor for
PICO.
To enhance the Company's presence in rural areas not served by Pan Am,
the Company affiliates with insurance agencies of similar size and operating
histories to Pan Am. In late 1996 and early 1997, the Company made minority
equity investments in two regional commercial insurance agencies and formed the
PTC to affiliate with other independent agencies. Typically, PTC member agencies
have extensive operating histories, a significant commercial insurance presence
in rural communities and historically high client persistency rates.
The Company believes it gains significant marketing benefits from the
endorsements Pan Am has developed for the Company. These endorsements by more
than 25 prominent trade associations have allowed the Company to be identified
with brand names significant to agribusiness customers. Trade associations which
have endorsed the Company have recommended the Company's products and services
to their members. Endorsements provide the Company with access to large groups
of potential customers without the usual sales process of prospecting individual
clients. The Company believes that solicitation of association members results
in a higher percentage of sales than do individual unaffiliated solicitations.
DISTINCTIVE SERVICES TO AGRIBUSINESS EMPLOYERS
Throughout its history, the Company has tailored its labor relations
and cost containment services to the unique needs of the agribusiness employer.
From the initial reporting of a claim to the careful explanation of benefits to
the medical treatment delivery to the return of an employee to work, the
Company's capabilities are field-based, bilingual, cross-cultural and sensitive
to the unique fraud-prevention and cost-containment issues present in
agribusiness. The Company's safety training, early return to work efforts, case
management and case settlement operations are tailored specifically to the labor
relations and cost containment needs of agribusiness employers and to the needs
of Hispanic and other immigrant laborers.
3
LOSS PREVENTION. Since employee turnover is high among agribusiness
employers and labor intensive agribusiness requires little fixed equipment, the
Company's field representatives hold employee safety training, forklift training
and tail-gate sessions for the Company's clients and their employees. In
addition, the Company's field representatives train crew foremen and field
supervisors on safety practices, visit the workplace to help prevent fraudulent
claims and report safety concerns to the Company's loss control consultants and
underwriters. The Company's field representatives are a team of community-based
bilingual employees with agribusiness employment backgrounds.
BENEFIT DELIVERY AND EXPLANATION OF BENEFITS TO FARM WORKERS. It has been a
long-standing and distinctive practice of the Company's field representatives to
hand deliver first-time benefit checks as often as possible and explain benefits
in the language of preference of the claimant. The Company believes this helps
to reduce the cost of claims, particularly by reducing the number of litigated
claims, and reduces the incidence of fraud. The Company's field representatives
also assist in returning employees to modified duty as part of the Company's
early return to work program.
MEDICAL DELIVERY IN MEXICO. The Company offers occupational medical treatment
options in Mexico in three approved clinics in Tijuana, Mexicali and San Luis.
The Company believes it is the only carrier to provide this service, which
allows covered employees to obtain culturally-compatible care in sought-after
private medical facilities in Mexico. The Company realizes significant average
cost savings from Mexico-based medical care compared with comparable care in the
United States.
AGRIBUSINESS UNDERWRITING EXPERTISE
KNOWLEDGE OF AGRIBUSINESS RISKS. The Company considers its proprietary loss
experience database, its trade association endorsements and its understanding of
the risk management needs of agribusiness employers to be the key elements of
its underwriting capabilities. The Company's rate making process benefits
significantly from more than 50 years of claim experience in the agribusiness
industry and a proprietary database built over 25 years. This database includes
experience by class of business and by subclass within those business classes in
which the Company specializes. The information in the database has been
developed since PICO's inception and is relevant today in that the Company
continues to specialize in many of the same classes of business in which it has
historically focused. This experience has enabled the Company to differentiate
risks by creating many farm classes and subclasses, reflecting the unique
characteristics of job classifications and differences in farming operations.
TRADE ASSOCIATION ENDORSEMENTS AND SAFETY GROUPS. The Company enjoys the
endorsement of more than 25 trade associations and has promoted the formation
and operation of more than 40 other safety groups that purchase workers'
compensation insurance from the Company. Each employer participating in these
groups is pooled with other homogeneous employers for the purpose of rating
experience. These groups help the Company to achieve the actuarial benefit of
writing larger pools, to provide safety training and services to small accounts
more efficiently and to promote the selection of good risks and safety practices
by linking the self interest of each group member. The Company believes that the
loss ratios of its trade association and safety group customers have been lower
than those of its customers as a whole. The trade association endorsements, in
particular, are also a good source of marketing opportunities through access to
association mailing lists. Over half of the Company's policies are in trade
associations and safety groups.
4
RISK MANAGEMENT. Risk management is the process of identifying and analyzing
loss exposures and taking steps to minimize the financial impact of those
exposures. The Company's loss control consultants, most of whom are bilingual
and are trained and certified in various farm safety practices, assist the
underwriters in reviewing new accounts and in initiating safety programs based
on industry best practices for each type of customer.
CUSTOMERS
AGRIBUSINESS
The Company has served the insurance needs of agribusiness employers
and other employers of immigrant workers for over 50 years. Because the Company
focuses on clients in a limited number of industries, it believes it has
developed expertise in assessing the risks associated with those industries.
The Company believes that the experience level required to be
successful in serving the agribusiness industry makes it difficult for
competitors to enter this market. In most states in which it operates, the
Company's single largest competitor for agribusiness is that state's workers'
compensation insurance fund. Due in part to the limited number of
non-governmental carriers, state funds have built substantial market share in
the states where they exist.
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS AND SAFETY GROUPS
Two significant factors in the Company's insurance operations have been
the efforts of Pan Am to obtain endorsements from agricultural trade
associations and to promote the formation and operation of safety groups. The
Company believes that it gains significant marketing and underwriting benefits
from these relationships. Trade association endorsements are made and renewed on
an annual basis. As of December 31, 1999, no single trade association or safety
group accounted for more than 5% of the Company's estimated annual premium
("EAP"). The Company individually underwrites each policy and is not obligated
to offer insurance to any trade association member. The Company works with
significant independent employers or groups of employers in selected crops or
industries to form safety groups for group insurance purchasing and safety
training purposes. Safety groups are entities which are registered with the
applicable Department of Insurance and formed primarily to encourage workplace
safety among employer members of the group and to purchase workers' compensation
insurance as a group.
DISTRIBUTION
DIRECT
The Company, operating through its wholly-owned subsidiary Pan Am,
distributes its workers' compensation products to employers in California,
Arizona and Oregon. Management believes Pan Am is one of the largest agency
operations specializing in offering employee benefit products to
agribusiness-related employers in California and Arizona. Pan Am primarily
has developed internally, to a current full-time sales force of 38, with
commission revenues (before intercompany eliminations) of $9.2 million in
1999. Pan Am, as agent and broker, offers its customers a wide range of
insurance products tailored to agribusiness employers' specific needs.
5
Pan Am's revenues are derived from commissions from the placement of
insurance with insurance carriers, including PICO and PACO. In 1999, Pan Am
placed 37% of its total insurance premiums with PICO and PACO. The Company's
integration of the sales and underwriting elements of the workers' compensation
insurance business sold through Pan Am enhances the Company's ability to retain
this business. PICO's insurance business sold through Pan Am is not vulnerable
to being moved at the sole discretion of the agent, although PICO's insurance
sold through Pan Am is still subject to competition from other insurance agents.
For 1999, 30% of PICO's premiums written was sold through Pan Am.
Pan Am has 73 full-time equivalent employees operating from 17
offices in California, Arizona and Oregon; these locations also house PICO
personnel and operations. This provides Pan Am sales personnel with direct
access to insurance company underwriting and claims personnel which, the
Company believes, improves the effectiveness of Pan Am's sales and servicing
efforts.
PAULA TRADING COMPANY
To enhance the Company's presence in rural areas not served by Pan Am,
the Company affiliates with insurance agencies of similar size and operating
histories to Pan Am, primarily through the PTC membership arrangement. The
insurance agencies that have been selected to join the PTC are expected to
submit applications on risks where there is a high likelihood of PICO
successfully writing the business. PICO also typically expects the first and
last chance to quote agribusiness or Hispanic-focused workers' compensation
business written by a PTC member. PTC members have access to PAULA's innovative
product features such as an employment practices liability insurance ("EPL")
product and have the potential to join an insurance agency marketing arrangement
established by the founders of the PTC. The Company believes the PTC allows the
Company to receive better quality insurance submissions, face less price
competition and maintain relatively lower insurance business acquisition costs.
INDEPENDENT INSURANCE AGENTS
The Company appoints a limited number of independent insurance agents,
who are not affiliated with the PTC, to sell its workers' compensation
insurance, primarily in states other than California. The Company favors
appointing independent agents who will primarily represent the Company in its
desired agribusiness focused markets rather than presenting the Company as one
of many competing quotes together in a pricing comparison.
UNDERWRITING
RISK SELECTION
The Company's focus allows it to concentrate on agribusiness in rural
areas where litigation, fraud and abuse, which tend to increase the frequency of
claims as well as the Company's loss adjustment expense ("LAE"), are less
pronounced. The Company believes the historically lower claim frequency and LAE
in these areas are due in large part to the stronger work ethic and lower wage
level in these areas coupled with a lower density of attorneys and other
workers' compensation claimants' intermediaries.
Most of PICO's business is produced through Pan Am and a group of
selected independent agents which have a local presence in the major
agricultural areas throughout the Company's operating markets. The Company
believes that this local involvement in rural communities allows its agents to
gain insight into the
6
insureds' financial stability, ability to run their business, attitudes
toward safety and loss control and willingness to work as partners with the
Company in the management of their workers' compensation program.
The Company focuses on small- to medium-sized accounts which make up
the broadest segment of agribusiness employers. PICO's average annual workers'
compensation policy premium, as measured by EAP, was $9,225 as of December 31,
1999. The Company has found that smaller businesses tend to be supervised by the
owner rather than management staff. The Company believes that an employer's
claims experience directly depends on the owner's commitment to workplace safety
and its hiring practices. By underwriting small- to medium-sized accounts, the
Company has an opportunity to assess directly the owners' commitment to
workplace safety rather than trying to assess such commitment through
interaction with management staff.
UNDERWRITING PROCESS
PICO's relationship with Pan Am and other agents allows the
pre-screening by such agents of new workers' compensation accounts according to
criteria established by PICO, including the employers' prior loss experience,
hiring practices, safety record, credit history, geographic location and types
of job assignments within employment classifications. The Company's agents also
meet with the employer's management to assess the extent to which management is
committed to safety in the workplace.
Once an account passes this initial screening process and prior to
approving an application, the Company's underwriting department reviews each
employer applicant's prior loss experience, safety record, operations,
geographic location and payroll classifications and the types of job assignments
within employment classifications. If necessary, more often for accounts with
EAP of $250,000 or greater, a pre-inspection is conducted by the Company's loss
control department to evaluate safety in the workplace, hiring practices,
industrial health hazards and the potential insured's enthusiasm for loss
control and workplace safety. The Company's underwriters evaluate the potential
profitability of each insurance application by analyzing the various potential
loss exposures related to that particular risk compared to the standard
exposures in that classification.
On accounts larger than $100,000 in EAP, the Company's underwriters
generally consult with the Company's senior claims management personnel during
the underwriting process. For new business submissions, this process improves
the Company's ability to estimate an employer's expected claims experience. For
renewing businesses, this process informs the underwriters of the Company's
experience handling claims for the particular employer and the employer's
attitude toward safety, cooperation in the claims settlement process, return to
work efforts and collection payment history.
Once an account is written, a service plan is put into place utilizing
appropriate members of the Company's team of bilingual field representatives and
certified loss control specialists and employer personnel to establish and
periodically review formal and informal safety programs, safety committees,
conformity with OSHA standards, procedures for reporting injuries, medical cost
containment, anti-fraud information, accident investigation, safety
incentive/rewards programs and claims review procedures. The Company's field
representatives provide a number of valuable services for the Company's
underwriting and claims personnel as well as to the Company's insured employers.
All of the field representatives speak English and Spanish. The field
representatives spend their working hours making periodic visits to the
Company's insured employers and their workers. Among other things, the field
representatives provide
7
feedback to the Company's underwriting personnel about particular accounts and
their attitude toward, and actions to implement, workplace safety. The Company
uses its bilingual, state-certified loss control personnel to hold safety
seminars to train insureds' employees.
The Company has established an underwriting referral policy designed to
allow the Company's senior underwriting officer to review all large and unusual
underwriting opportunities. All accounts with (i) high EAP, (ii) high experience
modifications (indicating poor prior claims experience), (iii) a projected
overall rate reduction at renewal, or (iv) large variations from the Company's
standard rates are reviewed by the senior underwriting officer, often in
consultation with senior claims officers, loss control officers and/or the chief
financial officer.
The Company's underwriting department consists of 8 senior underwriters
with extensive experience in property/casualty underwriting and 16 other
underwriting staff members. Each of the senior underwriters is given
individually determined binding authority.
PRICING
The amount of premium the Company charges for workers' compensation
insurance is dependent on the size of an employer's payroll, the job
classifications of its employees and the application of the Company's rating
plan to each individual employer. The Company's rating plan varies from state to
state due to differences in regulatory environments. In certain states, the
premium rate charged to a particular employer may be affected by a risk premium
modifier if the employer is a member of a safety group or meets certain safety
or other requirements. Each employer's indicated premium is then adjusted based
on the employer's experience modification, which is determined by a third party
rating bureau. Application of the experience modification factor results in an
increase or decrease to the indicated premium rate based on the employer's loss
experience and, therefore, provides an incentive to employers to reduce
work-related injuries and illnesses.
In certain states, at the time the Company issues a policy to an
employer, the Company is paid a deposit premium, which is a percentage of the
EAP of the policy at the time of issuance. The percentage ranges from 10% to
100% of the EAP depending, among other things, on the premium payment schedule,
the employer's credit history and employment classifications. The employer
remits its premiums either in installments based on a payment plan or in amounts
calculated from periodic reports of its payrolls. At the end of the policy term,
or when the policy is canceled, a final audit of the employer's records is
conducted by the Company to determine the correct amount of premium due to the
Company.
For a description of regulation of workers' compensation insurance
premium rates, see "Business-Regulation-Regulation of PICO's Business in Each
State in Which it is Licensed".
CLAIMS
The Company's policy is to protect injured workers or their dependents
and policyholders by promptly investigating each loss occurrence, administering
benefits in a prompt, efficient and cost effective manner and maintaining an
appropriate reserve estimate on each claim through closure. The Company expends
significant efforts to improve its insureds' claim experience. Because the
Company charges insurance rates based in part on an insured's claims experience
over a three-year period, improvements in an insured's claims experience are not
immediately reflected in lower rates, thereby providing an opportunity for the
Company's loss ratio to improve as each accounts' claims experience is reduced.
8
MANAGEMENT OF CLAIMS COSTS
The Company's Special Investigation Unit reviews each claim for
potential fraud as it is reported to the Company rather than only those
claims referred to the unit by claims adjusters after they suspect fraud, as
the Company believes is more typical in the industry. By reviewing every
claim at an early stage, the Company is able to take advantage of its
experience in identifying the principal indicators of fraud and thereby
mitigate its exposure to fraudulent claims. The Company believes its Special
Investigation Unit's review of every claim diminishes the number of
fraudulent claims paid by the Company. The Company has also established a
separate litigation management unit, utilizing its own administrative hearing
representatives, which makes extensive use of alternative dispute resolution
techniques to settle claims prior to these claims going before local workers'
compensation appeals boards. The Company periodically holds special one-day
arbitration conferences with retired workers' compensation judges to attempt
to settle pending claims.
In order to mitigate the trend towards higher claim values on
permanent disability claims, in the second quarter of 1999, the Company
established new claims units, internally referred to as "Ranger" units. The
Ranger units, which are in place in California, are based on a model of
proactive claims management. Ranger team members are charged with developing
action plans for each case using best practices data. Ranger team members are
also subject to daily monitoring and feedback by Ranger supervisors. The
Company believes that this results in increased accountability and improved
oversight and ultimately allows the Company to manage claims to efficient
outcomes.
As an integral part of its claims operations, PICO utilizes
specially trained personnel, both employees and independent contractors, to
carry out cost containment techniques in the areas of medical management,
litigation management, vocational rehabilitation management, subrogation
management, fraud investigation, bill review, utilization review and benefit
delivery compliance. The Company's medical management efforts are devoted to
providing medical utilization review and quality assurance with the
objectives of controlling unit cost, volume of services and lost work days
due to work-related injury and illness. In particular, due to its long
experience in rural markets, the Company understands how the delivery of
occupational medical services varies in rural areas from metropolitan areas,
allowing the Company, it believes, to more effectively utilize its rights to
direct injured workers to medical providers approved by the Company during
the first weeks after an injury occurs.
The Company has created a panel of medical providers practicing in
three facilities in Mexico who are skilled in delivering occupational
medicine in a manner consistent with the requirements of the California
workers' compensation system at less cost than United States providers for
those workers more comfortable with Mexico clinics and hospitals.
CLAIMS PERSONNEL
The Company's claims management is conducted under the direction of
17 claims management personnel with extensive experience in the industry. The
Company believes that the combination of experience and manageable caseloads
allows claims personnel to be more effective at managing claims through
frequent contact with policyholders, injured workers and medical providers.
9
LOSSES AND LOSS RESERVES
In many cases, significant periods of time may elapse between the
occurrence of an insured loss, the reporting of the loss to the insurer and
the insurer's payment of that loss. To recognize liabilities for unpaid
losses, insurers establish reserves, which are balance sheet liabilities
representing estimates of future amounts needed to pay claims with respect to
insured events that have occurred, including events that have occurred but
have not yet been reported to the insurer. Reserves are also established for
LAE representing the estimated expenses of settling claims, including legal
and other fees, and general expenses of administering the claims adjustment
process.
Reserves for losses and LAE are based not only on historical
experience but also on management's judgment of the effects of factors such
as future economic and social forces likely to impact the insurer's
experience relative to the type of risk involved, benefit changes,
circumstances surrounding individual claims and trends that may affect the
probable number and nature of claims arising from losses not yet reported.
Consequently, loss reserves are inherently subject to a number of highly
variable circumstances.
Reserves for losses and LAE are evaluated quarterly using a variety
of actuarial and statistical techniques for producing current estimates of
expected claim costs. Claim frequency and severity and other economic and
social factors are considered in the evaluation process. Since the Company
relies on both actual historical data, which reflect past inflation, and on
other factors which are judged to be appropriate modifiers of past
experience, the Company uses an implied, rather than explicit, provision for
inflation in its calculation of estimated future claim costs. Adjustments to
reserves are reflected in operating results for the periods in which they are
made.
The Company sets an initial case reserve upon being notified of an
insured injury. Since 1992, the Company has employed automated computer
technology utilizing a database comprised of data from participating
unaffiliated workers' compensation carriers to assist the Company in setting
such initial reserves. As more facts regarding the loss become known, the
Company reviews and, if appropriate, revises the initial case loss reserve.
In addition to case reserves, the Company also establishes bulk
reserves. Bulk reserves are established on an aggregate basis to provide for
losses incurred but not yet reported to the insurer and to supplement the
overall adequacy of individual case reserves established by claims adjusters
and estimated expenses of settling such claims, including legal and other
fees and general expenses of administering the claims adjustment process. The
Company establishes bulk reserves by estimating the ultimate net liability
for losses and LAE by using actuarial reserving techniques. Such techniques
are used to adjust, in the aggregate, the amount estimated for individually
established case reserves, as well as to establish estimates for reserves for
unreported claims. Adjustments are made for changes in the volume and mix of
business, mix of claim categories, claims processing and other items which
affect the development patterns over time.
On the basis of the Company's internal procedures which analyze,
among other things, the Company's experience with similar cases and
historical trends such as reserving patterns, loss payments and pending
levels of unpaid claims, as well as court decisions, economic conditions and
public attitudes, management has made its best estimate of the Company's
liabilities for unpaid losses and LAE and believes that adequate provision
has been made for such items. However, because the establishment of loss
reserves is an inherently uncertain process, there can be no assurance that
ultimate losses and LAE will not exceed the Company's reserves. There can be
no assurance that future loss development will not require reserves for prior
periods to be increased, which would adversely affect earnings in future
periods.
10
The Company employs an in-house actuary and also utilizes an outside
actuarial firm to determine its reserving levels.
The following table sets forth a reconciliation of beginning and
ending reserves for losses and LAE after reinsurance deductions for the
periods indicated. There are no material differences between the Company's
reserves for losses and LAE shown below calculated in accordance with
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ("GAAP") and those calculated in
accordance with Statutory Accounting Principles ("SAP"). The Company does not
discount claim reserves on either a GAAP basis or under SAP.
RECONCILIATION OF RESERVES FOR LOSSES AND LAE
(IN THOUSANDS)
1999 1998 1997
-------- -------- -------
Unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses beginning of year.............. $136,316 $ 77,784 $55,720
Less: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and LAE.................. 25,137 6,394 6,427
PACO reserves.................................................. 377 343 533
-------- -------- -------
Net PICO balance, beginning of year.................................. $110,802 $ 71,047 $48,760
-------- -------- -------
Incurred related to:
Current period....................................................... 64,896 107,850 66,330
Prior periods........................................................ 17,179 6,268 1,586
-------- -------- -------
$ 82,075 $114,118 $67,916
-------- -------- -------
Settlement of Reliance treaties (See "Reinsurance")..................... 41,989 - -
Paid related to:
Current period....................................................... 34,318 34,374 20,495
Prior periods........................................................ 53,330 39,989 25,134
-------- -------- -------
$ 87,648 $ 74,363 $45,629
-------- -------- -------
Net PICO balance, end of year........................................ 147,218 110,802 71,047
Plus: reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and LAE.................. 11,519 25,137 6,394
PACO reserves.................................................. 207 377 343
-------- -------- -------
Unpaid loss and loss adjustment expenses, end of year................... $158,944 $136,316 $77,784
======== ======== =======
The table below shows changes in historical workers' compensation
net loss and LAE reserves for PICO for each year since 1989. Reported reserve
development is derived from information included in PICO's statutory
financial statements. The first line of the upper portion of the table shows
the net reserves as of December 31 of each of the indicated years,
representing the estimated amounts of net outstanding losses and LAE for
claims arising during that year and in all prior years that are unpaid,
including losses that have been incurred but not yet reported to the Company.
The upper portion of the table shows the restated amount of the previously
recorded net reserves for each year based on experience as of the end of each
succeeding year. The estimate changes as more information becomes known about
claims for individual years. The lower portion of the table shows the
cumulative net amounts paid as of December 31 of successive years with
respect to the net reserve liability for each year.
11
In evaluating the information in the table below, it should be noted
that each amount includes the effects of all changes in amounts for prior
periods. For example, if a loss determined in 1992 to be $10,000 was first
reserved in 1989 at $8,000, the $2,000 deficiency would be included in the
cumulative redundancy (deficiency) for each of the years 1989 through 1992
shown below. This table, unlike the table headed "Calendar Year Development
by Accident Year" that follows, does not present accident or policy year
development data. Conditions and trends that have affected the development of
liability in the past may not necessarily occur in the future. Accordingly,
it may not be appropriate to extrapolate future redundancies or deficiencies
based on this table.
12
CHANGES IN HISTORICAL NET RESERVES FOR LOSSES AND LAE
(IN THOUSANDS)
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Unpaid losses and loss
adjustment expenses at
end of year............ $49,994 $49,104 $57,909 $59,492 $56,792 $53,287 $49,982 $48,760 $71,047 $110,802 $147,218
Reserve re-estimated as of:
One year later......... 47,833 52,209 58,618 57,000 52,837 49,403 47,335 50,346 77,315 127,981
Two years later........ 50,060 53,491 60,095 57,115 50,480 48,189 45,041 50,910 86,677
Three years later...... 49,970 54,316 60,733 55,305 50,647 46,855 45,814 55,447
Four years later....... 50,321 55,269 59,806 56,725 50,056 47,928 47,868
Five years later....... 51,095 54,808 60,286 56,813 50,707 49,173
Six years later........ 51,025 55,184 60,794 57,225 51,679
Seven years later...... 51,348 55,738 61,188 58,123
Eight years later...... 51,714 55,932 61,702
Nine years later....... 51,913 56,281
Ten years later........ 52,170
Cumulative redundancy
(deficiency).............. (2,176) (7,177) (3,793) 1,369 5,113 4,114 2,114 (6,687) (15,630) (17,179)
Cumulative paid as of:
One year later......... 19,757 21,736 25,543 23,464 21,711 21,742 21,680 25,133 39,989 53,330
Two years later........ 32,602 36,021 40,328 37,040 34,721 33,601 33,007 38,328 61,986
Three years later...... 40,456 43,482 48,429 45,529 41,855 39,372 38,784 45,768
Four years later....... 44,254 47,923 53,416 50,395 45,253 42,807 42,253
Five years later....... 46,682 50,713 56,250 52,941 47,231 45,078
Six years later........ 48,430 52,442 58,261 54,642 48,696
Seven years later...... 49,406 53,801 59,406 55,848
Eight years later...... 50,333 54,558 60,181
Nine years later....... 50,926 55,090
Ten years later........ 51,291
Net unpaid losses and loss
adj. expenses
December 31............ $71,047 $110,802 $147,218
Reinsurance recoverable... 6,394 25,137 11,519
Gross unpaid losses and
loss adj. expenses
December 31............ $77,441 $135,939 $158,737
======= ======== ========
(Continued)
13
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Re-estimated net
unpaid losses and
loss adjustment
expenses............... $86,677 $127,981
Re-estimated reinsurance
recoverable............ 10,490 28,559
-------- --------
Re-estimated gross
unpaid losses and
loss adjustment
expenses.............. $97,167 $156,540
======== =========
Gross cumulative
redundancy
(deficiency).......... ($19,726) ($20,601)
======== =========
The following table is derived from the table above and summarizes
the effect of reserve re-estimates net of ceded reinsurance on calendar year
operations for the same ten-year period ended December 31, 1999. The total of
each row details the amount of reserve re-estimates made in the indicated
calendar year and shows the accident years to which the re-estimates are
applicable. The total of each accident year column represents the cumulative
reserve re-estimates for the indicated accident year(s).
CALENDAR YEAR DEVELOPMENT BY ACCIDENT YEAR
(IN THOUSANDS)
1989 Total
-----
and Calendar
--- Year
prior 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Effect
----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --------
Calendar
years
1999............. $ (257) $ (92) $(165) $ (384) $ (74) $ (273) $ (809) $(2,483) $ (4,825) $(7,817) $(17,179)
1998............. (199) 5 (200) (18) (239) (422) 300 209 (5,704) (6,268)
1997............. (366) (188) 46 420 679 743 960 (3,880) (1,586)
1996............. (323) (53) (104) (940) 1,253 1,381 1,433 2,647
1995............. 70 391 466 883 547 1,527 3,884
1994............. (774) (179) 315 523 4,070 3,955
1993............. (351) (474) (652) 3,969 2,492
1992............. 90 (1,372) 573 (709)
1991............. (2,227) (878) (3,105)
1990............. 2,161 2,161
-------- -------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------- -------- -------- ------- --------
Cumulative
re-estimates
for each
accident year $(2,176) $(2,840) $ 279 $4,453 $6,236 $2,956 $1,884 $(6,154) $(10,529) $(7,817) $(13,708)
======== ======== ======= ======= ====== ====== ======== ======== ======== ========= =========
14
PICO and the California workers' compensation industry as a whole
experienced relatively high incurred losses and LAE during accident years
1989 -1992 as a result of laws enacted in 1989 which had the unintended
effect of permitting the filing of fraudulent and abusive workers'
compensation claims. PICO determined reserves for accident years 1993 and
1994, and to a lesser extent, 1995, based on the relatively high incurred
loss and LAE trends for the 1989 - 1992 accident years. PICO's actual
incurred losses and LAE for the 1993 -1995 accident years proved to be lower
than anticipated and PICO's original reserves for these periods were
ultimately redundant. During the three year period ended December 31, 1996,
PICO experienced an aggregate of approximately $10.5 million in reserve
recoveries attributable primarily to favorable development on losses and LAE
for accident years 1993-1995.
During 1997, PICO experienced an aggregate of approximately $1.6
million in net reserve development. During 1997, reserve development of $3.9
million on the 1996 accident year was partially offset by reserve recoveries
of $2.4 million on accident years 1993 - 1995. PICO established its initial
reserves on the 1996 accident year based on the favorable trends for the
1993-1995 accident years. The development for the 1996 accident year resulted
from claims trends less favorable than those experienced by the Company for
the 1993-1995 accident years.
During 1998, PICO experienced an aggregate of approximately $6.3
million in net reserve development, principally related to the 1997 accident
year. In the first two quarters of 1998 the Company saw reserve development
on the 1997 accident year for California business in excess of its
expectations given prior year reserving trends. The Company's second quarter
reserve adjustment, expressed as a percentage of related premiums, implied a
pricing deficiency for those periods. The Company began to address this
pricing deficiency in mid-1998 through rate increases and non-renewal
activity. The Company continued to pursue rate increases in 1999.
During 1999, PICO experienced an aggregate of approximately $17.2
million in net reserve development, $12.6 million of which related to the
1997 and 1998 accident years. The reserve development in those accident years
is largely related to the California book of business and is generally
attributable to longer claim durations, principally on claims that are
litigated.
POLICYHOLDER DIVIDENDS
Workers' compensation policies can be written on a participating or
non-participating basis. Participating policies allow the Company to declare
and pay dividends to a policyholder after the expiration of the policy based
upon a policyholder's specific loss experience (or, if the policyholder is
part of a safety group, the group's specific loss experience), the Company's
overall loss experience and competitive conditions. Since January 1, 1997,
substantially all workers' compensation insurance underwritten by the Company
in California, Alaska, Texas and New Mexico has been written without the
expectation that the Company would pay policyholder dividends on such
policies.
Substantially all of the insurance underwritten by the Company in
Arizona, Oregon, Idaho, Florida and Nevada is written on participating policy
forms. However, increasing upfront price competition in Arizona has led to
dividends becoming less of a competitive factor in recent years. In Oregon,
Idaho and Nevada, dividends are sometimes used as a competitive pricing tool,
especially for trade association and safety groups. Currently, workers'
compensation insurers in Florida use policyholder dividends to reward
favorable loss experience as a means of competitive pricing.
15
The Company makes the determination of the amount of the dividends
it chooses to pay on its participating policies generally 12 to 30 months
after policy expiration, and such payments require approval by PICO's board
of directors. The Company intends to continue to issue policies in Arizona,
Oregon, Idaho, Florida and Nevada that are eligible for policyholder dividend
consideration.
REINSURANCE
Insurance risk is ceded primarily to reduce the liability on
individual claims and to protect against catastrophic losses. The Company
follows the industry practice of reinsuring a portion of its risks on an
excess of loss reinsurance basis. For this coverage, the Company pays the
reinsurer a portion of the premiums received on all policies. In return, the
reinsurer agrees to reimburse the Company for all losses in excess of a
predetermined amount, commonly referred to as the insurance company's
retention. Occasionally, the Company has also chosen to quota-share a portion
of its retained claims exposure. In a quota-share reinsurance contract, the
Company and the reinsurer share premiums, losses and LAE on a proportional
basis based on each parties interest in the quota-shared risk.
The Company maintains excess of loss reinsurance treaties with
various reinsurers for workers' compensation. Since 1974, General Reinsurance
Corporation ("GenRe") has been the Company's primary excess of loss
reinsurer. GenRe is currently assigned a letter rating of "A++ (Superior)" by
A.M. Best. The Company's upper layers of reinsurance coverage (in excess of
$10.0 million) are currently provided by a large group of companies
contracted through a reinsurance intermediary owned by GenRe. All such
carriers are currently assigned a rating of "A-" or better by A.M. Best.
Under the current workers' compensation reinsurance treaties, various
reinsurers assume liability on that portion of the loss that exceeds $250,000
per accident, up to a maximum of $60.0 million per accident. An accident is
defined as a single event, whether it affects one or more persons. In July
1998, the Company modified its prior existing excess of loss reinsurance
treaty on the $250,000 excess of $250,000 layer to retain the first $2.0
million in annual aggregate losses, with a corresponding reduction in the
Company's reinsurance rate.
In October 1998, the Company entered into a two year excess of loss
and quota-share reinsurance arrangement with Reliance Insurance Company
("Reliance"). Under this arrangement, the Company ceded various portions of
its exposure for claims in excess of $10,000 and quota-shared a portion of
its risks under $10,000. The treaties with Reliance were settled and commuted
effective September 30, 1999. The Company received the cash settlement of
$42.0 million from Reliance on January 27, 2000. The settlement amount
includes the return of net premiums ceded during the twelve months the
treaties were in effect plus a substantial break-up fee. The difference
between the break-up fee and the economic benefits derived from the treaties
while they were in effect was a loss of $0.8 million, pre-tax. The Company
has accounted for this transaction as a commutation.
Although reinsurance makes the assuming reinsurer liable to PICO to
the extent of the reinsurance ceded, it does not legally discharge PICO from
its primary liability for the full amount of the claim. The Company has
encountered no disputes with its reinsurers and has not experienced any
difficulty on the part of reinsurers to fulfill their obligations under
reinsurance treaties. The Company believes that suitable alternative excess
of loss reinsurance treaties for the excess of $250,000 per accident layers
are readily obtainable at the present time.
16
The Company has also entered into a 90% quota-share reinsurance
agreement with the Venton Syndicate of Lloyds of London with respect to the
underwriting risk of its EPL product. The Company's EPL product generated
gross premiums written of $437,000 for the year ended December 31, 1999.
Effective July 1, 1999, PICO entered into a quota share agreement
with Montlake Casualty Company, Ltd. ("Montlake Casualty") whereby PICO
assumed 35% of Montlake Casualty's business subject to an aggregate cover
limit of 120%. Montlake Casualty is an affiliate of the Company through an
ownership interest held by PAULA Financial in Montlake Casualty's parent.
Under this agreement, PICO assumed premiums of $1,330,000 with a
corresponding net income impact of $156,000 in the third quarter of 1999.
Subsequent to the filing of the third quarter Form 10-Q, but prior to any cash
changing hands, the Company and Montlake Casualty agreed to rescind and
unwind the treaty. In the fourth quarter of 1999, the Company reversed the
related third quarter activity.
INVESTMENTS AND INVESTMENT RESULTS
The Company employs a conservative investment strategy emphasizing
asset quality and the matching of maturities of its fixed maturity
investments to the Company's anticipated claim payments and expenditures or
other liabilities. The Company employs Conning Asset Management Company
("Conning Asset Management") to act as its independent investment advisor for
the bulk of the Company's investment portfolio pursuant to the terms of a
written agreement with Conning Asset Management and the Company's written
investment guidelines.
Conning Asset Management has discretion to enter into investment
transactions within the Company's investment guidelines. In practice, this
discretion is generally exercised only with respect to the reinvestment of
maturing securities in similar securities. In the case of sales of securities
prior to maturity, or the acquisition of securities which differ from the
types of securities already present in the portfolio, Conning Asset
Management will routinely consult with the Company's Chief Investment Officer
prior to entering into such transactions. Among other things, Conning Asset
Management seeks to match the average duration of the portfolio's assets with
the estimated average duration of the Company's liabilities. Conning Asset
Management's fee is based on the amount of assets in the portfolio and is not
dependent upon investment results or portfolio turnover. Conning Asset
Management is affiliated with one of the Company's principal stockholders.
The amount and types of investments that may be made by the
Company's insurance subsidiaries are regulated under the California Insurance
Code and related rules and regulations promulgated by the California
Department of Insurance ("DOI"). Subject to such applicable state laws and
regulations, investment policies and investment decisions are approved by the
Company's investment committee and are reviewed by the Board of Directors.
The Company modifies its mix of tax-exempt and taxable securities from time
to time based on effective after-tax yield and tax planning considerations.
Management intends to hold all of the Company's fixed maturity investments
for indefinite periods of time but these investments are available for sale
in response to changes in interest rates, tax planning considerations or
other aspects of asset/liability management.
During the third quarter of 1998, the Company repositioned a
substantial portion of the investment portfolio from tax exempt to taxable
securities. The overall asset quality and duration of the portfolio was
unchanged. The repositioning was done for tax planning purposes.
17
As of December 31, 1999, the carrying value of the Company's
investment portfolio was approximately $134.8 million and amortized cost was
approximately $143.5 million. The diversification of the Company's investment
portfolio as of December 31, 1999 is shown in the table below:
CONSOLIDATED INVESTMENT POSITION
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1999
-----------------------
PERCENT OF
TOTAL
CARRYING AMORTIZED CARRYING
TYPE OF INVESTMENT VALUE (1) COST VALUE
------------------ ----------- ------------- ----------
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Fixed maturities: (2)
United States government agencies and
authorities................................ $8,821 $8,799 6.5%
States, municipalities and political
subdivisions.............................. 26,042 27,251 19.3%
Corporate securities........................... 56,819 60,645 42.1%
Collateralized mortgage obligations
and other asset backed securities.......... 39,021 41,599 28.9%
----------- ------------- ----------
Total fixed maturities......................... $130,703 $138,294 96.8%
Equity securities ................................ 3,185 4,251 2.4%
Invested cash..................................... 948 948 0.8%
----------- ------------- ----------
Total investments.............................. $134,836 $143,493 100.0%
=========== ============= ==========
- -------
(1) All securities are carried at market value except invested cash is
carried at cost, which approximates market value.
(2) All fixed maturity securities have been designated as available for
sale.
It is the Company's practice to purchase almost exclusively
investment grade fixed maturity securities and mutual funds primarily holding
such securities for its insurance company portfolios. In addition, the
Company generally invests its parent company portfolio in similar
investments, although the Company selectively invests in unrated and below
investment grade securities in this portfolio.
In early 1999, PAULA Financial made an investment in the recently
formed Montlake Insurance Holdings, LLC ("Montlake"), the parent company of
Montlake Casualty, a specialty workers' compensation insurance company. The
Company invested $5.5 million and has the option to acquire additional
equity. The Company is accounting for its investment in Montlake using the
equity method.
As of December 31, 1999 the Company did not own any mortgages or
real estate. As of December 31, 1999, 97.6% of the Company's fixed maturity
securities carried a NAIC Class 1 designation (or a comparable rating agency
designation).
18
As of December 31, 1999, the Company owned one bond with a carrying
value of $0.3 million which was non-performing. In December 1998, the issuer
of a $2.0 million par value bond held by the Company declared Chapter 11
bankruptcy. At that time, the Company ceased accruing investment income and
realized an "other than temporary" decline of $0.1 million on this bond. The
carrying value of this bond at the end of 1998 was $1.6 million based on
market values obtained from the Company's investment advisor. In the second
quarter of 1999, based on information received from its investment advisor,
the Company realized an additional "other than temporary" decline of $1.6
million. The carrying value of $0.3 million at the end of 1999 is based on
market values obtained from the Company's investment advisor.
At December 31, 1999, the Company owned a total of $41.6 million
amortized cost of mortgage backed and other asset backed securities. Mortgage
backed securities accounted for $19.2 million of the total. Approximately
84.4% of the mortgage backed securities holdings were AAA-rated Agency pass
through and collateralized mortgage obligations ("CMO's"). As of December 31,
1999, the average life of the mortgage backed security portfolio was just
over five years.
Asset backed holdings totaled $22.4 million at year end and
primarily consisted of traditional AAA rated automobile loan and credit card
receivable backed financings. In addition, the Company had modest exposures
to AA-rated home equity loan and AAA-rated collateralized bond obligation
debt issues. As of December 31, 1999, the average life of the asset backed
securities portfolio was just over three years.
The primary objective of the mortgage and asset backed holdings is
to provide incremental investment income while controlling maturity extension
and prepayment risks.
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the
investment ratings of the Company's fixed maturity investment portfolio as of
December 31, 1999:
LONG TERM FIXED MATURITY PORTFOLIO BY STANDARD & POOR'S RATING
CARRYING AMORTIZED PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL
RATINGS (1) VALUE COST CARRYING VALUE
- ----------- ---------- ------------ ----------------------
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
AAA............................................................. $69,391 $73,025 53.1%
AA.............................................................. 21,441 22,168 16.4%
A............................................................... 31,042 32,797 23.8%
BBB to B........................................................ 7,840 9,164 5.9%
Not rated....................................................... 989 1,140 0.8%
---------- ---------- ---------
Total........................................................... $130,703 $138,294 100.0%
========== ========== =========
- -------
(1) Ratings assigned by S&P when available, otherwise equivalent ratings
assigned by Moody's or Fitch. S&P assigns ratings ranging from "AAA" to
"D" reflecting its current opinion of the creditworthiness of the
obligor with respect to the specific security rated. The following
ratings reflect S&P's opinion of the obligor's capacity to meet its
financial commitment on the relevant obligation: AAA-Extremely Strong;
AA-Very Strong; and A-Strong.
19
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the
maturity profile of the Company's fixed maturity securities as of December 31,
1999 based on the earlier of the pre-escrowed date or the scheduled maturity
date:
INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO BY YEARS TO MATURITY
PERCENTAGE OF
MATURITY CARRYING VALUE CARRYING VALUE
- -------- -------------- --------------
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
One year or less..................................................................... $7,451 5.7%
After one year through five years.................................................... 44,006 33.7%
After five years through ten years................................................... 37,790 28.9%
After ten years...................................................................... 2,435 1.9%
Mortgage and asset backed securities (1)............................................. 39,021 29.8%
-------------- -------------
Total................................................................................ $130,703 100.0%
============== =============
- -------
(1) Mortgage- and asset-backed securities generally are more likely to be
prepaid than other fixed maturity securities. Therefore, contractual
maturities are excluded from this table since they may not be
indicative of actual maturities.
The Company's investment results for each of the years in the three
year period ended December 31, 1999 were as follows:
INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO RESULTS
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
----------------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---------- --------- ---------
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Net pre-tax investment income (1).................................... $ 9,697 $ 9,540 $ 5,582
Average total invested assets (2).................................... 160,848 156,872 110,576
Annual pre-tax yield on average total invested assets (3)............ 6.0% 6.1% 5.0%
Net pre-tax realized investment gains (losses)....................... $ (1,515) $ 1,706 $ 172
- -------
(1) Calculated net of investment expenses and excluding capital gains
and losses and provision for income taxes.
(2) Calculated based on an average of the beginning and end of period total
investments. For the purpose of this calculation, investment balances
were at cost (fixed income securities at amortized cost).
(3) Pre-tax yield is calculated as investment income (including dividend
income in the case of equities) divided by average total invested
assets. The 1997 annual pre-tax yield as calculated above was diluted
by the increase in the Company's investment portfolio in October 1997.
The increase in the portfolio late in the year inflated the Company's
average total invested assets for 1997 as calculated above.
20
The following table summarizes net investment income from the
Company's portfolio for the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997:
NET INVESTMENT INCOME BY INVESTMENT TYPE
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
-------------------------
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
1999 1998 1997
--------------------------- ------------------------- -----------------------------
PRE- PRE- PRE-
TAX REALIZED TAX REALIZED TAX REALIZED
YIELD GAINS YIELD GAINS YIELD GAINS
INCOME (1) (LOSSES) INCOME (1) (LOSSES) INCOME (1) (LOSSES)
------- ----- --------- ------ ----- -------- ------- --------- --------
Fixed maturity
securities:
Tax-exempt(2).... $ 1,352 5.3% $ (63) $3,148 6.2% $1,846 $2,733 4.4% $ (1)
Taxable.......... 7,986 6.2 (1,452) 5,338 5.9 (362) 2,216 6.6 -
Equities ........... 330 7.8 - 500 7.8 222 121 2.3 173
Short-term.......... 389 22.1 - 910 10.3 - 716 7.6 -
------- -------- ------ ------ ------ -----
Total............ $10,057 6.3% $(1,515) $9,896 6.3% $1,706 $5,786 5.2% $172
------- -------- ------ ------ ------ -----
Less investment
expense.......... 360 - - 356 - 204 -
------- -------- ------ ------ ------ -----
Total............ $ 9,697 6.0% $(1,515) $9,540 6.1% $1,706 $5,582 5.0% $172
======= ======== ====== ====== ====== =====
(1) Pre-tax yield is calculated as investment income (including dividend income
in the case of equities) divided by the average of the beginning and end of
year investment balances. For the purpose of this calculation, investment
balances were at cost (fixed income securities at amortized cost).
(2) For purposes of comparison to yields on taxable securities, those yields on
tax-exempt securities are equivalent to average pre-tax yields of 6.8% for
1999, 8.0% for 1998, and 5.7% for 1997 assuming that the tax rate was 34%
and further assuming that 15% of a portion of the tax-exempt interest was
subject to federal income tax under certain provisions applicable only to
insurance companies.
A.M. BEST
A.M. Best publishes ratings on insurance companies based on a
comparative analysis of the financial condition and operating performance as
determined by their publicly available reports and meetings with management.
On March 1, 2000, A.M. Best announced the downgrades of four California
workers' compensation companies, including PICO. PICO's rating was adjusted
from a "B++" (Very Good) to a "B" (Fair). In their release, A.M. Best
indicated that the downgrades reflected the poor workers' compensation market
conditions in California. A.M. Best reviews its ratings periodically and
there can be no assurance that PICO's current rating will be maintained in
the future.
21
REGULATION
GENERAL
PAULA Financial and its subsidiaries are subject to regulation by
the departments of insurance in each jurisdiction in which they transact
insurance. These departments of insurance have broad regulatory, supervisory
and administrative powers over the insurance subsidiaries. Primary regulatory
authority, however, rests with the California DOI, the regulator in the
Company's insurance subsidiaries' state of domicile. While the exercise of
their authority may have company-wide ramifications, regulators in
non-domiciliary states focus primarily on the operation of an insurer within
their respective states.
State insurance regulation is generally intended for the benefit and
protection of policyholders and claimants under insurance policies rather
than stockholders. The nature and extent of such regulation varies from
jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but typically involve: (i) standards of
solvency and minimum amounts of capital and surplus which must be maintained;
(ii) limits on types and amounts of investments; (iii) restrictions on the
size of risks which may be insured by a single company; (iv) licensing of
insurers and their agents; (v) required deposits of securities for the
benefit of policyholders; (vi) approval of policy forms; (vii) establishment
of statutory reporting practices and the form and content of statutory
financial statements; (viii) establishment of methods for setting statutory
loss and expense reserves; (ix) review, and in certain instances
prior-approval, of premium rates; (x) limits on transactions among insurers
and their affiliates; (xi) approval of all proposed changes of control; (xii)
approval of dividends; (xiii) setting and collecting guarantee fund
assessments; and (xiv) required filing of annual and other reports with
respect to the financial condition and operation of insurers. In addition,
state regulatory examiners perform periodic financial and underwriting
examinations of insurers.
DOMICILE AND LICENSING
PICO and PACO are domiciled in California. PICO is licensed to sell
insurance in Alaska, Arizona, California, Florida, Idaho, New Mexico, Nevada,
Oregon, and Texas. PACO is licensed to sell insurance in Arizona and
California.
RESTRICTIONS ON ACQUISITIONS OF CONTROL
The California Insurance Code provides that any direct or indirect
acquisition or change in "control" of a domestic insurer cannot be
consummated without the prior approval of the California DOI. The California
Insurance Code provides further that, unless the California DOI upon
application determines otherwise, a presumption of "control" arises from the
ownership, control, possession with the power to vote or possession of
proxies with respect to 10% or more of the voting securities of a domestic
insurer or of a person or entity that controls a domestic insurer.
Any person who purchases shares of the Common Stock which, when
combined with all other voting securities owned or otherwise controlled by
that person, total 10% or more of the voting securities of the Company, will
be deemed to have acquired control of the insurance subsidiaries unless the
California DOI, upon application, determines otherwise. Any such acquisition
of control is prohibited under the California Insurance Code unless prior
approval of the California DOI is obtained or the California DOI does not
disapprove the acquisition within 60 days after a complete application has
been filed. The California DOI is authorized to disapprove any acquisition
which (i) would cause the insurance subsidiaries to cease to qualify for
their licenses to transact insurance, (ii) would substantially lessen
competition or tend to create a
22
monopoly, (iii) might, due to the financial condition of the acquiring
person, jeopardize the financial stability of the insurance subsidiaries or
prejudice the interests of their policyholders, (iv) would result in a major
change in the insurance subsidiaries' business or corporate structure or
management which is not fair and reasonable to policyholders, or (v) would
result in control over the insurance subsidiaries by persons whose
competence, experience and integrity indicate that it is not in the interest
of policyholders or the public to permit them to assume control.
The need for such action, and the possibility of disapproval by the
California DOI, could deter, delay or prevent certain transactions affecting
the control of the Company or the ownership of the Company's Common Stock.
Since the statutory disapproval criteria focus primarily on policyholder,
rather than stockholder interests, these requirements could deter, delay or
prevent transactions which could be advantageous to the stockholders of the
Company.
RESTRICTIONS ON STOCKHOLDER DIVIDENDS PAYABLE BY THE INSURANCE
SUBSIDIARIES TO THE COMPANY
PAULA Financial, as a non-insurer, is generally not restricted
directly under applicable insurance laws with respect to the payment of
dividends to stockholders or the acquisition of non-regulated businesses.
PAULA Financial, however, is subject to regulation with respect to all
transactions involving the insurance subsidiaries. Additionally, as a
nonoperating holding company, a principal source of the PAULA Financial's
liquidity is cash dividends received from its subsidiaries, including the
insurance subsidiaries.
California law places significant restrictions on the ability of the
insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to PAULA Financial. All dividends
from PICO and PACO, as California-domiciled insurers, require prior notice to
the California DOI. All "extraordinary" dividends must be approved in advance
by the California DOI. A dividend is deemed "extraordinary" if, when
aggregated with all other dividends paid within the preceding twelve months,
the dividend exceeds the greater of (i) PICO's statutory net income or PACO's
statutory net gain from operations (both excluding unrealized capital gains)
for the preceding calendar year or (ii) 10% of policyholder surplus as of the
preceding December 31st. Additionally, unless approved in advance by the
California DOI, no dividend may be paid by PICO or PACO except from earned
surplus. Dividends paid from earned surplus which do not exceed the
definition of "extraordinary" must be reported to the California DOI within
five business days after declaration. Insurers are prohibited from paying
such dividends until ten business days after the California DOI's receipt of
such notice. The California DOI may disallow payment of any dividend if, in
the California DOI's opinion, the payment would in any way violate the
California Insurance Code or be hazardous to policyholders, creditors or the
public. Based on these limitations and statutory results, as of December 31,
1999, PAULA Financial would be able to receive $1.9 million in dividends in
2000 from its insurance subsidiaries without obtaining prior regulatory
approval from the California DOI.
RESTRICTIONS ON TRANSACTIONS AMONG AFFILIATES OF THE INSURANCE
SUBSIDIARIES
In addition to dividend restrictions, California law restricts the
ability of the insurance subsidiaries to make other types of payments to
their affiliates, including PAULA Financial. Certain material transactions
between an insurance company and its affiliates, including sales, loans or
investments which in any twelve month period aggregate at least 3% of its
admitted assets or 25% of policyholders' surplus, whichever is less, are
subject to thirty day prior notice to the California DOI during which period
the California DOI may disapprove the transaction. All management,
administrative, cost-sharing and similar agreements between an insurance
company and its affiliates are also subject to thirty day prior notice and
non-disapproval by the California DOI. The California Insurance Code requires
that all affiliate transactions be fair and reasonable to
23
the insurer, that such transactions be documented according to specified
standards, and that the insurer's surplus after the transaction remains
reasonable in relation to the insurer's liabilities and adequate to its
financial needs.
EXAMINATIONS
The accounts and businesses of PICO and PACO are subject to periodic
statutory examination by the California DOI and by the Departments of
Insurance in each jurisdiction in which they transact business. The
California DOI has completed its examination of PICO and PACO for the
three-year period ended December 31, 1996. The report disclosed no material
problems or adjustments to statutory surplus. The California DOI is scheduled
to begin the triennial audit for the year ended December 31, 1999 in the
second quarter of 2000.
NAIC STATUTORY ACCOUNTING INITIATIVE
The NAIC's project to codify accounting practices was approved by
the NAIC in March 1998. The approval included a provision for commissioner
discretion in determining appropriate statutory accounting for insurers in
their state. Consequently, prescribed and permitted accounting practices may
continue to differ from state to state. The California DOI has indicated that
codification will become effective on January 1, 2001. The Company has not
determined how implementation will affect its insurance subsidiaries'
statutory financial statements and is unable to predict how insurance rating
agencies will interpret or react to any such changes. No assurance can be
given that future legislative or regulatory changes resulting from such
activities will not adversely affect the Company and its subsidiaries.
RISK-BASED CAPITAL AND IRIS RATIOS
California, as well as numerous other states, uses analytical tools
developed by the NAIC in the course of its financial surveillance of
insurers. Among these is a methodology for assessing the adequacy of
statutory surplus of property/casualty insurers and life/health insurers
using a risk-based capital ("RBC") formula. The RBC formula attempts to
measure statutory capital and surplus needs based on the risks in a company's
mix of products and investment portfolio. The formula is designed to allow
state regulators to identify potentially under-capitalized companies. Under
the formula, a company determines its RBC by taking into account certain
risks related to the insurer's assets (including risks related to its
investment portfolio and ceded reinsurance) and the insurer's liabilities
(including underwriting risks related to the nature and experience of its
insurance business). The RBC rules provide for different levels of regulatory
attention depending upon the ratio of the company's total adjusted capital to
its "authorized control level" of RBC. An insurer is obligated to submit a
detailed financial plan to regulators if its RBC falls below 2.0 times its
authorized control level. Enhanced regulatory scrutiny, including possible
corrective orders, are required if an insurer's RBC falls below 1.5 times its
authorized control level, with mandatory regulatory intervention, including
possible seizure, if an insurer's RBC falls below its authorized control
level (seizure is mandatory if RBC falls below 0.7 times authorized control
level). As of December 31, 1999, PICO's RBC was $16.0 million in excess of
the threshold requiring regulatory action, which amount was $12.9 million. As
of December 31, 1999, PACO's RBC was $5.1 million in excess of the threshold
requiring regulatory action, which amount was $0.1 million. Neither PICO nor
PACO has ever triggered any RBC level requiring a financial plan or
regulatory action.
24
California and other states also utilize the NAIC Insurance
Regulatory Information System ("IRIS"). IRIS identifies eleven ratios for
property/casualty insurance companies and twelve ratios for life/health
insurance companies. IRIS specifies a range of "usual values" for each ratio.
No statutory requirements exist which determine regulators' response to
unusual IRIS ratios. Regulators generally allow insurers to provide written
explanations for any unusual values. If the explanations are accepted as
reasonable, no regulatory action is generally taken. If regulators remain
concerned, an insurer may be subject to regulatory examination, corrective
orders, and possible seizure. Departure from the "usual value" range on four
or more ratios may lead to increased regulatory oversight from individual
state insurance commissioners. For 1999, PICO has six ratios outside the
usual values. The ratios are change in net writings, two-year overall
operating ratio, change in surplus, liabilities to liquid assets, one-year
reserve development to surplus and two-year reserve development to surplus.
Contributing to results outside the expected ranges for these ratios are the
decline in premium volume in 1999 due to the Company's pricing stance in
California, the fourth quarter reserve strengthening, and the Reliance
settlement which was not converted to cash until January 2000. For 1999, PACO
has one ratio outside its usual value, which is caused by more than adequate
investment income. PICO and PACO are unaware of any increased regulatory
scrutiny as a result of their 1999 IRIS values.
REGULATION OF PICO'S BUSINESS IN EACH STATE IN WHICH IT IS LICENSED
PICO's transaction of workers' compensation insurance is closely
regulated by departments of insurance in Alaska, Arizona, California,
Florida, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon and Texas. In each of these
states, the workers' compensation system is a mechanism to promptly
compensate and rehabilitate injured workers without regard to fault. In each
state where PICO is licensed, other than New Mexico (with respect to
agricultural workers) and Texas, employer participation in the workers'
compensation system is compulsory. Employers are required by law either to
obtain workers' compensation insurance from a licensed insurer or to comply
with specific requirements to self-insure.
Workers' compensation benefits are established by law in each of the
states where PICO is licensed. While benefit levels vary from state to state,
they fall generally into three categories: (1) medical benefits for treatment
of covered injuries or diseases; (2) disability benefits that indemnify
covered claimants for loss of income, and (3) death benefits to compensate
statutorily enumerated dependents of workers who have died because of covered
accidents or diseases. Individual state statutes, regulations, administrative
rulings and judicial opinions have created a complex body of law to determine
when an injury, disease or death is employment related, when and to what
extent it is compensable, and whether employees may sue employers, coworkers
or other parties for damages outside of the no-fault workers' compensation
system.
Workers' compensation has been the subject of significant reform
efforts in recent years, particularly in the areas of cost management and
fraud detection. For example, legislation enacted in California in 1993
significantly reformed many areas of the workers' compensation system. Among
other things, the 1993 legislation (i) granted employer's rights regarding
disclosure of insurer claims information; (ii) required insurers to provide
minimum levels of occupational safety and health loss control consultation
services; (iii) increased benefits, phased in over a three-year period
commencing July 1, 1994; (iv) tightened standards relating to stress-related
claims; (v) limited post-termination claims; (vi) placed restrictions,
including payment limitations, on vocational rehabilitation claims, (vii)
increased measures to reduce fraudulent claims; (viii) increased the ability
of insurance companies and employers to contract with managed care
organizations and to direct claimants' medical care; and (ix) changed
procedures for medical-legal
25
evaluations. Similarly, legislation adopted in Oregon in 1995, among other
things, reformed requirements pertaining to pre-existing conditions,
vocational rehabilitation, payment of death benefits, review of benefit
awards and dispute resolution.
To protect persons covered under policies of workers' compensation
insurance, several states impose special deposit requirements on insurers. In
the event of an insurer insolvency, special deposits made by insurers are
utilized by the relevant department of insurance to provide a pool of funds
upon which workers' compensation claimants domiciled exclusively in that
state possess a first priority claim and can be used by the regulators to pay
those claimants. Under these requirements, PICO maintains special deposits in
Arizona, California, Idaho, Oregon, Nevada and New Mexico. Additional special
deposits may be required if PICO becomes licensed in additional states, or if
Alaska, Florida or Texas enact deposit requirements.
While deposit requirements vary somewhat, they generally require
insurers to deposit cash or securities with each states' treasurer, or an
approved depository, in an amount based on a company's loss and loss expense
reserves plus a percentage of its unearned premium reserves on workers'
compensation insurance business transacted in each individual state. Thus,
the size of the required deposit correlates positively with the amount of
workers' compensation insurance sold by PICO in such state. PICO maintains
deposits of securities in California, Arizona, Oregon, Idaho, New Mexico and
Nevada, having a book value as of December 31, 1999 of $92.7 million, $16.1
million, $8.1 million, $0.4 million, $3.7 million and $0.2 million,
respectively.
An important aspect of workers' compensation insurance regulated by
individual states is the setting of premiums. Among the states where it is
currently licensed, PICO is allowed to establish its own rates under a "file
and use" system in Alaska and Texas. Prior approval by insurance regulators
is required for workers' compensation insurance rates in California, Florida,
Nevada, New Mexico and Oregon. Hybrid systems exist in Arizona and Idaho,
where workers' compensation insurance rates are determined initially by the
National Council on Compensation Insurance ("NCCI"), a rating organization.
Upon the request of an individual insurer, the Arizona or Idaho DOI, as
applicable, may approve rates that deviate from those recommended by the NCCI.
Prior to January 1, 1995, California had required workers'
compensation insurers to adhere to minimum rates approved by the California
DOI. Under this system, price competition among insurers had been generally
restricted to the payment of dividends under participating policies. This
system was replaced with a prior approval system, in which insurers must
obtain the California DOI approval of any requested rate change. The repeal
of the former minimum rate system in California has resulted in increased
competition among workers' compensation insurers in California and has caused
a material decrease in average rates charged by PICO.
Competition among workers' compensation insurers is also affected in
several states by the presence of quasi-public workers' compensation
insurance funds, which compete against private insurers and which frequently
serve as insurers of last resort to employers unable to secure coverage
elsewhere. Among the states where PICO is licensed, active state funds exist
in Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon and Texas.
26
REGULATION OF PACO'S BUSINESS IN EACH STATE IN WHICH IT IS LICENSED
PACO, a California-domiciled insurer, is licensed in California and
Arizona. The transaction of life and health insurance is closely regulated in
these states. Such regulation includes statutorily mandated benefits, sales
disclosures, and claims settlement requirements. In 1999, PACO wrote $0.8
million in life and health premiums in California. PACO wrote no business in
Arizona during 1999.
MEMBERSHIP IN INSOLVENCY FUNDS AND ASSOCIATIONS
The Company's insurance subsidiaries, like other insurers, are
required to participate in insolvency funds and associations and may be
subject to assessments from time to time to cover unpaid policyholder claims
of insolvent insurers participating in the same lines of business as the
Company. The maximum assessment required by law in any one year has varied
between 1% and 2% of annual premiums written in that state. Most of these
payments are recoverable through future policy surcharges and premium tax
reductions. No material assessments have been made on the Company's insurance
subsidiaries since prior to December 31, 1990. The Company was assessed 2% of
gross written premium in the state of Florida in 1999 and 1998.
On March 3, 2000, the California DOI seized control of Superior
National Insurance Company, Superior Pacific Casualty Company, California
Compensation Insurance Company and Combined Benefits Insurance Company.
Subsequent public announcements have indicated that the DOI anticipates that
a portion of the obligations to policyholders will need to be funded by the
California Insurance Guarantee Association ("CIGA"). The maximum assessment
available to CIGA in any given year is 1% of related California premiums. At
this time, the Company is unable to determine the impact of the DOI action on
future CIGA assessments. However, California law does allow that any such
assessment can be surcharged to policyholders.
COMPETITION
The workers' compensation insurance industry is highly competitive.
In most states in which the Company operates, the Company's single largest
competitor in its targeted agricultural markets is the applicable state fund.
In those states without minimum premium laws, such as California, Oregon,
Idaho, Alaska and Texas, the Company faces competition on the basis of price
as well as on the services which it delivers to policyholders. Since the
advent of open rating in California on January 1, 1995, a number of companies
have attempted to expand their market share through merger and acquisition
activity as well as competitive pricing structures. Arizona's single deviated
rating plan has resulted in price competition among firms with different
rating plans, but not among firms with the same rating plan as PICO. As a
result of Florida's minimum rate law, there has been no significant price
competition in that state in terms of premiums charged. Competition among
workers' compensation insurance carriers in Florida has been based to varying
degrees on emphasizing dividends to policyholders, loss control and claims
management services and maintaining relations with and varying commission
rates paid to brokers and agents. In Nevada rates are set by the Nevada DOI
and the Company competition is based on service and dividends to
policyholders. The Company believes that its ability to compete successfully
with larger carriers and to obtain and retain its accounts is due to its
claims expertise, extensive experience in the agribusiness market and
emphasis on service to policyholders.
27
CERTAIN EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE COMPANY
Information concerning the Company's executive officers who serve as
members of the Company's Board of Directors will be set forth in the
Company's definitive proxy materials. See "Item 10. Directors and Executive
Officers of the Registrant." Mr. Victor Gloria III and Mr. James M. Hannah
also serve as executive officers of the Company.
Mr. Gloria is Senior Vice President of PICO and is responsible for
PICO's risk management operations including claims administration, loss
control and field representative operations. Mr. Gloria has been with the
Company since 1972 and has served in PICO's claims department for a majority
of that time. He has served as Manager of that Department since 1987 and was
appointed Senior Vice President in 1987. Mr. Gloria is 45.
Mr. Hannah is a Senior Vice President and Chief Underwriting Officer
of PICO and is responsible for PICO's underwriting operations. Mr. Hannah
joined the Company in March 1995. Mr. Hannah is 51.
EMPLOYEES
As of December 31, 1999, the Company employed 311 full-time
employees including 73 in its agency and TPA operations, 213 in its
underwriting operations and 25 in corporate administration and finance. The
Company considers its relationship with its employees to be excellent.
ITEM 2. PROPERTIES.
The Company's principal executive offices, comprised of
approximately 36,700 square feet of office space leased through April 2003,
are located in Pasadena, California. In addition, the Company maintains 22
branch offices in various locations in the western United States and Florida
in leased facilities with various lease terms. Management believes that the
Company's facilities are suitable and adequate for their intended uses.
ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
Except for ordinary, routine litigation incidental to the Company's
business, there are no pending material legal proceedings to which the
Company is a party or which any of its properties are subject. The nature of
the Company's business subjects it to claims or litigation relating to
policies of insurance it has issued. Management believes that the Company is
not a party to, and none of its properties is the subject of, any pending
legal proceedings which are likely to have a material adverse effect on its
business, financial conditions or results of operations.
ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS.
No matters were submitted to a vote of security holders during the
fourth quarter of 1999.
28
PART II
ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANTS COMMON EQUITY AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
MARKET INFORMATION
The Company's Common Stock has traded on the Nasdaq Stock Market under
the symbol "PFCO" since the consummation of the Company's initial public
offering of its Common Stock on October 24, 1997. The high and low closing
prices of the Common Stock on the Nasdaq Stock Market during the fourth quarter
of 1997, 1998 and 1999 were as follows:
High Low
---- ---
Fourth Quarter 1997 (1) 25.250 21.250
First Quarter 1998 24.250 22.625
Second Quarter 1998 25.625 19.375
Third Quarter 1998 22.000 6.750
Fourth Quarter 1998 11.875 6.875
First Quarter 1999 10.438 6.750
Second Quarter 1999 9.375 6.375
Third Quarter 1999 9.625 6.188
Fourth Quarter 1999 7.375 5.375
- ------
(1) From October 24, 1997 through December 31, 1997
HOLDERS OF RECORD
As of March 22, 2000, the Common Stock was held of record by 225
holders. The Company estimates that the number of beneficial holders of the
Common Stock as of such date exceeded 800.
29
DIVIDENDS
The Company did not pay cash dividends to its stockholders prior to the
first quarter of 1998. Since the first quarter of 1998, the Company has declared
and paid quarterly dividends of $0.04 per share of Common Stock. On January 26,
2000, the Board of Directors elected not to declare a cash dividend for the
first quarter of 2000. The decision was largely based on the operating results
for the fourth quarter of 1999.
The declaration and payment of dividends is subject to the discretion
of the Company's Board of Directors and will depend upon, among other things,
the Company's results of operations, financial condition, cash requirements,
future prospects and capital requirements, regulatory restrictions on the
payment of dividends by the Company's insurance company subsidiaries, general
economic and business conditions and other factors deemed relevant by the Board
of Directors. There can be no assurance that the Company will continue to
declare and pay any dividends. The ability of the Company's subsidiaries to pay
dividends to the Company is subject to substantial regulation. In addition, the
Company's line of credit restricts the payment of dividends under certain
circumstances. See "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition
and Results of Operation-Liquidity and Capital Resources", "Business-Regulation"
and Note 10 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
30
ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA.
The selected data presented below under the captions "Income Statement
Data" and "Balance Sheet Data" as of and for each of the years in the five-year
period ended December 31, 1999, are derived from the consolidated financial
statements of the Company, which financial statements have been audited by KPMG
LLP, independent certified public accountants. The consolidated financial
statements as of December 31, 1999 and 1998 and for each of the years in the
three-year period ended December 31, 1999, and the report thereon are included
elsewhere herein. The information presented below under the caption "Other Data"
is unaudited. The selected financial data set forth below should be read in
conjunction with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and
Results of Operations and the Consolidated Financial Statements and notes
thereto appearing elsewhere herein.
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997 1996 1995
---- ---- ---- ---- ----
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
INCOME STATEMENT DATA:
Gross premiums written....................... $117,808 $152,448 $100,797 $63,606 $46,762
====================================================================
Net premiums earned:
Workers' compensation..................... $ 80,126 $127,997 $ 91,957 $54,563 $44,224
Group medical and life.................... 830 773 878 941 307
Commissions.................................. 4,777 3,234 3,434 4,213 3,964
Net investment income........................ 9,697 9,540 5,582 4,701 4,817
Net realized investment gains (losses)....... (1,515) 1,706 172 444 37
Other........................................ 820 842 1,047 896 1,569
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Total revenue............................. $ 94,735 $144,092 $103,070 $65,758 $54,918
Losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred. 82,234 114,483 68,107 33,900 29,363
Dividends provided for policyholders......... 383 677 (2,713) 1,628 3,438
Operating expenses........................... 32,834 37,636 30,741 25,480 22,608
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Total expenses............................ $115,451 $152,796 $ 96,135 $61,008 $55,409
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated
affiliate................................. (506) - - - -
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Income (loss) before taxes................... (21,222) (8,704) 6,935 4,750 (491)
Income tax expense (benefit)................. (7,483) (3,827) 1,776 827 (791)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Net income (loss)......................... $(13,739) $ (4,877) $ 5,159 $ 3,923 $ 300
====================================================================
Earnings (loss) per share (1)................ $ (2.35) $ (0.78) $ 1.88 $ 2.07 $ 0.16
Weighted average shares outstanding (1)...... 5,847,836 6,228,479 2,737,065 1,896,464 1,850,956
Earnings (loss) per share - assuming
dilution(1)............................... $ (2.35) $ (0.78) $ 1.11 $ 1.00 $ 0.08
Weighted average shares outstanding -
assuming dilution (1)..................... 5,847,836 6,228,479 4,664,511 3,910,715 3,763,059
31
AS OF DECEMBER 31,
------------------
1999 1998 1997 1996 1995
---- ---- ---- ---- ----
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
Investments (2)..................... $134,836 $177,623 $137,864 $ 86,792 $ 83,991
Total assets........................ 259,818 254,948 188,264 125,127 118,906
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment
expenses........................ 158,944 136,316 77,784 55,720 57,049
Notes payable....................... 16,632 2,667 456 11,279 10,824
Total liabilities................... 207,625 180,912 103,444 99,151 93,301
Preferred Stock (convertible and
redeemable)...................... - - - 21,402 19,501
Net stockholders' equity............ 52,193 74,036 84,820 4,574 6,104
AS OF AND FOR THE YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------------------
1999 1998 1997 1996 1995
---- ---- ---- ---- ----
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
PICO AND PACO GAAP RATIOS:
Loss ratio.......................... 101.6% 88.9% 73.4% 61.1% 65.9%
Expense ratio....................... 33.2 26.4 26.9 32.1 32.3
Policyholder dividend ratio......... 0.5 0.5 (2.9) 2.9 7.7
----------------------------------------------------------------
Combined ratio................... 135.3% 115.8% 97.4% 96.1% 105.9%
================================================================
PICO STATUTORY DATA:
Statutory net income (loss)......... $(19,491) $ (7,182) $ 6,037 $ 5,051 $ 3,175
Statutory surplus................... 28,947 49,870 45,822 31,135 25,992
Premiums/surplus.................... 2.8x 2.7x 2.1x 1.9x 1.7x
Loss ratio.......................... 102.4% 89.2% 73.8% 61.0% 65.9%
Expense ratio....................... 30.8 25.0 25.9 29.4 30.9
Policyholder dividend ratio......... 0.5 0.5 (3.0) 3.0 7.8
----------------------------------------------------------------
Combined ratio................... 133.7% 114.7% 96.7% 93.4% 104.6%
================================================================
OTHER DATA:
Number of PICO policies
(period-end)..................... 10,928 10,867 8,579 6,481 4,041
Number of Company employees
(period-end)..................... 311 309 264 242 237
PICO Estimated Annual Premium
(period-end)(3).................. $100,808 $121,230 $ 90,526 $ 61,316 $ 41,176
(footnotes follow on next page)
32
(1) See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a description
of the calculation of weighted average shares outstanding and earnings
(loss) per share.
(2) Investments are reflected at market value.
(3) "PICO Estimated Annual Premium" means, as of any date, the estimated total
annualized premiums for all policies written by PICO in force on that date,
whether earned prior to or after such date.
ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS
OF OPERATIONS
OVERVIEW
The Company's revenues have consisted primarily of premiums earned from
workers' compensation insurance underwriting, premiums earned from group medical
insurance, commission income, net investment income and other income. Premiums
earned during a period are the direct premiums earned by the Company on in force
policies, net of reinsurance. Commission income is earned from Pan Am's
distribution of insurance for insurers other than PICO and PACO. The commission
the Company pays to Pan Am is eliminated when the Company's operations are
consolidated. Net investment income represents earnings on the Company's
investment portfolio, less investment expenses. Other income consists of third
party administration fees and other miscellaneous items.
The Company's expenses have consisted of losses and loss adjustment
expenses incurred, dividends provided for policyholders and operating expenses.
Losses include reserves for future payments for medical care and rehabilitation
costs and indemnity payments for lost wages. Loss adjustment expenses include
expenses incurred in connection with services provided by third parties,
including expenses of independent medical examinations, surveillance costs, and
legal expenses as well as staff and related expenses incurred to administer and
settle claims. Loss and loss adjustment expenses are offset in part by estimated
recoveries from reinsurers under excess of loss reinsurance treaties. Operating
expenses include commission expenses to third party insurance agencies and other
expenses that vary with premium volume, such as premium taxes, state guaranty
fund assessments and underwriting and marketing expenses, as well as general and
administrative expenses, which are less closely related to premium volume.
The Company's revenues have been seasonal, and have tended to be
highest in the second and third quarters of each year. This is due primarily to
the seasonality of the size of the workforce employed by the Company's
agribusiness clients.
The following table sets forth selected information relating to PICO's
workers' compensation insurance book of business:
AS OF AND FOR THE
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Gross premiums written............................................... $116,978 $151,675 $99,919
Net premiums earned.................................................. $ 80,126 $127,997 $91,957
Policyholder persistency rate........................................ 68.5% 73.0% 83.5%
Number of policies (period-end)...................................... 10,928 10,867 8,579
33
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
1999 COMPARED TO 1998
GROSS PREMIUMS WRITTEN. The Company's gross premiums written for 1999
decreased 22.7% to $117.8 million from $152.4 million in 1998. The decrease
in gross premiums written relates primarily to declines in the Company's
large account business in California, where gross premiums written were down
36.4%. The decrease in gross premiums written in California was due to the
Company's pricing stance in the state and was partially offset by a 12.2%
growth in gross premiums written in other states. This growth is particularly
strong in Texas and New Mexico.
NET PREMIUMS EARNED. The Company's net premiums earned for 1999 decreased
37.1% to $81.0 million from $128.8 million in 1998. The decline in net premiums
earned is due to the factors discussed above related to gross premiums written,
as well as the impact of $32.9 million in premiums ceded during the nine months
the Reliance treaties were in effect.
COMMISSION INCOME. Commission income increased 47.7% to $4.8 million for
1999 from $3.2 million for 1998. The increase is due to the acquisition by Pan
Am of two new California offices which was effective April 30, 1999, as well as
increased premiums placed with insurance carriers other than PICO and PACO,
which generates non-risk fee income for the Company. Commission income paid by
PICO and PACO to Pan Am is eliminated in consolidation.
NET INVESTMENT INCOME. Net investment income increased 1.6% to $9.7 million
for 1999 from $9.5 million for 1998. Average invested assets increased to $160.8
million for 1999 from $156.9 million for 1998. The Company's average yield on
its portfolio was 6.0% in 1999 and 6.1% in 1998.
NET REALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS AND LOSSES. The Company had net realized
investment losses of $1.5 million for 1999 compared to net realized investment
gains of $1.7 million for 1998. In the third quarter of 1998, the Company
repositioned a portion of its investment portfolio from tax exempt to taxable
securities. This resulted in a $1.8 million gain. In 1999 the Company realized
an "other than temporary" decline of $1.6 million on a non-performing
investment.
LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES INCURRED. The Company's net loss
ratio for 1999 increased to 101.6% from 88.9% for 1998. The increase in the
1999 net loss ratio is due to a reserving action taken by the Company in the
fourth quarter of 1999. This reserving action, principally related to the
1997 and 1998 accident years, totaled $23.7 million. The strengthening
principally related to the California book of business and is generally
attributable to longer claim durations, principally on claims that are
litigated. The 1998 net loss ratio includes the impact of actions taken by
the Company to increase loss reserves on the 1997 and 1998 accident years by
a total of $14.8 million in the second quarter of 1998. The accident year net
loss ratios for 1999 and 1998 were 80.9% and 87.3%, respectively. Also
impacting the net loss ratios for 1999 and 1998 were the Reliance treaties
which were in effect for the first nine months in 1999 and the last three
months in 1998.
DIVIDENDS PROVIDED FOR POLICYHOLDERS. Dividends provided for policyholders
as a percentage of premiums earned for 1999 and 1998 was 0.5%.
34
OPERATING EXPENSES. Operating expenses decreased 12.8% to $32.8 million
for 1999 from $37.6 million for 1998. Variable expenses include the benefit
of $6.9 million and $3.0 million in ceding commissions in 1999 and 1998,
respectively, received in conjunction with the Reliance reinsurance
arrangement. Excluding the benefit of the ceding commissions, operating
expenses would have decreased $0.9 million or 2.3% over 1998.
EQUITY IN NET LOSS OF UNCONSOLIDATED AFFILIATE. The equity in net loss of
unconsolidated affiliate in 1999 represents the Company's share of the net loss
of Montlake. The Company is accounting for this investment using the equity
method.
INCOME TAXES. Income tax benefit for 1999 was $7.5 million compared to $3.8
million for 1998. The effective combined income tax rates for 1999 and 1998 were
(35.3%) and (44.0%), respectively. The difference in the effective tax rates is
due to a repositioning of the investment portfolio from tax exempt securities to
taxable securities in the third quarter of 1998.
NET INCOME (LOSS). Net loss for 1999 was $13.7 million compared to $4.9
million in 1998. The 1999 and 1998 net losses are primarily attributable to
actions taken by the Company to increase loss reserves on the 1997 and 1998
accident years.
1998 COMPARED TO 1997
GROSS PREMIUMS WRITTEN. The Company's gross premiums written for 1998
increased 51.2% to $152.4 million from $100.8 million in 1997. The growth in
premiums written was primarily attributable to the net addition of new
policyholders, increased policyholder payrolls and rate increases in California,
particularly in the second half of the year. These increases were partially
offset by lower premium rates from increased price competition, especially in
the first two quarters of the year. The premium growth was particularly strong
in Texas. California continued to account for approximately 70% of gross
premiums written.
NET PREMIUMS EARNED. For the reasons described above for gross premiums
written, the Company's net premiums earned for 1998 increased 38.7% to $128.8
million from $92.8 million in 1997. The Company's net premiums earned increased
at a lower rate than gross written premiums because of the impact of premiums
ceded of $14.4 million in the fourth quarter under the Reliance reinsurance
arrangement.
COMMISSION INCOME. Commission income decreased slightly to $3.2 million for
1998 from $3.4 million for 1997. The decrease was primarily the result of
decreased workers' compensation premiums placed with carriers other than PICO, a
result of the Company's decision to focus on writing PICO workers' compensation
insurance. Commission income is earned on premiums placed with carriers other
than PICO and PACO. Commission income paid by PICO and PACO to Pan Am is
eliminated in consolidation.
NET INVESTMENT INCOME. Net investment income increased 70.9% to $9.5 million
for 1998 from $5.6 million for 1997. The increase was the result of significant
cash flow increases from PICO's underwriting activity and, to a lesser extent,
the funds received in the fourth quarter of 1997 from the Company's initial
public offering. Average invested assets increased to $156.9 million for 1998
from $110.6 million for 1997. The Company's average yield on its portfolio was
6.1% in 1998 and 5.0% in 1997. The 1997 average yield was diluted by the
increase in the Company's investment portfolio in October 1997 following the
Company's initial public offering.
35
NET REALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS AND LOSSES. The Company had net realized
investment gains of $1.7 million for 1998 compared to $0.2 million for 1997. The
increase is a result of a tax planning strategy to reposition a portion of the
investment portfolio from tax exempt to taxable securities.
LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES INCURRED. The Company's net loss ratio
for 1998 increased to 88.9% from 73.4% for 1997. The increase in the 1998 loss
ratio is due to higher 1998 losses on the Company's California book of business
and to a reserving action taken by the Company in the second quarter of 1998 to
increase loss reserves on the 1997 and 1998 accident years by a total of $14.8
million. In the first two quarters of 1998, the Company saw reserve development
on the 1997 accident year for California business in excess of its expectations,
given prior year reserving trends. The Company's second quarter 1998 reserve
adjustment implied a pricing deficiency for the 1997 and six month 1998 periods.
The Company began to address this pricing deficiency early in 1998 through rate
increases and non-renewal activity.
DIVIDENDS PROVIDED FOR POLICYHOLDERS. Dividends provided for policyholders
as a percentage of premiums earned for 1998 was 0.5% compared to (2.9%) for
1997. With the advent of open rating in California and an emphasis in most
states in which the Company operates on, among other things, competitive pricing
at inception, the Company's dividends provided for policyholders decreased
significantly commencing in late 1995. In 1997, the prior year accrual was
reduced by $2.7 million. During 1998, the Company paid $0.3 million in
policyholder dividends related to certain Arizona policies in which the loss
experience developed better than anticipated and accrued a small amount for
future dividend obligations.
OPERATING EXPENSES. Operating expenses increased 22.4% to $37.6 million for
1998 from $30.7 million for 1997 due in part to a net $4.7 million increase in
variable expenses, principally commissions paid to unaffiliated agencies and a
$1.8 million increase in personnel costs related to the growth in the Company's
insurance operations. Variable expenses include the benefit of $3.0 million in
ceding commissions received in the fourth quarter of 1998 in conjunction with
the Reliance reinsurance arrangement.
INCOME TAXES. Income tax benefit for 1998 was $3.8 million compared to an
expense of $1.8 million for 1997. The effective combined income tax rates for
1998 and 1997 were (44.0%) and 25.6%, respectively. These rates vary from the
combined statutory rate due to the investment income on tax-exempt securities.
NET INCOME (LOSS). Net loss for 1998 was $4.9 million compared to net income
of $5.2 million in 1997. The 1998 net loss is primarily attributable to actions
taken by the Company to increase loss reserves on the 1997 and 1998 accident
years by a total of $14.8 million in the second quarter of 1998.
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
THE PARENT COMPANY
As a holding company, PAULA Financial's principal sources of funds are
dividends and expense reimbursements from its operating subsidiaries, proceeds
from the sale of its capital stock and income from its investment portfolio.
PAULA Financial's principal uses of funds are capital contributions to its
subsidiaries, payment of operating expenses, investments in new ventures,
dividends to its stockholders and repurchase of Company common stock.
36
California law places significant restrictions on the ability of the
insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to PAULA Financial. All dividends from
PICO and PACO, as California-domiciled insurers, require prior notice to the
California DOI. All "extraordinary" dividends must be approved in advance by the
California DOI. A dividend is deemed "extraordinary" if, when aggregated with
all other dividends paid within the preceding twelve months, the dividend
exceeds the greater of (i) PICO's statutory net income or PACO's statutory net
gain from operations (both excluding unrealized capital gains) for the preceding
calendar year or (ii) 10% of policyholder surplus as of the preceding December
31st. Additionally, unless approved in advance by the California DOI, no
dividend may be paid by PICO or PACO except from earned surplus. Based on these
limitations and statutory results, as of December 31, 1999, PAULA Financial
would be able to receive $1.9 million in dividends in 2000 from its insurance
subsidiaries without obtaining prior regulatory approval from the California
DOI. No dividends were paid by the insurance subsidiaries to PAULA Financial
during 1999.
Management believes that funds currently available and expense
reimbursements and dividends from its operating subsidiaries will be sufficient
to meet the parent company's operating cash needs for at least the next twelve
months.
In March 1997, PAULA Financial entered into the Credit Agreement with a
commercial bank providing PAULA Financial with a revolving credit facility of
$15.0 million until December 31, 1999. As of December 31, 1999, $15.0 million
was outstanding under this facility. The use of the credit facility was for
repurchase of the Company's common stock and investments in new ventures.
On December 31, 1999, PAULA Financial elected to convert all of the
borrowings into a term loan payable in quarterly installments and maturing on
December 31, 2001. Balances outstanding under the term loan bear interest at
8.5%. The Credit Agreement limits the Company's ability to (i) enter new
lines of business; (ii) incur or assume debt; (iii) pay dividends and
repurchase or retire capital stock upon a default or event of default; and
(iv) make acquisitions, investments and capital expenditures. The Credit
Agreement contains financial covenants with respect to minimum stockholders'
equity, minimum statutory surplus, a ratio of debt to stockholders' equity, a
ratio of PICO's premiums written to statutory surplus and excess statutory
reserves, a debt service coverage ratio, A.M. Best rating and risk-based
capital levels. Each of PAULA Financial's non-insurance subsidiaries has
guaranteed all obligations of PAULA Financial under the Credit Agreement. As
of December 31, 1999, the Company was out of compliance with certain of its
debt covenants. As of December 31, 1999, the Company was out of compliance
with certain of its debt covenants. As a result, the bank has the right to
call the note and demand its immediate payment under the terms of the Credit
Agreement. If these covenants are not amended, it is probable that the
Company will remain out of compliance with these covenants on measurement
dates prior to December 31, 2000. However, the bank has informed the Company
that it does not intend to call the note. The Company is in negotiations with
the bank to obtain waivers as of December 31, 1999 and to amend the Credit
Agreement to modify selected covenants. If the bank were to consider calling
the note, the Company believes it has the ability to liquidate certain assets
and refinance the debt to satisfy obligations under the Credit Agreement.
On August 12, 1998, the Company announced the approval of the Board of
Directors of a 500,000 share stock repurchase program. On October 29, 1998, the
Board authorized an additional 500,000 shares bringing the total authorization
under the program to 1,000,000 shares. The shares are expected to be repurchased
through open market and/or privately negotiated purchases. As of December 31,
1999, the Company had repurchased 631,300 shares at an average price of $8.00
per share.
37
OPERATING SUBSIDIARIES
The sources of funds of the Company's operating subsidiaries are
cash flows from operating activities, investment income and capital
contributions from PAULA Financial. The insurance company operating
subsidiaries' major uses of funds are claim payments and underwriting and
administrative expenses and maintaining the required surplus to expand their
insurance business. The agency and TPA operating subsidiaries' major use of
funds are operating expenses. The nature of the workers' compensation
insurance business is such that claim payments are made over a longer period
of time than the period over which related premiums are collected. Operating
cash flows and the portion of the investment portfolio consisting of cash and
liquid securities have historically met the insurance company operating
subsidiaries' liquidity requirements. Operating cash flows and intercompany
loans from PAULA Financial have historically met the agency and TPA
subsidiaries' liquidity requirements.
The Company's investments consist primarily of taxable and tax-exempt
United States government and other investment grade securities and investment
grade fixed maturity commercial paper and, to a lesser extent, equity
securities. The Company does not generally invest in below investment grade
fixed maturity securities, mortgage loans or real estate. The Company's
investments in fixed maturity securities are carried at market value as such
securities may be sold in response to changes in interest rates, tax planning
considerations or other aspects of asset/liability management. As of December
31, 1999, the carrying value of the Company's fixed maturity securities
portfolio was $130.7 million and 93.3% of the portfolio was rated "A" or better
by S&P, Moody's or Fitch. See "Business Investments and Investment Results".
California workers' compensation insurance companies are required to
maintain some of their investments on deposit with the California DOI for the
protection of policyholders. Other states in which PICO is licensed have also
required PICO to post deposits for the protection of those states'
policyholders. Pursuant to applicable state laws, PICO had, as of December 31,
1999, securities with a book value of $121.2 million held by authorized
depositories pursuant to these deposit requirements. In addition to the
deposits, the insurance company operating subsidiaries must maintain capital and
surplus levels related to premiums written and the risks retained by the
subsidiaries.
NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS
In June 1998, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Statement
of Financial Accounting Standards No. 133, "Accounting for Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities" ("SFAS 133"). SFAS 133 is effective for
fiscal years beginning after June 15, 2000 and establishes standards for the
reporting for derivative instruments. It requires changes in the fair value of a
derivative instrument and the changes in fair value of assets or liabilities
hedged by that instrument to be included in income. To the extent that the hedge
transaction is effective, income is equally offset by both investments.
Currently the changes in fair value of derivative instruments and hedged items
are reported in net unrealized gain (loss) on securities. The Company has not
adopted SFAS 133. However, the effect of adoption on the consolidated financial
statements at December 31, 1999 would not be material.
38
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
In connection with, and because it desires to take advantage of the
"safe harbor" provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of
1995, the Company cautions readers to recognize the existence of certain
forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K and in any other statement made
by, or on behalf of, the Company, whether or not in future filings with the
Securities and Exchange Commission. Forward-looking statements are statements
not based on historical information and which relate to future operations,
strategies, financial results or other developments. Some forward-looking
statements may be identified by the use of terms such as "expects,"
"believes," "anticipates," "intends," or "judgment." Forward-looking
statements are necessarily based upon estimates and assumptions that are
inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive
uncertainties, many of which are beyond the Company's control and many of
which, with respect to future business decisions, are subject to change.
Examples of such uncertainties and contingencies include, among other
important factors, those affecting the insurance industry in general, such as
the economic and interest rate environment, legislative and regulatory
developments and market pricing and competitive trends, and those relating
specifically to the Company and its businesses, such as the level of its
insurance premiums and fee income, the claims experience of its insurance
products, the performance of its investment portfolio, the successful
completion by the Company of its Year 2000 compliance program, acquisitions
of companies or blocks of business, and the ratings by major rating
organizations of its insurance subsidiaries. These uncertainties and
contingencies can affect actual results and could cause actual results to
differ materially from those expressed in any forward-looking statements made
by, or on behalf of, the Company. The Company disclaims any obligation to
update forward-looking information.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURE ABOUT MARKET RISK.
The Company's consolidated balance sheet includes a substantial amount
of assets and liabilities whose fair values are subject to market risks. Due to
the Company's significant level of investments in fixed maturity securities
(bonds), interest rate risk represents the largest market risk factor affecting
the Company's consolidated financial position, although the Company also has
limited exposure to equity price risk. The following sections address the
significant market risks associated with the Company's financial activities as
of December 31, 1999.
Caution should be used in evaluating the Company's overall market risk
from the information below, since actual results could differ materially from
the estimates and assumptions used below and because unpaid losses and loss
adjustment expenses and reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss
adjustment expenses are not included in the hypothetical effects of changes in
market conditions discussed below. As of December 31, 1999 unpaid losses and
loss adjustment expenses represent 76.6% of the Company's total liabilities and
reinsurance recoverables on unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
represents 4.4% of the Company's total assets.
39
INTEREST RATE RISK
The Company employees a conservative investment strategy emphasizing
asset quality and the matching of maturities of its fixed maturity investments
to the Company's anticipated claim payments, expenditures and other liabilities.
The Company's fixed maturity portfolio includes investments in CMO's which are
exposed to accelerated prepayment risk generally caused by interest rate
movements. As of December 31, 1999, the Company's fixed maturity portfolio
represented 50.3% of the Company's total assets and 96.9% of the Company's
invested assets. Management intends to hold all of the Company's fixed maturity
investments for indefinite periods of time but these investments are available
for sale in response to changes in interest rates, tax planning considerations
or other aspects of asset/liability management. The Company does not utilize
stand-alone derivatives to manage interest rate risks.
The Company has historically utilized a moderate level of corporate
borrowings and debt. The Company strives to maintain the highest credit ratings
so that the cost of debt is minimized. As of December 31, 1999, notes payable
and notes payable to bank account for 8.0% of total liabilities.
The Company's fixed maturity investments, including CMOs, notes
payable and notes payable to bank are subject to interest rate risk.
Increases and decreases in prevailing interest rates generally translate into
decreases and increases in fair values of those instruments. Additionally,
fair values of interest rate sensitive instruments may be affected by the
credit worthiness of the issuer, CMO prepayment rates, relative values of
alternative investments, the liquidity of the instrument and other general
market conditions.
The table below summarizes the estimated effects of hypothetical
increases and decreases in interest rates. It is assumed that the changes occur
immediately and uniformly to each category of instrument containing interest
rate risks. The hypothetical changes in market interest rates reflect what could
be deemed best or worst case scenarios. The hypothetical fair values are based
upon the same prepayment assumptions utilized in computing fair values as of
December 31, 1999. Should interest rates decline, mortgage holders are more
likely to refinance existing mortgages at lower rates. Acceleration of
repayments could adversely affect future investment income, if reinvestment of
the cash received from repayments is in lower yielding securities. Such changes
in prepayment rates are not taken into account in the following disclosures.
40
INTEREST RATE RISK
(in thousands)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated Hypothetical
Fair Value Percentage
Hypothetical after Increase
Fair Value at Change in Interest Hypothetical (Decrease) in
December 31, Rate Change in Stockholders'
1999 (bp=basis pts.) Interest Rate Equity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Assets:
United States government agencies
and authorities $ 8,821 100 bp decrease $ 8,849 0.1%
100 bp increase 8,756 (0.1)
200 bp increase 8,720 (0.2)
States, municipalities and political
subdivisions $26,042 100 bp
decrease $26,964 1.8%
100 bp increase 25,300 (1.4)
200 bp increase 24,502 (3.0)
Corporate securities $56,819 100 bp decrease $58,755 3.7%
100 bp increase 55,482 (2.6)
200 bp increase 53,975 (5.4)
Collateralized mortgage obligations
and other asset backed securities $39,021 100 bp decrease $40,571 3.0%
100 bp increase 37,824 (2.3)
200 bp increase 36,944 (4.0)
Liabilities:
Notes payable $ 1,632 100 bp decrease $ 1,632 -
100 bp increase 1,632 -
200 bp increase 1,632 -
Notes payable to bank $15,000 100 bp decrease $15,000 -
100 bp increase 15,000 -
200 bp increase 15,000 -
41
EQUITY PRICE RISK
The Company generally does not invest in equity securities for trading
purposes. As of December 31, 1999, equity securities represent 1.2% of the
Company's total assets. The carrying values of publicly traded investments
subject to equity price risks are based on quoted market prices as of the
balance sheet date. Market prices are subject to fluctuation and, consequently,
the amount realized in the subsequent sale of the investment may significantly
differ from the reported market value. Fluctuation in the market price of a
security may result from perceived changes in the underlying economic
characteristics of the investee, the relative prices of alternative investments
and general market conditions. Furthermore, amounts realized in the sale of a
particular security may be affected by the relative quantity of the security
being sold. The carrying values of privately held investments are subject to
equity price risks which are based on the foregoing market price considerations
and also on the underlying value of the issuer and other buyer's perceptions of
such value, as well as lack of liquidity considerations.
The table below summarizes the Company's equity price risks as of
December 31, 1999 and shows the effects of a hypothetical 10% increase and 10%
decrease in the market prices as of December 31, 1999. The selected hypothetical
change does not reflect what could be considered the best or worst case
scenarios.
EQUITY PRICE RISK
(in thousands)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Estimated Hypothetical
Fair Value Percentage
after Increase
Fair Value at Hypothetical (Decrease) in
December 31, Hypothetical Price Price Stockholders'
1999 Change Change Equity
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Preferred stock $ 828 10% increase $ 911 0.1%
10% decrease 745 (0.1)
Common stock $2,357 10% increase $2,593 0.5%
10% decrease 2,121 (0.5)
42
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page
----
Independent Auditors' Report................................................................ F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 1999 and 1998................................ F-3
Consolidated Statements of Operations for each of the three years in the period ended
December 31, 1999........................................................................ F-5
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for each of the three years in the
period ended December 31, 1999........................................................... F-6
Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity for each of the three years in the period
ended December 31, 1999.................................................................. F-7
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the three years in the period ended
December 31, 1999........................................................................ F-9
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.................................................. F-11
F-1
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT
The Board of Directors
PAULA Financial:
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of PAULA
Financial and subsidiaries as of December 31, 1999 and 1998 and the related
consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss),
stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year
period ended December 31, 1999. These consolidated financial statements are the
responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an
opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with generally accepted auditing
standards. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain
reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material
misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting
the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes
assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation.
We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above
present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of PAULA
Financial and subsidiaries as of December 31, 1999 and 1998 and the results of
their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year
period ended December 31, 1999 in conformity with generally accepted accounting
principles.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Los Angeles, California
March 7, 2000, except as to
note 5 which is as of
March 29, 2000
F-2
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
ASSETS
DECEMBER 31,
------------
1999 1998
---- ----
Investments:
Fixed maturities, available-for-sale, at market (amortized cost
$138,294 and $171,379 at December 31, 1999 and 1998,
respectively).................................................... $130,703 $170,792
Preferred stock, at market (cost $999 at December 31, 1999 and
1998)............................................................ 828 1,040
Common stock, at market (cost $3,252 at December 31, 1999 and 1998). 2,357 3,219
Invested cash, at cost (approximates market)........................ 948 2,572
-------- --------
Total investments.............................................. $134,836 $177,623
-------- --------
Cash, unrestricted..................................................... 2,958 2,747
Cash, restricted....................................................... 3,365 1,398
Accrued investment income.............................................. 2,204 2,613
Receivables:
Accounts receivable, net of allowance for uncollectible accounts
($758 and $901 at December 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively)...... 21,769 17,800
Unbilled premiums................................................... 6,427 9,046
Reinsurance recoverable on paid losses and loss adjustment expenses. - 715
Reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss adjustment
expenses......................................................... 11,519 25,137
Income taxes recoverable............................................ 343 1,939
Reinsurance settlement receivable................................... 41,989 -
Other............................................................... 2,039 740
-------- --------
Total receivables.............................................. $ 84,086 $ 55,377
-------- --------
Property and equipment, at cost:
Office furniture, fixtures and equipment............................ 10,012 8,763
Automobiles......................................................... 862 851
Leasehold improvements.............................................. 202 202
-------- --------
11,076 9,816
Less accumulated depreciation....................................... (7,731) (6,941)
-------- --------
Net property and equipment..................................... $ 3,345 $ 2,875
-------- --------
Other assets........................................................... 2,724 4,562
Excess of cost over net assets acquired, net........................... 3,931 1,447
Investment in unconsolidated affiliate................................. 4,822 -
Deferred income taxes.................................................. 17,547 6,306
-------- --------
$259,818 $254,948
======== ========
(Continued)
F-3
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS, CONTINUED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
DECEMBER 31,
------------
1999 1998
---- ----
Unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses............................. $158,944 $136,316
Unearned premiums...................................................... 21,213 20,234
Accrued policyholder dividends......................................... 237 335
Due to underwriters and assureds....................................... 3,265 1,930
Reinsurance payable.................................................... 314 7,855
Accounts payable and accrued expenses.................................. 7,020 11,575
Notes payable.......................................................... 1,632 67
Note payable to bank................................................... 15,000 2,600
-------- --------
$207,625 $180,912
-------- --------
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 4,058,823 shares; none
issued and outstanding........................................... $ - $ -
Common stock, $0.01 par value. Authorized 15,000,000 shares; issued
6,338,767 shares and 6,338,815 shares at December 31, 1999 and
1998, respectively............................................... 63 63
Additional paid-in capital.......................................... 67,386 67,386
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)............................. (4,488) 10,182
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Net unrealized loss on investments............................... (5,715) (382)
-------- --------
57,246 77,249
Less:
Treasury stock, at cost (631,300 shares and 409,800 shares at
December 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively)...................... (5,053) (3,213)
-------- --------
Net stockholders' equity....................................... 52,193 74,036
Commitments and contingencies
-------- --------
$259,818 $254,948
======== =========
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-4
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Income:
Net premiums earned:
Workers' compensation........................ $ 80,126 $127,997 $ 91,957
Group medical and life....................... 830 773 878
Commissions..................................... 4,777 3,234 3,434
Net investment income........................... 9,697 9,540 5,582
Net realized investment gains (losses).......... (1,515) 1,706 172
Other........................................... 820 842 1,047
-------- -------- --------
$ 94,735 $144,092 $103,070
-------- -------- --------
Expenses:
Losses and loss adjustment expenses incurred.... 82,234 114,483 68,107
Dividends provided for policyholders............ 383 677 (2,713)
Operating....................................... 32,834 37,636 30,741
-------- -------- --------
$115,451 $152,796 $ 96,135
-------- -------- --------
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated
affiliate.................................. (506) - -
Income (loss) before income tax
expense (benefit).............................. (21,222) (8,704) 6,935
Income tax expense (benefit)....................... (7,483) (3,827) 1,776
-------- -------- --------
Net income (loss)....................... $(13,739) $( 4,877) $ 5,159
======== ======== ========
Earning per share:
Earnings (loss) per share...................... $( 2.35) $( 0.78) $ 1.88
Earnings (loss) per share - assuming dilution.. $( 2.35) $( 0.78) $ 1.11
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-5
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Net income (loss) $(13,739) $(4,877) $5,159
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Unrealized holding gains (losses) arising during
period (tax impact: 1999:$2,676, 1998:$517,
1997:$413)................................. (5,195) (1,003) 803
Reclassifications adjustment for realized gains
(losses) included in net income (loss) (tax
impact: 1999:$71, 1998: $470, 1997: $24... (138) (912) (48)
-------- ------- ------
$ (5,333) $(1,915) $ 755
-------- ------- ------
Comprehensive income (loss) $(19,072) $(6,792) $5,914
======== ======= ======
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-6
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
NET
ADDITIONAL UNREALIZED
NUMBER OF BOOK PAID-IN RETAINED GAIN (LOSS) ON
SHARES VALUE CAPITAL EARNINGS INVESTMENTS
------ ----- ------- -------- -----------
Balance at December 31, 1996..................... 2,167,456 $22 $1,748 $16,668 $778
Net income....................................... - - - 5,159 -
Change in carrying value of preferred stock...... - - - (2,261) -
Conversion of preferred stock.................... 1,882,354 19 23,641 - -
Conversion of warrants........................... 139,481 1 1,481 (549) -
Common stock awards.............................. 3,256 - 46 - -
Restricted stock forfeitures..................... (1,150) - (10) - -
Retirement of common stock....................... (270,534) (3) (51) (2,969) -
Issuance of common stock......................... 2,400,314 24 40,321 - -
Net change in unrealized gain on investments
(net of tax).................................. - - - - 755
Elimination of obligation of stock held by ESOP.. - - - - -
Change in guarantee of ESOP notes payable........ - - - - -
====================================================================
Balance at December 31, 1997..................... 6,321,177 $63 $67,176 $16,048 $1,533
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Net loss......................................... - - - (4,877) -
Dividends paid ($0.16 per share)................. - - - (989) -
Options exercised, including tax impact.......... 16,638 - 202 - -
Common stock awards.............................. 1,000 - 8 - -
Repurchase of common stock....................... (409,800) - - - -
Net change in unrealized gain on investments
(net of tax).................................. - - - - (1,915)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance at December 31, 1998..................... 5,929,015 $63 $67,386 $10,182 ($382)
--------------------------------------------------------------------
OBLIGATION GUARANTEE OF
ON NOTES NET
TREASURY STOCK HELD PAYABLE STOCKHOLDERS'
STOCK BY ESOP OF ESOP EQUITY
----- ------- ------- ------
Balance at December 31, 1996..................... ($2,972) ($11,449) ($221) $4,574
Net income....................................... - - - 5,159
Change in carrying value of preferred stock...... - - - (2,261)
Conversion of preferred stock.................... - - - 23,660
Conversion of warrants........................... - - - 933
Common stock awards.............................. - - - 46
Restricted stock forfeitures..................... - - - (10)
Retirement of common stock....................... 2,972 - - (51)
Issuance of common stock......................... - - - 40,345
Net change in unrealized gain on investments
(net of tax).................................. - - - 755
Elimination of obligation of stock held by ESOP.. - 11,449 - 11,449
Change in guarantee of ESOP notes payable........ - - 221 221
===========================================================
Balance at December 31, 1997..................... $- $- $- $84,820
-----------------------------------------------------------
Net loss......................................... - - - (4,877)
Dividends paid ($0.16 per share)................. - - - (989)
Options exercised, including tax impact.......... - - - 202
Common stock awards.............................. - - - 8
Repurchase of common stock....................... (3,213) - - (3,213)
Net change in unrealized gain on investments
(net of tax).................................. - - - (1,915)
-----------------------------------------------------------
Balance at December 31, 1998..................... ($3,213) $- $- $74,036
-----------------------------------------------------------
(Continued)
F-7
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY, CONTINUED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Retained Net
Additional earnings unrealized
Number of Book Paid-in accumulated loss on Treasury
shares value capital deficit) investment stock
------ ----- ------- -------- ---------- ------
Balance at December 31, 1998.......... 5,929,015 $63 $67,386 $10,182 ($382) ($3,213)
Net loss.............................. - - - (13,739) - -
Dividends paid ($0.16 per
share)............................. - - - (931) - -
Common stock awards................... 252 - 3 - - -
Restricted stock forfeitures.......... (300) - (3) - - -
Repurchase of common stock............ (221,500) - - - - (1,840)
Net change in unrealized gain
on investments (net of tax)........ - - - - (5,333) -
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Balance at December 31, 1999.......... 5,707,467 $63 $67,386 ($4,488) ($5,715) ($5,053)
==================================================================================
OBLIGATION GUARANTEE OF
ON NOTES NET
STOCK HELD PAYABLE STOCKHOLDERS'
BY ESOP OF ESOP EQUITY
------- ------- ------
Balance at December 31, 1998.......... $- $- $74,036
Net loss.............................. - - (13,739)
Dividends paid ($0.16 per
share)............................. - - (931)
Common stock awards................... - - 3
Restricted stock forfeitures.......... - - (3)
Repurchase of common stock............ - - (1,840)
Net change in unrealized gain
on investments (net of tax)........ - - (5,333)
--------------------------------------
Balance at December 31, 1999.......... $- $- $52,193
======================================
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-8
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
---------------------------------------------
1999 1998 1997
------------ ----------- -----------
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)..................................... ($13,739) ($4,877) $5,159
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash
provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization...................... 1,889 1,522 1,370
Amortization of fixed maturity premium, net........ 670 705 623
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliate..... 506 - -
(Gain) loss on sale of property and equipment...... 45 27 16
Gain on sales and calls of equity and fixed
maturities....................................... 1,515 (1,706) (172)
(Increase) decrease in receivables................. (28,300) (23,574) (14,032)
(Increase) decrease in deferred income taxes....... (8,494) (2,072) 1,193
Increase (decrease) in unpaid losses and loss
adjustment expenses.............................. 22,628 58,532 22,064
Increase (decrease) in accrued policyholder
dividends........................................ (98) 335 (3,981)
Increase (decrease) in accounts payable and
accrued expenses................................. (10,761) 11,546 3,747
Increase in unearned premiums...................... 979 4,844 4,735
Other, net......................................... 1,838 (226) (861)
------------ ----------- -----------
Net cash provided by (used in) operating
activities................................. ($31,322) $45,056 $19,861
------------ ----------- -----------
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from sale of available for sale fixed
maturities......................................... 31,714 81,687 -
Proceeds from maturities and calls of available
for sale fixed maturities.......................... 4,225 8,947 14,840
Proceeds from sale of preferred stock................. - 6,423 -
Proceeds from sale of common stock.................... - 2,516 499
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment.......... 98 27 1
Purchase of common stock.............................. - - (5,138)
Purchase of preferred stock........................... - (4,231) (2,013)
Purchase of available for sale fixed maturities....... (5,041) (149,112) (47,606)
Purchase of property and equipment.................... (1,660) (1,871) (1,126)
Purchase of other assets.............................. - - (1,189)
Purchase of book of business.......................... (105) - -
Purchase of insurance agency.......................... (3,049) (388) -
Investment in unconsolidated affiliate................ (5,500) - -
------------ ----------- -----------
Net cash provided by (used in)
investing activities....................... $20,682 ($56,002) ($41,732)
------------ ----------- -----------
(Continued)
F-9
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS, CONTINUED
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
Years Ended December 31,
--------------------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---------- ---------- ---------
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings (repayments) under line of credit
agreement, net................................. $12,400 $2,600 ($7,490)
Payments on notes payable......................... (67) (389) (3,350)
Issuance of notes payable......................... 1,632 - 238
Dividends paid.................................... (931) (989) -
Exercise of stock options......................... - 202 -
Sale of common stock.............................. - - 41,278
Repurchase of common stock........................ (1,840) (3,213) -
Retirement of common stock........................ - - (60)
---------- ---------- ---------
Net cash provided by (used in) financing
activities............................. $11,194 ($1,789) $30,616
---------- ---------- ---------
Net increase (decrease) in cash and
invested cash.......................... 554 (12,735) 8,745
Cash and invested cash at beginning of period........ 6,717 19,452 10,707
---------- ---------- ---------
Cash and invested cash at end of period.............. $7,271 $6,717 $19,452
========== ========== =========
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
F-10
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(1) SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES
DESCRIPTION OF OPERATIONS
PAULA Financial and subsidiaries (collectively referred to as "the
Company") is an integrated insurance organization specializing in the
production, underwriting and servicing of workers' compensation and accident
and health insurance for agribusiness clients in California, Arizona, Oregon,
Idaho, Alaska, Texas, Florida, New Mexico and Nevada. For the year ended
December 31, 1999, California accounted for 62% of premiums earned. The
Company operates from many offices located throughout prime agricultural
areas and places coverage with its insurance company subsidiaries and
nonaffiliated insurance companies.
The Company operates in a single segment: the production,
underwriting and servicing of workers' compensation and accident and health
insurance.
PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the
accounts of PAULA Financial and its wholly owned subsidiaries. The principal
subsidiaries are: Pan American Underwriters, Inc., Pan American Underwriters
Insurance Agents and Brokers, Inc., Agri-Comp Insurance Agency, Inc. and
PAULA Trading Company Insurance Agents and Brokers, Inc. (insurance
brokerages); Pan Pacific Benefit Administrators, Inc. (third-party
administration operation); PAULA Mexico S.A. de C.V.; PAULA Insurance Company
(casualty insurance); and PAULA Assurance Company (group accident and health
and life insurance). All significant intercompany balances and transactions
have been eliminated in consolidation.
Where necessary, prior years' information has been reclassified to
conform to the 1999 presentation.
In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is
required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts
of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and
liabilities as of the date of the consolidated financial statements and
revenues and expenses for the period. Actual results could differ
significantly from those estimates.
INVESTMENTS AND CASH
At December 31, 1999 and 1998, the entire investment portfolio is
classified as available-for-sale and is reflected at estimated fair value
with unrealized gains and losses recorded as a separate component of
stockholders' equity, net of related deferred income taxes. The premium and
discount on fixed maturities and collateralized mortgage obligations are
amortized using the interest method. Amortization and accretion of premiums
and discounts on collateralized mortgage obligations are adjusted for
principal paydowns and changes in expected maturities. Investments in which
the decline in market value is deemed other than temporary are reduced to the
estimated realizable value through a charge to income.
F-11
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Invested cash consists primarily of commercial paper.
Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are computed on
the specific-identification basis.
Restricted cash consists of premiums collected by the insurance
brokerage subsidiaries but not yet remitted to insurance companies which is
restricted as to use by law in the states in which the brokerage subsidiaries
operate.
For purposes of cash flow disclosure, cash and invested cash is
defined as cash and invested cash that have original maturities of less than
three months.
REVENUE RECOGNITION
Premiums are earned by the insurance subsidiaries on a monthly pro
rata basis over the terms of the policies. Commission income is recorded on
the effective date of the policy or the billing date, whichever is later.
PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT
Depreciation and amortization is provided over the estimated useful
lives of the respective assets, primarily using the modified accelerated cost
recovery system (which approximates the double-declining-balance method).
Principal estimated useful lives used in computing the depreciation
provisions are five years for automobiles and five to seven years for
furniture and equipment.
Certain direct costs associated with the development of software for
internal use are capitalized. Amortization on such amounts is provided on a
straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software, generally
five to seven years. Amortization begins when the related project is
substantially complete.
Leasehold improvements are depreciated on a straight-line basis over
the term of the lease or the estimated useful life of the improvement if less
than the lease term.
INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED AFFILIATE
In early 1999, the Company made an investment in the recently formed
Montlake Insurance Holdings, LLC ("Montlake"), the parent company of Montlake
Casualty Company, Ltd., a specialty workers' compensation insurance company.
The Company made an initial investment of $5,500 for a 21% equity
position and has the option to acquire additional equity. The Company is
accounting for its investment in Montlake using the equity method and as such
recognizes its share of the net earnings or loss of the unconsolidated
affiliate in its consolidated statement of operations.
As of December 31, 1999, Montlake, had total assets of $14,821 and
net equity of $3,336. For the year ended December 31, 1999, Montlake had a
net loss of $2,385. The Company recognized a loss of $506 for the year ended
December 31, 1999. During 1999, Montlake reimbursed the Company for $325 in
expenses incurred by the Company on Montlake's behalf.
F-12
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
EXCESS OF COST OVER NET ASSETS ACQUIRED
Excess of cost over net assets acquired is amortized on a
straight-line basis over seven years. The Company assesses the recoverability
of this intangible asset by determining whether the amortization of the
balance over its remaining life can be recovered through the undiscounted
future operating cash flows of the acquired operation. Accumulated
amortization totaled $1,956 and $1,286 at December 31, 1999 and 1998,
respectively.
UNPAID LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES
The liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses
represents (a) case basis estimates of reported losses and loss adjustment
expenses and (b) estimates based on past experience of unreported losses and
loss adjustment expenses, net of anticipated salvage and subrogation.
Management believes that the provisions for losses and loss adjustment
expenses are adequate to cover the net cost of incurred losses and loss
adjustment expenses; however, the liability is by necessity based on
estimates, and accordingly, there can be no assurance that the ultimate
liability will not differ from such estimates.
There is a high level of uncertainty inherent in the evaluation of
the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses. The ultimate
costs of such claims are dependent upon future events, the outcomes of which
are affected by many factors. Loss reserving procedures and settlement
philosophy, current and perceived social and economic factors, inflation,
current and future court rulings and jury attitudes, and many other economic,
scientific, legal, political and social factors can all have significant
effects on the ultimate costs of claims. Changes in Company operations and
management philosophy may also cause actual developments to vary from the
past.
POLICYHOLDER DIVIDENDS
The insurance subsidiaries underwrite workers' compensation,
accident and health and life insurance policies. Participating workers'
compensation policies represented approximately 18%, 28%, and 46% of net
written premium for the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997,
respectively. Dividends are recorded as a liability based on estimates of
ultimate amounts expected to be declared by the insurance subsidiaries'
Boards of Directors, at their discretion.
INCOME TAXES
The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability
method. Accordingly, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for
the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the
financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and
their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured
using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary
differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred
tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income
in the period that includes the enactment date.
F-13
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
The fair values of financial instruments are estimates of the fair
values at a specific point in time using appropriate valuation methodologies.
These estimates are subjective in nature and involve uncertainties and
significant judgment in the interpretation of current market data. Therefore,
the fair values presented are not necessarily indicative of amounts the
Company could realize or settle currently. The Company does not necessarily
intend to dispose of or liquidate such instruments prior to maturity.
The fair values of notes payable and note payable to bank are
estimated using discounted cash flow analyses based on current market
interest rates. The estimated fair values approximate the related carrying
values.
COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
Comprehensive income includes all changes in equity during a period
except those resulting from investments by stockholders and distributions to
stockholders. The Company's only component of other comprehensive income
relates to unrealized gains and losses on investments. The Company has
included consolidated statements of comprehensive income (loss) in the
accompanying consolidated financial statements.
EARNINGS PER SHARE ("EPS")
The EPS calculations for the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998
and 1997 were based upon the weighted average number of shares of common
stock outstanding. The EPS - assuming dilution calculations were based upon
the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding adjusted
for the effect of convertible securities, and options and warrants considered
common stock equivalents. Stock options and warrants are considered to be
common stock equivalents, except when their effect is antidilutive.
The following table reconciles the weighted average shares of common
stock outstanding used in the EPS calculation to that used in the EPS -
assuming dilution calculation. There is no difference in the earnings used in
the two calculations.
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Shares used in EPS calculation.................. 5,847,836 6,228,479 2,737,065
Convertible preferred stock..................... - - 1,526,512
Warrants........................................ - - 48,804
Options......................................... - - 352,130
---------------------------------------
Shares used in EPS - assuming dilution
calculation................................ 5,847,836 6,228,479 4,664,511
=======================================
In loss periods options are excluded from the calculation of
EPS-assuming dilution as the inclusion of such options would have an
antidilutive effect.
F-14
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(2) INVESTMENTS
Investments in fixed maturities are substantially all held in
investment grade securities. Fair values were obtained from published
securities quotation services or from asset management professionals retained
by the Company.
FIXED MATURITIES
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investments in fixed
maturities classified as available for sale at December 31, 1999 and 1998 are
as follows:
DECEMBER 31, 1999
-----------------
GROSS GROSS
AMORTIZED UNREALIZED UNREALIZED ESTIMATED
COST GAINS LOSSES FAIR VLAUE
---- ----- ------ ----------
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S.
Government corporations and agencies................... $8,799 $32 $10 $8,821
Obligations of states and political subdivisions.......... 27,251 77 1,286 26,042
Corporate securities...................................... 60,645 435 4,261 56,819
Collateralized mortgage obligations and other
assets backed securities .............................. 41,599 - 2,578 39,021
--------------------------------------------------------
Total............................................... $138,294 $544 $8,135 $130,703
========================================================
DECEMBER 31, 1999
-----------------
GROSS GROSS
AMORTIZED UNREALIZED UNREALIZED ESTIMATED
COST GAINS LOSSES FAIR VLAUE
---- ----- ------ ----------
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S.
Government corporations and agencies.................. $13,445 $321 $- $13,766
Obligations of states and political subdivisions......... 24,082 337 73 24,346
Corporate securities..................................... 79,927 1,221 1,523 79,625
Collateralized mortgage obligations and other asset
backed securities.................................... 53,925 282 1,152 53,055
--------------------------------------------------------
Total.............................................. $171,379 $2,161 $2,748 $170,792
========================================================
F-15
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturities
classified as available for sale at December 31, 1999 by the earlier of the
pre-escrowed date or contractual maturity are shown below. Expected
maturities will differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have
the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment
penalties.
AMORTIZED ESTIMATED
COST FAIR VALUE
---- ----------
Due in one year or less................................................... $7,456 $7,451
Due after one year through five years..................................... 45,495 44,006
Due after five years through ten years.................................... 41,089 37,790
Due after ten years....................................................... 2,655 2,435
Collateralized mortgage obligations and other asset
backed securities..................................................... 41,599 39,021
--------------------------
$138,294 $130,703
==========================
Fixed maturities with a book value of $121,914 were on deposit with
various regulatory authorities as of December 31, 1999 as required.
PREFERRED STOCK
Unrealized investment gains (losses) on preferred stock at
December 31, 1999 and 1998 are as follows:
DECEMBER 31,
------------
1999 1998
---- ----
Gross unrealized gains................................. $- $41
Gross unrealized losses................................ (171) -
-----------------
($171) $41
=================
COMMON STOCK
Unrealized investment gains (losses) on common stock at December 31,
1999 and 1998 are as follows:
DECEMBER 31,
------------
1999 1998
---- ----
Gross unrealized gains................................. $- $38
Gross unrealized losses................................ (895) (71)
-------------------
($895) ($33)
===================
F-16
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
NET INVESTMENT INCOME
Net investment income is summarized as follows:
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Interest........................................ $9,727 $9,396 $5,665
Dividends....................................... 330 500 121
------------------------------
10,057 9,896 5,786
Less investment expenses........................ (360) (356) (204)
------------------------------
$9,697 $9,540 $5,582
==============================
An affiliate of a significant holder of the Company's stock also
acts as one of the Company's investment advisors. Fees paid for such
investment services totaled $264, $244, and $160 in 1999, 1998 and 1997,
respectively.
NET REALIZED INVESTMENT GAINS (LOSSES)
Net realized investment gains (losses) are as follows:
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Fixed maturities:
Gross realized gains......................... $223 $1,863 $-
Gross realized losses........................ (1,738) (379) (1)
Common stock:
Gross realized gains......................... - 222 173
Gross realized losses........................ - - -
-------------------------------
($1,515) $1,706 $172
===============================
Included in the gross realized loss is $1,600 related to the
realization of an other than temporary decline in the value of a
non-performing investment.
F-17
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(3) UNPAID LOSSES AND LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES
Activity in the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment
expenses is summarized as follows:
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Balance at beginning of period............... $136,316 $77,784 $55,720
Less reinsurance recoverable on unpaid
losses and loss adjustment expenses.... 25,137 6,394 6,427
-----------------------------------
Net balance at beginning of period........... $111,179 $71,390 $49,293
-----------------------------------
Incurred related to:
Current period............................ 65,337 108,454 66,840
Prior periods............................. 16,897 6,029 1,267
-----------------------------------
Total incurred......................... $82,234 $114,483 $68,107
-----------------------------------
Reinsurance settlement (see note 7).......... 41,989 - -
Paid related to:
Current period............................ 34,625 34,674 20,809
Prior periods............................. 53,352 40,020 25,201
-----------------------------------
Total paid............................. $87,977 $74,694 $46,010
-----------------------------------
Net balance at end of period................. 147,425 111,179 71,390
Plus reinsurance recoverable on unpaid
losses and loss adjustment expenses..... 11,519 25,137 6,394
-----------------------------------
Balance at end of period..................... $158,944 $136,316 $77,784
===================================
The unfavorable incurred development for prior periods in 1999 in
the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is principally
due to reserve development on the 1997 and 1998 accident years for the
California book of business. This adverse development is generally
attributable to longer claim durations, principally on claims that are
litigated.
The unfavorable incurred development for prior periods in 1998 in
the liability for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses is due to
reserve development on the 1997 accident year for the California book of
business in excess of what was anticipated given past reserving trends.
F-18
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(4) NOTES PAYABLE
A summary of notes payable at December 31, 1999 and 1998 is as follows:
DECEMBER 31
-----------
1999 1998
---- ----
Note payable (interest at 0.0% at December 31, 1998, due 1999), unsecured............. $- $67
Note payable (interest at 7.5% at December 31, 1999, due 2001), unsecured............. 1,632 -
------------------
$1,632 $67
==================
Aggregate annual commitments under notes payable are as follows at
December 31, 1999:
2001 .................................................. $1,632
Total interest paid by the Company on all notes during the years
ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997 was $758, $61 and $1,014, respectively.
(5) NOTE PAYABLE TO BANK
On March 31, 1997, the Company entered into a $15,000 unsecured line
of credit with a commercial bank. At year end 1999, $15,000 was outstanding
under this facility. On December 31, 1999, the Company elected to convert all
of the borrowings into a term loan payable in quarterly installments and
maturing on December 31, 2001. The interest rate on the term loan is 8.5%.
Aggregate annual commitments under notes payable to bank are as
follows at December 31, 1999:
2000 .................................................. $ 3,750
2001 .................................................. $11,250
The line of credit imposes certain financial covenants. As of
December 31, 1999, the Company was out of compliance with certain of these
covenants. As of December 31, 1999, the Company was out of compliance with
certain of its debt covenants. As a result, the bank has the right to call
the note and demand its immediate payment under the terms of the Credit
Agreement. If these covenants are not amended, it is probable that the
Company will remain out of compliance with these covenants on measurement
dates prior to December 31, 2000. However, the bank has informed the Company
that it does not intend to call the note. The Company is in negotiations with
the bank to obtain waivers as of December 31, 1999 and to amend the Credit
Agreement to modify selected covenants.
F-19
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(6) INCOME TAXES
The Company and its subsidiaries file a consolidated Federal income tax
return. Income tax expense (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998
and 1997 is shown as follows:
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, FEDERAL STATE TOTAL
------------------------ ------- ----- -----
1999:
Current............................... $992 $22 $1,014
Deferred.............................. (8,497) - (8,497)
----------------------------------
($7,505) $22 ($7,483)
==================================
1998:
Current............................... ($1,771) $16 ($1,755)
Deferred.............................. (2,072) - (2,072)
----------------------------------
($3,843) $16 ($3,827)
==================================
1997:
Current............................... $503 $80 $583
Deferred.............................. 1,193 - 1,193
----------------------------------
$1,696 $80 $1,776
==================================
The total tax expense (benefit) is different from the applicable
Federal income tax rate of 34% for the reasons reflected in the following
reconciliation:
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Expected tax expense (benefit)...................... ($7,215) ($2,959) $2,358
Tax-exempt investment income........................ (311) (924) (715)
Nondeductible expenses.............................. 116 61 80
State income taxes, net of Federal benefit.......... 14 (5) 53
Other, net.......................................... (87) - -
---------------------------------
($7,483) ($3,827) $1,776
=================================
F-20
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Temporary differences which give rise to a significant portion of
deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:
DECEMBER 31
-----------
1999 1998
---- ----
Deferred tax assets:
Loss reserve discounting................................................ $6,021 $4,461
Unearned premiums....................................................... 1,442 1,376
Net operating loss carry forward........................................ 8,226 2,564
Tax on net unrealized loss on securities carried at market value........ 2,944 197
Other................................................................... 1,613 1,644
-----------------------
Gross deferred tax assets.......................................... $20,246 $10,242
-----------------------
Deferred tax liabilities:
Unbilled premiums....................................................... (2,185) (3,076)
Other................................................................... (514) (860)
-----------------------
Gross deferred tax liabilities..................................... ($2,699) ($3,936)
-----------------------
Net deferred tax asset............................................. $17,547 $6,306
=======================
The recoverability of the net deferred tax asset is demonstrated by
taxes paid in prior years and available tax planning strategies. Management
believes that it is more likely than not that the results of future
operations and various tax planning strategies will generate sufficient
taxable income in the periods necessary to realize the net deferred tax asset.
The Company received Federal income tax refunds of $955 and made
Federal income tax payments of $326 during the year ended December 31, 1999.
The Company received Federal income tax refunds of $1,552 and made Federal
income tax payments of $65 during the year ended December 31, 1998 and paid
$2,300 of Federal income taxes during the years ended December 31, 1997.
At December 31, 1999, the Company had a tax net operating loss carry
forward of $8,226 that begins to expire in 2018.
(7) REINSURANCE
In the ordinary course of business, the insurance subsidiaries cede
insurance for the purpose of obtaining greater risk diversification and
minimizing the maximum net loss potential arising from large claims. The
insurance subsidiaries, however, are contingently liable in the event that
their reinsurers become unable to meet their contractual obligations.
F-21
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
A large portion of the reinsurance is effected under reinsurance
contracts known as treaties. PAULA Insurance Company ("PICO") maintains
excess of loss and catastrophic reinsurance arrangements to protect it
against losses above its retention on workers' compensation policies.
Additionally, PICO has also chosen from time to time to quota-share a portion
of its retained claims exposure. In a quota share reinsurance contract, the
company and the reinsurer share premiums, losses and loss adjustment expenses
on a proportional basis based on each parties interest in the quota-shared
risk.
The maximum retention for each loss occurrence on workers'
compensation policies has been $250 since July 1996. In July 1998, PICO
modified its prior existing excess of loss reinsurance treaty on the $250
excess $250 layer to retain the first $2,000 in annual aggregate losses, with
a corresponding reduction in the reinsurance rate.
In the fourth quarter of 1998 PICO entered into a two year excess of
loss reinsurance arrangement with a retention of $50. Concurrent with this
agreement, PICO entered into an excess of loss agreement which covers a
portion of the losses in the $40 excess of $10 layer and a quota-share
agreement which covers a portion of losses below $10. These treaties were
settled and commuted effective September 30, 1999. On January 27, 2000, the
Company received a $41,989 cash settlement. The settlement amount included
the return of net premiums ceded during the twelve months the treaty was in
effect plus a substantial break-up fee. The Company recorded a $773 loss as a
result of this transaction. The settlement was accounted for as a commutation.
The following amounts have been deducted in the accompanying
consolidated financial statements as a result of reinsurance ceded:
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Premiums earned............................................... $35,874 $18,834 $3,226
Losses and loss expenses incurred............................. $40,533 $22,554 $573
Operating expenses............................................ $6,889 $3,024 $-
Substantially all reinsurance balances are with General Reinsurance
Corporation.
In July 1998, the Company entered into an assumption agreement with
the New Mexico Retail Association Self-Insured Group ("the SIG"). The
agreement provides for the complete assumption by PICO of the SIG reserves
outstanding as of July 1, 1998 as well as a 100% quota-share participation on
policies in-force as of that date. The prospective piece of the treaty has
been accounted for as reinsurance in the accompanying consolidated financial
statements. Premiums assumed under the prospective piece of this agreement
were $326 and $1,647 while loss incurred were $13 and $1,031 for the years
ended December 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively. The portion of the contract
related to the loss portfolio transfer does not meet risk transfer
requirements and has therefore been accounted for using the deposit method of
accounting. At December 31, 1999 and 1998, the related liability of $1,205
and $1,962, respectively are included in accounts payable and accrued
expenses in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
F-22
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
(8) STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
In September 1998, the Board of Directors adopted a Stockholder Rights
Plan ("Rights Plan"). The Rights Plan provided for the distribution of one Right
for each share of common stock outstanding on October 1, 1998. The Rights Plan
provides that if any person acquires 10% or more of the Company's common stock,
each Right (other than the Rights held by the 10% stockholder) will become
exercisable to purchase PAULA common stock with a value equal to two times the
Right's exercise price. In addition, if on or after such event the Company is
merged out of existence or 50% or more of its assets or earning power are sold,
each Right (other than Rights held by the 10% stockholder) will become
exercisable to purchase common shares of the acquiring corporation with a value
equal to two times the Right's exercise price. The Rights expire in ten years
unless previously triggered and are subject to redemption by the Board of
Directors prior to being triggered.
On October 24, 1997, the Company completed its initial public
offering by selling 2,400,314 shares of its common stock to the underwriters
of the Company's initial public offering at $18.50 per share for net proceeds
of $40,345 after deducting underwriting discounts and expenses of the
offering.
On September 23, 1997, the Company declared a two-for-one stock
split effected in the form of a dividend to stockholders of record on
September 23, 1997. All data with respect to equity classification, earnings
per share and share information, including price per share, where applicable,
in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto have been
retroactively adjusted to reflect the split.
PAULA Financial is dependent on the transfer of funds from its
subsidiaries. Dividends and advances from PICO and PAULA Assurance Company
("PACO") are restricted by law and minimum capitalization requirements and,
above certain thresholds, are subject to approval by insurance regulatory
authorities. Net assets of the insurance subsidiaries in the amount of
$47,082 and $62,378 at December 31, 1999 and 1998, respectively, are
restricted as to their availability for advances or dividends to PAULA
Financial due to insurance regulatory requirements.
(9) EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS
The Company maintains a 401(k) plan covering substantially all
employees. Employees may contribute up to 17% of their compensation. The
Company makes a matching contribution of 50% of the employee contribution,
limited to 6% of compensation. Total employer costs under the plan were $293,
$252 and $224 for the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997,
respectively.
Historically, the Company also maintained a defined contribution
employee stock ownership plan ("ESOP") covering all full-time employees,
excluding hourly employees. Effective September 30, 1999, the ESOP merged
with the 401(k) plan. At the time of the merger, the ESOP had 802,396 shares
of Company common stock. The Company expensed cash contributions related to
the ESOP of $125 in 1997. No contributions were made in 1999 or 1998.
F-23
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Employees of the Company receive an annual year-end bonus based upon
the results of the Company. Amounts expensed under bonus programs were $432,
$641 and $1,068 for the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997,
respectively.
In 1998, the Company implemented a key employee/consultant loan
program which provides funds exclusively for the borrowers' purchase of
Company stock. The Company has authorized loans of up to $1,000. The loans
are full recourse, bear interest at the rate of 8.5% per annum, payable
quarterly, have a three year maturity and are secured by the stock purchased.
The loan program was reviewed and approved by the Compensation Committee of
the Board of Directors. As of December 31, 1999, the Company had extended
loans in the amount of $570. Such amounts are included in other receivables
in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.
In 1994, the Company adopted a stock incentive plan, reserving
550,000 shares of common stock, which provides for granting of stock options
and restricted stock bonuses to officers and directors and key employees of
the Company. Options and restricted stock are granted at the discretion of
the Executive Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. Prior to the
initial public offering, options were granted at fair value as determined by
the Executive Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors. At December
31, 1999, 27,025 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the
1994 plan.
In 1997, the Company adopted its 1997 Stock Incentive Plan,
reserving 200,000 shares of common stock. Stock awards totaling 252 shares
and 1,000 shares were granted in 1999 and 1998, respectively. At December 31,
1999, 113,498 shares of common stock were available for issuance under the
1997 plan. Stock options vest either immediately or over periods not to
exceed five years and carry an exercise price equal to or in excess of the
fair market value of the common stock on the date of grant. The stock options
are generally exercisable for a ten-year term.
Changes in the status of options granted under the 1994 plan are
summarized as follows:
1999
----
WEIGHTED
EXERCISE AVERAGE
SHARES PRICE EXERCISE PRICE
------ ----- --------------
Beginning of year.................... 419,500 $7.88-23.13 $9.48
Granted........................ - - -
Canceled....................... (23,625) $9.50 $9.50
Exercised or redeemed.......... - - -
----------------------------------------------------
End of year.......................... 395,875 $7.88-23.13 $9.48
====================================================
Exercisable.......................... 385,075 $7.88-23.13 $9.20
====================================================
F-24
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
1998
----
WEIGHTED
EXERCISE AVERAGE
SHARES PRICE EXERCISE PRICE
------ ----- --------------
Beginning of year.................... 402,850 $7.88-12.50 $8.78
Granted........................ 27,000 $13.50-23.13 $19.56
Canceled....................... (200) $9.50 $9.50
Exercised or redeemed.......... (10,150) $7.88-9.50 $8.44
----------------------------------------------------
End of year.......................... 419,500 $7.88-23.13 $9.48
====================================================
Exercisable.......................... 365,525 $7.88-23.13 $9.02
====================================================
1997
----
WEIGHTED
EXERCISE AVERAGE
SHARES PRICE EXERCISE PRICE
------ ----- --------------
Beginning of year.................... 404,650 $7.88 - 12.50 $8.78
Granted........................ - - -
Canceled....................... (1,800) $9.03 - 9.50 $9.45
Exercised or redeemed.......... - - -
----------------------------------------------------
End of year.......................... 402,850 $7.88 - 12.50 $8.78
====================================================
Exercisable.......................... 328,700 $7.88 - 12.50 $8.58
====================================================
Changes in the status of options granted under the 1997 plan are summarized
as follows:
1999
----
WEIGHTED
EXERCISE AVERAGE
SHARES PRICE EXERCISE PRICE
------ ----- --------------
Beginning of year.................... - - -
Granted........................ 110,000 $9.00 $9.00
Canceled....................... (24,750) $9.00 $9.00
Exercised or redeemed.......... - - -
----------------------------------------------------
End of year.......................... 85,250 $9.00 $9.00
====================================================
Exercisable.......................... 27,500 $9.00 $9.00
====================================================
F-25
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Pursuant to the plan, the Company granted 28,700 shares at $9.03 per
share and 22,500 shares at $7.88 per share of restricted common stock in 1995
and 1996, respectively. The per share price for these awards was based on an
annual independent appraisal. The restrictions lapse pursuant to various
vesting schedules. Holders of restricted stock are entitled to vote such
shares and receive dividends, which are not subject to restrictions. As of
December 31, 1999, the restrictions on an aggregate of 33,225 shares of
restricted stock have lapsed; 1,700, 450 and 1,150 shares in 1999, 1998, and
1997, respectively, were forfeited based upon voluntary termination. No
restricted stock was granted in the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and
1997.
In addition, in 1996, the Company issued options to purchase an
aggregate of 316,000 shares of common stock to officers and directors of the
Company outside the Plan. The options carry an exercise price of $9.50 per
share. Also, outstanding is an option to purchase an aggregate of 60,000
shares of common stock to an officer of the Company outside of the plan
granted at $8.50 per share in 1994. The options were granted at fair value as
determined by the Executive Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors.
Such options have the same terms as options granted under the plans. Options
to purchase 84,000 shares of common stock were immediately exercisable with
the remaining options vesting over a period of three years. In 1999 options
to purchase 10,500 shares at $9.50 per share were forfeited. In 1998 options
to purchase 8,000 shares at $9.50 per share were exercised. Options to
purchase 357,500 shares of common stock issued outside the plans remain
outstanding as of December 31, 1999.
The Company has elected to follow Accounting Principles Board
Opinion No. 25, "Accounting for Stock Issued to Employees" ("Opinion 25"),
and related interpretations in accounting for its employee stock options and
adopt the disclosure requirements of Statement of Accounting Standards No.
123, "Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation" ("SFAS 123"). Had compensation
cost for the Company's stock-based compensation plan been reflected in the
accompanying consolidated financial statements based on the fair value at the
grant dates for option awards consistent with the method of SFAS 123, the
Company's net income would have been reduced to the pro forma amounts
indicated below:
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Net income (loss):
As reported ($13,739) ($4,877) $5,159
Pro forma ($14,138) ($5,366) 4,730
Earnings (loss) per share:
As reported ($2.35) ($0.78) $1.88
Pro forma ($2.42) ($0.86) 1.73
Earnings (loss) per share
- assuming dilution:
As reported ($2.35) ($0.78) $1.11
Pro forma ($2.42) ($0.86) 1.01
F-26
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
The fair value for options granted in 1999 and 1998 was estimated at
the date of grant using a Black-Scholes option pricing model with the
following assumptions: risk free interest rate of 6.0% in 1999 and 5.3% in
1998, average option exercise period of seven years, and a volatility factor
of 50%. The fair value for options granted prior to 1998 was estimated at the
date of grant using the minimum value method. The risk free interest rate
used for options granted during 1995 and 1996 was 6.4%. An average option
exercise period of seven years was used. Pro forma net income (loss) does not
reflect options granted prior to 1995. During the initial phase-in period of
SFAS 123, the full impact of calculating compensation cost for stock options
is not reflected in the pro forma net income (loss) amounts presented above
because compensation cost is reflected over the options' vesting periods and
compensation cost for options granted prior to January 1, 1995 is not
considered.
(10) STATUTORY ACCOUNTING PRACTICES
The insurance subsidiaries are required to file statutory financial
statements with state insurance regulatory authorities. Accounting practices
used to prepare these statutory financial statements differ from generally
accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"). Such differences include the
following: (1) reserves for losses and loss adjustment expenses must meet
certain minimum requirements, (2) reserves for policyholder dividends are
recorded as a restriction on surplus until declared, (3) Federal income taxes
are recorded when payable, (4) fixed maturities are carried at admitted
values, (5) certain assets are non-admitted and (6) acquisition expenses are
expensed when incurred. Amounts reported to regulatory authorities as
compared to amounts included in the accompanying consolidated financial
statements on a GAAP basis for the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and
1997 follow:
AS INCLUDED
IN THE
ACCOMPANYING
CONSOLIDATED AS REPORTED
FINANCIAL TO REGULATORY
STATEMENTS AUTHORITIES
---------- -----------
Years ended December 31, 1999:
Net loss................................... ($12,197) ($19,153)
---------- ----------
Stockholders' equity....................... $50,445 $34,130
---------- ----------
1998:
Net loss................................... ($5,519) ($6,955)
========== ==========
Stockholders' equity....................... $67,793 $54,504
========== ==========
1997:
Net earnings............................... $6,017 $6,439
========== ==========
Stockholders' equity....................... $61,974 $50,230
========== ==========
F-27
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
Statutory accounting practices for the insurance subsidiaries are
prescribed or permitted by the Department of Insurance of the State of
California ("California DOI"). Prescribed accounting practices include a
variety of publications of the National Association of Insurance
Commissioners ("NAIC") as well as state laws, regulations and general
administrative rules. Permitted statutory accounting practices encompass all
accounting practices that are not prescribed; such practices differ from
state to state, may differ from company to company within a state and may
change in the future. Furthermore, the NAIC's project to codify statutory
accounting practices was approved by the NAIC in March 1998. The approval
included a provision for commissioner discretion in determining appropriate
statutory accounting for insurers in their state. Consequently, prescribed
and permitted accounting practices may continue to differ from state to
state. The California DOI has indicated that codification will become
effective on January 1, 2001. The Company has not determined how
implementation will affect its insurance subsidiaries' statutory financial
statements.
Insurance regulatory authorities impose various restrictions on the
payment of dividends and advances by insurance companies. As of December 31,
1999, the maximum dividend and advance payments that may be made during 2000
by the insurance subsidiaries to PAULA Financial without prior approval of
the regulatory authorities are limited to the greater of net income for the
preceding year or 10% of policyholder surplus as of the preceding December 31
and approximate $1,900.
(11) COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
The Company leases buildings for its home office and certain other
premises under long-term operating leases that expire in various years to
2005. Certain of these leases contain renewal provisions. In 1997 certain of
these leases are with related parties. Rent expense was $1,950, $1,719 and
$1,613 for the years ended December 31, 1999, 1998 and 1997, respectively.
Included in rent expense is rent paid to related parties of the Company
totaling $52 for the year ended December 31, 1997.
Approximate aggregate minimum rental commitments under operating
leases at December 31, 1999 are as follows:
2000................................... $1,623
2001................................... 1,430
2002................................... 1,175
2003................................... 386
2004................................... 90
Thereafter............................. 29
In the ordinary course of business, the Company's subsidiaries are
defendants in various lawsuits. Management believes that the ultimate
disposition of the litigation will not result in a material impact to the
financial position or operating results of the Company.
F-28
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
The NAIC has adopted a risk-based capital formula for both property
and casualty and life insurance companies. These formulas calculate a minimum
level of capital and surplus which should be maintained by each insurer. At
December 31, 1999, both PICO and PACO's adjusted capital and surplus exceeded
their respective risk-based capital requirements.
During the fourth quarter of 1997, the American Institute of
Certified Public Accountants issued Statement of Position No. 97-3,
"Accounting by Insurance and Other Enterprises for Insurance-Related
Assessments" ("SOP 97-3"). SOP 97-3 addresses the recognition and measurement
of assets and liabilities related to guaranty funds and other assessments.
SOP 97-3 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 1998.
The Company adopted SOP 97-3 effective January 1, 1999. The impact of
adoption was not material.
(12) ACQUISITIONS
In April 1999, the Company agreed to purchase the insurance agency
assets of the Sacramento and Stockton, California offices of CAPAX Management
& Insurance Services ("CAPAX") for $3,100. The Company funded the transaction
with $1,470 in cash plus $1,156 in CAPAX securities held by the Company. The
balance of $474 is due May 1, 2001 and is subject to a downward earnout
adjustment. The acquisition was accounted for as an asset purchase.
F-29
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.
F-30
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE REGISTRANT.
The information called for by this item is incorporated by reference
to the Company's definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to
Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with the
Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of
the Company's fiscal year covered by this Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION.
The information called for by this item is incorporated by reference
to the Company's definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to
Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with the
Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of
the Company's fiscal year covered by this Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT.
The information called for by this item is incorporated by reference
to the Company's definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to
Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with the
Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of
the Company's fiscal year covered by this Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS.
The information called for by this item is incorporated by reference
to the Company's definitive proxy statement to be filed pursuant to
Regulation 14A of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, with the
Securities and Exchange Commission not later than 120 days after the end of
the Company's fiscal year covered by this Report on Form 10-K.
III-1
PART IV
ITEM 14. EXHIBITS, FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES AND REPORTS ON FORM 8-K.
Financial Statements, Financial Statement Schedules and Exhibits:
1. Financial Statements: See the Consolidated Financial Statements
included herein under Part I, Item 8.
2. Financial Statement Schedules: The following Consolidated
Financial Statement schedules are attached hereto at the end of
this Report on Form 10-K:
SCHEDULE NO. DESCRIPTION
I Summary of Investments
II Condensed Financial Information of Registrant
III Supplementary Insurance Information
IV Reinsurance
V Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves
VI Supplemental Property and Casualty Insurance Information
3. Exhibits:
EXHIBIT NO. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Asset Purchase Agreement dated December 8, 1994 by and between
Registrant, Oregon Ag Insurance Services, Inc., Agri-Comp. Inc.,
Oregon-Comp. Inc. and Oregon Risk Management, Inc.*
2.2 Asset Purchase Agreement dated November 10, 1995 by and between
Pan American Underwriters, Inc. (PAU), Desert Benefits, Inc.,
Employee Benefits & Insurance Services, Fredric J. Klicka and
Fredric J. Klicka II.*
2.3 Agreement dated July 25, 1996 by and among Registrant, PAULA
Insurance Company (PICO), James G. Parker Insurance Associates
(Parker) and certain individual stockholders of Parker.*
2.4 Asset Purchase Agreement dated August 23, 1996 by and among PAU,
Guinn Sinclair Insurance Services, Margaret Funnell and Yolanda
Ibarrez.*
2.5 Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement dated March 11, 1997
by and between PICO and CAPAX Management & Insurance Services
(CAPAX).*
2.6 Letter Agreement, dated March 12, 1999 by and among Registrant,
PAU and CAPAX.###
3.1 Certificate of Incorporation of Registrant.**
3.2 Certificate of Designations of Series B Junior Participating
Cumulative Preferred Stock of Registrant***
3.3 Bylaws of Registrant.*
4.1 Reserved.
4.2 Specimen certificate of Common Stock, including legend evidencing
attached Stock Purchase Rights.***
IV-1
10.1 Lease for Registrant's Pasadena, California office, between
Pasadena Gateway Plaza, as Lessor, and PAU, as Lessee, dated
January 1, 1989 and last amended May 12, 1995 and the
Assignment and Assumption of Lease and Consent between
LACERA Gateway Property, Inc., PAU and PICO.*
10.2 Lease for Registrant's Lake Oswego, Oregon office, dated
September 23, 1996 and amended May 13, 1997 between WCB
Thirty-Two Limited Partnership, as Lessor, and PICO, as
Lessee.*
10.3 Lease for Registrant's Fresno, California office dated
October 18, 1994 and amended January 10, 1997 between
Altaffer Survivor Trust, as Lessor, and PAU, as Lessee.*
10.4 Agreement of Reinsurance, No. 7448, dated February 16, 1990
and last amended July 1, 1996 between General Reinsurance
Corporation and PICO.*
10.5 Workers' Compensation and Employers' Liability Excess of
Loss Reinsurance Agreement, No. 380, dated July 1, 1995 and
last amended July 1, 1996 between PICO and certain
reinsurers named therein.*
10.6 PAULA Financial and Subsidiaries 1994 Stock Incentive Plan.*
10.7 PAULA Financial and Subsidiaries 1997 Stock Incentive Plan.*
10.8 Form of Stock Option Agreement (Immediate Vesting -
Non-Plan) issued in connection with the grant of stock
options under the 1994 Plan.*
10.9 Form of Stock Option Agreement (Executive - Non-Plan) issued
in connection with the grant of stock options other than
under the 1994 Plan.*
10.10 Form of Stock Option Agreement (Immediate Vesting) issued
under the 1994 Plan.*
10.11 Form of Stock Option Agreement (Executive) issued under the
1994 Plan.*
10.12 Form of Stock Option Agreement (Stepped Vesting) issued
under the 1994 Plan.*
10.13 Form of Indemnification Agreement between Registrant and
each of its directors.*
10.14 Convertible Revolving Loan Note dated March 31, 1997 made by
Registrant in favor of Sanwa Bank California.*
10.15 Credit Agreement dated March 31, 1997 between Registrant and
Sanwa Bank California.*
10.16 Form of Credit Guaranty dated March 31, 1997 made by each of
PAU, Pan American Underwriters Insurance Agents & Brokers,
Inc. (PAUIAB), Agri-Comp Insurance Agency, Inc. and Pan
Pacific Benefit Administrators, Inc. (PPBA).*
10.17 Series A Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement dated August 3,
1994 between Registrant and certain purchasers of Series A
Preferred Stock.*
10.18 Sixth Amendment, dated May 11, 1998, and Seventh Amendment
dated September 17, 1998, to the Registrant's Lease for its
Pasadena, California office dated January 1, 1989, as
amended and as assigned to date, between LACERA Gateway
Property, Inc., as lessor and PICO, as lessee. ***
10.19 Endorsement 8, dated March 9, 1998, and Endorsement 9, dated
August 28, 1998, to Agreement of Reinsurance No. 7448 dated
February 16, 1990, as amended and endorsed to date, between
General Reinsurance Corporation and PICO. ***
10.20 Limited Liability Company Operating Agreement of Altus
Insurance Holdings, LLC dated as of March 12, 1999 among the
several members and Registrant.###
10.21 Asset Management Agreement dated February 1, 1995 between
PICO and Conning.*
10.22 Agency and Affiliates Cost Allocation and Reimbursement
Agreement dated March 1, 1992 and last amended December 1,
1996 between PAU and PAUIAB, as Agency, and PICO, PACO and
PPBA, as Affiliates.*
10.23 PAULA Insurance Company Insurance Carrier and Affiliates
Cost Allocation and Reimbursement Agreement dated March 1,
1992 and last amended December 9, 1994 between PICO, as
Carrier, and PACO, PAU, PAUIAB and PPBA, as Affiliates.*
IV-2
10.24 PAULA Financial Parent and Affiliates Cost Allocation and
Reimbursement Agreement dated January 1, 1993 and last
amended December 9, 1994 between Registrant, as Parent, and
PICO, PACO, PAU, PAUIAB and PPBA, as Affiliates.*
10.25 Managing Agreement dated January 1, 1993 and last amended
April 28, 1995 between PACO and PPBA, as Manager.*
10.26 Federal Income Tax Allocation Agreement dated April 10, 1997
between Registrant and its subsidiaries.*
10.27 Agency Agreement dated March 1, 1992 and last amended April
1, 1997 between PAU and PICO.*
10.28 Agency Agreement dated March 1, 1992 and last amended April
1, 1997 between PAUIAB and PICO.*
10.29 Agency Agreement dated December 8, 1994 and last amended
April 1, 1997 among Agri-Comp Insurance Agency, Inc. and
PICO.*
10.30 Purchase Option dated March 11, 1997 between Registrant and
CAPAX.*
10.31 Plan of Reorganization and Agreement of Merger dated
September 22, 1997 between PAULA Financial (Delaware) and
PAULA Financial (California).**
10.32 PAULA Insurance Company Workers Compensation Quota Share
Reinsurance Agreement 1998 Placement Slip effective October
1, 1998 between PICO and Reliance Insurance Company.###
10.33 PAULA Insurance Company Workers Compensation First and
Second Excess of Loss Reinsurance Agreement 1998 Placement
Slip effective October 1, 1998 between PICO and Reliance
Insurance Company.###
10.34 Change of Control Agreement dated as of November 1, 1998
between the Registrant and Mr. Jeffrey A. Snider.###
10.35 Asset Purchase Agreement among PAULA Financial, Pan American
Underwriters, Inc. and CAPAX Management & Insurance Services
and its subsidiaries dated April 30, 1999.#
10.36 PAULA Insurance Company Workers' Compensation Quota Share
Reinsurance Agreement Placement Slip effective July 1, 1999
between PICO and Montlake Casualty Company Ltd.##
10.37 PAULA Insurance Company Workers' Compensation Quota Share
Reinsurance Rescission Agreement between PICO and Montlake
Casualty Company Ltd.
11 Statement re computation of per share earnings.
21 List of subsidiaries of PAULA Financial.*
23 Consent of KPMG LLP.
27 Financial Data Schedule - Year Ended December 31, 1999.
- -----
* Incorporated by reference from the exhibit of the same number filed as an
exhibit to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-1 (Reg. No.
333-33159) filed on August 8, 1997 under the 1933 Act (the "Registration
Statement").
** Incorporated by reference from the exhibit of the same number filed as an
exhibit to Amendment No. 1 to the Registration Statement.
*** Incorporated by reference from the exhibit of the same number filed as an
exhibit to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending
September 30, 1998.
IV-3
# Incorporated by reference from the exhibit of the same number filed as an
exhibit to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending
March 31, 1999.
## Incorporated by reference from the exhibit of the same number filed as an
exhibit to the Company's Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ending
September 30, 1999.
### Incorporated by reference from the exhibit of the same number filed as an
exhibit to the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the period ending
December 31, 1998.
(b) REPORTS ON FORM 8-K.
The Company filed no reports on Form 8-K during the fourth quarter of 1999.
IV-4
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report
to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
PAULA FINANCIAL
By: /s/James A. Nicholson
-------------------------------------
SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT, CFO
MARCH 30, 2000
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the
registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
SIGNATURE TITLE DATE
--------- ----- ----
/s/ Jeffrey A. Snider Chairman of the Board, President and Chief March 30, 2000
------------------------- Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)
Jeffrey A. Snider
/s/ James A. Nicholson Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer March 30, 2000
------------------------- (Principal Financial and Principal Accounting
James A. Nicholson Officer)
/s/ John B. Clinton Director March 30, 2000
-------------------------
John B. Clinton
/s/ Jerry M. Miller Director March 30, 2000
-------------------------
Jerry M. Miller
/s/ Robert Puccinelli Director March 30, 2000
-------------------------
Robert Puccinelli
/s/ R. Steven Clark Director March 30, 2000
-------------------------
R. Steven Clark
/s/ Gerard Vecchio Director March 30, 2000
-------------------------
Gerard Vecchio
/s/ Ronald W. Waisner Director March 30, 2000
-------------------------
Ronald W. Waisner
IV-5
INDEPENDENT AUDITORS' REPORT
The Board of Directors
PAULA Financial:
Under date of March 7, 2000, except as to note 5 which is as of
March 29, 2000, we reported on the consolidated balance sheets of PAULA
Financial and subsidiaries as of December 31, 1999 and 1998, and the related
consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss),
stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year
period ended December 31, 1999 which are included in the Annual Report on
Form 10-K. In connection with our audits of the aforementioned consolidated
financial statements, we also audited the related financial statement
schedules in the Annual Report on Form 10-K. These financial statement
schedules are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our
responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statement
schedules based on our audits.
In our opinion, such financial statement schedules, when considered
in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole,
present fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein.
/s/ KPMG LLP
Los Angeles, California
March 7, 2000
S-1
SCHEDULE I
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUMMARY OF INVESTMENTS
(IN THOUSANDS)
AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1999
-----------------------
COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C COLUMN D
AMOUNT AT WHICH SHOWN
TYPE OF INVESTMENTS COST VALUE IN THE BALANCE SHEET
- ------------------- ---- ----- --------------------
Fixed maturities:
Bonds:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S.
Government corporations and agencies............. $8,799 $8,821 $8,821
States, municipalities and political subdivisions.. 27,251 26,042 26,042
Corporate securities............................... 60,645 56,819 56,819
Collateralized mortgage obligations and other
asset backed securities.......................... 41,599 39,021 39,021
---------- --------- ---------
Total fixed maturities........................ 138,294 130,703 130,703
Equity securities:
Common stock....................................... 3,252 2,357 2,357
Nonredeemable preferred stock...................... 999 828 828
---------- --------- ---------
Total equity securities....................... 4,251 3,185 3,185
Short-term investments................................. 948 948 948
---------- --------- ---------
Total investments............................. $143,493 $134,836 $134,836
========== ========= =========
S-2
SCHEDULE II.1
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
PAULA FINANCIAL
BALANCE SHEETS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS, EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
DECEMBER 31,
------------
1999 1998
----------- ----------
ASSETS
Fixed maturities, available for sale, at market (amortized cost $300 in 1999)........... $300 $-
Common stock, at market (cost $1,018 in 1998)........................................... - 1,057
Cash and invested cash.................................................................. 2,356 1,624
Property and equipment, net............................................................. 1 3
Investment in subsidiaries.............................................................. 54,859 71,731
Investment in unconsolidated affiliate.................................................. 4,822 -
Deferred income taxes................................................................... 1,730 1,627
Other assets............................................................................ 3,479 1,072
----------- ----------
$67,547 $77,114
=========== ==========
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
Liabilities:
Notes payable........................................................................... $15,000 $2,667
Accounts payable and other liabilities.................................................. 354 411
----------- ----------
15,354 3,078
Stockholders' equity:
Preferred stock, $0.01 par value; Authorized 4,058,823 shares:
none issued and outstanding......................................................... $- $-
Common stock, $0.01 par value; Authorized 15,000,000 shares:
issued, 6,338,767 shares in 1999 and 6,338,815 shares in 1998....................... 63 63
Additional paid-in capital.............................................................. 67,386 67,386
Retained earnings (accumulated deficit)................................................. (4,488) 10,182
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Net unrealized loss on investments................................................... (5,715) (382)
----------- ----------
57,246 77,249
Treasury stock (631,300 shares in 1999 and 409,800 shares in 1998)...................... (5,053) (3,213)
----------- ----------
Net stockholders' equity.......................................................... 52,193 74,036
----------- ----------
$67,547 $77,114
=========== ==========
See notes to condensed financial information
S-3
SCHEDULE II.2
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
PAULA FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS EXCEPT PER SHARE DATA)
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Income:
Net investment income...................................... ($1,247) $858 $169
Service fees............................................... 1,244 1,403 977
Other...................................................... 2 20 293
---------- ---------- ----------
(1) 2,281 1,439
Expenses:
Interest expense........................................... 592 35 747
Service fees............................................... 551 668 910
Operating.................................................. 1,374 1,716 721
---------- ---------- ----------
2,517 2,419 2,378
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliate................ (506) - -
Loss from operations before income tax benefit and
equity in net income of subsidiaries....................... (3,024) (138) (939)
Income tax benefit......................................... (1,005) (6) (309)
---------- ---------- ----------
Loss from operations before equity in net income of
subsidiaries.............................................. (2,019) (132) (630)
Equity in net income of subsidiaries.......................... (11,720) (4,745) 5,789
---------- ---------- ----------
Net income (loss)..................................... ($13,739) ($4,877) $5,159
========== ========== ==========
Earnings (loss) per share..................................... ($2.35) ($0.78) $1.88
Weighted average shares outstanding........................... 5,847,836 6,228,479 2,737,065
Earnings (loss) per share - assuming dilution................. ($2.35) ($0.78) $1.11
Weighted average shares outstanding - assuming dilution....... 5,847,836 6,228,479 4,664,511
See notes to condensed financial information
S-4
SCHEDULE II.3
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
PAULA FINANCIAL
STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(IN THOUSANDS)
YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31,
------------------------
1999 1998 1997
---- ---- ----
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)................................................ ($13,739) ($4,877) $5,159
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash used
in operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization................................. 174 12 31
(Income) loss from subsidiaries............................... 11,720 4,745 (5,789)
Equity in net loss of unconsolidated affiliate................ 506 - -
Realized loss on investments.................................. 1,313 212 -
Loss on sale of fixed assets.................................. - - 6
(Increase) decrease in other assets........................... (2,407) 813 (1,703)
Decrease in accounts payable and other liabilities............ (57) (224) (351)
Other, net.................................................... (284) (937) (111)
------------ ------------ ------------
Net cash used in operating activities...................... ($2,774) ($256) ($2,758)
------------ ------------ ------------
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchase of common stock...................................... - - (5,138)
Purchase of fixed maturities.................................. (556) - -
Proceeds from sale of common stock............................ - 3,908 -
Proceeds from sale of property and equipment.................. - 28 13
Investment in unconsolidated affiliate........................ (5,500) - -
Capital contribution to subsidiary............................ - (13,964) (10,000)
------------ ------------ ------------
Net cash used in investing activities...................... ($6,056) ($10,028) ($15,125)
------------ ------------ ------------
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowings (repayments) under line of credit agreement, net... 12,400 2,600 (7,490)
Payments on notes payable..................................... (67) (339) (2,975)
Issuance of notes payable..................................... - - 238
Dividends paid................................................ (931) (989) -
Exercise of stock options..................................... - 202 -
Sale of common stock.......................................... - - 41,278
Repurchase of common stock.................................... (1,840) (3,213) -
Retirement of common stock.................................... - - (60)
------------ ------------ ------------
Net cash provided (used in) financing activities........... $9,562 ($1,739) $30,991
------------ ------------ ------------
Net increase (decrease) in cash and invested cash................ 732 (12,023) 13,108
Cash and invested cash at beginning of period.................... 1,624 13,647 539
------------ ------------ ------------
Cash and invested cash at end of period.......................... $2,356 $1,624 $13,647
============ ============ ============
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash paid during the period for income taxes.................. $1 $1 $1
============ ============ ============
Cash paid during the period for interest...................... $592 $35 $1,007
============ ============ ============
See notes to condensed financial information
S-5
SCHEDULE II.4
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF REGISTRANT
PAULA FINANCIAL
NOTES TO CONDENSED FINANCIAL INFORMATION
DECEMBER 31, 1998 AND 1997
(IN THOUSANDS)
1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION
In accordance with the requirements of Regulation S-X of the Securities
and Exchange Commission, the financial statements of the registrant are
condensed and omit many disclosures presented in the consolidated financial
statements and the notes thereto.
2. NOTES PAYABLE
The following is a summary of the notes payable balances at period end:
DECEMBER 31,
------------
1999 1998
---- ----
Note payable to bank............................................. $15,000 $2,600
Note payable..................................................... - 67
------- ------
Balance at end of period......................................... $15,000 $2,667
------- ------
------- ------
Maturities of notes payable for the next five years are as follows:
FISCAL YEAR DECEMBER 31, 1999
- ----------- -----------------
2000.................................................................. $ 3,750
2001.................................................................. $11,250
3. DIVIDENDS FROM SUBSIDIARIES
During 1999 and 1998, no cash dividends were paid to PAULA Financial by
its consolidated subsidiaries.
4. CONTINGENCIES
The Company is subject to various litigation which arises in the
ordinary course of business. Based upon discussions with counsel, management is
of the opinion that such litigation will not have a material adverse effect on
the consolidated financial position of the Company or its consolidated results
of operations.
S-6
SCHEDULE III
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTAL INSURANCE INFORMATION
(IN THOUSANDS)
COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN
A B C D E F G H I J K
- - - - - - - - - - -
FUTURE
POLICY OTHER BENEFITS, AMORTIZA
BENEFITS, POLICY CLAIMS, -TION OF
DEFERRED LOSSES, CLAIMS LOSSES DEFERRED
POLICY CLAIMS AND AND NET AND POLICY OTHER
ACQUISITION LOSS UNEARNED BENEFITS PREMIUM INVESTMENT SETTLEMENT ACQUISI- OPERATING PREMIUMS
COSTS EXPENSES PREMIUM PAYABLE REVENUE INCOME EXPENSES TION COSTS EXPENSES WRITTEN
----- -------- ------- ------- ------- ------ -------- ---------- -------- -------
1999
Workers
Compensation... $1,513 $158,737 $21,213 $- $80,126 $9,183 $82,075 $12,595 $27,162 $116,978
Group A&H......... - 87 - - 505 171 69 - 306 505
Group Life........ - 120 - - 325 141 90 - 173 325
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total.......... $1,513 $158,944 $21,213 $- $80,956 $9,495 $82,234 $12,595 $27,641 $117,808
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1998
Workers
Compensation... $2,533 $135,939 $20,234 $- $127,997 $8,156 $114,118 $18,909 $33,672 $151,675
Group A&H......... - 278 - - 490 144 235 - 229 490
Group Life........ - 99 - - 283 136 130 - 112 283
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total.......... $2,533 $136,316 $20,234 $- $128,770 $8,436 $114,483 $18,909 $34,013 $152,448
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1997
Workers
Compensation... $2,191 $77,441 $15,390 $- $91,957 $5,066 $67,915 $9,074 $24,544 $99,919
Group A&H......... - 242 - - 563 155 98 - 278 563
Group Life........ - 101 - - 315 139 94 - 131 315
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total.......... $2,191 $77,784 $15,390 $- $92,835 $5,360 $68,107 $9,074 $24,953 $100,797
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
S-7
SCHEDULE IV
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
REINSURANCE
(DOLLARS IN THOUSANDS)
COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C COLUMN D COLUMN E COLUMN F
-------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
ASSUMED
CEDED TO FROM ASSUMED TO NET
GROSS OTHER OTHER PERCENTAGE OF
DESCRIPTION AMOUNT COMPANIES COMPANIES NET AMOUNT AMOUNT
----------- ------ --------- --------- ---------- ------
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
Premiums:
Workers' compensation insurance............................. $114,063 $35,874 $1,937 $80,126 2.4%
Group A&H................................................... 505 - - 505 0.0%
Group Life.................................................. 325 - - 325 0.0%
------------------------------------------------------------
Total Premiums.............................................. $114,893 $35,874 $1,937 $80,956 2.4%
------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998
Premiums:
Workers' compensation insurance............................. $144,328 $18,834 $2,503 $127,997 2.0%
Group A&H................................................... 490 - - 490 0.0%
Group Life.................................................. 283 - - 283 0.0%
------------------------------------------------------------
Total Premiums.............................................. $145,101 $18,834 $2,503 $128,770 2.0%
------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
Premiums:
Workers' compensation insurance............................. $94,603 $3,226 $580 $91,957 0.6%
Group A&H................................................... 563 - - 563 0.0%
Group Life.................................................. 315 - - 315 0.0%
------------------------------------------------------------
Total Premiums.............................................. $95,481 $3,226 $580 $92,835 0.6%
------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
S-8
SCHEDULE V
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
VALUATION AND QUALIFYING ACCOUNTS AND RESERVES
(IN THOUSANDS)
COLUMN A COLUMN B COLUMN C COLUMN D COLUMN E
-------- -------- -------- -------- --------
ADDITIONS
---------
BALANCE AT CHARGED TO CHARGED TO BALANCE AT
BEGINNING COSTS AND OTHER END
OF PERIOD EXPENSE ACCOUNTS DEDUCTIONS OF PERIOD
--------- ------- -------- ---------- ---------
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1999
Allowance for uncollectible accounts.......................... $901 ($143) $- $- $758
------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1998
Allowance for uncollectible accounts.......................... $600 $301 $- $- $901
------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 1997
Allowance for uncollectible accounts.......................... $500 $100 $- $- $600
------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------
S-9
SCHEDULE VI
PAULA FINANCIAL AND SUBSIDIARIES
SUPPLEMENTAL PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE INFORMATION
(IN THOUSANDS)
COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN COLUMN
A B C D E F G H I J K
- - - - - - - - - - -
CLAIMS AND CLAIM
DISCOUNT IF ADJUSTMENT
ANY, EXPENSES INCURRED
RESERVES DEDUCTED IN RELATED TO:
FOR RESERVES FOR ----------- AMORTIZA-
UNPAID UNPAID TION OF PAID
DEFERRED CLAIMS AND CLAIMS AND DEFERRED CLAIMS
POLICY CLAIMS CLAIM NET POLICY & CLAIM
ACQUISITION ADJUSTMENT ADJUSTMENT UNEARNED EARNED INVESTMENT CURRENT PRIOR ACQUISI- ADJUSTMENT PREMIUMS
COSTS EXPENSE EXPENSES PREMIUM PREMIUM INCOME YEAR YEAR TION COSTS EXPENSES WRITTEN
----- ------- -------- ------- ------- ------ ---- ---- ---------- -------- -------
1999
Workers
Compensation.. $1,513 $158,737 $- $21,213 $ 80,126 $9,183 $ 64,896 $17,179 $12,595 $87,648 $116,978
1998
Workers
Compensation.. $2,533 $135,939 $- $20,234 $127,997 $8,156 $107,850 $ 6,268 $18,909 $74,363 $151,675
1997
Workers
Compensation.. $2,191 $ 77,441 $- $15,390 $ 91,957 $5,066 $ 66,330 $ 1,586 $ 9,074 $45,629 $ 99,919
S-10